a presentation about glass as a construction material.

1. Glass
Glass as a architectural material

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Abstract
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Glass is an ancient building material, which facilitated
penetration of light into buildings. Once it was used
exclusively for window panes, whereas nowadays
there are examples of structures made of glass only.
Apart from the traditional non-bearing application in
engineering, it is progressively used for construction
of bearing elements. The progressively stricter
regulations dealing with energy efficiency of the
buildings gives rise to application of special
characteristics glass of high performance, but also to
the more intensive research in this field. The
adequate choice of the glass type can to a great
extent improve the energy efficiency of the building.

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Glass in Construction
Glass is used in facades as
well as a construction
material
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Classification
Architectural glass comes in three different strength categories:
Annealed glass
Annealed glass is the most
commonly used
architectural glass. It has
good surface flatness
because. On the downside,
annealed glass breaks into
sharp, dangerous shards
Heat-Strengthened
Glass
Heat-strengthened glass
has at least twice the
strength and resistance to
breakage from wind loads
or thermal stresses
comparing to annealed
glass. Like annealed glass,
heat-strengthened glass
can break into large shards
Fully-tempered
Glass
Fully-tempered glass
(toughened glass) provides
at least four times the
strength of annealed glass,
which gives it superior
resistance to glass
breakage
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SPECIALIZED GLASS
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○ Laminated glass involves sandwiching a transparent sheet of
polymer, such as polyvinyl butyral, between two or more layers
of flat glass using an adhesive. Because it can prevent the fall-out
of dangerous glass shards following fracture, it is often used as
safety glazing and as overhead glazing in skylights. It is a durable
and versatile glass with plastic interlayer which provides
protection from ultraviolet rays and attenuates vibration, and
gives laminated glass good acoustical characteristics. Can be used
in a variety of environments.
○ Insulating glass consists of two or more layers of glass separated
by a hermetically sealed space for thermal insulation and
condensation control. The airspace between the glass layers can
be filled during the manufacturing process with either dry air or a
low-conductivity gas, such as sulphur hexafluoride or argon. The
thermal performance of double-glazed or triple-glazed windows
can be further improved by the addition of a low-emissivity
coating on one or all of the layers of glass. The air space also
reduces heat gain and loss, as well as sound transmission, which
gives the insulating glass superior thermal performance and
acoustical characteristics compared to single glazing. Most
commercial windows, curtain walls, and skylights contain
insulating glass.

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SPECIALIZED GLASS
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○ Coated glass is covered with reflective or low-emissivity (low-E)
coatings. In addition to providing aesthetic appeal, the coatings
improve the thermal performance of the glass by reflecting
visible light and infrared radiation.
○ Tinted glass contains minerals that colour the glass uniformly
through its thickness and promote absorption of visible light and
infrared radiation.
○ Wire glass involves steel wires rolled into sheets of glass. A wire
mesh is inserted during the manufacturing of plate glass,
allowing the glass to adhere together when cracked. It can
qualify as safety glass for some applications.

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SPECIALGLASSCOATINGS
Glass provides high compression strength and
perfect transparency – but also the possibility
to alter its transparency through the
integration of materials which have a
switchable light transmissivity
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○ Self-cleaning or easy-to-clean glass uses titanium dioxide
coatings as a catalyst to break up organic deposits. It requires
direct sunlight to sustain the chemical reaction and rainwater to
wash off the residue. Inorganic deposits are not affected by the
coatings.
○ Photochromic coatings incorporate organic photochromic dyes
to produce self-shading glass. Originally developed for
sunglasses, these coatings are self-adjusting to ambient light and
reduce visible light transmission through the glass. They provide
a more evenly (in terms of time) distributed illumination of
interior space regardless of exterior variations and they are
typically used to provide shading.
○ electrochromic coatings utilizes a small electrical voltage,
adjusted with dimmable ballasts, to adjust the shading
coefficient and visible light transmission
○ Thermochromic laminated glazing (TLG) enables to regulate
daylight, automatically adapting dynamically to the continuously
changing climatic conditions, aids in reducing the energy needs
of a building and providing thermal comfort.

8. GlassasaStructuralMaterial
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Glass as a Structural Material
Glass use in buildings, aside from windows, began as glass façades and
claddings that were supported by steel. Innovative designers have
continually tried to push the limits of glass, and are now using glass for
nearly all major building components including canopies, floors, stairs,
beams, and columns.
While it is not always required, safety glass is preferred for most
structural members. This is to protect anyone who may be nearby if a
member were to fail. Although heat strengthened glass and fully
tempered glass are approximately two to four times stronger than
annealed glass of equal thickness, neither is considered a safety glass.
This is because they crumble when broken. Tempered glass breaks into
small cubes that do not have sharp edges, but they can still be
dangerous if they fall from overhead. Laminated glass is the best
solution for safety glass in a building. Because of its tendency to stick
together when broken, it limits the amount of debris from a member if
it were to fail. To be considered safety glass, laminated glass must meet
certain requirements.
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○ During the nineteenth century, glazed roofs and canopies
began to appear in buildings. Their popularity grew because
they would allow natural light into areas that previously 26
prevented it.
○ Recently glass claddings have gained popularity. When first
introduced to the market, they were simply steel frames that
had glass panels spanning between them. As the desire for
transparency increased, the amount of steel used in these
systems decreased. The latest trend is to replace the steel
mullions with glass fins. These fins support and stabilize the
panels, also known as main plates
○ Before the use of steel mullion claddings, a type of glass
brick was used to create the appearance of a glass-face.
○ Glass floors, glass stairs are becoming more common. Some
staircases are a combination of glass treads with steel
support and others are all glass that only use steel for
connections. Glass treads are usually made of laminated
glass
Glassasastructuralmember
Different applications of structural glass
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Glassasastructuralmember
Different applications of structural glass
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○ To completely remove any visual obstructions, designers need to
eliminate the use of steel as a supporting member. This is done
by removing steel beams and replacing them with glass beams.
Like other structural glass members, beams are made of
laminated glass.
○ Even when glass beams were being used in buildings, most
columns were still made of steel or concrete. Although glass
works well under compression, it is difficult to prevent a glass
column from buckling
○ Laminated Glass Column Configurations
• 1. Bundle of massive glass bars, glued together.
• 2. Cylinders glued together.
• 3. Rectangular glass panels, laminated.

12. T.Y. ‘B’.
Kratika jain
Payal Navale
Shakshi Khatri
Mayank Singh
Amey Malikpethkar
Shashank Mishra
Mazeen Kazi
Parth Bawle
&
Mohit Kamble