Discussion Questions On Diels-Alder Reactions

Discussion Questions On Diels-Alder Reactions
Quiz #1 Attempt 1 Written: Jul 7, 2012 9:48 AM – Jul 7, 2012 9:50 AM Submission View Your quiz
has been submitted successfully. Question 1 1 / 1 point At what time do you have to complete your
online prelab assignment to be allowed to participate in the lab? Question options: A week before
the lab Day before the lab at 10 pm The morning of lab day at 8 am One hour before the lab
Question 2 1 / 1 point Which materials/chemicals belong in the desiccator? Question options:
Drying agents such as anhydrous magnesium sulfate silicagel 1 M NaOH aqueous standard solution
aqueous extract of your reaction alumina for chromatography Question 3 1 / 1 point Vacuum tubing
is the thick–walled black tubing, not the skinny ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Question options: View FeedbackQuestion 4 1 / 1 point Which of the following compounds would
be able to react as the dienophile in a classical Diels–Alder reaction? Question options: View
FeedbackQuestion 5 1 / 1 point Indicate which of the following pairs of reagents will participate in a
classical Diels–Alder reaction. Question options: and and and and Question 6 1 / 1 point Select the
correct product for each of the pairs of reagents given. __5__ __4__ __1__ __3__ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Attempt Score: 6 / 6 (100.00 %) Overall Grade (highest attempt): 6 / 6 (100.00 %) Quiz #2 DA
Submission View Your quiz has been submitted successfully. Question 1 1 / 1 point In the procedure
of the Diels–Alder reaction you will perform, the first step will be to weigh out maleic anhydride.
You will then have to calculate how much 2,3–dimethylbutadiene you will need. Assuming you
weigh out 176 mg of maleic anhydride, how many moles does that correspond to? (Use five digits
after the decimal point) (assume C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0) Answer: 0.00179 Question 2 1 / 1
point In this Diels–Alder reaction you will be using equivalent amounts of maleic anhydride and
2,3–dimethylbutadiene. You weighed out 182 mg of maleic anhydride. Which volume of 2,3–
dimethylbutadiene will you need to add? The answer should be in mL with three digits after the
decimal point. Answer: 0.209
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Essay about Dow Chemical Case
Dow Chemical Case Question 1 Polyethylene is the world's most widely used plastic. Polyethylene
plastic's principal application was in packaging, from trash bags to milk jugs. It was widely used in
the manufacture of everything from trash bags, picnic cutlery and garbage pails, to plastic toys.
Polyethylene also replaced glass, wood, and metal in certain applications. There were three types of
polyethylene, Low–density polyethylene, High density polyethylene and Low linear density
polyethylene. Polyethylene produced from ethylene. Ethylene is produced from oil or natural gas.
Ethylene plants separated either naphtha molecules (derived from crude oil) or ethane molecules
(derived from natural gas). The ethylene derived from this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The expansion of its polyethylene capacity in Bahia Blanca would require the company to build a
world–class competitive cracker (stage 3). Doing so would nearly triple PBB's ethylene capacity.
Therefore, Dow had to not only consider what to bid for PBB in the privatization, but also develop
an overall plan for the development of Dow's polyethylene business. Dow had to incorporate the
terminal value of each stage of the project. Question 3: The followings are the arguments that
support the acquisition of PBB: 1. The whole project will increase Dow shareholder's wealth. As a
public company, the first aim of the management team is to increase the shareholder wealth. The
project proposed by the management team is definitely consistent with this goal. And bidding on the
PBB is the first stage of the whole project. The exact increase in shareholders' equity may be various
at this point as it depends on lots of other factors ( we will discuss the risk of valuation thought the
whole case.), but in general, the management team is confident in the future outlook. 2. The other
important strategic purpose of acquiring PBB is that it is the first stage towards consolidating all
Bahia Blanca's polyethylene activity under Dow's control. The 3–stage project will make Dow to be
the leading company of polyethylene in Argentina, even in Latin America because of its MNC
background. This will have

Futures Contract and Commodity Exchange
COMMODITY MARKET [pic] INDEX |Chapter No |Topic |Page No. | |1 |Introduction to
Commodity Market |04 | |2 |History of Evolution of Commodity Markets |08 | |3 |India and the
Commodity Market |10 | |4 |International Commodity Exchanges |15 | |5 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This can especially noticed in agricultural commodities where the weather plays a major role in
affecting the fortunes of people involved in this industry. The futures market has evolved to
neutralize such risks through a mechanism; namely hedging. The objectives of Commodity futures:
– Hedging with the objective of transferring risk related to the possession of physical assets through
any adverse moments in price. Liquidity and Price discovery to ensure base minimum volume in
trading of a commodity through market information and demand supply factors that facilitates a
regular and authentic price discovery mechanism. Maintaining buffer stock and better allocation of
resources as it augments reduction in inventory requirement and thus the exposure to risks related
with price fluctuation declines. Resources can thus be diversified for investments. Price stabilization
along with balancing demand and supply position. Futures trading leads to predictability in
assessing the domestic prices, which maintains stability, thus safeguarding against any short term
adverse price movements. Liquidity in Contracts of the commodities traded also ensures in
maintaining the equilibrium between demand and supply. Flexibility, certainty and transparency in
purchasing commodities facilitate bank financing. Predictability in prices of commodity would lead
to stability, which in turn would eliminate the risks associated with running the

The Ethics Of The Bridge
Ethics:
The bridge we have created is ethical in the sense that it has a dependable purpose relative to its
location, and its uses. By implementing a floating bridge, in a non–linear terrain in the city of
Champong Chnnang it allows for effective, and efficient commute between two villages. This idea
allows for the saving of time and money, by not implementing a less efficient method of
transportation and trade between the two villages. THIS ISN'T GOOD ENOUGH, LET EDWARD
ADD SHIT TO THIS TOO.
Sustainable Design:
The bridge has a very well designed 'sustainability' concept, relying on upcycled materials to
complete the bridge. These upcycled materials consist of the wood, the fishing net, the oil barrels
and the plastic shielding for the barrels. These materials can be used for functional roles in the
design, such as platforms, floatation, safety lines across hand rails, and so on. The bridge's
sustainability concept can be further supported by the ease of replacing materials, and not throwing
them in the bin. The materials such as wood, plastic and pieces of metallic bolts and nuts can be
recycled and reused for other purposed such as furniture, storage or completely recycled back into a
molten form for the metallic objects.
Lifecycle Analysis:
Before
Wood: The wood used in the project will be locally sourced, to reserve costs of importation. The
wood will start in the surrounding rainforests of the lakes. After chopping down sufficient trees the
wood will be cut into

