travelbee's theory...

2. BS Generic 4 year degree program,
Semester VII
Subject: Nursing Theories
Credit hours: 02
Subject Holder: Maj. Sumera Noshin
Presenter: N/C Momina Saleem

3. Can u imagine providing
nursing care without caring
about the person you are
helping?
Most of us cannot!

4. Travelbee’s Human-to-
Human
Relationship Theory

5. Objectives:
• To know Author's biography.
• To identify the theory background.
• To explore the major assumptions of theory
• To understand the metaparadigm and paradigm of the
theory.
• To demonstrate the main concept of theory.

6. Objectives:
• To understand the conceptual framework of theory.
• To demonstrate practical application of theory:
 In academia
 In clinical setting
 In administration
 In research
• To evaluate practice from past experiences.
• To identify future plans of action.
• Summary

8. Author’s Biography
• Born in 1926, New
Orleans, Louisiana,
United States
• Died in 1973
Joyce Travelbee

9. Author’s Biography
Educational Background:
• 1946-Basic nursing preparation at Charity Hospital
School of Nursing in New Orleans.
• 1956-BS degree in nursing education from Louisiana
State University
• 1959-MS degree in nursing from Yale
• 1973-began doctoral programme in Florida but died later
that year

10. Author’s Biography
Experiences:
 1952 - Nursing Educator (Psychiatric Nursing)
• Depaul Hospital Affiliate School, New Orleans 1952-1954
• Charity Hospital School of Nursing 1954-1956
• New York University 1965-1966
• University of Mississippi 1966-1969
 1969-1975 - Project Director at Hotel Dieu School of Nursing in
New Orleans
 1973 - Director of Graduate Education at Louisiana State University

11. Author’s Biography:
Books:
• 1933 - began to publish articles in nursing journals
• 1966 - 1st book "Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing"
• 1969 - 2nd book "Intervention in Psychiatric Nursing:
process in the One-to-One Relationship
• 1971- 2nd edition of “Interpersonal Aspects of
Nursing”

12. Theory’s Background:
• "Actually there are no patients. There are only individual human beings in need
of care, services and assistance of other human beings“
• From her experiences working with Catholic charity institutions, travelbee felt
that
 Compassion was lacking in nursing care.
 If nurses experience personal sufferings they would be better able to help patient
deal with illness and suffering.
• These experiences of travelbee led her to formulate a theory where caring about
the patient is central.

13. Theory’s Background:
• Development of travelbee’s
theory was greatly
influenced by
• Travelbee’s theory is based
on her cumulative nursing
experience and her readings
rather than the evidence of a
particular research study.

14. Major Assumptions:
• “The purpose of nursing is achieved through the
establishment of a human to human relationship”.
• The human condition is shared by all human beings and is
dichotomous in nature.
• Most people, at one time or another and in varying degree
, will experience joy, happiness and love.
• “All persons, at some time in their lives will be
confronted by illness and pain.

15. Cont..
• The quality and quantity of nursing care delivered to an ill
human being is greatly influenced by the nurse’s
perception of the patient.
• Illness and suffering are spiritual encounters as well as
emotional-physical experiences.
• The communication process enable nurse to establish a
human to human relationship.
• Individuals can be assisted to find meaning in experience
of illness and suffering.

16. Paradigm & Metaparadigm
Paradigm
A worldwide view which
serves as a philosophical
underpinning for
explaining any
phenomena of interest to
a discipline .It
determines the goals &
boundaries of a
discipline & organizes its
knowledge.
Metaparadigm
Abstract in content and
broad in scope; they
attempt to explain a
global view useful in
understanding key
concepts and principles.
(sometimes referred as
grand theories)

17. Paradigm of the theory
Nursing is an interpersonal
process whereby the
professional nurse practitioner
assists an individual, family or
community to prevent or cope
with experience or illness and
suffering, and if necessary to
find meaning in these
experiences.”
Health:
Travelbee defined
health by the
criteria of
subjective and
objective health
Person:
Defined as human
being. A human being
is a unique,
irreplaceable
individual who is in
continuous process of
becoming, evolving
and changing
A person’s
subjective
health is
individually
defined state
of wellbeing
Objective
health is an
absence of
discernible
disease,
disability or
defect
Environment:
-Environment is not
clearly defined
-She defined human
conditions and life
experiences
encountered by all men.

