review the current research status and challenges of existing community-based Smallruminant breeding programs in Ethiopia Community-based breeding increases the productivity and profitability of indigenous breeds without undermining the resilience and genetic integrity,and without expensive (and potentially diversity-reducing) interventions

1. COMMUNITY BASED-SMALL RUMINANT BREEDING
PROGRAM IN ETHIOPIA: CURRENT RESEARCH STATUS
AND CHALLENGES
sSS
4/18/2021 1
GRADUATE SEMINAR II (ABG 742)
PRESENTED BY:
SCHOOL OF ANIMAL AND RANGE SCIENCES
Mohammed Endris Seid
“ANIMAL BREEDING PROGRAM”
ID. No: PhD/ 059/12
COURSE ADVISOR: Assoc. Prof. Kefelegn Kebede (Ph.D.)
JANUARY , 2020
HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

2. Presentation outline
1. INTRODUCTION
Objectives
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4/18/2021 2

3. Ethiopia is known for having the largest livestock population in Africa
Across the country, millions of cattle, donkeys, camels, chickens, sheep and goats live and
work alongside people
According to CSA (2015), the total sheep and goat population in Ethiopia estimated at 58.4
million where 29.3 are sheep and the remaining 29.1 is goats (Old as comment)
Almost all the indigenous sheep and goats breeds in Ethiopia are primarily owned and
managed by resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists under traditional and
extensive production systems
Different approaches have been followed for several decades to improve small
ruminant (sheep & goat) genetic resources and to exploit the potential from the
sector
These approaches are crossbreeding, nucleus-based selection and community-
based breeding programs were the different options implemented in Ethiopia to
improve the performance of local breeds (Gemeda, 2017)
4/18/2021 3
1.INTRODUCTION

4. Approaches of Crossbreeding was failed due to incompatibility of introduced genotypes
with smallholders’ breeding objectives; management practices of the low-input production
systems and the environmental conditions
To much genotype and environment: keep animals adapted to the environment or adapt
the environment to the needs of animals
Approaches of central nucleus-based selection efforts also failed to impact the traditional
and extensive small ruminant production systems that are owned and managed by resource-
poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists (Ayele, 2016)
In the last decade or so, a new approach—community-based small ruminant breeding
programs (CBSBP) has been suggested as an alternative to the conventional centrally
managed and top-down breeding programs
This approach explicitly takes account of farmers’ needs, views, decisions, and active
participation, from inception to implementation
4/18/2021 4
Introduction…

5. In Ethiopia there has been different attempts at developing breeding
programs either for selective breeding or crossbreeding
Different institutions also follow varying approaches including nucleus and
community-based schemes
The different efforts need to be harmonized, and pilot activities taken to
scale to bring about sustainable change to lives of rural people
Therefore, this study aimed to review the current research status and
challenges of existing community-based Small ruminant breeding programs
in Ethiopia
4/18/2021 5
Introduction…. )

6.  As a resource base and contribution almost all the indigenous sheep and goats breeds
in Ethiopia are primarily owned and managed by resource-poor smallholder farmers
and pastoralists under traditional and extensive production systems (Ayele, 2018)
 As a research and development efforts productivity per animal is not showing
improvement
 Reporting the low production and productivity performance of Ethiopian sheep and
goats is almost common
 About 10 kg per slaughtered of carcass weight from sheep was reported (FAO, 2009)
 Various attempts have been made to improve the productivity of small ruminant in
Ethiopia where the majority of the efforts were tended to improve the productivity
through cross breeding
4/18/2021 6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Small ruminant breeding programs in Ethiopia

7.  According to the reviewed study by (Gizaw et al., 2013; Getachew et al., 2016; Aynalem,
2018;), Small ruminant breeding programs in Ethiopia are three programs: 1)
Crossbreeding and distribution of crossbreed rams from stations/ ranches 2) Selective
breeding involving central nucleus schemes; and 3) The recent community-based small
ruminant breeding programs
 The small ruminant breeding strategies adopted in Ethiopia over the last few decades largely
focused on importing exotic breeds for cross-breeding and since the early 1960s substantial
efforts have been made (Tibbo, 2006)
 These have included importing exotic sheep breeds such as Bleu du Maine, Merino,
Rambouillet, Romney, Hampshire, Corriedale, Dorper and Awassi sheep, and Saanen, Anglo-
Nubian, Toggenburg, and Boar goats
 These introductions and crossbreeding were implemented by different –Government
(research organizations and universities), Non-government institution (example FARM
AFRICA) and project like ESGPIP
 According to the report of Gizaw et al.(2011), genetic improvement programs produced no
significant effects on sheep and goat productivity or on farmers’ and pastoralists’
livelihoods and the national economy at large
4/18/2021 7
Literature review …….)