The Use Of Gamma Irradiation On The Electrical And...
Dc conductivity and dielectric spectroscopic for PVA–Ag nanocomposite films
The influence of gamma irradiation on the electrical and dielectric properties of AgNO3/ PVA films
was investigated. The films were prepared by casting techniques, then irradiated with different
gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). The content of the Ag in the PVA film were determined
by using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), and were found to be 0.4 wt %. The films have been
characterized through dielectric spectroscopy and I–V measurements. As a result, the dielectric
constant (ε) value decreases as the gamma irradiation doses increase. The conductivity of the films
and dielectric loss (tan δ) of increases with increasing the gamma irradiation doses. The conductivity
was found (σ = 4.9 x10−8 S m−1) for 125 KGy. Frank–poole emission is the prevailing transport
mechanism for all samples.
Introduction.
In recent years, studies on the electrical and dielectric properties of metal–polymer nanocomposites
have attracted much attention in view of their application in electronic and electrical devices.
Electrical conduction in polymers has been studied aiming to understand the nature of the charge
transport predominant in these materials.
It is well established that polymers, as dielectric materials, are a good host matrices for
encapsulation of metal nanoparticles like silver, gold, etc., as they act as reducing and capping
agents and also supplied chemical and environmental stability

Playpumps International Case Study
PlayPumps International aims to alleviate the water crisis in Africa by providing safe, sanitary
drinking water to prevent diseases spreading. They also plan to reduce the manual labour and long
distances that usually women would endure to haul water [12]. So far, products have been installed
in South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland [12].The goal of PlayPumps International is to build 5000
PlayPumps and benefit up to 10 million people with clean drinking water. They claim that the
roundabout can spin at up to 16rpm, producing up to 1400 litres of water per hour from a depth of
40 metres underground [10]. subsection{Management} subsubsection*{Installation} PlayPumps
International outlines their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite the organisation claiming to only work on existing boreholes, in cases where new boreholes
were drilled it cost approximately 10000 USD, which was paid for by TNT.[9]
subsection{Technical}
egin{wrapfigure}{l}{0.5 extwidth} egin{center} includegraphics[width=0.48 extwidth]
{LinhPic1} end{center} caption{Fig. 4: PlayPump Process Diagram [12]} end{wrapfigure} The
PlayPump utilises a children 's roundabout or merry–go–round for a unique water solution. As
children play and rotate the roundabout (1), it is designed to pump water by using a conventional
pump (2) from an underground borehole (3). Water is pumped to a polyethylene water tank (4)
located 7m above the ground, where water can be stored for future collection. Access to the water is
from a nearby tap (5). If the tank is completely full, excess water is diverted back into the borehole
via an overflow pipe (6). The elevated water tank is concealed by four large billboards which are
designed to be used for advertising (7).[12] egin{wrapfigure}[14]{r}[2pt]{0.41 extwidth}
vspace{–24pt} egin{center} includegraphics[width=0.4 extwidth]{LinhPic2} end{center}
caption{Fig. 5: PlayPump On Site [22]} end{wrapfigure} Due to the design of the PlayPump, water
must cover an extended distance to travel from the borehole to the tap. This comprises being
pumped several metres horizontally to travel from the borehole below the

Drug Profile: Carvedilol: Drug And Excipients Profile
4. Drug and Excipients Profile: 4.1 Drug Profile:62 4.1.1 Carvedilol phosphate: Synonyms:
Carvedilol; Carvedilolum [Latin] Chemical Formula: C24H26N2O4 Chemical Name (IUPAC):
(2RS)–1–(9H–Carbazol–4–yloxy)–3–[[2–(2–methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propan–2–ol phosphate
salt (1:1) hemihydrate. CAS Registry Number: 72956–09–3 Structural Formula: Description:
Carvedilol phosphate is a nonselective β–adrenergic blocking agent with α1–blocking activity.
Carvedilol phosphate is a white to almost–white solid with a molecular weight of 513.5 (406.5
carvedilol free base) and a molecular formula of C24H26N2O4H3PO41/2 H2O. Half life: 6–8 h
Melting Range: 148–150 °C Log P: 3.5 pKa: 7.4 BCS Class: Class II drug Bioavailability: 25–35%
Solubility: Free soluble ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ammonium groups are present as salts and give rise to pH–independent permeability of the
polymers. Both polymers are water–insoluble, and films prepared from Eudragit RL are freely
permeable to water, whereas, films prepared from Eudragit RS are only slightly permeable to water.
They are available as 12.5% ready–to–use solutions in propan–2–ol–acetone (60 : 40). Solutions are
colorless or slightly yellow in color, and may be clear or slightly turbid; they have an odor
characteristic of the solvents. Solvent–free granules (Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit RS 100) contain
≥97% of the dried weight content of the

Are Plastic Bags And The United Kingdom?
Everyone is a murderer. Yes, everyone–parents, brothers, sisters, that one girl in math class named
Jenny, the sweet old lady who lives next door–are all murderers. However, the major culprits are the
makers and producers of those toxic and foul things they call plastic bags. Don't believe it? That's
understandable. Not many people know the consequences of their actions; even the ones that killed
thousands of sea animals and destroyed the marine environment. Anthony L. Andrady, author of q,
has even stated that according to numerous surveys taken around the world consistently
demonstrated that plastic materials make up 60–80% of marine debris. That little dolphin or penguin
who accidently ingests that one plastic bag will die a slow death because they didn't know better.
One of the sites that have a density of 700 plastic debris is the North Sea in Europe. Currently, only
Ireland has banned plastic bags and the United Kingdom put a 5–pound tax on plastic bags. All the
other states surrounding has done anything about it yet. This is not okay because plastic debris is
estimated to keep contaminating the ocean for another thousands years due to its extremely slow
biodegradability rate. There are criminals that are put on death row each year for killing people, why
can't we do the same for sea animals? I propose these plastic factory owners surrounding the North
Sea shall be tied up, and suffocated with their creations and be left to drown. As to put an end to
plastic bag

