What Are Archaea And Bacteria Be Classified As Two...

What Are Archaea And Bacteria Be Classified As Two...
Abstract The main purpose of this essay is to find out if Archaea and Bacteria should be classified as
two different Domains or as a single one. As bacteria and archaea both are microscopic and
prokaryotic. These two prokaryotes are very abundant on Earth and inhabit a wide spread of areas,
also including extreme ones. Both are an example of the most ancient living cells, which have
appeared over 3.5 billion years ago. Correct classification of these two organisms is important in
order to trace the evolutionary history from the very beginning and make a clearer picture of the
common ancestor, if it existed. This work will explain the basic taxonomy principles and compare
some of the main similarities and differences between archaea and bacteria. As I understand it, the
main difference between the Bacteria and the Eukaryote domains are that eukaryotes have a nucleus
and bacteria don 't. I understand that bacteria and archaea have enough of a genetic difference to be
separate kingdoms, but why are they separate domains?
Taxonomy is a section of science which puts organisms into biological groups and names them,
based on their characteristic features. The history of this science started when ancient Greek and
Roman scientists classified certain animal and plant species known to them. Since that time, the way
of classifying organisms has changed several times, as the ways of gathering information about the
species improved. Scientists of different times proposed their own
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Evolution Of Prokaryotes
Evolution, the process by which populations have changed and modified over generations, is the key
to explaining the phenomenon that allowed single celled prokaryotes to be the ancestors to all life on
earth. The first life on earth was believed to be prokaryotic cells, which lacked a nucleus to encase
their DNA, while animals are multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes, whose DNA and other
organelles are encased. Somehow, the populations of prokaryotes on the early earth became more
complex organisms such as animals over the generations, through evolution. To begin to
comprehend this process, one must first look at how cells evolved from prokaryotes into the
eukaryotes that make up the animal body.
Prokaryotes originated over 3.5 billion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no denying that the influence of mutation, natural selection, migration, drift, and outside
forces have shaped the drastically diverse group of animals that are around in the present. Wherever
there is diversity within populations, nature works on these variations, favoring organisms with the
best adaptations, and if the evolution of humans has anything to say, those with the most complex
structure. The separation of populations has led to even more diversity, creating new species by
isolating groups from each other, and so forth. A brief summary of how they've evolved, animals
came from a protist ancestor, who evolved over time into two groups, those with tissues, and those
with no true tissues, parazoa (sponges). Animals with tissue can be divided further between those
who evolved with radial symmetry and are less active (radiata) compared to those who evolved with
bilateral symmetry, who are more physically active (bilateria). The bilateria can be divided between
animals with body cavities and those that lack them (acoelomates) and those whose body cavities
aren't completely lined (psuedo– coelomates). Some of the bilateria have segmented body parts, and
all of them are either protostomes (whose first opening is the mouth) or deuterostomes (whose first
opening is the anus). As animals evolve, they arguably become more complex and have a tendency
toward bilateral symmetry, active searching for food, and cephalization, where the bulk of their
nervous tissue is centered at the front or head, and an overall evolution toward intelligence. To
explain animal evolution completely would be a difficult task, but understanding general patterns
and how life got from single celled prokaryotes to multicellular, complex organisms is a good way
to begin the

Type 4 Pili Research Paper
Bacterial pili have been well studied for their structure, function, and genetics. However, little is
known about the structure and function of archaeal pili. Current research has begun to focus on the
archaeal pilus and its relatedness to bacterial pili, particularly the bacterial type IV pilus. Using
genetic and microscopy techniques, these studies have shown comparative evidence for the
differences, as well as homology, between archaeal and bacterial type IV pili. These results suggest
there may be an evolutionary divergence from a common ancestral function and origin.
Introduction
Bacteria have several different types of pili, known and classified based on their structure and
assembly. Similarly, archaea have different appendages that ... Show more content on
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maripaludis, which has 11 genes in its type IV pili locus. Though many are not yet known and are
not homologues of any type IV pili system in bacteria or archaea, it is known that a encoded
mmp1685 a major pilin gene, epdA, epdB, epdC are minor pilin genes, mmp0040 an ATPase, and
eppA is a prepilin peptidase (1). Interestingly, M. maripaludis, also utilizes EppA, which is a
specific prepilin peptidease that only works when the archaellins are being being processed (1). The
organization of the archaeal type IV operon for pili biosynthesis could potentially indicate various
functions in for the pilin proteins and others involved (3). This presents difficulties if the functions,
as they are in M. maripaludis, are unknown and tough to predict due to their variance and difference
in quantity of genes compared to other known operons. As each of the archaea pilin subunits are
known to change and can be slightly different from species–species, the regulations are also
changing and the pilins will code for an array of functions (3,

Next Generation Sequencing Has Changed The Landscape Of...
Next generation sequencing has dramatically changed the landscape of microbial ecology, large–
scale and in–depth diversity studies being now widely accessible. However, determining the
accuracy of taxonomic and quantitative inferences and comparing results obtained with different
approaches are complicated by incongruence of experimental and computational data types and also
by lack of knowledge of the true ecological diversity. Here we used highly diverse bacterial and
archaeal synthetic communities assembled from pure genomic DNAs to compare inferences from
metagenomic and SSU rRNA amplicon sequencing. Both Illumina and 454 metagenomic data
outperformed amplicon sequencing in quantifying the community composition, but the outcome was
dependent on analysis parameters and platform. New approaches in processing and classifying
amplicons can reconstruct the taxonomic composition of the community with high reproducibility
within primer sets, but all tested primers sets lead to significant taxon–specific biases. Controlled
synthetic communities assembled to broadly mimic the phylogenetic richness in target environments
can provide important validation for fine–tuning experimental and computational parameters used to
characterize natural communities.
Introduction
For over two decades, amplification and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU
rRNA or 16S rRNA) gene has been the primary approach to assess the abundance and taxonomic
identity of microbes in the

The Concept Of The Prokaryote Valid And Useful Or...
Is the concept of the prokaryote valid and useful or fundamentally flawed?
The term 'prokaryote' was coined in 1925 by Édouard Chatton in his 1925 paper 'Pansporella
perplex: Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.' (Chatton, 1925). Since then the
term, when paired with its dichotomous counterpart 'eukaryote', has formed the fundamental basis
for classification in biology. However in recent years the concept of the prokaryote has been wildly
contested as being inaccurate (amongst other things), and the dichotomy of eukaryote/prokaryote
based on a misleading and ultimately incorrect distinction that is phylogenetically contestable. This
essay will examine the validity and usefulness of the concept of the prokaryote, as well as evaluate
why the term or even the abolition of the term may be important in different contexts.
The definition of a 'prokaryote' is simply a single–celled organism with no nuclear membrane and
consequently no membrane–bound organelles. It is therefore logical to assume that one would find a
nucleus and membrane–bound organelles in a eukaryotic cell. Although the expression is widely
accepted by myriad biologists and microbiologists alike and has been since the 'birth' of the term,
the word has come under much scrutiny due to its 'negative' definition; as in 'prokaryote' describes
that the cell is lacking characteristic eukaryotic features rather than being defined in its own terms
(Woese, 1994; Pace, 2006). This topic is highly

