Different Sociological Explanations Of Suicide

Different Sociological Explanations Of Suicide
Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess different sociological explanations of suicide. (21
marks)
Suicide is the intentional taking of one's own life and sociologists over the years have tried to put
forward various explanations for why someone may do this. Within sociology there are many
different views on suicide on the causes and explanations for it, these come from two main
methodologies which are Positivists who believe that sociology is a science and they should aim to
make causal laws on suicide rates, compared to Interpretivists who believe that they should look for
meaning behind occurrences and certain individuals experiences before the suicide. Other
perspectives also put in their views on what they believe to explain ... Show more content on
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Obviously this was highly criticised by Structural Functionalists such as Durkheim who believed
that Douglas' work was too unscientific and that he incorrectly assumed that the nature of man is
active rather than passive.
Another sociologist who takes an Interpretivist methodology is Atkinson, believing that social
meaning and context is more important in finding root causes. However unlike Douglas, Atkinson is
a Ethnomethodologist which has a central belief of showing that each individual use their own
members methods to work out what they see. This is why Atkinson decided to study suicide, also to
show how official statistics are not enough. Atkinson focused on a Coroner's report and underwent
participant observation at an office to see what methods they used to decide whether a death was
suicide or not. Atkinson stated that they used 'common sense' theories of suicide so if certain
information were to fit the theories it would be called a suicide. They would look at clues to help
decided, Atkinson named a few to which he believed was important within their decisions. Firstly
was there a suicide note left, this clearly is a big clue to whether or not the individual meant to kill
themselves. Secondly how did the individual die as certain ways such as hanging point towards
suicide, also the location of the body, usually if it is hidden away out of sight then the person is
indicating that they did
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Sociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon
A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce.
Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite
commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in
Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial
increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings
(Kilmartin, 1997).
An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital
patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological
explanations for the 'divorce phenomenon ' and also consider the social policy implications that each
explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad
socio–economic framework.
One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For
example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily
indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a
degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because
they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a

Assess sociological explanations of cha
Assess sociological explanations of changes in the status of childhood?
Childhood is a social construction and varies between times, places and groups. Most sociologists
see our ides of childhood as a fairly recent one, the result of industrialisation and other social
changes. Modern society constructs childhood as a tie of vulnerability, innocence and segregation
from the adult world. The March of progress sociologist believe we live in an increasingly child–
centred society. They state that children have existence of child poverty, abuse and exploitation.
Child liberationists argue that children in modern western society are victims of age patriarchy and
are subject to adult control. Some argue that we are witnessing the disappearance ... Show more
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These have encouraged parents to make a greater financial and emotional investment in the fewer
children that we have now. Children's health and development became the subject of medical
knowledge. Jacques Donzelot (1977) observes how theories of child development that began to
appear from the 19th century. The laws and policies that apply specifically to children, such as
minimum wages for a wide range of activities from sex to smoking, have reinforced the idea that
children are different from adults and so different rules must be applied to their behaviour.
The march of progress view
Is that position of children has improved dramatically in a relatively short period of time. However,
conflict sociologist such as Marxists and feminists dispute this. They argue that society is based on
conflicts between social groups such as social classes or between genders. In this conflict, some
groups have more power, status or wealthy than others. Conflict sociologist see the relationship
between groups as one of domination and subordination, in which the dominant act as oppressors.
Conflict sociologist argues that the march of progress view of modern childhood is based on false
and idealised image that ignores important inequalities. They criticise the march of progress view on
two grounds and they; that there are inequalities among children in terms of the opportunities and
risks they face, many today remain

Assess sociological explanations of science and ideology...
Assess sociological explanations of science and ideology as belief systems (33 marks)
A belief system is a set of ideas that a person uses to make sense of the world around us. Science can
be defined as a way of looking at the natural world, which is systematic, objective and capable of
generating universal laws. Ideology is a systematic set of beliefs, which serve the interests of a
social group in society. It is often associated with the 'power' and the ability of those at the top of the
society to put forward their own ideas as right. These ideas could be distorted, partially true and put
forward for a purpose.
Science has had a huge impact on society in the past few centuries with medicines curing disastrous
diseases and the growing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, ideologies are used to describe secular ideas, belief systems are used when speaking about
religious ideas and ideologies usually have negative connotations whereas belief systems have
positive.
It can be argued that ideology is a belief system as Marxist would argue religion is an ideology.
Marxists argue that society is divided into two opposed classes, the minority capitalist who own the
means of production and the majority property less working class who have to sell their labour. This
shows that ideology is a belief system as the ruling class stop the poor from becoming successful,
therefore the poor start to believe that they cannot become successful.
Feminists see gender inequality as the fundamental division and patriarchal ideology as playing a
key role in legitimising it as gender differences are a feature in all societies. Many ideologies exist
to justify these gender inequalities. An example of this is the belief that women should either be
virgins or whores; this is shown through Mary Magdalene. This is also reinforces the idea that
women are sexual objects. This also shows that ideology can be a belief system in terms of beliefs
and ideas about women and how people believe that women are inferior to men.
Mannheim sees all belief systems as being partial

Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity Essay
Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity
ABSTRACT: Many theorists of explanation from Hempel onward have worked with the explicit or
implicit assumption that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding should be kept out
of the formulation of a proper theory of explanation. They claim that genuine understanding of an
event comes only from being in an appropriate cognitive relation to the true explanation of that
event. I argue that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding cannot be completely
removed from the process of formulating and justifying an acceptable theory of explanation.
Although understanding is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an explanation,
understanding is necessary as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, we cannot say that anyone's sense of understanding is either necessary or sufficient for an
account to be an explanation. However, I shall argue, we cannot completely avoid all reference to
understanding in a correct theory of explanation. This situation presents a pressing problem for
philosophical studies of the nature of explanation, for many theorists relegate the sense of
understanding to a strictly derivative position by claiming that the subjective sense of understanding
of an event comes, under appropriate (articulable) conditions, from consideration of a potential
explanation, and that genuine understanding comes, under appropriate conditions, from
consideration of the true explanation. (See, for example, Hempel 1948, 256–257.) According to such
philosophers we should rely on a proper theory of explanation to delineate potential explanations
from non–explanatory accounts and a delineation of understanding will follow. I shall argue that this
is not a workable option.
One can also express the issue at hand in terms of the relative subjectivity or objectivity of
explanation. Some theorists of explanation state an objectivity criterion for an account of
explanation, and many others implicitly employ one. Wesley Salmon, for example, states clearly that
the identifying criteria for scientific explanations must be objective, independent of personal,
psychological considerations.