A Recent Public Health Concern Has Implicated Polyethylene...
Specific Aims A recent public health concern has implicated polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
plastics, commonly used in recyclable plastic water bottles, as a common source of carcinogenic
xenoestrogens. Xenoestrogens act as hormone disruptors, and can alter the natural homeostasis of
the human body. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been known to cause cancer,
sexual dysfunction, and problems during puberty. Better understanding exposure to these chemicals
will help improve awareness of the issue and hopefully prevent some exposures. An experiment has
been devised to study the quantity of xenoestrogens present in two common types of water bottles,
BPA free bottles and recyclable single–use plastic water bottles. Due to the ... Show more content on
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Our group of three scientists has access to Kettering University's Applied Biology laboratories
equipped with the necessary instrumentation to perform the biological assays needed to test our
hypothesis. The team's combined experience and background in microbiology, chemistry, and
biology will play a key role in the process. Between us, we have participated in research through
cooperative education and on campus opportunities, as well as completed several upper–level
biology and chemistry courses, including Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular/Cellular
Biology and Biological Techniques. Specific Aim 1: Quantify Any Xenoestrogens Present at
Ambient Temperature (20°C/68°F) A yeast bioassay will be employed to determine what quantity, if
any, of xenoestrogens are present in the water samples taken from a single–use, plastic water bottle
and a BPA–free water bottle, both incubated for 24 hours at ambient temperature (20°C/68°F). The
assay utilizes relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The
yeast used will be MATa leu2–112 ura3–1 trp1–1 his3–11, 15 ade2–1 can1–100GAL SUC2 which
was cotransformed with the DSY219 plasmid containing: pSO4–123 (ER/TRP) for human estrogen
receptor alpha and pSO4–124 (ERE–lacZ/URA) for chemiluminescence (response). The response
will be measured with a standard microplate microluminator for each sample against a

Agricultural Science and Resource Management in the...
Tropical Crops
Agricultural Science and Resource Management in the Tropics and Subtropics
ARTS
FIELD AND VEGETABLE CROPS
PTS 130
Participants
Prof. Dr Marc Janssens
Prof. Dr. Jürgen Pohlan
Abrefa Danquah Jones
Alfonso Cabrera
Keshav Prasad Dahal
Dilys Sekafor Kpongor
Alex Pacheco Bastas
Eduardo Molina Gayosso
Alexander R. Mendonza
Marina Piatto
Said Wali Dadshani
Nazli Burcu Ökten
Wintersemester 2002/03
Bonn . Germany
2
Summary
Author/Subject
Page
Table
4

1. Citrullus lanatus, Abrefa Danquah Jones
5
2. Cucurbita pepo L., Alfonso Cabrera
9
3. Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., Abrefa Danquah Jones
16
4. Momordica charantia, Keschav Prasad Dahal
23
5. Lagenaria siceraria, Dilys ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seed white, black, reddish, yellow, flat, smooth, 0,61,5x0,5–0,7 cm; about 15 seeds per g.
Pendulous, variable in shape and size, nearly globular to oblong and elongated with scattered
spinous tubercles and warts, particulary
Northern
when young; flesh pale–green with characteristic cucumber odour,
India
many seeded except in parthenocarpic cvs, seeds flat, white, 810x3–5mm. 50 seeds per g.
Fleshy, pyriform with longitudinal furrows, whitish or green, 10–20 cm long, flesh whitish, single–
seeded. Seed large, flat, white, 3–5 cm
Southern Mexico and long. Central America
Very variable in size, shape and rind, globular or oblong, smooth or
Propabily in Africa furrowed, rind glabrous and smooth to rough and reticulate, pale to deep yellow,
yellow–brown, or green, flesh yellow, pink or green, many seeded. Seeds whitish or buff, flat,
smooth, 5–15 mm long.
About 30 seeds per g.
North and south America Variable, not hard–shelled, dull in colour; flesh yellow to dark orange,
fine– to coarse–grained with gelatinous fibres; seeds plump and fat, dingy white to dark brown,
separating from pulp readily and cleanly; funicular attachment obtuse, slightly asymmetrical.
Probably in Africa /
India
Production
Grown for gourds in Africa and other parts of the tropics, but the use is declining

Notes On Carvedilol
4. Drug and Excipients Profile: 4.1 Drug Profile:62 4.1.1 Carvedilol phosphate: Synonyms:
Carvedilol; Carvedilolum [Latin] Chemical Formula: C24H26N2O4 Chemical Name (IUPAC):
(2RS)–1–(9H–Carbazol–4–yloxy)–3–[[2–(2–methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propan–2–ol phosphate
salt (1:1) hemihydrate. CAS Registry Number: 72956–09–3 Structural Formula: Description:
Carvedilol phosphate is a nonselective β–adrenergic blocking agent with α1–blocking activity.
Carvedilol phosphate is a white to almost–white solid with a molecular weight of 513.5 (406.5
carvedilol free base) and a molecular formula of C24H26N2O4H3PO41/2 H2O. Half life: 6–8 h
Melting Range: 148–150 °C Log P: 3.5 pKa: 7.4 BCS Class: Class II drug Bioavailability: 25–35%
Solubility: Free soluble ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ratio of free carboxyl groups to the ester is approximately 1 : 1 in Eudragit L (Type A) and
approximately 1 : 2 in Eudragit S (Type B). Both polymers are readily soluble in neutral to weakly
alkaline conditions (pH 6–7) and form salts with alkalis, thus affording film coats that are resistant
to gastric media but soluble in intestinal fluid. They are available as a 12.5% solution in propan–2–
ol without plasticizer (Eudragit L 12.5 and S 12.5); and as a 12.5% ready–to–use solution in propan–
2–ol with 1.25% dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer (Eudragit L 12.5 P and S 12.5 P). Solutions are
colorless, with the characteristic odor of the solvent. Eudragit L–100 and Eudragit S–100 are white
free–flowing powders with at least 95% of dry

Dow Chemical Case Study Essay
Dow Chemical Case When Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) began the process of becoming
privatized by the Argentine government, Dow Chemicals saw the acquisition of this company as a
golden opportunity to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America. Dow Chemical's
was already a major player in the chemicals (ethylene), plastics (polyethylene), and agricultural
products industries holding position as a low–cost producer. Breaking each segment of their
business down into these categories respectively, Dow Chemicals was able to generate annual
revenues of 20.2 billion making them the leader in market position worldwide for some chemical
product lines accounting for 7% of global capacity. Dow embraced a strategy ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Polyethylene industry is driven by demand in innovation of new packaging, raising living
standards and growing populations in emerging markets. The demand in end user markets for
products that are produced for commercial use by Polyethylene. Polyethylene represented
approximately 15% of Dow's total sales and 35% of its operating profit. Dow was the worldwide
leader in production accounting for 7% of the global capacity for the production of ethylene and
polyethylene. Dow Chemical was looking for expansion opportunities in the South American
market. In 1995 the opportunity arose to become apart of the regions ever growing polyethylene
market with in Argentina. Argentina's economy opened up with the elimination of all duties,
Charges and other restrictions in the trade between the members of Mercosur, a trading bloc created
in 1991 which included Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The petrochemical producers in
Argentina will now be competing with the much larger and advanced Brazilian petrochemical
producers. This caused a big disadvantage for Argentina's largest government controlled
polyethylene plant PBB(Petroquímica Bahia Blanca) complex whose technology and scale was no
longer in line with international standards. So the Argentine government decided to privatize the
plant.
Dow chemicals vice president for business development in Latin America, watch the rapid
transformation occurring in Argentina. He watched the improved standard of living in