The Effect Of Halophilic Organisms On Salt Production
Halophiles have been commercially significant for centuries, with the earliest recorded case being
that of ancient China and Middle East, where reddening of solar salterns as a result of growth of
halophilic microorganisms was used as a biomarker of successful salt production (DasSarma et. al
2009). Today the role of halophilic organisms in salt production has evolved to facilitate rapid
evaporation of salt crystals due to increased absorbance of light by their red–purple pigments. The
purple membrane of the halophilic archaea that enables them to grow phototrophically and carry out
phototactic responses contain the light–driven proton pump, bacteriorhodopsin, and sensory
rhodopsins. Molecules like bacteriorhodopsin are especially of industrial interest because they are
stable over a wide range of temperatures, usually between 0◦C and 45◦C, and pH values, usually
between 1 and 11 (Ventosa and Nieto 1995). Moreover, the reactions of bacteriorhodopsin can be
manipulated genetically, chemically or immunologically and are self–regenerative. Therefore, the
ability of these biomolecules to convert the energy from light to chemical energy in a non–
chlorophyll system has various industrial applications. For one, bacteriorhodopsin can be utilized as
light sensors and for optical data processing or nonlinear optics. It is currently also being proposed
for producing erasable photochromic film (Hampp et. al 1992). Furthermore, bacteriorhodopsin can
also be used as a light sensor as they

Rumen Microbiome Essay
Diversity based on rumen microbiome
Yak is lower methane producer than cattle, in spite of the fact that both the animals are fed similar
diets and there are only small variations between the microbiomes of both the animals. Lower
methane and hydrogen yields in yak vs cattle are 0.26 vs 0.33 mmol methane/g dry matter intake
and 0.28 vs 0.86 mmol/d hydrogen generation have been reported. Hydrogen recovery from cattle
was significantly higher than that from yak (Mi et al., 2017). There were a few higher abundant
bacteria in the yak species, which would produce less hydrogen, in comparison to that in cattle.
However, in the abundance of methanogens, there was no difference between the two animal
species. It is therefore, hypothesized that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, these compounds have been used as medicine in traditional system of medicare in India,
Pakistan, China, Srilanka, Japan and other Asian and African countries These are also used for
preservation of foods and as spices in kitchen in many parts of the world since time immemorial.
More than 200,000 defined structures of plant secondary compounds have been identified. These
PSM can generally be classified into three major groups: saponins, tannins and essential oils (EO)
(Kamra et al., 2008).
Plant secondary metabolites might inhibit methane emission by the following modes:
They might directly inhibit methanogens as these compounds have anti–microbial activities against
different microbial groups, but unfortunately the methanogens donot have any correlation with the
methane emitted by the animals.
The plant secondary metabolites might have anti–protozoal activity, which might indirectly result in
reduced numbers of methanogens. As the ciliate protozoa and methanogens have an ecto–symbiotic
relationship, the latter might lose their symbiotic partners and hydrogen supply due to killing of
ciliates by the plant secondary metabolites and therefore, might result in reduced production of
methane (Santra et al., 1994).
As the plant secondary metabolites have anti–microbial activity, which might reduce the numbers of
bacteria and fungi

Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss is another form of natural ecosystems. If we continue to lose species we will also
lose their unique genes. The enormous diversity of all organisms on earth also helps humans. Plants,
animals and other living things are resources for potential medicines and industrial chemicals.
Bioprospecting may someday hold the key to the world's food shortage. Scientist are worried about
the impact that the earth is sustaining, there are lots of species that are close to extinction. The rate
of lost species is 100 times higher than it was about 100000 years ago. The existing species is
vanishing at an alarming rate just 12% of 10,027 known birds 2% of the known mammalian species
in the world are threatened with extinction. While 20% of known fresh water fishes all over the
world are either becoming extinct during our history. There other animals form of extinction that is
called habitat destruction. The massive destruction and fragmentation which caused by agriculture,
urban development. The destruction of our forest and mining has caused a heavy impact on our
biodiversity. With that said the invitation of distinct species is also a cause of biodiversity. The
uncontrollable growth of human–introduced species to non–native habitats has also caused havoc on
parasitized native species. In my conclusion, we see all the different things that make up biology and
how they are all connected. From the beginning of life, the cell has always played an important part
on how

What Is Figure 3-1 Demonstrate A Tree-Like Structure Or...
The diagram on Figure 3–1 demonstrates a tree–like structure or web with several different branches
going in multiple directions. The top of the tree lists the three domains of life and specific kingdoms
or groups within each domain. These groups are put together because they contain similar
characteristics that define them to a specific domain. In the middle of the figure there are many
arrows intertwining signifying that each of the groups within the domain are somehow related to
each other and may share some of the characteristics from another domain. Finally, the bottom of
the structure demonstrates the cut off web that arose from the same direction, proposing they each
are derived from a common ancestor. The cladogram is a much different structure that demonstrates
the three domains of life and their relationship through detailed characteristics that they share or
make them unique. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also unlike the web, the cladogram depicts a horizontal line beginning with bacteria and the
characteristics that define it then archaea and eukarya and each of their features. Like the web
diagram, some characteristics are being shared with other domains which might explain its
evolutionary relationship. As the cladogram continues, the characteristics get complex but could still
remain similar to the domain before. In this structure, there is clear unique characteristics that were
not derived and stayed distinct to that domain, therefore explaining how they are each different from
each other. Both structures lead to complexity or individuality as it continues, because the web went
from thick big arrows to very thin ones and in the cladogram it introduces new and unique
characteristics towards the