8.  According to the report of Gizaw et al.(2011), genetic improvement programs
produced no significant effects on sheep and goat productivity or on farmers’ and
pastoralists’ livelihoods and the national economy at large
 The major limitation in the livestock cross-breeding programs in Ethiopia has been the lack of a
clear and documented breeding and distribution strategy (asked question)
 There has been very little consideration of the needs of the farmers and pastoralists,
their perceptions, and indigenous practices
 Additionally, they have had limited or no participation in the design and
implementation of the breeding programs
 Furthermore, the breeding programs lacked breeding schemes to sustain cross-
breeding at the nucleus centres and at the village level (Gizaw et al., 2010)
 The few sheep selective breeding programs initiated by the Institute of Agricultural Research in
the 1980s,
 which included Afar and Horro sheep breeding programs, were limited to the formation of elite
nucleus flocks and the programs have since been discontinued (Gizaw et al., 2013)
4/18/2021 8
Literature review ….)

9. According to the reviewing study work by (Gizaw et al., 2013; Getachew et al., 2016)
concerning on sheep crossbreeding based on exotic sires among indigenous
breeds in an Ethiopian perspective and in their reviewed work so far:
Discussed the history of exotic breed introduction, research, and development efforts in
crossbreeding in Ethiopia
Merino (Italy), Rommedy, corridale, Hampshire (keneya), Awassi (Israel) and Dorper (S.Africa)
Review and discussed the performance of crossbreds under on-station and on-farm
management
Growth performance, reproductive performance and lamb survival
Review on farmers’ perception on breed improvement
 Farmers showed keen interest to adopt and implement breeding programs when they found them
working and benefitting them
 The choice of breed for crossbreeding overlooked interests and preferences of farmers mainly for
physical appearance
 Farmers are interested in adoption of sheep crossbreeding due to the fast growth of crossbreds
compared to their local sheep breeds in the Awassi × Menz and Farta x Washera crossbreeding
attempts in the highlands of the Amhara region
 Review and discuses on benefits and adoption of sheep crossbreeding
 A survey based economic evaluation of Awassi x Menz and Awassi x Wollo crossbred sheep was performed and
 The extent of diffusion of Awassi crosses from three crossbreeding villages in Angolelana Tera, Menz Gera and
Legambo districts were studied
4/18/2021 9
Literature review …….)

10. Disseminate improved breed/sire
flock
s
r
eede
br
lder
Local breed farms
Menz sheep
improvement at DBARC
Horro – sheep (BARC)
Afar sheep improvement
at Werer Research Center
Washera breed
improvement at Adet
Adami Tulu- Goat
Begayit sheep and goat
multiplication
Gumuz sheep research
Bonga sheep
2.
•
Awassi/corridale/Merino/Hampshie
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Exotic breed farms
Started in 1940’s Research
and most ranches
established since 1970’s
•
• CADU (chilalo Agri.Dvt.Unit)
• DBSBMC
• Breed import, test
and multiplication
• Nucleus for local
breeds
Nucleus
• AGSBMC (Amedy guya)
• Dorper
• Jigjiga
• Werer
• DBARC
• Areka
• Boer goat
• Jinka
• Hawassa University
• Haromaya
• Adami Tulu
• Ataye
• Sirinka
Figure 1: Methods of Small ruminant breeding improvement in Ethiopia
4/18/2021 10
Adopted from: Tesfaye Getachew (2018)
Literature review ….)