The Rate Of Aggregation, Differential, Sedimentation, And...
4. NEED FOR STABILISATION Although the small size of nanocrystals leads to several
advantages, but at the same time, it can lead to stability concerns as well. Theoretically, if we
increase the drug surface area, it leads to an increase in Gibbs free energy. The system tries to
reverse this increase by agglomeration/aggregation, ultimately leading to increased particle size and
reduced stability. Principally, the literature describes three mechanisms for aggregation–prekinetic
aggregation, differential sedimentation and orthokinetic aggregation. In any dispersion, the particles
are in continuous Brownian motion, and they may collide and stick together as a result of the
attractive forces between them. Such a mechanism for aggregation is known as prekinetic
aggregation. The rate of aggregation in such cases would be determined by the frequency of
collisions as well as the chances of cohesion during collision. Differential sedimentation assumes
importance when particles of varying sizes and densities settle in a suspension. Faster settling
particles collide with the slower moving ones, thereby resulting in aggregation. Lastly, the
orthokinetic aggregation mechanism describes the aggregation brought about by increased particle
collisions, arising out of particle transportation as a result of fluid motion. Orthokinetic aggregation
depends upon initial particle size and velocity gradient, but is independent of temperature. Apart
from aggregation, another stability issue

Microplastic Essay
Purpose for further research
While bans have been signed into law and several groups and coalitions have arisen to advocate
continued research into the adverse effects microplastics, there is still thousands of tons of micro–
bead pollution present in aquatic reservoirs such as the Great Lakes. Such a mass of plastics, which
are able to migrate with currents to new locations and settle into the sea floor, has left researchers
and environmentalists alike unsure of how to resolve their current accumulation in global
waterways. Some groups have experimented with mechanically filtering out beads from water using
meshes or skimming techniques, but the amount of microplastics is so great that mechanical
filtration may not capture all particles or even most. However, there are some novel resolutions
being researched to eliminate plastic pollution using bacteria isolated from the environment that can
breakdown plastic polymers. In addition, to curb ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beads will look and feel like microbeads, but are made of degradable components such as wax
that decay quickly and naturally. Floratech's Ecobeads are made of botanically derived materials
including stearyl stearate, euphorbia cerifera (Candelilla) wax, and jojoba esters. These smooth, soft
beads apply gentle exfoliation when compared to exfoliates with rough, jagged edges such as seeds,
shells, and sand. In a study of 14 men and women of various ages, it was found that EcoBeads and
other Floratech natural exfoliates caused less redness than other products when incorporated into a
facial scrub, and they also exfoliated more efficiently. EcoBeads are biodegradable, gentle, effective,
and cost–efficient to produce. Such alternatives to traditional exfoliates that are also degradable may
prove to be the ideal substitute to microplastics in future personal care

Tensile Testing : Tensile Test For Composites Essay
MATERIALS CHRACTERIZATION:
1. Tensile Testing: Tensile test for composites was conducted according to ASTM D 638 – 99, with a
Universal Testing Machine (Zwick Co.). Tensile test was carried out at crosshead speed of
50mm/min at room temperature.
2. Izod Impact Testing: In order to measure the work of fracture (WOF), the Izod impact test was
carried out.Impact bars were obtained by cutting specimens in rectangular shapes. These rectangular
specimens are of thickness 3 mm, width 12 mm and length 62 mm according to ASTM D 256.The
test was carried out with impact energy of 5 J and a span length of 60 mm at room temperature. The
average value of notched Izod impact energy was obtained from each group of three specimens
3. Hardness Testing: Hardness properties were investigated by a Shore Durometer in Shore D scale
at room temperature according to ASTM D 2240. Three specimens of each formulation were tested
and the average values were reported.
4. Water Absorption: A water absorption test was carried out according to ASTM standard D750–95.
It involved the total immersion of three samples in distilled water at room temperature. All of the
specimens were previously dried in an oven at 50oC for 24 h and stored in a desiccator. The water
absorption was determined by weighing the samples at regular intervals. A Mettler balance type
AJ150 was used with a precision of + 1 mg. The percentage of water absorption (Mt), was
calculated by
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
1 Tensile strength:

Riordan Week 4 Chain Supply OPS 571 Essay
Riordan Manufacturing: Supply Chain Design Paper Riordan Manufacturing, a leading global
manufacturer of plastic containers, parts, and fan parts, is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, Inc.
Riordan's fan manufacturing plant was purchased in 1992 when it was located in Michigan. In 2000,
the company moved its fan manufacturing operation to China where it now resides. Riordan
schedules manufacturing of fan parts based on forecasted production needs using an averaged three
year sales history. Riordan's make–to–stock system benefits customers who need products quickly
with orders filled from inventory when received. Riordan employs a robust shipping department
including a variety of reliable shipping solutions from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Second, an article that accompanying the fax indicated 400 laborers at the Yin Motor Company are
on strike. This strike could possibly affect the financial stability of the Yin Motor Company. Third,
while this company attempts to maintain adequate quantities of electric motors in stock to meet all
its order requirements, its on–time deliveries over the past year have averaged only 93% (Riordan
Mgf. Operations – Supply Chain (Hangzhou, China), 2014).
To address these concerns, Riordan should negotiate with its Chinese partners to obtain rights to
directly work with suppliers. It can do this by insuring its Chinese partners they will maintain the
relationship between the Chinese plant and the Yin Motor Company. Riordan then can work directly
with the Yin Motor Company to improve their labor situation and increase their on–time deliveries.
This strategy will increase Riordan's supply chain strength.
Lean Production Principles
To maximize the efficiency and effectiveness at Riordan, a make–to–stock process is used. Filling
customer orders as received from finished goods inventory and maintaining a small inventory on
hand reduces gaps in seasonal fluctuations at Riordan. Forging a strong alliance with Chinese supply
chain partners will increase quality and volume of the