Close Relationships Between Bacteria And Archaea
. Bacteria and Archaea are split into separate domains because bacteria include all pathogenic
prokaryotes, as well as nonpathogenic prokaryotes that are found in soil and H2O. What are also
found in this domain are photoautotrophic prokaryotes. Archaea includes prokaryotes that do not
have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Prokaryotes are mostly related to eukaryotes than they are to
different prokaryotes. This is when they were split into two domains.
2. Similar genetic sequence can indicate close relationships between different species because DNA
accumulates mutations over time like a molecular clock. Organisms are closely related. If these
sequences aren't conserved for a functional purpose, then they will suggest descent ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Red algae is found in the ocean deep, deep, deep down where usually no other algae really can grow
or be found. The red pigments in algae helps absorb the blue light that is able to reach deep depths in
the ocean.
12. Giardia is a parasite that attaches to the epithelium and then heads to the lumen. It absorbs all of
the nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine from the host it attached too. If Giardia doesn't
have a host to attach itself too, it will then create a dormant structure which is known as a cyst, in
order to keep itself alive. The cyst infects us as humans through the contamination of water, simply
because there isn't a host in the water with it to keep the vegetative cells alive.
13. Phages is not a human health concern because viruses tend to be very specific when choosing
who they want to infect. Human cells and bacteria are completely different from one another.
Bacteriophage is unlikely to bind to human molecules cells. Since they are unlikely to bond, there
isn't any notice of molecules so then the viruses will not be

The Archaea And Bacteria Domains
Introduction Life on our planet, as varied as it is, all share some major similarities; for instance,
every living being has some way of replication (UCMP, 2015). Even though there are some glaring
similarities life, in its vastness, has a tremendous amount of variation as well. In an earlier paper I
have covered Eukaryotes to some degree and now we delve into the Prokaryotic domain. In this
paper I will discuss the distinctions between the Archaea and Bacteria domains, give a definition of
both DNA and RNA (and the roles they play in determining the previous domains), metabolism's
role in classifying Nitrosococcus oceani and Nitrosopumilus maritimus as Archaea or Bacteria, and
each of the organism 's ability to thrive in an environment where crude oil is abundant (including
other microbes in the environment).
Archaea or Bacteria Recently life was broken into two different domains: the Eukaryotes and the
Prokaryotes, but as time has worn on scientists have discovered a tremendous amount of variation in
the Prokaryotic group (UCMP, 2015). This variation has led to the bisection of the Prokaryotic
domain into two smaller domains: the Archaea and Bacteria (UCMP, 2015). What are the defining
characteristics of these two domains you ask? In the late 70s a scientist by the name Carl Woese and
his counterparts were studying Prokaryotic similarities by looking at their DNA sequences when
they found two distinctly different groups (UCMP, 2015). The bacteria that lived in

Prokaryote Vs Eukaryotes Essay
With the rapid advance of the science and technology，the exploration of organisms has been
gradually deepened. In biology, an organism is any individual existence that shows the properties of
life.( Miller, Kenneth. R, Levine, Joseph. S, 2010)[1] Every thing in the world is made by million of
organism. All the organisms have functions such as reproduction, growth, development and
maintenance, meaning an organism can live independently on this planet which is every living thing
living in. Organisms can be classified into two groups which are the multicellular such as animals,
plants, and fungi and unicellular microorganisms such as bacteria, and archaea. These are also
known as prokaryote and eukaryote. A prokaryote is a unicellular organism ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Archaea were originally classified as bacteria and were named archaebacteria since most of the
archaea are not isolated in the lab, and also archaea and bacteria are roughly the same size and
shape. With the great progress of science, scientists can through analysis of nucleic acids in order to
determine the cell is archaea or not. Different from prokaryote, eukaryotes are any kind of cell that
has cell nuclei and other organelles in the membrane. There are many different types of eukaryotic
cells, animals, plants and fungi. According to a biological article in Science magazine, human beings
are not really individuals, they are communities of organisms. ( McFall–Ngai, Margaret .J,1991 )[2]
All animals consist of millions of eukaryotic cells. There are many different parts of the cell such as
nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, cytosol,
cytoskeleton, and cell membrane. It contains many different types of special organelles that can
perform all functions. Looking more closely at an animal cell and a plant cell, the animal cell does
not have cell walls and chloroplasts and has smaller

Kingdom Animalia Essay
Extra Credit Essays
1. Domain bacteria– Single celled organisms, ( otherwise known as prokaryotic cells) that do not
have a membrane protecting the cell. Bacteria can be found almost everywhere in the world.
Domain eukarya– All organisms grouped within the domain eukarya are also considered single
celled. Eukaryotic cells are specifically grouped by the things each organism lives off, or by the
things they eat individually.
Domain archaea– Along with bacteria the domain archaea is a prokaryote cell meaning it consists of
one single cell. However archaeal organisms can be found in areas where the earth 's most intense
natural resources are present. Areas including Yellowstone National park where there are many
geysers along with places including Hawaii.
2. Kingdom Protists– these organisms solely do not depend on themselves to create food but on
other living things.
Kingdom plante– this kingdom is made up of plants. Plants survive solely on photosynthesis. This
basic way of nutrition.
Kingdom fungi– unlike the kingdom plante the members of the kingdom fungi, survive and live off
of what is found in the soil beneath us. Fungi are considered to be decomposes meaning they
decompose dead organisms which therefore becomes the food for their cells.
Kingdom Animalia– Humans are considered to be classified under the kingdom Animalia. Humans
and many other animals eat other living organisms unlike the kingdom fungi. We survive on eating
other living things.

Adaptations And Applications Of Physical Extremes
Extremophiles: adaptations and applications to physical extremes
On the earth, millions of organisms live in various environments. They need certain temperature,
pH, nutrient growth, certain range of salt, pressure, water and so on. However, some organisms can
live beyond these conditions which mean they can survive in extreme environmental conditions
called Extremophiles (Gupta, Khare et al., 2014). These extreme environments are: highly pressure,
acidic or alkaline region, high temperature or extreme low temperature condition. These organisms
have different characterisation and biochemical mechanism for tolerating some environmental
conditions on the earth. They adopt to live in extreme condition by different enzymes or
biomolecules. There are different types of Extremophiles. For example, thermophiles, acidophiles,
barophiles, radiophiles, halophiles, xerophiles, osmophiles. There are two main types of extreme
conditions: physical (radiation, Temperature, pressure) and geochemical (pH, salinity). These
microorganisms found in various typical environments on the earth. Some grow in the deep sea
where the pressure is very high and some can survive in Antarctica, the place always having ice and
glaciers. Extremophiles can tolerate extreme conditions but also they have to need those
environments for their growth. Extremophiles organisms present in all three domains bacteria,
archaea and eukarya but most of extremophiles are come from archaea group. Archaea have