11. 2.2.1) Improving local sheep through crossbreeding- (Experiences from Debre
Birahan Research Center):
 Awassi crossbreeding program was initiated
in1980 using Menz sheep as dam’s line
 Evaluate the performance of Awassi x local
crossbreds
 Produce 50% and 75% Awassi x Menz sheep
crossbreds
 The crossbred ram dissemination strategy may
have to shift to the distribution of 50% Awassi
crossbred rams, rather than 75% crosses
 Farmers in some areas (e.g. Menz & Wollo)
welcomed the crossbred rams to be mated with
pure Menz
4/18/2021 11
2.2. Achievements of small ruminant genetic Improvement:
Literature review …)
• A model crossbreeding village has been
established
• A large sustainable Awassi x local
crossbred population established
• Breeder farmers with crossbreeding skills
have been created
• Farmers producing seed stocks, besides to
slaughter sheep
• Model villages are serving as a source of
high-grade breeding rams for others
• Farmer's livelihood highly improved
from the sale of breeding rams (Birr
1000/head)

12. 2.2.2) Improving local sheep through Selective breeding- (Experiences
from Debre Birahan Research Center):
 Information concerning the Establishment of an elite nucleus
flock for Menz sheep at Debre Birahn agricultural research
center
 Improve yearling weight and develop elite nucleus flocks of
purebred Menz sheep
 The use of the well-designed breeding program and selection
practice within local sheep breeding was maintained at Debre
birahn and Amed Guya sheep breeding and multiplication
ranch especially Menz sheep breeding
 After Improve yearling weight and develop elite nucleus flocks
of purebred Menz sheep; the research center has disseminated
the improved Menz sheep genotype to villager flocks/Farmers
4/18/2021 12
Literature review …….)
Figure 3. Menz sheep improved through selection

13. Based on appropriate site selection and discussions was held with farmers on its
potential for indigenous sheep production and genetic improvement, the center
provides the best rams to village flocks are disseminated:-
– 40 improved rams were selected from the research center and then framers allowed
to rank those rams based on farmer’s selection criteria
– Among 40 rams; 26 rams were selected by farmers and distributed to 50 farmers
– Farmers agreed to use rams in common, rotate within and among groups, culling of
unwanted rams, and collaborate on data recording
 Crossbreeding based on indigenous sheep breeds (Menz, Bonga and Washera local sheep
breeds) with the aim of evaluating the performance of Menz sheep crossed with Bonga
and Washera sheep
 The center has been compared the growth performance, carcass yield and reproductive
performance of pure Menz and their 50% cross with Bonga and Washera
 The performance of 50% Washera crossbreds evaluated in Eastern Amhara (N. shewa,
N.Wello and S. wello areas)
4/18/2021 13
Literature review …….)

14. The major findings of above-
crossbreeding:
o 50% Washera x Menz crossbred lambs were heavier at the
birth weight (Bwt), 50% Bonga x Menz crosses were
heavier at weaning weight (Wt) and also superior
performance in Yearling weight (Ywt) and carcass weight
(Cwt)
o Finally, the research work has been shifted to the
stakeholders, and establishing model village for
Washera/Bonga crossbreeding and 50% crossbred rams
from both genotypes were distributed to farmers
4/18/2021 14
Figure 4: 50% Bonga x Menz crossbred ram (left) and
ewes (right) at Debre Berhan
Literature review …)

15. CBBPs has Participatory breeding that decentralized breeding plans and
programs
It is an Improvement programs carried out by communities of smallholder farmers
often at subsistence level
Community-based breeding considers proper farmers breeding objectives,
infrastructure, participation and ownership
CBBPs are built on bottom-up participatory approach
Community-based breeding programs have proved highly successful in Bolivia,
Ethiopia, Mexico, and Peru
The same approach can be used in other countries, to improve the incomes and
livelihoods of poor communities in remote areas
4/18/2021 15
2.2. Overview of Community-based breeding Programs
Literature review …….)

16. Community-based breeding increases the productivity and profitability of
indigenous breeds without undermining their resilience and genetic integrity, and
without expensive (and potentially diversity-reducing) interventions
The Implications of Community-based breeding programs are an attractive
option to achieve genetic improvement of small ruminants in low-input systems
(Aynalem et al., 2019)
A clear methodological framework on how to design and implement community-
based breeding programs ensures the technical feasibility of the programs
4/18/2021 16
Literature review ….)