Pearl Necklaces Lab
For pearl necklaces, they would use polarizers and color filters to absorb a portion of incident light,
and the light efficiency, brightness, and operating life of battery powered liquid– crystal displays
were poor. Then they started using linear polarizers which now directly transmit one polarization
direction of light and reflect the other, which this process strongly enhanced the light efficiency of
the polarizers. Also, they generated bright colors in the visible wavelength. Afterwards, they began
to produce silver nanoparticles and seeing if they make a difference to the whole process. They
tested out what these nanoparticles can do to enhance the process for the pearl necklaces. They
discovered that pearl necklaces containing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With a high density. HDPE is used in the production of plastic bottles etc., and HDPE is commonly
recycled. Organic light–emitting diodes (OLEDs) are light– emitting diodes containing thin flexible
sheets of an organic electroluminescent material and is used for visual displays. Ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy or ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–vis) refers to absorption or reflectance
spectroscopy (measurement of spectra produced when matter interacts with or emits electromagnetic
radiation.) UV–vis Is used for quantitative information for transitional ions, organic compounds and

Hydroponics Chapter 1 Study Guide
Introduction to Hydroponics and Controlled Environment Agriculture
by Patricia A. Rorabaugh, Ph.D. University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center
1951 E. Roger Road Tucson, AZ 85719 Revised December, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: Controlled Environment Agriculture and Hydroponics: Past, Present and Future The
Plant How to grow greenhouse crops Plant Protection: Insects and Diseases Basic Principals of
Hydroponics Transplant Production Pollination, Fertilization and Bee Management Fruit
Harvesting, Grading and Storage Plant Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders Fertigation Systems and
Nutrient Solutions Greenhouse Site Selection Greenhouse Structures Greenhouse Control Systems
Greenhouse Energy and Resource ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*~300 A.D. Rome – Roses were forced to flower early by the addition of warm water into the
irrigation ditches twice a day. This would warm the roots and stimulate growth.
1–1
THEREFORE, up to ~300 A.D., the ancients had perfected protected agriculture (terraced
growing areas, mulches and compost heating), greenhouses, hot air and hot water heating systems
and had experimented with plant nutrition, water culture and more. THEN: The Great Library in
Alexandria Egypt was burned. Rome fell. Enter the Dark Ages! What was learned before was
forgotten... When people forget their history they are doomed or, in this case, required to repeat it!
1300's 1400's 1500's – European Renaissance: revival of art, literature learning.
DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTED AGRICULTURE AND GREENHOUSES: People want to
grow out of season (i.e., have tomatoes in Winter) or grow plants where they don't normally grow
(i.e., lettuce, a cold weather crop, in Tucson in the Summer!). Therefore, move the plant from the
natural environment to an artificial one... using protected agriculture and/or greenhouses. Modify or
control the temperature, relative humidity, CO2, light, etc., to provide optimum conditions to grow
any crop any time anywhere! What discoveries had to be made in order to develop the modern
greenhouse? *1385 – The French built glass pavilions oriented toward the south to grow flowers
(though mainly for the wealthy to

The Fast Paced Growth Of Nova Chemicals
COMPANY BACKGROUND
NOVA Chemicals is a specialty chemicals manufacturing company located in Southern Ontario, on
the St. Clair River west of Toronto. NOVA Chemicals specialises in the production of polyethylene
(PE), high density and linear low density polyethylene. [1] The production process involves the
transportation of the liquid ethylene feedstock, via pipeline, to the plant site followed by the
production of various PE resins (pellet form). These PE pellets are then sold to consumers for use in
common applications such as bottles for milk and other non–carbonated drinks, drums, fuel tanks
for automobiles, toys and household goods. Due to the fact that high density polyethylene (HDPE)
has good chemical resistance, it is often used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Appendix A demonstrates a table of stakeholder engagement, as well as topics and concerns, and
how the company engages with these. The NOVA chem's commitment to stakeholders, as well as
sustainability, is strongly supported by the company's senior management and thus it is imperative
that these are up–to–date with key environmental issues as well as environmental risk management
and assessment methods.
ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
There are many environmental issues that factor into risk. However, there are key environmental
issues that are most relevant to the chemicals sector. Listed below are the key issues as well as what
is being done and how for environmental assessments on these issues.
i. Air
Air quality models to monitor emissions resulting from the PE production process.
Track emissions and make sure they are within regulation. ii. Greenhouse Gas emissions
Investing in new technology and projects to further drive improvements in manufacturing
capabilities and energy efficiency;
Incorporating process improvement and new sources.
Expected significant reduction in GHG emissions. [3] iii. Waste
PE resins, as well as the end–use consumer products, are recyclable.
e.g. Grocery bags can be recycled on a community level.
e.g. Rigid consumer products can be reclaimed and recycled back

Polyethylene: Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental...
Manufacturing Cycle and Environmental Impact
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned
polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non–renewable
resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes
are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere
(Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene's production processes
will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained
either by extraction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several methods by which industry converts purified ethylene gas into polyethylene; a
commonly used one is by means of a fluidized reactor bed. Before ethylene is sent to the fluidized
bed, it needs to be first compressed and heated, then metallic catalyst particles are used to keep
polyethylene molecules stuck together (this is done when the ethylene enters the reactor). Lastly,
polyethylene comes out of the reactor as granular powder, which is later melted and extruded into
plastic products (University of Washington).
Associated quantification of the environmental impacts
When evaluating the environmental impact of polyethylene we need to take into consideration the
input materials, and the amount of energy and emissions/wastes generated by the production
processes. Although polyethylene presents fewer environmental hazards than other polymers, its
production requires both hydrocarbons and chlorine; chlorine makes plastic's impact on the
environment even greater that it would if only hydrocarbons were required (Frosch Gallopoulos,
1989). The use of non–renewable resources, chlorine and the energy–intensive nature of the
production cycle itself together with the worldwide large–scale production of polyethylene and
derivates, approximately 80 million metric tons per year (Piringer Baner, 2008), make the
environmental and human safety impact of polyethylene significant.
As