Differences Between Bacteria And Archaea
It is something that has been around longer than we have. We depend on both and they depend on
us. The area mentioned here are the bacteria and archaea. During early stages they were considered
to be the same however in the 1970's scientists discovered that major differences do set them apart.
Essentially the prokaryotes include bacteria while the eukaryotes had already included the archaea.
The archaea is seen as a survivor as it is thought to have been around since the beginning of our
time. So what are we then exactly? We are nothing else than a biological form that is also a habitat
for Bacteria and archaea.
As much as we communicate verbally these two non–living life forms are able to converse through
chemical reactions. As Herbert Levine said: " they exchange work as much as human language
does." They maintain linguistic communication allowing them to collaborate with others of their
form. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have different ribosomal RNAs. Archaea works with three RNA polymerases just like other
eukaryotes. In contrast the bacteria only possess one. Also the archaea have cell walls which in
effect do lack peptidoglycan including membranes enclosing lipids with hydrocarbons rather than
fatty acids. The lipids within the archaea are unique and have an ether linkage with glycerol
backbones while the bacterium has an ester linkage. In total archaea is more similar to eukaryotes
than bacteria making it a more sophisticated microorganism. Nevertheless they differ greatly in their
genetic and biochemical ways. Archaea is and will always be considered a distinct domain of life.
They thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions. When trying to act upon an archaea
or bacteria with the use of antibiotics we can witness that both organisms will react

The Abolition Of The Prokaryote / Eukaryote Dichotomy
"All wisdom is rooted in learning to call things by the right name. When things are properly
identified, they fall into natural categories and understanding becomes orderly" –Confucius. A key
aspect in the diverse field of biology has always been the classification of organisms. Even before
Darwin postulated his famous theory of evolution and the tree of life, systems existed to name the
inhabitants of the natural world and organise them into distinct categories. As our understanding of
the world changes and we delve deeper and deeper into life on a molecular level, it becomes
necessary to update our techniques and question our previously held beliefs, but often these new
ideas are met with resistance and controversy. One such idea is the abolishment of the
prokaryote/eukaryote dichotomy, first formally proposed in 1990 by Carl Woese and colleagues
(Woese, Kandler and Wheelis, 1990) and yet still unresolved in the present day.
Prokaryotes were defined in 1962 by Stanier and van Niel as "anucleate cells, without membrane
enclosed organelles of respiration or photosynthesis, divided by fission not mitosis, and used
peptidoglycan to strengthen their walls" (Mayr, 1998). This definition and the creation of the
prokaryote/eukaryote dichotomy served to highlight the diversity and significance of the single–
celled organisms previously labelled 'Monera' and relegated to the same kingdom status as the
distinct groups of plants animals and fungi (Sapp, 2009; Woese, Kandler and

Archaea and Eubacteria Essay
Primarily, the Archaea were once believed to be just another rare group of bacteria, because like
bacteria, they are single–celled microscopic prokaryotic organisms with no membrane bound
nucleus (http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Evolution/archaeaevolution.htm). Despite the similarities in
the cell structure of Eubacteria and Achaea, molecular research by Dr Carl Woese and his co–
workers indicated that they differ significantly on the molecular level (Bacteria in Biology,
Biotechnology and medicine, Paul singleton). In this essay, am going to discuss the differences and
similarities in the fundamental cellular feature of both organisms.
Even though both Archaea and eubacteria have a cell wall to maintain rigidity throughout the cell,
there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although both Archaeal and bacterial cells possess flagella for motility, the composition of each
organism's flagellum is very different. In bacterial cell, the flagellum is composed of a basal body,
external protein filaments both are joined together by a third component called the hook.(Bacteria
Flagella David Gene Morgan , Shahid Khan). In Archaeal, the protein filament is polymerised,
glycosylated and very much thinner. The Archaeal flagellum is believed to be similar to the bacteria
IV pilus in structure.(www.uniprot.org/keywords/974).
Another cellular feature shared by both Archaea and Bacteria is size and arrangement of ribosomes.
Their ribosomes are much smaller in comparison to eukaryotes. The function of their ribosomes is
similar to the ones in eukaryotes; for translating mRNA codons to sequence of amino acids for the
synthesis of proteins. Both have 70S Ribosomes composed of 30S and 50S sub units that are joined
to make a 70S unit. They contain "three ribonucleic acid molecules" consisting of "16S, 23S AND
5S". On the other hand, the "primary structure of Archaea r–RNA and r–Proteins" is much similar to
the ones in eukaryotes and less similar to that of bacteria. Additionally, the Archaea ribosome is
much firm compared to mesophilic bacteria's ribosomes, this is particularly beneficial in terms of
their adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. (Archaeal Ribosomes, Paola Londei,
university of Rome, "Sapienza"

The Differences Between Eukaryotic And Prokaryotic Cells
Organisms are made up of cells which were considered as the basic unit of life. After the invention
of microscope, Robert Hooke first discovered cells by looking at a dead cell from an oak tree. His
finding brought the study of cell biology. According to the cell theory formulated by lots of
scientists, all living organisms are composed of at least one cell which is the basic unit of life, and
all cells come from pre–existing living cells.
Cell is a wide type of substance that have variations between species and species, for example a
plant cell contains a cell wall which is absent in most animal cells. Scientists had been trying to
classify all organisms into different groups. Current classification system is the three domains and
six kingdoms which the three domain divides organisms based on the ribosomal RNA they
contained in the cells. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya which the first two are
made up of prokaryotic cells and Eukarya is made up of eukaryotic cells. This essay will focus on
the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
To start with, the first eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell appeared at different time mainly because to
their requirements for survive. At first the condition of the Earth was not suitable for any organism,
for example lack of organic molecules. After the modification of the Earth environment, the
prokaryotic cells in single–celled organisms were believed to arise 3.5 billion years before. The
oldest fossils of

Essay on Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis is the theory that eukaryotic cells were formed when a prokaryotic cell ingested
some aerobic bacteria. The first step of the evolution of a eukaryotic cell is the infolding of the
cellular membrane. This process takes place when the plasma membrane folds inwards and develops
an envelope around a smaller prokaryotic cell. Once the smaller cell is engulfed, it becomes
dependent upon its host cell. It relies on the host cell for organic molecules and inorganic
compounds. However, the host cell also benefits because it has an increased output of ATP for
cellular activities and becomes more productive. This ATP comes from the mitochondrion (the
aerobe) that is engulfed.
All eukaryotic cells contain the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protein–synthesizing machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble prokaryotes. This is
shown through their ribosomal RNA and the structure of the ribosomes. The ribosomes are similar
in size and structure to bacterial ribosomes. fMat is always the first amino acid that is in the
mitochondria and chloroplasts transcripts. The antibiotics that act by blocking protein synthesis in
bacteria also block protein synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplasts. These antibiotics do not
interfere with protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotes. The inhibitors that effect the
protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes do not change the protein synthesis of the bacteria,
mitochondria, or chloroplasts.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is
probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are
most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma
membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+
ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)
Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells.
The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a