Analysis Of A Professional Journal Article
Analysis of a Professional Journal Article Wörner, D., & von Bomhard, T. (2014, September). When
your sensor earns money: exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM
International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct Publication (pp.
295–298). ACM. I read "When your sensor earns money: exchanging data for cash with Bitcoin"
authored by Wörner and Von Bomhard.This article was published in the proceedings of ACM
journal. The purpose of studying this article was to learn how blockchain technology is used by IoT
sensors for inter–device communication autonomously. Title The title of the article aptly justifies the
content with in it. Title covers all the required keywords needed to explain the gist of the article.
From title of the article it can be easily understood that this article deals with communication
between sensors using bitcoin technology. Moreover, author simplified the title without using any
technical terms to make the content easily understandable. Basically this article is intended for the
audience with basic knowledge in the domain. Abstract By reading this abstract, we can get
complete organization of the article. Here, initially author explains inception of bitcoins and their
usage as alternate money. This abstract expresses the overall idea behind the article. Later on, author
explains the "prototypical implementation of the process of exchanging data for electronic cash
between a sensor and a requester by

Sociological Explanation Vs. Common Sense Knowledge
It used to be my assumption that Sociology was the same as philosophy, as in questioning things
such as "what is reality," and so forth. However, it has more meaning and science behind it. Later on
in life, I began to realize that who I am was not just an innate destiny or result, but had much more
to do with what was happening around me. In addition, in my Technology and Society class I came
to realize even more how sociological influences play a significant part in our identities.
Sociological Explanation vs Common Sense Knowledge
As we grow up, we each have unique social structures and cultures surrounding us that help develop
our everyday behaviors which we view as natural or explain as "common sense knowledge." During
this progression, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Known as "making the familiar strange" making the familiar unfamiliar helps to better understand
society and the part it plays in shaping our lives.
Sociology is more arduous than common sense for the reason that sociologists test and modify their
understanding of how the society functions through scientific research. Sociologists bring together
data and then develop concepts about what they have discovered. These concepts, or theories, are
tested using scientific methods (empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of
reasoning).to weigh their validity. Sociology, unlike common sense, utilizes methods of induction
and deduction. Source: A Sociological Perspective: Boundless.com
Functionalism. Theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve
important and necessary functions in order to keep society running. Conley (2013) refers to Emile
Durkheim and Talcott Parsons' belief that the best way to analyze society is to identify the roles that
different aspects or phenomena play.

Common Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C....
In this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the
explanations of C. Wright Mills ' theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based
on people 's personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and
generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills
(1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He
wrote that in order to do this, we have to understand and grasp the link between current society and
history, personal troubles and public issues. There are three main parts to Sociological Imagination:
social structure, biography and history. In this essay I will set forth the ways in which each of these
approaches would explain the topic of sexuality. I consider sexuality to be an umbrella term for
various features, including sexual orientation, sexual activity, masculinity/femininity and gender
roles. Each of which will be looked at in this essay in order to explore the topic of sexuality in
relation to common sense and the Sociological Imagination.
Sexual orientation is commonly viewed as the term to describe an individual's attraction for others;
who they want to have sex with. This sexual attraction is what's commonly considered to be the
representative of their sexuality. The common sense approach to sexual orientation is well educated
on heterosexuality and the LGBT community. LGBT

Effect of Male Stream Knowledge on Sociological...
Effect of Male Stream Knowledge on Sociological Explanations of Behavior
One effect of male stream knowledge in sociological explanations of behaviour is that men tend to
be very much in favour of positivist methods, like scientific research and proof. Whereas feminists
think that the sympathetic approach is better therefore using things like observations, this mainly
due to the fact that positivist research has many flaws.
Another effect is that due to the fact that men develop most sociological explanations of crime and
therefore they only talk bout men. They exclude the fact the females commit crime which is evident
in all of the theories apart from feminism because these ideas are ... Show more content on
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Pollack said that the reason women manage to not be convicted for these crimes are because women
hide things everyday. He believes that women hide menstruation and that they also fake sexual
pleasure, this he therefore says means they are good at hiding things and this leads to them getting
away from being convicted. Otto Pollack has been widely criticised by feminists in that he is very
sexist.
Francis Heidensohn was a radical feminist writing in the 1990's. She said that men do commit as
much shoplifting as females and also that women don't hide menstruation. She also stated that there
is no evidence for poisoning and that it is a stupid idea to even think that a majority of women do
that to their relatives. Another excuse of under participation of women in the crime statistics is that
the criminal justice system is chivalrous, therefore favourable to women because they need to be
protected. She also found that females are treated harshly if they deviate from socially expectable
sexuality. Young girls who are seen as sexual promiscuous are taken onto care but if boys are seen
like that it is perfectly fine. The criminal justice system is reluctant to imprison mothers with young
children, basically because they have assumptions about the female role and that

Essay about Explanation for Criminality from a...
Explanation for Criminality from a Sociological Perspective
From a sociological perspective, explanation for criminality is found in two levels which are the
subculture and the structural explanations. The sociological explanations emphasize aspects of
societal arrangements that are external to the actor and compelling. A sociological explanation is
concerned with how the structure of a society, institutional practices or its persisting cultural themes
affect the conduct of its members. Individual differences are denied or ignored, and the explanation
of the overall collective behavior is sought in the patterning of social arrangements that is
considered to be both outside the actor and prior to him (Sampson, 1985).
That is, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is in this change and variety that crime is defined. An application of this principle to criminology
would find the roots of the crime in the fact that groups have developed different standards of
appropriate behavior. In those complex cultures, each individual is subject to competing
prescriptions for action.
Another subcultural explanation of crime grows readily out of the fact that as we have seen, social
classes experience different rates of arrest and conviction for serious offenses. When within a
society categories are marked off by income, education and occupational prestige. Here differences
are discovered among them in the amount an style of the crime. Further, differences are usually
found between these social classes in their interests and morals. Its easy to describe these class–
linked patterns as a culture.
This version of the subcultural explanation of crime holds that the very fact of learning the lessons
of the subculture means that one acquires interests and preferences that place him in greater or lesser
risk of breaking the law. Others argue that being reared on the lower–class means learning a
different culture from that which creates the criminal laws. The lower class subculture is said to
have its own values as many of which run counter to the majority interest that support the laws
against the serious predatory crimes. One needs to not that the indicators of class are not
descriptions of class.