The Pros And Cons Of Pollution
Pollution is a serious global issue that has been occurring for as long as humans have inhabited the
planet. There are many different varieties of pollution, as well as an abundance of materials, both
natural and synthetic, that the earth has been contaiminated with. Shifrin ( 2005), states: To date,
wastes remain a fact of life and there are only three places to dispose of wastes–air, water, or land.
Waste management always involves tradeoffs. (p. 676). Even though Shifrin is correct in his
analysis, it does not excuse the amount of environmental poison that continues to exist today, nor the
amount of environmental problems that it has caused throughout history. The tradeoffs of
pollution have devastated entire communities, causing waves of sickness and death in their wake.
According to Shifrin (2005): Water–borne contagious disease still caused devastating epidemics in
the early 1900s, compounded by growing, congested populations. Air pollution also grew to a high
priority by midcentury because its impact was so observable and immediate. (p. 676). Generally,
these diseases were spread through poor sanitary practices as well as the overwhelming volume of
pollution that was generated by so many indivduals with little knowledge about what the adverse
effects on the overall environment would be.
A substance that is ubiquitous in many countries is plastic. Kale, Deshmukh, Dudhare, and Patil
(2015) report: .Plastic is defined as the polymer which become mobile on

Tensile Test Report
Practical Report Name: Loh Khin Keong Admin No.: 1237078 Group number: A Date: 11/5/12
Class: DMLS/1A01 Experiment 1A: Determination of Mechanical Properties of Selected Materials
(CDIO) 1. Synopsis The objective of this CDIO experiment was to determine the mechanical
property of polymeric materials which was the tensile properties .The testing standard to adopt for
the tensile testing was ASTM D638. Four different types of polymers were placed into the tensile
testing machine. The different specimens would then be stretched till it breaks. The tensile testing
machine would give the information on the force that was required to stretch the different specimens
until it breaks. The average reading of Tensile modulus of all four specimens ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
* Ductility– A measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture, also
known as elongation, normally expressed as percentage. %EL=Lf–LoLo ×100 % stress Brittle
Ductile strain E.g PS exhibits brittle failure (experience very little or no yielding) E.g PE exhibits
ductile failure (yields before breaking and experience plastic deformation) * Toughness–The ability
of a material to absorb energy up till it fractures. The shaded area indicates the energy required to
fracture the test specimen. Stress Strain 4. Procedure (Determination of Tensile Properties) 4.1
Materials General Purpose Polystyrene (GPPS), High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polypropylene (PS). 4.2 Equipment Lloyd Tensile Testing Machine 4.3
Steps 4.4 Experimental Precaution: 1. Check the force that is applied in the load cell is correct. 2.
Take into account the zero error when measuring the width and thickness of the specimens with a
vernier caliper. 3. Make sure that the testing speed is 50mm/min. 4. Repeat the procedure of each
specimen and get the average reading. 5. Result and Calculations

Analysis Of Dow Quimica Argentina Is Considering Making A...
1. Background and Decision Issues Dow Química Argentina is considering making a bid to
Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB) because it was being privatized by the government of
Argentina. PBB, which is located in Bahia Blance, is a major producer of both ethylene and
polyethylene in Argentina. Dow sees this as a very big opportunity for the company to expand its
market, utilize its resources and invest on a company that will eventually become the leading
polyethylene player in Latin America. Dow's vice president of business development for Latin
America, Oscar Vignart, and Luis Marcer, CFO of Dow Química Argentina are building the
company's cash flow projections for this particular project. In so doing, they have to assess the
country's risk; current political and economic conditions of Argentina, exchange rate stabilities,
freedom of capital repatriation and the uncertainties of the project so they can justify it to the parent
company. They had developed a three–stage operational strategy for their future polyethylene
expansion in Argentina. The first stage is the acquisition of the PBB; the second stage is the
acquisition of Polisur's two polyethylene plants and the last stage is building a new ethylene cracker
and a polyethylene plant. In order to help them decide, the cash flows from each stage of this big
project have been valued using the discounted cash flow approach. They used a discount rate that
was adjusted to incorporate the country

Why Polylactic Acid And Polypropylene
A plastic water bottle must be able to hold it shape, withstand high temperatures, must not absorb
the water or release toxins, should be easy to clean and must be eco–friendly. To understand this, it
is first necessary to define polymers, how they are made and the intermolecular forces that lead to
polymers properties. Two polymers, Polylactic acid and polypropylene, will be explained to
illustrate the connection between structure and properties. The differences and similarities will be
explained, followed by the environmental and economic considerations. These factors will be used
to show why Polylactic acid is preferable to other polymers for the production of water bottle.
A polymer is a long chain of molecules made up of many repeating identical units called monomers.
A polymer made from two or more repeating units of monomers are called copolymers (Smith et al.,
2006). Monomers are often made up of Hydrogen and Carbon with extra elements such as Oxygen,
Nitrogen and Chlorine, creating the backbone of the polymer. These can be made synthetically, such
as polyethylene or occur naturally like cellulose, as are the polymers being investigated are.
Polylactic acid is made naturally and Polypropylene is made synthetically. Polymers can be three
dimensional networks which don't melt such as epoxy resin, and are called thermoset polymers, two
dimensional or one dimensional networks or chains which can be melted such as polypropylene
called thermoplastic polymers

Milk Packaging Essay
. Bio–degradable Plastic for Milk Packaging
This type of bio–plastic is made up of petroleum. So, this type of bio–plastic also produces CO2 at
the time of manufacturing. But this type of bio–plastic degrades automatically in the soil and water
within few days to few months depending upon environmental conditions. It helps in waste
management, as this type of plastic degrades automatically in the environment and thus no need for
incineration process. As per different study reports, when we burn 1 kg of plastic, .670 kg to 4.600
kg of CO2 is produced. This produced CO2 highly depends on environmental conditions and
temperature of incineration. Problem of land filling is also reduced as this plastic degrades in less
time in the environment. In this project, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sample calculation of carbon footprint from total milk pouch packaging in one year
There are many type of milk packaging which are used from old days like glass bottle, plastics
bottles, tetra pack all have their own importance but these have some disadvantages too, so now a
days plastic pouches packaging is most suitable for milk packaging due to its advantages over other
packaging medium, like easy to handle, low in cost, less in weight etc. Approximately, 30–35% of
milk is used in direct form, rest of milk is packed in various packaging form, like Glass bottle,
Plastic bottle, Tetra pack, plastic pouch etc.
As per data from total milk production 146.3 million tons, approximately 40 million tons milk is
used for packaging milk for drinking purpose. This milk is packed in half litter and one litter
pouches, which are made of conventional plastics (Low–density polyethylene and Linear low
density polyethylene). For packing of such huge quantity milk (40 million tons litter), it needs a big
quantity of plastics. As you can say that huge quantity of carbon footprint is produce, which is very
dangerous for our environment. But it can be reduce by replacing conventional plastic by
biodegradable

