1. Photosynthesis

2. Energy
1. Energy is the ability to do
______. Work is defined as
work
applying a force to an object
and moving it through a
distance. We use the equation
W = ______ to calculate work.
Fxd

3. Energy
A. Many different types of energy
exist, including
electromagnetic
_________________,
electrical
___________, ___________,
thermal
mechanical nuclear
___________, ___________
and ___________.
chemical

4. Mechanical Energy
Energy Associated With
Motion

5. Thermal Energy
Total energy of the
particles (atoms) in
an object more
they move, more
thermal energy they
have

6. Chemical Energy
• Potential energy
stored in bonds
that can be
released
–Chocolate;
wood;
matches; Fuel;
ATP; glucose

7. Chemical Energy

8. Electromagnetic
Energy
• Visible Light; Ultraviolet Radiation;
Microwaves; Infrared Radiation

9. Electrical
• Movement of electrons

10. Nuclear Energy
• Energy stored
in the nucleus
of an atom and
released
during nuclear
reactions

11. Energy
B. Energy is originally harnessed
sun
from the ______. It is then
converted in living things from
_______________ energy to
electromagnetic
_________________ energy
chemical
in the form of molecules like
ATP and glucose.

12. Energy
C. Organisms that obtain their energy
from the sun are called
autotrophs
____________. Some examples
include plants,euglena and bacteria.
Organisms that obtain their energy from
the foods they consume are called
heterotrophs
____________. Some examples
include animals, fungi, and bacteria

13. ATP
2. One of the principal compounds that
cells use to store and release energy
Adenosine triphosphate
is called _______________________
(ATP).

14. ATP

15. ADP

16. ATP
A. The energy is stored in the _____
3rd
phosphate bond of ATP.
ENERGY

17. ATP
B. ATP powers a variety of
chemical reactions, including
Active Transport
____________________,
__________________, and
Protein synthesis
muscle contraction. ATP also
helps animal cells to move by
powering their cilia and
flagella.

18. ATP
C. Cells only have a small
amount of ATP on hand at
one time because although
it is great at transferring
_____________ energy, it is
storing
not so good at
________________ it. A
glucose molecule, on the
90x
other hand, can store more
than _____ the chemical
energy of a molecule of

19. ATP
• ATP is therefore
regenerated from ADP
by using this energy from
glucose.
• It is estimated that an
ATP molecule in a
human cell is broken
down and re-synthesized
about 2000-3000 times
per day!

20. Investigating
Photosynthesis

21. Priestley’s Experiment
Injured Air What is that something??
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
Plants produce a substance that keeps a
candle lit.

22. Ingenhousz’s Experiment
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2
Light is a necessary ingredient to keep
candle lit

23. Photosynthesis
Equation
light
• 6 ____ + 6 _____  ________ +6 ___
CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2

24. The main light harnessing
pigment is call
Chlorophyll.
LIGHT

25. Photosynthesis
A. Photosynthesis takes place
inside the organelle called a
_____________, which is
chloroplast
found only in _________,
plants
bacteria and algae cells, NOT
in animal cells.

26. Photosynthesis
one sac-like membrane = space surrounding the membranes =
thylakoid stroma
a stack of membranes =
granum

27. Photosynthesis
C. There are two parts to
photosynthesis, the
Light-dependent
___________________ and
Light-independent
the ___________________
reactions.
D. The light-dependent
reactions take place within
thylakoids
the ___________, while the
light-independent reactions
take place within the
stroma
____________.

28. H2O CO2
Inside a Chloroplast
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light- Calvin
Calvin
dependent cycle
Cycle
reactions
Chloroplast
O2 Glucose
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29. Photosynthesis
G. NADP+ and NADPH
When sunlight excites
electrons in the light-
dependent reactions, they
gain a great deal of
energy and thus need a
special carrier to transport
them. This carrier is
NADP+
called _________. When
the electrons are “on
board”, this carrier
transforms into
NADPH
_________.