Sociological Explanations of Unequal Distributions of...
Sociology Homework: Examine the sociological explanations of unequal distributions of wealth and
income in contemporary Britain (24 marks)
There are five main sociological explanations of unequal distributions of wealth and income in
contemporary Britain that I will be discussing as well as explaining within this essay.
One sociological explanation for the unequal distribution of wealth and income in contemporary
Britain is because it is necessary for the maintenance of society. This is argued by functionalists
such as Davis and Moore who suggest that inequality in wealth and income is very significant due to
the fact that some jobs are seen as more functionally important than others. As well as this, they
believe that meritocratic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However this theory can be criticised as it only looks at inequality within class and not inequality
within gender, age or other aspects. In addition to this this theory also fails to explain inequality
within men and women from different cultural and traditional backgrounds.
A further explanation is because of market situation of individual workers in the labour market. This
is argued by a social theorist in the name of Weber, who suggested that wealth and income
inequality occurs because some jobs have high rewards due to the fact that they are associated with
strong trade unions. Other reasons are because of how high the demand is or because of key
attributes needed in order to undertake a job. A prime example would be people employed to
undertake transport services e.g train or bus drivers. On average Train drivers get around £ 41,000 a
year while nurses or school secretaries get around 15–27,000 a year. We see that this is the case
because train drivers are linked to trade unions such as the TLC which help make the decisions of
striking or protesting if something is wrong and its difficult for the government to oppose transport
workers as a lot of people rely on tubes and buses to get to work and if trains and buses don't operate
then no money will go towards the government. This links to contemporary Britain because some
jobs don't give high

Sociological Explanations Of Interpersonal Roles
Functionalist suggests that men perform instrumental roles; which is definitely the man of the house
who is the breadwinner more or the material support and primary leadership authority within the
family; such showing, or telling what needs to be done and how to act for orders to be followed,
where the wife, is more likely to provide affection and moral support. Now in the 21century, in other
displays of interpersonal conflict, women are depicted as stubborn and non–expressive of their
feelings because they are acting passive aggressively. we are seeing a lot of people working more
than one job, with possibly three jobs. The person whether same–sex couples, or heterosexual
couples, and even grown adult children residing together in the same home with ... Show more
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I disagree to the most part I was basically a single parent even when I was married, and I would do
the chores after and or before work or nothing in the house would be done. I think that women can
be a lot more aggressive than men in particular situations and they do try to dominate and take
control of a lot of conflicts, and still trying to avoid conflict. But being raised by an authoritarian
parent I need to be in control of the situation a hand, or think that I need to be, even if it is not my
place. Also I believe people get the ques from watching TV it looks so glamorous, and the sitcom
families even when there in trouble it's funny when it happens in the real world it is not. The
television shows about families and the ways in which they portray conflicts in relationships is kind
of cliché. The women are always the one trying to talk and work things out while the men are
avoiding the situation. If the conflict doesn't get resolved within any of the relationships, then more
conflicts arise a lot of different emotions and trying to deal with all those feelings at once can be
unbearable or too much for people, causing them to either walk away and avoid the situation all
together or deal with the problem

Assess Sociological Explanations Of The Benefits Of Social...
All of a sudden, I found myself thinking sociologically when I started wondering about how get
payed differently. As a society we have set up many barriers around people that makes them feel that
they have very little that they can do. We have divided society into social classes that arranged from
the upper class to the middle class then lower class. These classes that are set make some people feel
like they are at a disadvantage when it comes to many things. After having a long thought about this
I think that removing the social classes will be very beneficial to many people. Some the rich people
will say that they like how it is now because they are getting lots of benefits from the social classes
and that it's not their fault they have more than others.
The social classes have been a part of history for a very long time. When we look back into history
we see that the social classes has been around for more than 5,000 years. It changes but it never goes
away. I think that taking it away will open up more chances for people who are not privileged
enough to do certain things because knowledge and wealth is power. When you have the money you
can have any kind of education that you want. The rich have ... Show more content on
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Karl Marx (1818–1883) wrote there were two great classes which are the owners who are the ones
who opens the businesses and then the workers who only know how to work. He said the since the
owners know the businesses they can decide how much the workers get payed and since the workers
need the job they can't choose not to work. To me I think that if the owners were to give out some of
their money that can be put to setting up places that will allow the workers to put their children into
learning so that they can also help improve on what is been done. Doing this will help us build a
better society where anyone can come up with an idea then that idea can be improved on by

Sociological Explanations For Gender Difference
TITLE: outline and assess sociological explanations for gender difference in patterns of crime.
What is the relationship between crime and masculinity?
Crime can be described as an act that harmful to an individual as well as the society; such acts are
against and punishable by the law. While deviance can be described as acting against social norms,
for example a boy wearing a skirt would be out of place in the society
The sex role theory states that, when young males and females are younger they socialise in
different ways, resulting in young males being more reckless and neglectful. There are several
sociologist and different versions of the sex theory. Edwin Sutherland stated that the gender
difference when it comes to socialisation is very obvious. Girls are treated with more supervision
and control, while boys are treated not as strict as the girls and are emboldened to take more risk to
be tough, which makes boys more inclined and a higher tendency of committing crimes. Talcott
parsons believes that there are clear gender roles in a nuclear family, where the father performs the
instrumental role which portrays him as a leader and provider, while the mother performs the
expressive role of providing emotional support and talking of the children.
For girls, because their female role model who is their mother is always available unlike for boys
who don't not have as much access to the male figure in their lives (the father) because traditionally
the father would be at