Investigatory Project Homemade Bouncy Polymer
HOMEMADE BOUNCY POLYMER
An Entry for the 2009 DIVISION SCIENCE FAIR
TEAM CATEGORY
CHINKEE MAE M. ALANZALON Grade VI – Jose Rizal DAN ALFONSO VALENTIN V. SORIA
TRISHA KATE E. GENERAL Grade V – E. Aguinaldo Researchers
Mr. MARK ANTHONY R. CUA Research Adviser Marcela Marcelo Elementary School Pasay City
October 2009
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION One might think that chemists are a bunch of boring scientists
who wear lab coats and look at beakers all day, but did you know that many toys you play with are
made using chemistry? Some of your favorite toys like Gak, Slime and Silly Putty started out as
chemistry experiments. In fact, some of your favorite toys may have been invented by chemists who
work for toy companies like: Crayola, Play–Doh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, the study will seek to answer the following questions: 1. Would it be possible to make a
homemade bouncy polymer from a simple polymer found in white PVA glue and corn starch? 2.
Which of the following ratio will produce the best homemade bouncy polymer? 3. What would be
the effect of the varying ratio of the ingredients on the physical characteristics of the homemade
bouncy polymer? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Science is fun. It cannot only be learned in the
four corners of the classroom but rather it can also be learned at home. Chemistry can be a very
intimidating subject that is hard for some students to understand. This project study would like to
help demonstrate some basic principles of chemistry. Specifically, this project study will help
students understand that there is a difference between a physical change and a chemical change.
Silly putty, as well as bouncing polymer is fascinating and educational. It can teach everyone about
Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics.
4
Results of the study would provide the pupils an opportunity to learn while having fun. Likewise,
this study will provide opportunity to parents to have some

quality time with their children. The result and findings of this study would give educators an
alternative way of learning outside the classrooms. It would also encourage them to use other
sources

Declaration And Recommendation : Declaration Of The...
HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUES OF COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED FISH
(Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis, Protopterus aethiopicus, Clarias gariepinus) FROM LAKE
BARINGO, KENYA MBUTHIA JUDY WANJIRU Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of Master of Science Degree of Environmental
and Occupational Health of Egerton University EGERTON UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2015
DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION DECLARATION This thesis is my original work
and has not been submitted or presented for examination in any other institution either in part or as a
whole. Signature: ...................................... Date: ........................... Mbuthia Judy Wanjiru
NM15/3359/12 RECCOMMENDATION This thesis has been submitted for examination with our
approval as university supervisors. Signature: ...................................... Date: ........................... Dr.
George Morara Ogendi Department of Environmental Science Egerton University Signature:
...................................... Date: ........................... Dr. Wilkister Nyaora Moturi Department of
Environmental Science Egerton University COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this work
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any other means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission from the
author or Egerton University. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my

Phase Behavior : Melting Point
PHASE BEHAVIOR:–
Melting Point:– The temperature at which polymer transmit into crystalline form to determine the
melting point. The polymer of low–molecular substance exist very low melting point and this
happened when polymer chain is dispersed. In physical state melting point is very difficult to
calculate. Polymer will decompose at high temperature rather than melts. It is also known as
crystalline melting temperature.
Glass Transition Temperature:– Polymer drop the temperature below glass transition. When
temperature rise above the glass transition. Polymer become rubber like material. Glass transition is
very important for the selection of material for various application. The temperature below glass
transition define the domain of elastomer and value above the room temperature defined, structural
polymer, rigid polymer. The glass transition polymer contain long chain of polymer, linked with
atom and passes a complex molecular structure.
Mixed Phase Behavior:– In phase behavior polymer mixture are long chains, specify higher volume
than the molecule and have equal volume. The mixing of polymer solution tends to increase the free
energy polymers. They are rarer of small molecule because of concentrated solution of polymer.
Their interaction with each other is more favorable than

Macromolecules In Research
Polymer is a compound consisting of long–chain molecules, each molecule made up of repeating
unit connected together by a covalent bond. Most polymers are based on carbon and are therefore
considered organic chemicals. Groover (2011) suggests that ?the word polymer is derived from
Greek, poly and meros, meaning many and parts, respectively. Some scientists prefer to use the
word macromolecules or large molecules, instead of polymer?. The polymers are created by
connecting many small molecules forms together to make molecules are large. The small units are
called monomers. The atoms in molecules use covalent bond to connect together; and these atoms
are connected a polymer is considered to be the links of the chain. Carraher (2010) states

_x000C_Formwork for Concrete Structures
Formwork for Concrete Structures About the Authors Robert L. Peurifoy (deceased) taught civil
engineering at the University of Texas and Texas AI College, and construction engineering at
Texas AM University and Oklahoma State University. He served as a highway engineer for the
U.S. Bureau of Public Roads and was a contributing editor to Roads and Streets Magazine. In
addition to authoring the McGraw–Hill publications Construction Planning, Equipment, and
Methods and Estimating Construction Costs, 5th ed., coauthored with Garold D. Oberlender, Mr.
Peurifoy wrote over 50 magazine articles dealing with construction. He was a long–time member of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, which presents an award that bears his name. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is
strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these
terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED AS IS. McGRAW–HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO
GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR
COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK,
INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA
HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw–Hill and its
licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your
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licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of
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the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw–
Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or
similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been
advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of

Essay On Dow Chemical Company
rP os t
9–204–021
REV: MARCH 31, 2006
MIHIR A. DESAI
Dow Chemical's Bid for the Privatization of PBB in
Argentina
op yo On November 10, 1995, Oscar Vignart, vice president of business development for Latin
America for Dow Chemical Company (Dow), and Luis Marcer, CFO of Dow Química Argentina,
considered the bidding price on Petroquímica Bahia Blanca S.A. (PBB), which was being privatized
by the
Argentine government. PBB produced both ethylene and polyethylene. It was part of a
petrochemical complex located in Bahia Blanca, 700 kilometers south of the Argentine capital,
Buenos
Aires.1 Vignart believed that the acquisition of PBB offered Dow a once–in–a–lifetime opportunity
to become the leading polyethylene player in Latin America.
tC ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A plant for cracking ethane was estimated to cost $400 million to $500 million, a plant for cracking
naphtha
$1 billion.3 Roughly half of the world's ethylene plants, particularly those in gas–poor regions such
as
Japan and Western Europe, utilized naphtha. Plants in gas–rich regions such as North America and
the Middle East more frequently employed ethane from natural gas streams.4
No
tC
Large plant sizes and the need for economies of scale rendered the ethylene industry highly capital
intensive. Consequently, capacity additions or reductions could significantly affect balance of supply
and demand, influencing capacity utilization rates, prices, and profit margins. Ethylene profitability

was tightly linked to its global operating rate. Among the investors in the ethylene business were oil
companies, governments, pure chemical companies, conglomerates, private investors, and joint
ventures. According to UBS Warburg plc, financial return objectives ranged from loss leader to zero
return to beating the cost of capital. The loss leader or zero–return player was often a government
operator that was, directly or indirectly, financing capital–intensive ethylene plants in order to
stimulate downstream business. This was the case in Brazil, where the government sponsored a
tripartite model, in which private Brazilian capital, multinationals holding the technology, and the
government would each