Similarities Between Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
Cells are the most basic unit of life known in the world today. While they are basic and small, they
come in a variety of shapes and sizes. Two key cell types include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Both living cell types work to form every living organism in the environment. However, prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells hold many key factors that differentiate them from one another. These key
differences include shape, domain, transportation, division as well as many other structural and
functional differences. While these cells are different in most structural and functional factors there
are many minute similarities to all cells. Despite sharing an evolutionary relationship, prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells differ in factors such as size and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time one prokaryotic cell engulfed another and formed a symbiotic relationship. Scientists
believe that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from these ancestors and have since become a
part of most cells. The fact that these two organelles contain a separate set of DNA supports the
scientists theory. Scientist also believe that as these prokaryotes were engulfed they were surrounded
by membrane that never dissolved. Furthermore, this idea is supported by the fact that mitochondria
and chloroplasts have a double membrane. The structures of these two organelles are similar to that
of a prokaryotic cell. Both structures contain an exterior membrane, DNA, and no membrane bound
organelles. In addition, the idea that prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria or chloroplast
helps prove that this idea could be

Type II Toxin Antitoxin ( Ta ) Systems
Type–II toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are a relatively ubiquitous feature of prokaryotic genomes (1),
consisting of a ribonucleolytic toxin and a labile antitoxin. Under normal conditions, the toxin is
silenced by pairing with its cognate antitoxin, but can impact cell physiology in several ways when
the antitoxin is removed through proteolytic degradation. TA systems were first identified as
assisting in plasmid maintenance via post–segregational killing (2,3), as well as in phage exclusion,
where expression of the toxin sacrifices some infected cells to preserve the larger population (4).
Subsequently, the identification of chromosomal TA systems led to a re–evaluation of their
physiological significance, including their potential role in various stress response mechanisms (5)
and stochastic persistence (particularly of pathogens) (6). Virulence–associated proteins (Vaps) are a
particular class of type–II TA systems characterized by a bi–cistronic locus encoding a
proteolytically labile antitoxin (VapB), typically followed by a stable toxin (VapC). These proteins
were first identified in connection with virulence plasmids in human pathogens, such as Salmonella
Dublin (7), but have since been recognized as one of the most predominant forms of type–II toxins,
particularly among the archaea (8). A central component of VapC toxin activity is a PIN–domain,
occurring within the approximately 100–amino acid sequence, that displays divalent cation–
dependent ribonucleolytic

How Archaea Work in Symbiotic Relationship in the...
Introduction
Archaea and the origin of life. The word Archaea originated from the Greeks, meaning beginning.
Throughout this essay we will go through discovers of Archaea and why they are classified as
Prokaryotes and what the actual evolutionary relationship of Archaea to Eukaryotes and bacteria. We
will look at the differing views throughout the scientific community in regards to the number of
domains. Over whether three domains of life or two domains of life fit in the Tree of life. We will
look at some research that has supportive evidence of the same. This essay will then look at the
Habitat of Archaea – why many Archaea are classified as extremophiles and how these are not just
bacteria's and that extremophiles are a diverse group ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The distinction was made from Prokaryotes Bacteria and Archaea which are classified different to
the domain of the Eukaryotes and there four kingdoms (animals, plants, protists and fungi). The
Prokaryotes meaning comes for the Greek word meaning (pro) "before" and (karyon) meaning "nut
or kernel" Most of the prokaryotes can be seen as a unicellular organisms although the myxobacteria
have been seen in different stages in their life cycles like in colonies of cyanobacteria. (Also call
blue green algae) Which are predominantly photosynthetic and also fall into prokaryotes Eubacteria
kingdom. Although you can find some Algae as Eukaryotes domain. Like most algae's that are
photosynthetic can produce oxygen gas as a by–product. Theorists have proposed that this could
have been the link to change the early atmosphere on earth into and oxidizing one that enabled the
stimulation of the biodiversity of life that we see today.
Archaea have been examined in all different environmental stimulation using independently cultured
molecules, but most of the well–defined cultures have been from an extreme environment of high
pressure and temperature to very high or very low PH levels or what you would classes as very
anaerobic environments Archaea are more dominant in these types of conditions. Because Archaea
have an independent variable differences in their evolutionary history of biochemistry

Energetically Synthesizing Solutes
All halophiles must maintain their cytoplasm isoosmotic with their surrounding medium. Salt
tolerance requires that compatible solutes accumulate in the cytosol and organelles where these
function in osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection (Rhodes and Hanson, 1993). Some compatible
osmolytes are essential elemental ions, such as K+, but the majority are organic solutesBiological
membranes are permeable to water, and active energy dependent inward transport of water to
compensate for water lost by osmotic processes is energetically not feasible. Moreover, cells that
keep a turgor need even to maintain their intracellular osmotic pressure higher than that of their
environment.
There are two fundamentally different strategies used by halophilic microorganisms to balance their
cytoplasm osmotically with their medium (Galinski and Trüper, 1994; Zahran, 1997). (1)
Accumulation of molar concentrations of potassium and chloride. This strategy requires extensive
adaptation of the intracellular enzymatic machinery to the presence of salt, as the proteins should
maintain their proper conformation and activity at near–saturating salt concentrations. The proteome
of such organisms is highly acidic, and most proteins denature when suspended in low salt. It is
called the'high–salt–in strategy'. They maintain osmotically equivalent internal concentrations by
accumulating high concentrations of potassium chloride. Potassium ions enter the cell passively via
a uniporter. Sodium ions are

Archaea Persuasive Essay
Not too long ago, brilliant scientific pioneer, microbiologist and biophysicist Carl Woese presented
his groundbreaking find that would revolutionize the scientific world. He and his partners
discovered the kingdom consisting of single–celled organisms, which is today referred to Archaea.
Thanks to Woese's discovery, we now classify living organisms in three domains, Archaea, Bacteria,
and Eukarya. Before Woese's breakthrough, we did not realize how common and important Archaea
actually are. Woese specialized in working with ribosomal DNA, which is how he uncovered
Archaea. Eugene V. Koonin expresses deep admiration and praise towards Woese in his article.
However, Koonin repeatedly judges Woese's analysis on the evolution of cells as inexact and too
general for legitimacy.
Koonin recognizes Woese for his theory of evolution, yet also shines light on the issues associated
with it. Koonin discredits the Tree of Life, created by Woese, and blames it for resulting in
controversy in the scientific community. Koonin also believes that the Tree of Life is worthless
when used as evidence in evolutionary biology, although Woese rejects those who argue against
"tree–thinking." Koonin states that Woese wrongly believed that the three classifications for living
things were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woese did show the importance of how the Tree of Life proves and demonstrates the translation of
cells. However, his position, in Koonin's opinion, is the reason for why Woese disregarded the
development of evolution of cells. Woese's model incorrectly demonstrates that genes of historic
archaea are from a common ancestor, rather than from the superphylum TACK, which is backed by
growing evidence. However, I learned that this does not lessen the importance of the three–classed
ribosomal Tree of Life, which does show the story of how cells process

