Facades and envelopes

FAÇADES AND ENVELOPES
BY:
ALAFIYA TALIB
PANKAJ NANDARGIKAR
AVITA NORONHA
MADEEHA SHAIKH
LULUA NAZIR
RUKAIYA SHAIKH
TARABKHANAM SHAIKH
KARAN ANTHONY
FAHAD SHAIKH

INTRODUCTION
BUILDING ENVELOPE
 separates indoor environment from outside environment
providing comfortable indoor environment through an
appropriate balance of passive and active technology.
 Building envelopes are designed with respect to
environmental, technological, socio-cultural, functional
and aesthetic determinants.
 Building envelopes consists of the roof, walls, slabs ,doors,
windows, etc.
 The major focus in designing buildings is on making them
sustainable by reducing energy consumption without
compromising on user’s comfort.
 ‘façade’ can refer to any predominantly vertical face of a
building envelope, such as an external wall.
 A façade refers to one side, usually the front, of a building.
It is an integral piece to the overall design of a building.
 It provides the opportunity to create a personality and
character to a building.
 The façade can be living, mechanical, or false depending
on the architectural design.
BUILDING FACADE

IMPORTANCE OF GOOD FACADE AND ENVELOPE DESIGN
 The building envelope components,
two key functions: weather barrier
against the environmental factors for
air and water infiltration and light
transmittance to the interior space.
 an elegant component that helps to
define the unique architectural
aesthetics of the building
 Support (to resist and transfer
mechanical loads)
 Control (the flow of matter and
energy of all types)
Novancia Business School
builcorp
Hawa mahal rajasthan
The orange cube
Poly international
parkpalette

CLASSIFICATION OF FAÇADE AND ENVELOPES
CURTAIN WALL DOUBLE SKIN FACADE CLADDING/PANELLING
• The framing is attached to the
building structure and does not
carry the floor or roof loads of
the building.
• The wind and gravity loads of
the curtain wall are transferred
to the building structure,
typically at the floor line.
• The double-skin facade is a system
of building consisting of two skins,
or facades, placed in such a way
that air flows in the intermediate
cavity.
• The ventilation of the cavity can be
natural, fan supported or
mechanical.
• the external appearance of a
building. Mostly, the term is used
when making reference to design,
style or color.
• External cladding, on the other
hand, refers to an external
protective layer that protects and
beautifies a building envelope

COMPARATIVE CHART - CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS
MATERIAL
REFERENCE
IMAGE
SUITABLE
CLIMATE
SPECIFIC HEAT
CAPACITY
(J/Kg.K)
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVTY
(W/m.K)
DENSITY
(kg/m3)
‘U’ VALUE
(W/m2.K)
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
CONCRETE HUMID 1000 1.13 2000 0.18 TO 0.99 0.16
ALUMINIUM COLD 896 250 2700 5.34 TO 5.65 0.23
STEEL COLD AND DRY 480 45 7800 0.65 TO 1.2 0.12
POLYCARBONATE MODERATE 1200 0.19 – 0.22 1200 0.9 TO 0.56 1.19
PVC MODERATE 900 0.14 – 0.28 1350 1.13 TO 1.19 1.4
GLASS TROPICAL 840 0.8 2200 0.7 TO 1.22 0.16
TIMBER COLD 1200 0.14 650 0.5 TO 0.64 0.5
TERRACOTTA HOT AND DRY 900 0.31 1700 0.08 1.5

GLAZED ENVELOPE - FRAMELESS CURTAIN WALL
• One of the most used building facades is the Frameless, which offers beauty; proper sealing, simple installation, and convenient
loading. In this system, the surface of the facade is completely sub structured into a grid.
• The presence of sealing rubber around frames and glass makes the surface of the façade completely insulated (water and air
sealing) and the most important point of this system is that the surface of the facade is more uniform in terms of the material.
• Besides, opening windows are not visible. These reasons have made the system more attractive to most building designers.
GLASS FINS TENSION CABLES VERTICAL TRUSS SYSTEM CABLE NET SYSTEM
TYPES OF SUPPORT SYSTEM
An exclusive structural wall system
comprised of facade glass panels
and vertical glass mullions designed
to resist site specific design loads.
These are suspended from minimal
stainless steel tension rods or pre-
stressed cables. Almost invisible to
the eye and completely frameless.
Non-structural truss that extends from a
structural wall system solely for the
purpose of holding cavity fill insulation.
Also known as a Larson Truss.
A specially designed glass wall where
the construction carrying the glass is of
stainless steel cables stretched in a cross
weave, creating a delicate appearance