18. Major Concepts:
Human being- a unique irreplaceable
individual
“The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid and alleviate the distress of unmet needs.”
Patient- individual human beings in need of the care,
services, assistance of other human beings, whom, it is believed, can render the assistance that is
needed.
Illness- "a category and a classification"
Objective criteria- outward effects of illness
Subjective criteria- when a person perceives himself or herself as ill
Pain- "Pain itself is not observable, only it's effects are noted."
Suffering- "a feeling of displeasure, an experience that varies in intensity, duration
and depth.
Hope- is a mental state characterized by the desire to gain an end or accomplish a
goal combined with some degree of expectation that what is desired or sought is attainable
Hopelessness- devoid of hope

19. Major Concepts
Communication- is a process which can enable the nurse to establish a
human-to-human relationship and thereby fulfill the purpose of nursing.
Interaction- contact during which two individuals have reciprocal influence
on each other and communicate verbally/ non-verbally.
Nurse-Patient Interaction- contact between a nurse and an ill person and
both individuals perceive each other in a stereotyped manner.
Therapeutic Use of Self- Ability to use one's personality
consciously and in full awareness in an attempt to establish
relatedness and to structure nursing intervention. It
requires self-understanding, self-insight and understanding
of the dynamics of human behavior.

20. Human-to-human relationship
model:
• The model represents the interaction
between the nurse and patient.
• The five phases of nurse-patient
interaction are:
1. Original encounter
2. Emerging identities
3. Empathy
4. Sympathy
5. Rapport

21. Phases of Interaction:
Original encounter:
Nurse's first
impressions of the ill
person and vice versa.
Emerging Identities:
The beginning of the
relationship between the
nurse and the individual
in which they perceive
each other as unique.
Empathy:
The ability to share
in person's
experience.
Sympathy:
When the nurse
wants to lessen the
cause of the
individual's suffering.
Rapport:
A process, a happening, an
experience, or series of
experiences, undergone
simultaneously by the nurse
and the recipient of her care.

23. Brainstroming
Do you feel that your
interaction with your client
follow the linear structure of
human-to-human relationship
model?

24. Practical Application of the theory:
Clinical Setting:
• Helps inform how nurse can build relationships
• Help setting goals for nurses
• Has been influential in hospice care with helping patients find meaning in their
eminent death
Academics:
• Travelbee’s theory has influenced current nursing curriculum.
• She emphasized communication as a therapeutic tool
• Due to this theory the focus of nursing education has changed from sign, symptoms
and intervention- to a more holistic care approach.
Research:
This theory is used in research to explore how patient gain
meaning after a recent diagonis and illness
Applied in the theory of caring cancer patients

25. Use in my profession:
• Travelbee’s phases of the Nurse –Patient relationship are
exactly how I practice nursing on a daily basis—it is who I am,
without ever thinking about it
• Unknowingly and unintentionally I had applied this theory in
clinical settings including Intensive Care Units and general
wards while performing certain tasks related to the model of
theory like:
 Introducing myself to the patient and having patient’s brief
introduction
 Identifying patient’s uniqueness and problem
 Using nursing intervention to lessen patient suffering and
illness
 Gaining patient trust by therapeutic use of self.

26. Future Recommendations:
• Travelbee’s human-to-human model can be
utilized in our clinical settings to develop a
better level of trust between nurse and the
patient.
• The model must be included in the curriculum
of nursing programme for preparing the
student nurses to help individuals find meaning
in their illness and suffering.

27. Summary:
• Travelbee’s grand theory of Human-to-
Human Relationships provides nurses
with a foundation necessary to connect
therapeutically with other human
beings. The assumptions involve
humans, who are nurses, relating to
humans who are suffering, are in
distress, or have the potential to suffer.

30. • Video Attached…