Prokaryotes And Archaea Similarities
INTRODUCTION
Definitions for Archaea vary, but what is commonly agreed upon is that these are some sort of
micro–organisms.
Some argue them to be their own distinct domain, whereas others think they are merely part of the
prokaryotic domain. However many see them as a evolutionary step in between, as prokaryotic
relatives to eukaryotes. (x) Since their evolutionary history remains very unclear, it is hard to
classify them belonging to a group of their own or belonging to either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
In 1977, Woese suggested dividing cells into three new domains; archaea, eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. (x)
Before this cells were divided into two main groups: prokaryotic cells, and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their structural similarities are the reasoning behind why one might say that they belong to the
prokaryotic domain, being structurally very similar, especially on the first glance. The unique
properties will be discussed further later in this essay.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EUKARYOTES AND ARCHAEA
Though structurally, prokaryotic cells seem more similar to archaea than eukaryotic cells, yet when
one inspects their DNA, similarities between DNA replication, transcription and translation appear.
The DNA polymerase in archaea and eukaryotes are not related to any prokaryotic DNA
polymerase, suggesting that these two are of common origin. Other components used in DNA
replication are similarly only shared between eukaryotes and archaea (y). For example, the promoter
(the part of the DNA that initiates transcription), in archaebacteria has similar sequence and position
to its eukaryotic counterpart (x).
These characteristics were thought to be unique to eukaryotes, yet were found in archaea as well.
When so little is known about the evolutionary history of these organisms that constitute for the
basis of life on earth, categorising them becomes immensely hard.
UNIQUE

Archaea: Extremophile Bacteria
Archaea are extremophiles because this organisms are inhibit extreme environment and are well
adapted with their habitat. Archaea are only presence in minority diverse. Archaea used cultured
independent technique in global habitat in their presence, so they cannot be cultured in the
laboratory setting. One thing that commonly used culture independent technique is the isolation, and
analysis of nucleic acid rather than analysis of cultured sample isolated from the same environment.
They using RNA and DNA directly from an environment. Archaea are abundant and rich, they also
contribute the important roles in cold and high temperature ecosystem.
Archaea: Extremophile Bacteria
Bacteria Organisms that master the art live in most inhospitable environments
Archaea is a group of single celled prokaryotic organism where they have lack of defined nucleus, it
have the distinctive molecular characteristics that separating them from bacteria that are categorize
more prominent group of prokaryotes as well as Eukaryotes that have defined nucleus and can be
found in plants and animals. Archaea itself is derived from the Greek word Archaios, meaning
"Ancient" or "Primitive" that's why archaea exhibit characteristic worthy of it name. Member of
archaea include: Pyrolobus fumarii, which can live in the high temperature environment up to 113
°C (235 °F) and they can be found living in hydrothermal vents. Species of Picophilus, that can be
isolated from acidic soil and they are well

Comparing Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells
1. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to address cell structure,
replication (including DNA replication) and gene expression.
The cell structure of prokaryotic organisms is small, only about 1–10 microns in length, and they are
also single celled. Prokaryotes contain circular DNA which is held in the nucleoid because they lack
a nucleus. The specific organisms that have circular DNA are: mitochondrial, bacterial (eubacteria),
and Archaea (Methanobacteria, Halobacteria, and sulfobacteria). Prokaryotes have no membrane–
bound organelles because they have no organelles. Their ribosomal subunits are 50S and 30S which
come to equal 70S, and their plasma membrane does not contain sterols. In prokaryotes, there is one
large vacuole per cell which takes up 50–90% of cell and serves as a reservoir for water; this helps
hold turgor pressure in plants. Prokaryotes also cannot go through endo– or exocytosis, and their
cell wall is made of peptidoglycan. The replication properties of prokaryotes includes Theta Mode
Replication, in which there is only a single origin of replication, but two replication forks. The
Okazaki Frangments are 1000–2000 base pairs in length, and the formation of the cell plate is done
by the phragmosome. Proteins and RNA help the DNA to fold proteins because prokaryotes do not
have histones. Transcription and translation occur simultaneously because prokaryotes have no
plasma membrane, therefore no posttranscriptional modifications

Is The Concept Of Prokaryotic Valid And Useful Or...
Is the concept of prokaryotes valid and useful or fundamentally flawed? Since the establishment of
the basic concept of classification of organisms by Carl Linnaeus (Encyclopaedia Britannica) and
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, various ideas and concepts have been suggested. After being
repeatedly reviewed by a number of experts, some of them are accepted and this has enabled
scientists to classify organisms, to recognise the connections between them despite of different
physical appearance and to improve the understanding of evolutionary relationship between them.
However, as time goes by and technology develops, the unknown aspects of organisms are being
discovered and it arises several controversial points regarding the concepts and the principle of
taxonomy. This essay will address one of those controversies, the validity of the concept of
prokaryotes. Humankind needed a guideline in order to comprehend the nature of organisms. For
that reason, scientists began to arrange organisms formally into groups called taxa. Ernst Mayr
defined taxon as a single taxonomic group of any level that is unique and independent from other
groups. (Mayr, 1981) Since then, several diverse hypotheses were suggested and majority of
scientists agreed to classify organisms into two major domains, eukaryotes and prokaryotes. At that
time, the principle of two domains seemed to be fairly reasonable and was widely accepted amongst
scientists. Since then, the same definitions for those two

Geothermal Hot Springs Are Naturally Occurring Geological...
Geothermal hot springs are naturally occurring geological phenomena widespread on Earth's surface
(Kormas et al., 2009). Environmental conditions for each geothermal hot spring can vary widely,
even between neighboring sites (Oliver et al., 2011). Differences can be observed, for example, in
chemical composition of spring water, ranges in temperature and pH, and levels of salinity and other
mineral deposits (Jones and Renaut, 2013). According to Stan–Lotter et al. (eds.), "They
[geothermal hot springs] can be regarded as islands, ecologically separated by large distances and
physiochemical dispersal barriers" (p. 37). A combination of these factors help make geothermal hot
springs unique as microbial habitats. However, one overarching similarity among geothermal hot
springs appears to be the pattern of organisms that tend to inhabit these sites: thermophilic microbes.
Thermophilic microbes thrive at fairly high temperatures, with optimal growth ranging between 55
and 80 °C (Lopez et al., 2013). While several studies have recognized thermophilic microbes
belonging to the Bacteria domain, and their respective viruses (Kormas et al., 2009; Grogan, 2013;
Bhatia et al., 2015), much of the reviewed literature on hot–spring microbiota have focused
particularly on the Archaea domain, and their respective viruses, as they tend to dominate extreme
thermal environments (Mochizuki et al., 2010; Pina et al., 2011; Bhatia et al., 2015; Snyder et al.,
2015). Greater biotechnological