Election Explanation Through Sociological Theories
Election Explanation through Sociological Theories The 2016 U.S Presidential Election ended on
November 19th, yet many people did not expect or even think about the result of Trump becoming
our 45th president. Although many people in California did not accept the fact that our first female
candidate was defeated and lost the election, it is reasonable to explain some surprising observations
and results of the election by looking through the lens of sociological theories. 1. 63% of white men
and 53% of white women did not vote for Clinton. As our first female presidential candidate, it was
controversial towards her ability be competent to manage a country. Although many people are
pursuing gender equality in America, they still hold prejudices and discrimination towards women
because of their "vulnerable" image. It is not surprising that more than half of white men choose to
vote for Trump instead of Clinton by Christine Williams 's concept of Glass ceiling & glass
escalator. Williams argued that women in the United States face the predicament of Glass Ceiling,
"invisible barriers" that restrains their promotion in male–dominated jobs. On contrary, men are
considered to be Glass Escalators in which they are push up in their professions by invisible
pressures. (Williams ) Under this situation, an occupational segregation exists: women and men hold
the same job title at an individual establishment or company, but actually do different jobs. People
generally

Assess the Sociological Explanations of the Relationship...
Assess the sociological explanations of the relationship between globalisation and religion. 33
marks Secularisation theory has argued that modernisation has undermined religion. The importance
of science and technology on economic development and rational worldview on which they depend
on are seen as destroying the belief in supernatural. However religion can contribute to
development, but most recently sociologists have examined what role religion may play in
development in today's globalising world. This can be seen in India. Globalisation has brought rapid
economic growth and has seen India become a more important player in the world political stage. It
has brought prosperity to some, notably the Indian middle class. Nanda shows ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nanda notes that the Indians' success in the global market have attributed to Hindu values. These are
constantly promoted by media and politicians. Ultra nationalism, worshiping Hindu gods and India
itself has become a civil religion. In recent years the East Asia tiger economies such as Korea and
Singapore are now becoming industrialised. Also China has become a major global power.
Sociologists argue that this success is because of religion acting similar to Calvinism. Redding sees
their post Confucian values as encouraging, similar to the protestant work ethic. Similarly Berger
argues that Pentecostalism in Latin America acts as a functional equivalent to Weber's protestant
ethic. He says that they embrace the work ethic and lifestyle of Calvinists aspect of life which in
result its members continue to prosper. However Berger underlines Weber's point that religious ideas
alone are not enough to produce economic development. He says that natural resources are also
needed. For example while Protestantism has grown in northern Brazil, the religion lacks resources
and remains backwards. By contrast, the south, which is developing rapidly, has both a work ethic
derived from Pentecostalism and the necessary resources. Christianity has also become globalised.
Lehmann says that it has done this by accompanying globalisations, imposed my indigenous
population and in the past 100 years it has spread because of its popular following. The symbols and

Sociological Explanations Of Deviance Essay
Macionis and Plummer (2008), state that "deviance involves the recognised violation of cultural
norms". Societies are "layered by norms which guide virtually all human activities and deviance is
the violation of these norms". Haralambos and Holborn (2008) give a similar definition and state
that deviance consists of those acts which do not follow the norms and expectations of a particular
social group. The violation of norms is, in fact, universal to all definitions of deviance. Norms
provide guidance as to what type of behaviour is considered proper in particular situations
(Haralambos and Holborn, 2008). There are many types of norms for every situation; there are
religious norms, health norms and certainly school norms. Rules are some of the most important
norms for which formal sanctions are taken when these are broken. Sociological explanations of
deviance try to explain the causes of deviance by looking at the society and how it may lead
individual to adopt particular form of behaviour. The theories outlined here relate deviance either to
social class, subcultures within school or to the effect resulting from meaning that students give to
school experience, a theory usually favoured by interpretivist sociologists. 2.1.1 Social class,
subcultures and deviancy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He argued that working class youngsters find themselves stuck at the bottom of the stratification
system sees their avenues for success blocked. This situation leads to status frustration, i.e., the
process by which people feel dissatisfied when they aspire to a certain status (Macionis, 2008).
Thus, students from deprived background often find school life an alienating and frustrating
experience which focuses on middle class values and they resolve this frustration by turning to
deviant means whereby the get praise and success among their peers rather than among

Assess the Sociological Explanations for the Growth of New...
Assess the sociological explanations for the growth of new religious movements.
By: Amy Rashid
Over the years, there has been a growth of new religious movements in the society. This growth can
be explained in terms of why people chose to join the movements or in terms of wider social
changes. Hence, in this essay, I shall discuss several sociological explanations for this occurrence.
Firstly, Steve Bruce (1995, 1996) attributes the development of a range of religious institutions,
including sects and cults, to a general process of modernization and secularization. He believes the
weakness of more conventional institutionalized religions has encouraged some people to consider
less traditional alternatives. As modern societies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, members are expected to remain celibate during their youth. They are to subsequently marry,
have children, and create an ideal family which contributes to world peace. Thus showing that
world–rejecting new religious movement attracted the youth with its idealistic, spiritual and caring
way of life. Furthermore, this may be supported by Steve Bruce (1995) who saw world–rejecting
movements as having a particular appeal to the young. Many became disillusioned by the failure of
the counter–culture in the 1960s to radically change the world. Drugs and exploitation of the
movement disintegrated the hippie culture, and thus these disillusioned youths turned to religion as a
path to salvation rather than religion. An example of this would be the International Society for
Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), which is also popularly known as 'Hare Krishna'. ISKCON is
based in Hinduism and they worship the hindu god, Krishna as the Supreme God. Hare Krishnas are
also known for their public singing and dancing and distribution of materials including their
magazine, Back to Godhead. ISKCON is actively evangelistic, with the goal of spreading God–
consciousness throughout the world. Notable followers of this movement would be the Beatles.
Therefore, showing that new religious movements appeal to youths due to its potential for a more
spiritual and idealistic life via more loving social relationships. Lastly, Wallis also claims that
world–affirming new religious