17.  According to (Haile et al., 2011; Tesfaye and Aynalem, 2018), the steps for setting up
community based-breeding programs (CBBPs) described and summarized on the
following steps:-
1) Identification of target sites and understanding the production system
2) Definition of breeding objectives
3) Choice of selection criteria and recording system
4) Development of a genetic evaluation and breeding structures and its
organization
5) Creation of an enabling environment
6) Monitoring and evaluation of the program
4/18/2021 17
Literature review …

18. 2.3. Current research Status and Challenges of Community-based small
ruminant breeding Program (CBBP) in Ethiopia
 The disappointment of the crossbreeding and nucleus-based selection programs started
the development of a participatory breeding program called a community-based breeding
program, CBBP (Mueller, 2006; Gizaw et al., 2011; Haile et al., 2011)
 CBBP is a village-based breeding activity planned, designed, and implemented by
smallholder farmers, either individually or in cooperatives, to effect genetic improvement
in their flocks and conserve indigenous genetic resources
 The program would be coordinated and assisted by stakeholders like development and
research experts in government and non-government institutions (Gizaw et al., 2013)
 CBBP involves the local community at every stage (from planning to operation) and takes
their indigenous knowledge of breeding practices and objectives into account than the
conventional crossbreeding and nucleus-based selection
4/18/2021 18
2.3.1. Current research Status: CBSBP

19.  However, considering the past genetic improvement approaches and their suitability to the
Ethiopia's production system
 Small ruminant breeding programs has been shifted from central nucleus scheme to
community based breeding programs (Bruh and Gebretnsae, 2020)
 The recent review work studied by Oumer and Kefyalew, (2018), aimed to reviewed and
discussed the achievements recorded so far, challenges encountered and lessons learned in
the Ethiopian small ruminant production system and breeding programs:-
• Reviews & discussed the achievements about the role and productivity of small
ruminants in Ethiopia
• Review and discussed the achievements about the reproductive performances of
Ethiopian small ruminant (Age at 1st lambing, age at 1st kidding, lambing interval, kidding interval,
twinning rate etc)
• Review and discussed the achievements Small ruminant production system in Ethiopia
- Mixed crop-livestock production system
- Pastoral and agro-pastoral Production system
• Selection criteria and breeding objectives of small ruminants in Ethiopia
• Small ruminant crossbreeding programs in Ethiopia
• Small ruminant nucleus-based selection programs in Ethiopia
• Community based small ruminant breeding programs in Ethiopia
 Accordingly, different researchers and scientists had been published a research journals,
books, and present papers at conferences and workshop meeting concerning “community-
based small ruminant breeding Programs in Ethiopia ( see Table 1)
4/18/2021 19
Literature review ….)

20. 4/18/2021 20
No. Research topics Research items Authors
1 Community-based Breeding Programs for
Adapted Sheep Breeds in Ethiopia
Research Result presentation to ILRI-EIAR-SLU
Workshop
Mirkena et al. (2011)
2 Designing community-based breeding strategies
for indigenous sheep breeds of smallholders in
Ethiopia: the case of Horro sheep
Presentation to ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project
workshop
Temesgen Jembre (2011)
3 Designing Community-Based Breeding Strategies
for Indigenous Sheep Breeds of Smallholders in
Ethiopia: The case of Bonga Breeds
Presentation to ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project
workshop
Kifle Belachew (2010)
4 Community-based sheep genetic improvement
programs in Ethiopia
Presentation to stakeholder consolation
workshop
Gemeda Duguma (2017)
5 Breeding programs for Ethiopian Small
Ruminants
Presentation to ICARDA in partnership with ILRI,
ATA and EIAR convened a workshop reported
Aynalem (2017)
6 Designing and implementation of community-
based breeding programs for adapted local
sheep breeds in Ethiopia
conference paper Haile et al.(2010)
7 Design of a Cooperative Village Sheep Breeding
Program: Experiences from a Model Village in
Menz Region
conference Gizaw et al (2014)
8 Overview of Community Based Breeding
Program and implementation procedure
presentation to ICARDA SmaRT Ethiopia workshop
and field day
Tesfaye Getachew (2016)
9 Evaluation of community-based sheep breeding
programs in Ethiopia
Technical report Gutu et al. (2015)
10 Community-based approaches in characterization of
local livestock breeds: Conceptual and
methodological approaches based on case studies on
Issa goat population of eastern Ethiopia
Published Book Grum et al. (2012)
Table 1. Summary of Current research activities of Small ruminant CBBP in Ethiopia