Bacteria And Archaea Similarities
The definition of bacteria is a single celled microorganisms that can be present either as a free–
living parasites or organisms. Illustrations of bacteria consist Gonococcus which causes gonorrhea,
Acidophilus, a regular occupant of yogurt, and Streptococcus, the bacterium that triggers the
familiar throat infection called strep throat, Clostridium welchii, the most common reason of
gangrene and E. coli, which exists in the colon and can trigger disease to a different place.
The definition of archaea different from bacteria given their self–regulating evolutionary times past.
Archaea are of attentiveness in biotechnology as they have exceptional biochemical structures for
example, enzymes of theromophiles, and Taq polymerase, the "hard worker" ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, not all archaea and bacteria belong to prokaryotes. Both bacteria and archaea are alike
in contour and size and they are found occurring as cocci, spirals, rods, and plates. The over–all cell
construction of archaea and bacteria are the similar but composition and organization of some
structures are different in archaea. Comparable to bacteria archaea do not have internal membranes
but the two have cell walls and use flagella to swim. Archaea is different because the cell wall does
not have peptidoglycan and the cell membrane uses linked lipids as disputed to ester linked lipids.
Archaea can survive in severe and tough surroundings like marshlands, oceans, hot springs, gut of
ruminants, humans, and salt lakes, and humans. The bacteria is found in radioactive waste water,
soil, hot springs, radioactive waste water, Earth's crust, animals, bodies of plants and organic matter.
I feel the main difference between the two is bacteria are single–celled organisms that do not have a
chloroplasts, golgibodies, nucleus, ER and mitochondria. Archaea are single–celled organisms that
are missing a nuclei and discharge methane as a product of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Prokaryotes
All living organisms on Earth are classified within three domains – Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Bacteria and Archaea encompass a generalised classification known as the prokaryotes. This
definition follows the extensive similarities between the two domains, such as their manner of gene
expression, their fundamental metabolic pathways, as well as their lack of membrane bound
organelles, and compartmentalisation. Due to the cellular compartmentalisation that eukaryotes
exhibit, as well as more complex modes of metabolism and replication, prokaryotes are generally
considered to be the precursors to eukaryotic cells. One of the other defining characteristics of
eukaryotic cells that allow for multicellularity to occur is the presence of a complex ... Show more
It is therefore suggested that MreB and actin originated from a common ancestor, as so, further
suggests that actin was a result of MreB divergence in eukaryotes. Bacterial MreB functions in
maintaining the shape of the bacterial cell, whereby MreB assembles into filaments which display
an extensive structural resemblance to actin. The divergence of MreB in eukaryotic cells is seen to
be similar to the divergence of FtsZ to tubulin, where MreB acquired new functions as eukaryotes
evolved. These new functions included the ability to perform cell division specific to eukaryotic
cells, cell movement through pseudopodia, and phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is postulated to have
been a central step in the success of eukaryotic evolution, as the ability to engulf other organisms
such as bacteria and archaea led to eukaryotes becoming predators. The ability to perform predation
contributed heavily to the survival of the eukaryotic line, as it reduced competition. Phagocytosis
also allowed for the engulfment of cyanobacteria and other bacteria which contributed to
endosymbiosis, further increasing the complexity of eukaryotic cells. In order to perform
phagocytosis, eukaryotic cells would have had to remove their inflexible cell wall, a remnant of
their prokaryotic ancestors. The remaining plasma membrane would have allowed for increased
flexibility and the ability to project towards the prey,

Classification And Taxonomy Of The World
All organism are classified into a group that makes them easier to memorize and identify. With more
than eight million species that are known through the world, it is important to know how to identify
each organism so we can build on our knowledge on how these live. With this knowledge in mind,
scientists wanted to create a system for the sole purpose of making classification an easier task. This
is how classification and taxonomy, the process of grouping and naming organism, was established.
However, both classification and taxonomy have very important rules and guidelines that were
established for making the system as perfect as possible as well as the certain standards in every
category of taxonomy. Classification is the process in which scientists group organisms based on
their appearance, traits and other factors. Classification makes it easier to identify organisms
throughout the world, prevents confusion from different names, and allows for better comparisons
between two different organisms. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who was the first to group
organisms into plants and animals. He also grouped organisms based on their method of movement:
land movement, sea movement and flying. Taxonomy is the science of grouping organisms into
multiple arrangements based on their characteristics. Carl Linnaeus is thought to be the father of
taxonomy, however, unlike Aristotle, he was able to group organisms further starting with
"Kingdoms", which was then grouped again into

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
The terms 'eukaryote' and 'prokaryote' were introduced Edouard Chatton in 1925 (Chatton, 1925,
cited in Sapp, 2005). Eukaryotes, according to the online Oxford Dictionaries is a cell in which
DNA is arranged in chromosomes that are "contained within a distinct nucleus". The name
prokaryotes is also defined by the Oxford dictionary as an organism that does not contain a 'distinct
nucleus with a membrane'. These two terms highlighted a very important difference between the two
cells; eukaryotic cells had a true nucleus surrounded by a membrane but the prokaryotes did not.
The following essay seeks to compare and contrast typical prokaryotic cells to typical eukaryotic
cells.
Cells can be organised into three domains as stated by Embley and Williams (2015): Bacteria,
Archaea and eukaryotes (Eukarya). This is based on the findings of Carl Woesse, who in 1985,
discovered three domains in which all cellular life on Earth can be sorted using their ribosomal RNA
sequencing. Woesse introduced the domains as Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea as a basis for a more
accurate form of classification as opposed to the five–kingdom taxonomy (Woesse et al. 1990).
From a Last Universal Common Ancestor, the Bacteria and the Eukaryotes were thought to have
evolved separately. From the Eukarya branch, Archaea branches out. We can use this to make the
assumption that all life arose from said LUCA, Archaea are more closely related to Eukaryotes than
they are to Bacteria, although morphologically,

Compare and contrast the Five kingdom a
Compare and contrast the Five kingdom and three domain classification system
Classification is the method used by scientists to order living organisms. All species have a unique
classification that results in a binomial name. classification is used to make it easier for different
species to be identified by scientists. The current system, the Three Domain System , groups
organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA structure. Ribosomal RNA is a
molecular building block for ribosomes . Under this system, organisms are classified into three
domains and six kingdoms . The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The kingdoms are
Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before long, it was realized that these archaebacteria were more closely related to the eukaryotes
(including ourselves!) than to bacteria. Today, these bacteria have been renamed Archaea.
Biologist today have classified and divided all living things into five groups they call Kingdoms.
These kingdoms are based on how living things