Sociological Explanations Of Gender Display By Goffman's
This next section provides a general discussion of Goffman's (1976) "gender display". This is used
to investigate how gender is represented through interaction, and therefore "be seen as natural, while
it's being produced as a socially organised achievement". Femininity and masculinity are viewed as
"prototypes of essential expression – something that can be conveyed in any social situation and yet
something that strikes at the most basic characterisation of the individual" (1976, p. 75). These are
seen as meaningful behaviour which are evidence of our "essential natures". Goffman (1979, p. 69–
70) viewed displays as conventionalised acts organised as two–part exchanges in which the
existence or non–existence of symmetry could initiate inferiority ... Show more content on
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This penis was seen as a fault which needed a resolution (Garfinkel, 1967, p. 126–32). Agnes
admitted that there are crucial biological measures that differentiate males from females.
Furthermore, other cultures have become aware of the existence of "cross–genders" (Williams 1986,
cited in West and Zimmerman 1987) and the likelihood of more than two sexes (Cucchiari 1981,
cited in West and Zimmerman 1987). More importantly, Kessler and McKenna (1978, p. 1–6) made
a significant argument that genitalia isn't revealed to society on a day–to–day basis; still we carry on
observing a world of two naturally sexed human beings. It is the assumption that measures are
required that supplies the basis for sex classification. They argue gender is cultural occurrences,
rather than a group of characteristics or ways of acting. Original sex assignment and having the
crucial criteria for that gender category hasn't got much to do with the identification of sex category
in day–to–day life. To conclude, Kessler and McKenna (1978) believe people take granted that sex
and sex category are identical in

Why I Want For My Live Negotiation Paper
When it comes to conflicts and negotiations I have always been the type of person to avoid them.
The reasons I avoided them was because I did not know how to handle these situations properly.
When it came to conflicts or negotiations, I would have no medium. Either I would be calm during
those conflicts or I would get really mad. Those two options were not good for me or good for the
people I was trying to resolve conflicts with. After taking this course I learned that I have the
avoiding style in the TKI assessment. This assessment has helped me with strategies I could use in
the avoiding style, and has also taught me how to use different strategies from various different
styles. For my live negotiation paper I choose to negotiate a topic with my boyfriend that is very
true and dear to my heart. He is a lawyer and it is really hard to negotiate with him. We have had
various conversations about having a baby. However, we continue to argue about whether I should
lose twenty pounds or not. I have tried to express different reasons as to why I shouldn't have to lose
the weight, but my ideas and concerns got pushed aside all the time. I would eventually go into my
avoiding style and just stop talking or give up on the topic. I'd get angry because I felt like I wasn't
being heard. I had even tried some tactics in the competing style, although I had not known what
that was until I took this course, but in the end I think that I was using them wrong. The conflict that
I have is

Sociological Explanations Of Social Status
Social status is the position of a person or family, within the society. A person can earn their social
status by their own achievements, which is known as achieved status, which can be achieved
through education, occupation or marital status. Alternatively; your social class would be based on
sex, age, race, family relationships, or birth which is known as ascribed status. People of the UK
now fit into seven social classes, which research conducted by the BBC suggest; "More than
161,000 people took part in the Great British Class Survey, the largest study of class in the UK."
(BBC, 2013)
Elite– the most privileged group in the UK, distinct from the other six classes through its wealth.
Established middle class– the second wealthiest, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our social class or the way we act tend to affect the ways in which we are treated by teachers; by the
police; by friends; by employers; by sexual partners; and by many others in society. When people
treat others differently cause of their class, this is form of a personal discrimination or stereotyping
and is done without getting to know a person first. It can also take the form of structural
discrimination as explained by D, HILL "Taking place on a systematic, repetitive, embedded nature
within particular social structures such as schooling, housing, employment, credit agencies." (Hill,
2016) Social class is argued to influence a child or a young person education because the people
who are in a lower social status are not able to afford private education. Private education is thought
to be better for a child, as it has far fewer pupils in each class compared to local authority schools.
Higher education is also harder for a child that is not from a higher social status family, as poorer
families that need the extra money or have seen their child benefits cut due to the child reaching the
age of 18 tend to feel pushed to go from education straight to paid work. "There were 3.9 million
children living in poverty in the UK in 2014–15, that's 9 children in a classroom of 30." (2016,
2000) Or they do not do as well in higher education because to afford to live, they still need to earn
money while studying. Higher education is the key path to a better paid occupation and if not able to
attend due to worries like money, childcare or your school test results it will be a lot harder to find
above minimum wage

Essay on Ancient Greeks Philosophy Change/Motion
Heraclitus, like many of the beginning philosophers was a monist. His interpretation of the one
reality was fire; however, this is not to be taken literally. Heraclitus believed that the "one" could not
be any material thing, but could be found in the orderliness of change and he explained fire as
"always changing yet somehow is always the same." By having orderliness, there is possibility for
the human mind to understand the cosmos instead of it being chaotic and based on the gods' wills.
He believed everything changes all the time and this is occurring through a state of flux where
change is constant. Heraclitus claimed that because the rate of change is constant, there is an
appearance of permanence. For example, "one cannot step into ... Show more content on
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You can be asked to think of nothing, and although you can try, there is going to be some form of
thought occurring. The first premise of "what is, is" has four characteristics, which are that whatever
is, is uncreated, indestructible, eternal and unchanging. In explaining the first characteristic, imagine
of something were created. It must be created out of something, but with the premise of monism
how can the "one" be created out of something else. The same is for the "one" being created out of
nothing, and since there is no "nothing" Parmenides' conclusion that the "one" is uncreated is true.
The second characteristic in which what is, is indestructible is plausible because to be destroyed
would take something out of existence and there is no nothing. Both being uncreated as well as
indestructible would make whatever is, be eternal. And finally for whatever is, is unchangeable
because for something to be changed, whatever is has to become something else or what it is not.
Motion is a special form of change which is a change of place and Parmenides' disciple Zeno had
written many paradoxes explaining motion was impossible. Two of Zeno's paradoxes were
traversing a distance and the second being the story of Achilles and the tortoise. With Zeno's first
paradox, Aristotle had stated "Before any distance can be traversed half the distance must be
traversed." If you were to continue this process, half of that distance must be