21. 4/18/2021 21
Table 1…
No. Research topics Research items Authors
11 Sheep and Goat Research and Development of Ethiopia
(SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small
Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program
Presentation Ayele Abebe 2018)
12 Design of community-based breeding programs for two
indigenous goat breeds of Ethiopia” (Doctoral Thesis by
Solomon Abegaze, 2014)
Doctoral dissertation Solomon Abegze (2017)
13 Development and implementation of Pilot village-
based goat Improvement scheme
Technical report of Experimental activitie Abegaze et al. (2016)
14 How to tailor community based breeding programs for
small ruminants to pastoral production systems
Conference Paper Getachew et al., 2020)
15 Community-based breeding program for genetic
improvement in Doyogena climate-smart landscapes
Results from an ongoing community-based breeding
program in Doyogena, Ethiopia habtegiorgis et al.,
2020)
Published article Habtegiorgis et al.(2020)
16 Participatory identification of breeding objective traits
and selection criteria for indigenous goat of the
pastoral communities in Ethiopia
Research article Getachew et al.(2020)
17 Why We Keep Birth Weight Records in the Community
Based Genetic Improvement Programs of Small
Ruminants?
conference paper Jembre et al. (2017)
18 Productivity benchmarks for community-based genetic
improvement of Abergelle, Central Highland and
Woyto-Guji indigenous goat breeds in Ethiopia
Research article Jembre et al. (2019)
19 Analysis of Growth Performance Data in Sheep using
Linear Mixed Model
Research article Kefelegn (2019)
20 Implementation of Community Based Breeding
Program to Improve Growth Rate and Milk Production
Performance of Abergelle Goat
Research article Bewketu et al. (2020)

22.  The current research was conducted on different community-based sheep and goat breeding
programs were implemented in Ethiopia
 By the national agricultural research centers such as Bako, Bonga, Debre Berhan, and Werer, in
collaboration with the international research institutions (ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU) (Gutu et al.,
2015) in four sites (Afar, Bonga Horro and Menz)
 According to the earlier research studies conducted in detailed by (Gemeda, 2011; Haile et al.,
2011; Mirkena, 2011), community-based sheep breeding programs were studied in Ethiopia :-
1) Participatory definition of breeding objectives and implementation of community based
sheep breeding programs in Ethiopia – (Gemeda, PhD research)
- Four locations in different States of (Afar, Bonga, Horro, Menz)
- Two communities per location (each with 60 households)
- 4 indigenous sheep breeds (Afar, Bonga, Horro and Menze sheep breeds)
2) Identifying breeding objectives of smallholders/pastoralists and optimizing community-based
breeding programs for adapted sheep breeds in Ethiopia – (Mirkena; PhD Research)
4/18/2021 22
Experiences from pilot CBBP in Ethiopia- Sheep
Literature review …….)

23.  CBBPs were implemented in four regional states of Ethiopia in (Bonga, Horro,
Menz, and Afar)
 Post ICARDA-ILRI-BOKU project, the more successful breeding programs in Menz &
Horro have been continued under the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and
Fish by ICARDA, ILRI and the NARS (Duguma,2017)
 Expanded to two new sheep sites, Doyogana and Atsbi and one goat site, Abergelle
 Bonga sheep CBBP continued with the regional government financial support and
the strong technical back-up from Bonga ARC
 Attracted by its performance, institutions like ICARDA also lends supporting hands
 Comprehensive characterization of the production system and market analysis
were initially conducted and results were communicated
 Findings from these studies revealed shortage of breeding ram, inbreeding, and
negative selections as some of the problems in sheep breeding practice
(Gemeda, 2017)
4/18/2021 23
Literature review ….)

24.  According to Gutu et al. (2015), the community based breeding programs in Bonga, Horro
and Menz were evaluated and realized several achievements and some of the major
achievements are:-
• Bonga, Horro, and Menz: body weights at birth, 3 and 6 months of age and
the number of births were increased and thus the market outlet was
improved
• Lambs with bigger size and attractive color were obtained and fetch a better
market price
• The mortality rates were reduced due to the combination of breeding with
improved health care and feeding
• Better awareness about inbreeding and the need for breeding rams were
created and well-functioning cooperatives were formed
• Additionally the negative selection, exercised by the local community, has
been reverted as fast growing lambs are being retained for breeding purpose
instead of ending up in markets
4/18/2021 24
Literature review ….)