Halobacterium: Salt Or Ocean Bacteria
The genus Halobacterium ("salt" or "ocean bacterium") consists of several species of the Archaea
with an aerobic metabolism which requires an environment with a high concentration of salt; many
of their proteins will not function in low–salt environments. They grow on amino acids in their
aerobic conditions. Their cell walls are also quite different from those of bacteria, as ordinary
lipoprotein membranes fail in high salt concentrations. In shape, they may be either rods or cocci,
and in color, either red or purple. They reproduce using binary fission (by constriction), and are
motile. Halobacterium grows best in a 42 °C environment. The genome of an unspecified
Halobacterium species, sequenced by Shiladitya DasSarma, comprises 2,571,010

Purpose Of A Lab On Systematics And Taxonomy
Chandini Shirupalli
Date of Lab performed: 9/14/15
Date it was submitted: 9/21/15
Lab 1# Systematics and Taxonomy
Pages 2–10
Purpose of the Lab: The purpose of the lab is to show the different types of living organisms. Also,
to show how Woese's system of classification, was used to organize information about many types
of organisms. So that you can define the organisms. This shows what the purpose is for the
Systematics and Taxonomy Lab.
Background information: Classification systems started around four century B.C by Aristotle (greek
philosopher
). His way of classifying things is known us ladder of life, which is putting organisms into groups
from the least to greatest. Later, in the seventeenth century John Ray created the word ... Show more
Starfish
Field Horsetail
Beaver
Christmas Fern
Red Cedar
Belladonna
Yeast
Crab
Nightshade
Poison Hemlock
Results:
Questions–

Species defines different types of organisms, that are put in one group or a group that have
similarities with other organisms.
The ancient domain and the oldest fossil is archaea.
A taxonomist studies an organisms characteristics, in order to put the organism in a certain group.
A systematist studies different kinds of organisms, and all the relationships it has to other organisms.
Yes, I would put homo sapiens in the Eukarya domain because homo sapiens have cells that contain
a nucleus. Eukarya defines organisms that have cells which contain a nucleus. Archaea are a group
of single celled prokaryotic, so they don 't contain a nucleus. Archaea live in water especially salty
region, and also come from animal stomachs. Archaea are also different from bacteria. Eubacteria
are many different cells which belong to the group of prokaryotes. Eubacteria also have different
types of shapes such as spirals and spheres. Eukarya are organisms that have cells with nucleus. The
examples are protist, animal, fungi, and plants. Protista is part of eukarya that isn 't fungus, plant, or
animal. Fungi are single and multi celled eukarya organisms that have cell walls, and they get
nutrients by cellular digestion. Plantae is from the domain

Differences Between Eukaryotes And Eukaryotes
All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks for all units of life and can
be characterised into two distinct types: Eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are the oldest and
most primitive forms of life and can be distinguished from eukaryotes as they lack a distinct
nucleus. Prokaryotes can be further classified into two domains: bacteria and archaea. Together,
bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes make up what is known as 'The three domains of life" which
divides all cellular life on Earth. Even though bacteria and archaea are both classified as
prokaryotes, there has been recent evidence claiming that archaea and eukaryotes are more closely
related to one another than either is to bacteria. This essay will examine and investigate the
differences between eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea and contend that archaea share greater
similarities with eukaryotes than bacteria which implies a stronger evolutionary relationship.
Eukaryotes are multicellular cells which are distinctly larger to prokaryotes, have a true defined
nucleus, linear pieces of DNA and divide by mitosis or meiosis (in sex cells). Eukaryotes also
contain specialised parts with specific functions called 'organelles'. Various distinctive organelles
can be found inside different types of plant and animal cells and each has its own particular role,
such as producing energy or manufacturing proteins. It has been theorised that the mitochondria,
plastid and chloroplast were once

Similarities And Differences Between Prokaryotic And...
Edouard Chatton (cities in Soyer– Gobillard, 2006) in 1925, was first to divide cells into either
prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger and include protists, plants, fungi
and animal cells. They are described as 'a type of cell with membrane–enclosed organelles and
membrane–enclosed nucleus' (Cain et al, 2014, p171). A typically smaller prokaryotic cell 'lacks a
membrane–enclosed nucleus and membrane–enclosed organelles'; this term includes the domains of
bacteria and Archaea (Cain et al, 2014, p171).
Prokaryotic cells evolved earlier than Eukaryotic cells this is shown by the fact that Prokaryotic
means 'before nucleus', this earlier evolution resulted in many differences seen between these cell
types (Cain et al, 2014, p172), such as different organisation within the cell. However because all
cells are thought to have evolved from a Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) (Heaphy, S,
2015) similarities between these cells are also seen such as ribosomes, however further difference
can be found within these similarities. Some of these key differences can be seen in the figures
below.
Figure 1: A typical prokaryotic cell. Left is a diagram of typical prokaryotic bacteria with subcellular
structures labelled. Right is an electron microscope of a prokaryotic cell (Taken from Bevington, A,
2015)
Figure 2: A typical eukaryotic cell. A diagram of typical eukaryotic animal cell with subcellular
structures labelled (Taken from Bevington, A, 2015).

The Evolution Of Cells : A Hypothesis For The Advancement...
The Evolution of Cells A hypothesis for the advancement of cell association is displayed. The model
depends on the (information bolstered) guess that the element of flat quality exchange (HGT) is
essentially dictated by the association of the beneficiary cell. Native cell plans are taken to be
straightforward and inexactly sufficiently composed that all cell componentry can be modified and
or dislodged through HGT, making HGT the central main impetus in early cell advancement.
Primitive cells did not convey a stable organismal genealogical follow. Primitive cell advancement
is essentially public. The abnormal state of oddity required to advance cell plans is a result of shared
development, of the all–inclusive HGT field, not intra lineage variety. It is the group all in all, the
environment, which advances. The singular cell plans that advanced along these lines are in any case
on a very basic level unmistakable, in light of the fact that the underlying conditions for every
situation are to some degree diverse. As a cell plan turns out to be more mind boggling furthermore,
interconnected a basic point is achieved where a more coordinated cell association develops, and
vertically created curiosity can and assumes more prominent significance. This basic point is known
as the ' 'Darwinian Edge ' ' for the reasons given. The development of cutting edge cells is seemingly
the most difficult what 's more, essential issue the field of Science has ever confronted. In Darwin 's

What Are Archaea And Bacteria Be Classified As Two...

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