Five Theories in the Bedroom of the Dead Essay
"[T]he utility in diverse theories in interpretation does not imply the simultaneous truth of all the
claims in the theoretical inventory" states Roland Garrett in a concluding statement discussing how
more than one theory must be used to interpret fully a single work of text (Garrett 124). James
Joyce's short story "The Dead" is used to portray this statement in Garrett's article "Six Theories in
the Bedroom of The Dead." As noted by the title of the article, Garrett analyzes James Joyce's story
using more than one literary theory and a "general reflection" at the end to recap his work (Garrett
123). Garrett takes time to point out why each theory can and cannot work for "The Dead" using
historical and textual evidence to support his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A perfect example is Gabriel's reaction to Lily's snap in regard to her private life, he "coloured, as if
he felt he had made a mistake" from which he promptly "kicked off his galoshes" and ran away
(Joyce 298). Does this reaction prompt questioning of his past? How might the reader examine the
text to find out the answer? With further elaboration on psychoanalysis, the reader may be able to
answer such questions. The idea of delving deeper into the psychosis of Gabriel may aid the reader
by creating a richer and more fulfilling picture of his character; conversely, stressing knowledge
about the context of the period is also important. The article holds a plethora of knowledge on the
theories used to analyze "The Dead"; however, the reader thinks that the author leaves out
potentially enlightening information about the importance of background information. Such
information would include international events, historic events on the continent to which the story is
taking place, and influential events in the author's life. These would help the reader to understand
the characters a little better by showing, for example, why Gabriel might be insulted at Miss Ivors
calling him a "West Briton" (Joyce 303). He is insulted due to the poor political connection that
Ireland and England have, meaning, that Miss Ivors, essentially, calls

Essay on Explaining Crime
Explaining Crime
A) One Biological explanation of crime is Low intelligence. Studies have tended to link between
low IQ and crime, although the link is not a simple one. Rutter and Giller (83) suggest two possible
links. Once is that low intelligence leads to educational failure and consequently low self esteem.
This then manifests as emotional; disturbances, conduct disorders and criminal behaviour. The
second is that intelligence and conduct disorders may have a common starting point which is not
clear, for eg– neurophysiological. Also, more recent studies do tend to find that the average
intelligence is below average (e.g. – an IQ of 92 compared to a norm of 100).
One sociological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sutherland was describing powerful social forces working on the individual and affecting skills
attitudes and beliefs.
B) In Evaluation biological explanations of crime help us to understand how genetic potential can
lead to problems such as poor achievement at school and inadequate socialization, which may in
turn result in criminality. It helps people to understand that criminals are not always fully
responsible for their behaviour is a result of internal factors. These theories are generally simplistic,
taking only one factor (biology) into account. It is very unlikely that criminal behaviour can be
reduced to a biological explanation alone. They also ignore or underestimate the social causes of
crime such as antisocial role models and an emotionally deprived childhood. In particular more
recent studies do find that criminals have a lower IQ in comparison to non–criminals but this
difference is only small and so could be due to chance. Also, it should be questioned whether IQ is
an accurate measure of intelligence or not.
In evaluation for the sociological explanations the theories are based on carefully conducted
research which clearly demonstrates the influence of reinforcement and observation on behaviour.
These theories can also help to explain why criminality does to an extent run in families. There is a
considerable body of

Sociological Explanations For The Divorce Phenomenon
A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce.
Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite
commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in
Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial
increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings
(Kilmartin, 1997).
An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital
patterns have occurred. In this essay I will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has
put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to
become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these
two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that
Hart 's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce – for example, marital breakdown is
liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is
to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than
one that looks only at legislative change.
The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially
in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al.
(1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this
domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious
way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a
reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the
problems of marital stress and

Explanations Outweigh Sociological Explanations
"Common Sense explanations outweigh the value of Sociological Explanations."
Briefly describe what you understand by this statement justifying whether you agree or disagree.
Common Sense is referred to as being able to make solid, well constructed, logical and practical
decisions based on the situation you are faced with. In other words, being able to perform in a
rational manner. Sociology is defined a the interaction between people and societies. Sociology,
essentially studies the way individuals identify themselves and how they adapt within society and all
the changes that occur. The statement "Common Sense explanations outweigh the value of
Sociological explanations" is certainly not true. When an individual uses common sense to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to business insider, 'Mahatma Gandhi survived 21 days of complete starvation. On the
other hand, sociologists bases their information on facts and evidence found throughout efficient and
effective research. A sociologist would test the theory through small scale groups or large scale
groups within different societies and situations and heir hypothesis would be based upon results
from testing and findings, rather than their common sense. Individuals all grow up in different parts
of the world, learning and trying to acquire a good education. Some may argue that the best way to
attain a good education is by self–teaching, reading and developing on your own. This is also
another assumption based on that individual's personal experience and beliefs. As a sociologist, this
theory would be tested in a generalized form; focusing on all the different groups, different societies
and different traditions over the world in order to make a fair and analyzed conclusion. According to
study.com; after conducting research and analyzing traditional and progressive education,
sociologist, John Dewey believed that individuals on the educational journey learn through a

How Apparent Biological Categories Are Social Categories
Explain how apparent biological categories are social categories: To further understand this
component, for a sociologist to effectively understand social stratification and the high rate of
discrimination in the US will require proper understanding of race. This sociological inquiry would
render the whole aspects of the race to be natural. Naturalness is something that can be best outlined
from the similar biological traits that individual have through a particular race. In such instances
where race become the determining factor, we would consider the significance of the claim that it is
not true to the fact that biological categories are social categories. If for instance, a particular race
let's say African is a social convention, we are required to agree to the fact that all of us could adopt
African conventions and become one. This is a claim that lacks external considerations and proof.
The explicit reasoning behind this claim renders everything to be questionable. Different
components ought to be looked at rather than just forming the deductible conclusion that cannot be
validated with correct facts and proofs. It is ambiguous to claim that race is not a natural kind even
after looking at the high rate of racial prejudice and discrimination that takes place in the American
society. The explanations given to support race is not adequate to justify the practices that can
explain the high rate of discrimination. People need to understand different components that are