25.  According to the earlier research studies conducted in detailed by (Solomon,
2014; Abegaze et al., 2016; Jembre et al., 2019; Getachew et al., 2020;
Bewketu et al., 2020 ) on community-based Goat breeding programs were
studied in Ethiopia
 The local goat breeds where the CBBP research conducted in Ethiopia are:-
- Abergelle and Western lowland goat breeds (Solomon, 2014)
- Abergelle, Central Highland and Woyto-Guji goat breeds (Jembre, et al.,
2019)
4/18/2021 25
Experiences from pilot CBBP in Ethiopia- Goat
Literature review …….)

26.  According to the current information available of CBBP activities undertaking by the
National small ruminant research projects (Sheep & Goat commodity); the following Small
ruminant breeds and their implementing areas of the community-based breeding programs
are initiating in the country:-
 Current Community based indigenous Sheep and goat improvement program (Ayele, 2016)
 Abergelle goat CBBP-Tigray
 Abergelle goat CBBP/ Amhara
 Doyo Gana sheep CBBP: South
 Bonga sheep CBBP: South
 Washera sheep CBBP- (EIAR-ARARI-Supported)
 Menz sheep CBBP-EIST/ARARI-ICARDA
 Horro sheep CBBP-Oromiya-ICARDA
 Konso/Woyto-Guji CBBP:
 Black head ogaden sheep CBBP-EIAR supported
 Dauro sheep CBBP-Supported by EIAR-South
 Central highland goat (Minjar, Merhabete) EIAR-supported
 CHGoats/ West Shewa, Gondar, south Wello/LIVES
 Afar sheep CBBP-Afar (EIAR-Supported)
 Atsbi CBBP
4/18/2021 26
Literature review …….)

27. 2.3.2. Challenges of the CBBP in Small ruminants
 There are different challenges are faced on small ruminant CBBP in Ethiopia
 Also several authors are raised and reported the challenges faced on the development and
implementation of Small ruminant CBBP in Ethiopia (Mirkena et al., 2011; Gizaw et al, 2013;
Gutu et al., 2015; Ayele, 2016; Gemeda, 2017; Bruh and Gebretnsae, 2020)
 Disease and poor animal health services
 Shortage of feed
 Poor market access
 Selling selected breeding rams
 Uncontrolled mating system, difficulty of pedigree and performance recording, year
round lambing/kidding pattern,
 Unwillingness of farmers to keep all young rams/bucks until the time of selection,
 incompatible cooperative society proclamation,
 shortage of incentives for participant farmers are identified as main challenges of the
programme
 Extreme delay in legalizing the cooperatives- licensing
 Poor linkage among the different stakeholders
 National data base system is at its infant stage (we need to work to standardize,
formation National data base system)
4/18/2021 27

28.  Crossbreeding, nucleus-based selection and community-based breeding programs were
the different options implemented in Ethiopia to improve the productive performance of
local breeds
 In conclusion, the current and past research studies have been reviewed and discuses
from the available literature such as small ruminant production system, breeding program,
methods of small ruminant breeding program and current community-based sheep and
goat breeding program in the country
 More research studies were undertaken in sheep breeding program than goat breeding
program based on crossbreeding and distribution of crossbreed rams/bucks from stations/
ranches, selective breeding involving central nucleus schemes and the recent community-
based breeding programs
 Moreover, the genetic improvement through such selection programs was too slow and
yielded unsatisfactory results
 To twist the situation, community based breeding program (CBBP) was introduced and
implemented in Afar, Horro, Menz, Atsbi, Bonga, Doyogana, and areas on sheep and
Abergelle goats
4/18/2021 28
3.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
3.1. CONCLUSION

29. 3.2. RECOMMENDATION
4/18/2021 29
 Organizational capacity of cooperatives and monitoring system of National Agricultural
Research System (NARS) need to be enhanced
 Improve transparency of the leadership committees to members
 Support in market linkage and value addition practices
 Ensure farmers access to other services
 Development of simple, cost-effective and objective oriented record keeping scheme
 Regular communication with farmers by arranging consultation meeting and group
discussion, and incorporation of farmer’s feedback in the research design should be
encouraged
 Ensure continuous technical and institutional support to the community flocks/herds
from local or national research and extension services
 Availability of complementary services like affordable health service and access
to adequate and quality feed resources
 Establishment of better market link to ensure returns on investment and strengthening
the financial capacity of cooperatives
 Periodic evaluation of on-going programs for drawbacks identification and adopt
program activities as per evaluated information

30. 30
4/18/2021