30. Light-Dependent
Reactions
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31. •Photosynthesis begins when pigments in
photosystem II absorb light, increasing their energy
level. Inner Thylakoid Space
Photosystem II
Stroma
Thylakoid Membrane Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. •These high-energy electrons are passed on to the
electron transport chain.
Photosystem II
Electron
High-energy
carriers
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electron

33. • Enzymes on the thylakoid membrane break water
molecules into:
Photosystem II
2H2O
Electron
High-energy
carriers
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electron

34. a. hydrogen ions
b. oxygen atoms
c. energized electrons
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Electron
High-energy
carriers
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electron

35. The hydrogen ions are released inside the
thylakoid membrane.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
High-energy
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electron

36. Oxygen is left behind and is released into the air.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
High-energy
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electron

37. The energized electrons from water replace the
high-energy electrons that were already energized.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
High-energy
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electron

38. Energy from the electrons is used to transport H+
ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid
space.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
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39. High-energy electrons move through the electron
transport chain from photosystem II to
photosystem I.
Photosystem II
+ O2
2H2O
Photosystem I
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40. Pigments in photosystem I use energy from
light to re-energize the electrons.
+ O2
2H2O
Photosystem I
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41. NADP+ then picks up these high-energy
electrons, along with H+ ions, and becomes
NADPH.
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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42. Soon, the inside of the membrane fills up with
positively charged hydrogen ions, which makes
the outside of the membrane negatively charged.
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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43. The difference in charges across the membrane
provides the energy to make ATP
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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44. H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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45. The cell membrane contains an enzyme called
ATP synthase that allows H+ ions to pass through it
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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46. As H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, the
protein rotates.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
NADP+
NADPH
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47. As it rotates, ATP synthase binds ADP and a
phosphate group together to produce ATP.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
ADP
NADP+
NADPH
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48. At the end of the light reactions, two energy carriers
go on to power the Calvin Cycle. What are the
names of these two carriers?
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
ADP
NADP+
NADPH
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49. Light-Dependent
Reactions

50. NOW IT’s
TIME FOR THE
CALVIN
CYCLE…

51. The Calvin Cycle
•Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from
the atmosphere and combine with six 5-carbon
molecules.
•
CO2 Enters the Cycle
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52. •The result is twelve 3-carbon molecules, which are
then converted into higher-energy forms.
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53. •The energy for this conversion comes from ATP and
high-energy electrons from NADPH.
•
Energy Input
12
12 ADP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
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54. •Two of twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed
from the cycle.
•
Energy Input
12
12 ADP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
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55. •The molecules are used to produce sugars, lipids,
amino acids and other compounds.
•
12
12 ADP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
6-Carbon sugar
produced
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Sugars and other compounds

56. • The 10 remaining 3-carbon molecules are converted
back into six 5-carbon molecules, which are used to
begin the next cycle.
• 12
12 ADP
6 ADP
12 NADPH
6
12 NADP+
5-Carbon Molecules
Regenerated
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Sugars and other compounds

57. The Calvin Cycle
1. What two ingredients does the Calvin
Cycle use from the Light-dependent
reactions? ________ and _________.
ATP NADPH
2. What additional ingredient is needed
from the environment? ______ How
CO2
many of these molecules are used to
produce a single glucose? ______
Six

58. Calvin Cycle YUMMY IN
MY
TUMMY
3. What is the overall product that is
produced? _____________
glucose
4. How are the ATP molecules and
NADPH molecules used in the Calvin
Cycle?
A.ATP & NADPH convert carbon compounds
into higher energy forms
B. ATP assists in recycling the carbon
compounds

59. Calvin Cycle
5. How does the plant use these sugars?
A. Energy
B. Storage - starch and cellulose
6. What three factors mentioned in your book
affect the rate at which photosynthesis
occurs?
A.H2O
B.Temperature
C.Light Intensity