Assess Sociological Explanations of Changes in the Status...
Childhood is socially construted, this means it is only a human concept and the only reason that
'childhood ' exists is because society makes it that way. Over time childhood has changed as
different norms and values over each century of life have been different and is still changing at
present. Also in different places of the world there are different cultures and ethics so therefore their
veiw of childhood will also be different. As Wagg (1992) states 'Childhood is socially constructed. It
is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times, and in particular places,
say it is. There is no single universal childhood, experienced by all. So, childhood isnt "natural" and
should be distinguished from mere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neglect and abuse towards children still occurs in society today as it did in pre–industrial times.
Adult control over children can take the extreme form of physical neglect, or physical, sexual, or
emotional abuse. Some may say due to figures from charities such as Child Line rising there is a
'dark side' to family life, where children are victims. This shows in some cases the status of children
hasn't changed over time.
Childhood has changed more in other ways such as parents have more control over children's space
as there is increasingly close surveillance over children in public spaces such as shopping centre's,
especially in times when they should be in school. However in contrast to this Katz (1993) describes
how rural Sudanese children roam freely both within the village and several kilometers outside it.
This shows that changes can still occur but not in some places of the world.
Adults in today's society also can control children's daily routines, for example when they get up, go
to bed, have breakfast, etc. Whereas in historical times this wouldn't have been an issue.
Adults exercise enormous control over children's bodies including how they sit, walk, and run, what
they wear, hairstyles etc. whereas in some non–industrial cultures this may not be an issue, and
therefore giving children more freedom.
Some sociologists such as Postman (1994) argue that childhood is 'disappearing at a dazzling speed'
as he says by giving children the

Sociological Explanations Of Gender Differences
Sex is categorized on biological grounds for example male and female and it is as a result of nature
while gender elaborates sex on social grounds. (West and Zimmerman 1987) define gender as
something people learn to do through social pressure and one is not born with it.it is learned over a
period of time . A person's sex does not necessarily correspond with his or her gender and hence
division into various gender categories for example transgender, gay men, lesbians, bisexuals,
intersex and gender queer. Gender categories are created when a male or a female do not match with
their specific sex roles in the society. Human sex differences in humans are between males and
females and they are determined by presence or absence of Y chromosomes. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Even in adults, some of their voice pith cannot be classified. People are also learning on how to be
changing their sexuality and hence being grouped as a gender category. By learning asymmetry.
Feminist and gay rights movements play a crucial and critical role in gender . men are doing jobs
considered to be done by women and women are entering in male dominated fields. This has
brought about people being comfortable being in the position of the other sex.
In separation of sexes, boys play with boys and girls with other girls from a very young age. This
makes them become comfortable with each other and hence room for gender a category that is
gayism or lesbianism. Human sexes by developing desires, they then make themselves desirable by
those in the other sex .they do this by making themselves physically attractive. People looking for a
lesbian or gay relationship specify that candidates should be in the same gender category as theirs.
(Livia 2002). Through convention people do learn to do things they want without having a legit
reason behind their decision. This gives liberty to act in whatever manner they wish to and hence
defining their gender.
As years pass by, the society does change and some of the gender categories gain importance while
some loose importance. Also the way they are looked at from our different institutions for example
age also

Sociological Explanations Of Suicide
Durkheim believed that the suicide rate was a social fact; he found that social forces such as social
integration, which refers to "an attachment to social groups" and social regulation, which refers to
the "control of individual desires by group norms" (Fulcher and Scott, 2007, p.37) are factors
external to the individual and determine levels of suicide in society. Durkheim found that suicide
resulted from an imbalance of these two forces and developed a classification system. It was
observed (Giddens, 2006, p.15) that egotistic suicides are common in social groups that lack
sufficient integration, resulting in weaker social ties. For example lower suicide rates in times of
social crisis such as war are attributed to higher social integration ... Show more content on
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This information can be used in contemporary society to understand whether population density and
social integration can affect suicide rates. For instance studies in the US (Barkan, Rocque and
Houle, 2013, p.288) found higher suicide rates in western areas of the country with low population
density, which can be attributed to variations in religious and familial integration. A lower rate of
social integration between groups in society serves to weaken bonds and ties usually formed during
interaction; the absence of these forces makes it difficult for people to function in modern society,
accounting for peaks in the suicide rate. This can therefore be used by sociologists to explain why
rates of suicide vary across different areas in the same

My Note On My Mother Gift
My Mothers Gift
Without the ability to read and comprehend information society as we know it would begin to
become stagnant and our ability to progress in thought and philosophy would be abated. Fortunately
the gift of reading was given to me at a young age. It began with me being taught to comprehend
uncomplicated text and through practice and patience over time evolved into more sophisticated
pieces of literature. The importance of reading and comprehending information was instilled in me
by mother. Specifically, one time she sat me down and explained why she did what she did in
regards to having me read and be quizzed on additional material given by her in conjunction to my
normal schooling. Her impactful explanation has shaped my ... Show more content on
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Now I feel as though it cannot be stressed enough the enormous benefits and advantages I have
received by listening to my mom that day. My capability to read and comprehend a diverse amount
of material can be traced back to her essentially convincing me to buy into what she was saying. For
me learning to read effectively at a young age has proven to be one of the most invaluable skills I
could have ever attained and has shaped who I am today. "Once you learn to read, you will be
forever free" (Frederick Douglass). The liberating power one attains when you learn to read and
process an array of information is second to none. This was somewhat of a difficult concept for
eight year old me to understand, however, my mom sat me down and explained to me what she
meant. She said that those who have the ability to read effectively have opportunities that are only
available to individuals who possess that skill. She then turned into the equivalent of a car salesman
and began to list off the numerous benefits of being a competent reader. After about five minutes of
what felt like her rambling on and on about reading benefits I was ready to fall asleep. Picking up on
this she gave me a personal narrative, "Personally [Austen] I have found that over time the more
effective of a reader I have become my overall intelligence has increased. My

Sociological Explanations Of Prejudice Essay
From birth, we are culturally conditioned by prejudice, this is due to several factors some of which
are the media, our family, as well as our friends. Prejudice refers to our attitude towards others,
whether it be their race, sex, religion, etc. Prejudice tends to evolve into discrimination over time,
discrimination being the negative behavior we show towards others. By the age six and seven,
children are beginning to notice differences in skin color, as well as observe the ways in which
people's lives differ. Often times a child's view is persuaded or shaped by the stereotypes of the
adults around them. Some adults may not consider how their views and their words may impact the
way a young child sees the world. For an example, take a child raised into a wealthy family, whose
parents tend to vocalize their negative opinions of the middle class, this child is likely to obtain the
same prejudice over time. In the same aspects, a child from a less fortunate family whose parents are
unable to afford the nicer luxuries in life, may grow to form their own prejudice out of jealously.
Seeing others who are able to do more or afford more, may cause this child to feel resentment
towards those who are better off. Feeling bitter, as though they have been treated unfairly, and that
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time the social lines may tend to blur between what is and isn't acceptable. People may throw
out what is morally right and go with what they believe to be true. Such as, a brother of a soldier
killed in combat may grow in their dislike of the opposing nationality, racially stereotyping,
considering them all to be the same. The brother then conforms to and may even act out in
discriminative or violent ways. This prejudice is likely already rooted in him since childhood,
although the loss of the brother sets this behavior into