Designing A Fdm Based Rapid Prototype Ie
Objective The purpose of this work is to design a FDM based Rapid Prototype ie. 3D Printer which
will corrects the errors found on other FDM printers and which provides high resolution and print
size. To make the design cost effective FDM based printer is considered as cost of making it and
cost of raw materials is very less. Resolution and material usage customization is great in FDM. Hot
end temperature need to be adjusted when different material types are used. When required it is
possible to mix different materials with different properties to produce a single printed object. By
end of this paper one is able to fabricate a 3D printer with low cost.
Abstract 3D printers are devices that can create a three–dimensional object from a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surely, the potential of 3D printing (3DP) has captured the popular imagination. From jet engine
parts to made–to–fit jewelry, the technology is hailed as revolution in how products are
manufactured. According to estimates, the global 3DP printer market is poised to hit $6 billion by
2017 from $2.2 billion in 2012, with global shipments of printers costing less than $100,000
expected to reach about 98,000 in 2014, roughly twice as many as in 2013.
Introduction
3D printer is capable of doing complex and difficult tasks in one long step. A 3D model of the object
to be made with a defined set of parameters and scaling ratios is given as input in STL file (design
model in CAD), which can then be converted into G–codes. This data is then used for controlling
the motors and extruding plastic based on the g–code generated.
This automated approach towards fabricating contrasts with the traditional way of manufacturing,
where an object is formed by removing excess material or folding and shaping materials

Advantages Of Replace Of Thermosets
Replacement Of Thermoset Materials By Crosslinkable Thermoplastics
S V Godse, M S Mhaske
Pravara Rural Colllege of Engineering, University of Pune, Loni, Ahmednagar, India
Abstract– Thermoset materials can be replaced by cross linkable thermoplastic materials meeting
the desirable properties of thermoset. The paper describes about the process parameters, cross
linking process and its advantages over thermoset processing.
Keywords – Thermoset, Thermoplastic, mechanical properties, crosslinking agents I. Introduction
Thermosets are commodity as well as engineering plastics. They account for more than 70% of the
total plastics market share. Though they are easily processable and available at relatively low cost,
they involve cross linking process (curing) so as to become suitable for the application. There are
certain disadvantages associated with processing of thermoset category of plastics like high amount
of flashes, mold material abrasion at relatively faster rate as compared to thermoplastics material, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical cross linking ( High energy radiation)
B. Chemical cross linking
C. Cross linking by SILANE
Amongst above 3, physical cross linking is discussed in detail below.
In this method, cross linking is obtained by free radical mechanism. The free radical is generated in
a polymer chain by using high energy radiations. The free radical is formed by breaking C–H bond
and formation of C–C bond amongst the monomers. Schematic of this can be represented as in fig.1
It is known that bond energy for cleavage of C–H bond is 364kJ/mol. The electron beam having
energy sufficient to break C–H bond is suitable for cross linking. linking. Cross linking of polymers
by radiation technology involve four main variables.
1. Type of radiation and its source
2. Nature of polymer structure to be irradiated
3. Mechanism and theories of reaction
4. Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of network

pet bottle construction Essay
INVESTIGATING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PLASTIC BOTTLES
AS MASONRY
KALUMIRE KUSIMWIRAGI
A report submitted in part requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Environmental Design with Honours
Faculty of the Built Environment
Uganda Martyrs University
June, 2011
Investigating the Compressive Strength of Plastic Bottles as Masonry
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled, Investigating the Compressive Strength of plastic bottles as
masonry is the product of my own work except as cited in the references.
Signature :______________________________
Supervisor: Prof. Paul Thomas
Signature :______________________________
Date : 6 June 2011 i Investigating the Compressive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
...................................18
2.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks: A review ..................22
2.4.1 Advantages and limitations........................................23
2.4.2 Material for SCEB ....................................................25
2.4.2.1 Soil type...............................................................25
2.4.2.2 Stabilisation.........................................................26
2.4.2.3 Cure.....................................................................27
2.4.4 Properties of SCEB ..................................................28

2.4.4.1 Density and thermal property .............................29
2.4.4.2 Moisture Mouvement .........................................29
2.4.4.3 Compressive strength .........................................29
3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK .....................................................31
3.1 Method and methodology .................................................. 31
3.2 Materials for PETE bottles prisms........................................33
3.2.1 Soil ...........................................................................42
3.2.2 PETE bottles ............................................................43
3.2.3 Nylon Rope...............................................................46
3.2.4 Water

A Brief Note On Polyethylene : How Does The Industry Work?...
Rsm437 Assignment 3
Q1: how does the industry work?
Polyethylene is a petrochemical product that has been widely used in the plastic manufacturing,
such as packaging, trash bins, and food containers. It is produced mainly from the polymerization
process of ethylene, which is an ingredient derived from cracking crude oil and natural gas. There
are three types of polyethylene: low–density polyethylene (LDPE); high density polyethylene
(HDPE); and low linear density polyethylene (LLDPE), and each of them has distinctive
commercial applications.
Polyethylene industry is considered as highly capital intensive since it requires large plant size to
sustain the enormous production capacity and so as to fulfill the huge demand of the industry.
Therefore, in order to be competitive and successful in this industry, the need for economies of scale
is vital, since it contributes to greater revenues and sales volume of the company with a great
proportion of saving in the costs. Also, the industry's profitability is highly correlated to the
company's operating rate, which also refers to the capacity utilization rate of the company. The
higher the percentage of the company's total capacity is being used, the higher profit margins are
accompanied by. However, notice that an excessive operating rate that over–utilizes the company's
available resources would lead to an oversupply of the production in the industry, which pulls down
polyethylene's market price and deteriorates the company's

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