Sociological Explanations Of Gender Roles
Today it is seen as more socially acceptable for women to assume roles that are defined as
traditionally masculine than it is for men to assume roles that are defined as feminine. In my
opinion, this is based on stereotypical roles that have been placed by parents when babies are born –
stemming from their own parent's stereotypical and traditional roles that have been modeled and
observed by them personally. For example, at a very young age, children notice whether their
mother will stay at home or work and viscera what their father does. Another example, for the
majority I would say that once a couple finds out their baby's gender the nursery room tends to
painted in such a way based on whether the baby is male or female. Including, toys

The Sociological Explanations for Class Inequality Essay...
The Sociological Explanations for Class Inequality There is much debate in sociology about whether
class is still important. Many argue that class is no longer important as an individual's identity and
life chances are based more status and cultural factors such as lifestyle, values, intelligence,
education and the like, the post–modernists state that class has ceased to be the prime determinant of
identity and suggest that societies are now organised around consumption rather than production,
consequently people now identify themselves in terms of what they consume rather than in terms of
social–class position. Class identity has therefore fragmented into numerous separate and
individualised ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Davis and More state that this is fair as everyone finds their place in a society which offers different
levels of rewards, thus inequality is legitimate. They state that since there is value consensus on the
relative merit of certain occupations and the salaries they command, inequality does not cause
conflict, but is seen as legitimate by all and is an accepted part of society. Talcott Parsons agreed
with this and stated that inequality is inevitable, legitimate and functional for everyone. The strength
of this theory is that it allows inequality to be linked to talent which is unequally distributed.
However, this theory has many weaknesses; it assumes we all agree about the relative merit of
certain occupations, when in reality this is not true. It also assumes that there are no structural
barriers in society to those who have talent, for example, race or gender. Although this meritocratic
approach has been developed more recently by the "new right", with sociologists such as Saunders
arguing that inequality is a necessary push for economic growth which in turn increases living
standards, it has also been criticised by those such as Will Hutton who argued that inequality has led
to poorer economic performance and not

Sociological Explanations Of Crime Essay
Sociological explanations of the causes of crime and deviance: an evalutation.
Unusual behaviour, such as cross–dressing can be seen as deviant in some places, criminal in others
and acceptable else where. According to sociologist William Graham Sumner 'deviance is a
violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether codified by codified by laws
or not.' According to Howard Becker 1963, defining deviance has is not a straightforward task.
'Deviance is not the quality of the act. Rather it is a quality of how people react to what you do'
meaning answering your phone in the street is acceptable behaviour and will not get a negative
reaction, answering it in the middle of an exam is considered rude and will receive a negative
sanction, possibly a few bad looks or exclusion from the examination room, answering your phone
when in the witness stand before a judge may cause you to be held in contempt of court, possibly
fined or jailed. Society will try ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these approaches portray the idea that criminals are different from the rest of us.
Sociologists do not agree with any of these, and examine crime and deviance with the social context
into consideration. attempt to examine questions like what makes the acts deviant or criminal? What
are the causes of deviant behavior? Who commits these acts? They want to describe and explain the
distribution, frequency, prevalence, and change in the occurrence of criminal or deviant acts; they
want to explain how social groups manage and respond to crime and deviance and how people
respond to being accused or managed of criminal or deviant behaviour; and they want to understand
how criminal or deviant phenomena affect and are affected by other aspects of society. They have
developed theories to help us understand these questions, which can be broken down into several
sociological

Sociological Explanations For Gender Differences
Outline and Assess Sociological Explanations for Gender Differences in Crime Rates
Current statistics show that men commit 80% of all crime and women commit only 20%. However
there are arguments to suggest that the statistics highlight an under representation of female
criminality, and there are many sociological arguments to suggest that female criminals are treated
more leniently. On the other hand, some sociologists believe women are treated more harshly when
they commit certain types of crime. This essay aims to assess the reasons for gender differences in
reported crime rates.
Official crime rates are measured by crimes reported and recorded by the police and criminal justice
system, and are collected by the Home Office. Frances Heidensohn (1975) believes that male
criminality is 5 times higher than female criminality, which current data supports. However, Otto
Pollak (1961) was the first sociologist to argue that crime rates for female crime were inaccurate. He
believed that women were treated more leniently by the police and criminal justice system, which
highlighted the under representation of female criminality in the official statistics. He argued that
women were more likely to commit crimes such as petty theft, prostitution and criminal abortions,
which were then likely to be treated more leniently. Pollak's theories have been widely criticised and
may not be relevant today; indeed he failed to take into account the decriminalisation of abortion in
many of the

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Strong Program Essay
The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Strong Program
Introduction
The strong program is a particular kind of sociology science that was developed by Barry Barnes
and David Bloor to describe scientific theories where similar explanations are used to describe
opposite ideas (Mazzotti, 2012). The concept originated from Edinburgh school in the mid–1970s,
where it was used as a reaction against earlier theories, which were considered weak (Brown, 2014).
In most cases, failed theories are usually explained by mentioning the biases that were overlooked
by the researchers; therefore, sociology would be only relevant to successful theories that reveal a
fact about nature. A strong program accommodates theories that are either considered true or false
and treat them equally, thereby creating symmetry. Additionally, social factors are considered to be
the causal agent that determines whether the theory under scrutiny is true or false.
There has been a continuous debate among sociologist who support the strong program and those
who are opposed to the program. Researchers have questioned the application of the strong program
in scientific knowledge (Brown, 2014). According to Brown (2014), the program is not as strong as
it is purported by Barnes and Bloor because it cannot be applied in all scientific cases. Therefore,
looking at the arguments raised by the opposing groups can provide a ground for identifying the
weaknesses and the strengths associated with the strong program.
The

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