GLAZED ENVELOPE
SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES CHICAGO
The building is innovative and environmentally sustainable.
It is a 10 storey building: 161 feet tall and 80 feet wide. The geometry of the
façade is unique because the surface tilts in three dimensions.
The lightness of the wall and absolute minimal use of materials offer great
efficiency and sustainability. façade’s dynamic crystalline form allow light to
extend into the narrow building Individual units of glass that are
parallelograms rather than rectangles.
STICK-TYPE CURTAIN WALL GLAZING SYSTEM UNITIZED FRAMING SYSTEM
keeping in mind the shape of the structure making it flat and not
convex glazing sheets to reflect harsh heavy rays. Hence double layer
glass set with extruded aluminum frames were provided The glass is
positioned vertical in the frame and segmented around the tower. This
is to avoid the distortions due to the heat treatment of the glass.
ARCHITECT: Adrian Smith
( SOM)
The exterior cladding is
comprised of reflective
glazing with aluminum
and textured stainless
Steel spandrel panels and
stainless steel vertical
tubular fins. The whole
structures was comprised
of 28000 prefab panels.
TYPES OF GLASS
FLOAT GLASS REFLECTIVE GLASS
TINTED GLASS
PATTERNED GLASS INSULATING GLASS

CONVENTIONAL ENVELOPE
• Manufactured with natural and aged raw clay without other
chemicals, fired at high temperatures, terracotta cladding is an
architectural cladding material that provides certain degree of
thermal insulation and weather resistance while creating an
aesthetically pleasing facade.
TERRACOTA STRUCTURE TIMBER STRUCTURE
Ho chi minh house by Sanuki Daisuke Architects chose terracotta for its
relatively low cost. The perforated blocks also provide natural
ventilation and cooling by shading, while still maintaining privacy from
the street. This helps filter the harsh sunlight
Diamond and floral motifs are cut through the terracotta
facade fronting the building
The Miramar house has wooden shutters which permit the residents to
be in charge of the interior temperature of the house. Moreover, they
give the needed privacy for the owners. The lower story is separated
from the outside by gliding transparent doors while the upper one is
equipped with a wooden-shutter arrangement.
Flexibility in use, as it can be made into various forms and profiles
Adaptability, as it can be equally adapted to offsite or factory construction
Technically simple, as it utilises simple, tried and proven construction and
erection technologies. Lightweight, making it easy to transport and handle
Aesthetics. Timber facades can also be creative, and used to add visual
interest and help a building tell its story Low carbon footprint.

CONCRETE ENVELOPE
• Concrete even though a material that retains heat can also be used to create a stable and efficient indoor environment with its
envelope.
• Concrete can easily reflects heats as well as radiation when treated with suitable coatings that makes it a good and strong material
for structures.
• As a rigid material, it can with stand the toughest of weather and same time maintaining a better inside environment and is best
for sound proofing also.
CONCRETE FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
Mülimatt Gymnasium by Studio Vachini, Switzerland
The folded plates are made up of pre cast concrete panels on façade
and roof. The roof is rigid while the façade have triangular glazing that
gives an interesting form. The concrete not only helps in structural
loads but also provides better climate control for a relatively cold
climate of Switzerland. The glass glazing also helps in retaining heat
that helps in less heating loads in winters. The exposed concrete also
gives a bold aesthetic to overall structure.
CONCRETE SHELL STRUCTURE
PALAZZETTO DELO SPORTS by Pier Luigi Nergi, Rome, Italy
A 60m diameter in plan, this structure comprises of an indoor large
stadium that was made to serve as a location for 1960 Olympics. The
roof is made up of concrete shell supported by concrete ribs. At the
center top of the dome, an opening was provided for stack ventilation
as well as day light that inspired from the Pantheon. Smooth surface of
dome helped reflect the light back. The stack effect consists of air
entering from sides and exiting from top.

METAL ENVELOPE CLADDING
• Metals are the material that absorbs and reflects light to the surrounding making them a more suitable material for colder
climates.
• These provide huge design advantages as the material is very flexible not just physically but also in the scope of designing and
application on facades.
• The material is relatively a light weight one with huge designing possibility considering not much of structural constraints.
ALUMINIUM CLADDING
ESSEX CROSSINGS by SHoP Architects, New York City, USA
A very slight twist that the Architect termed as ‘Torqued’ nature of
structure inspired the use of Aluminum panels for its flexibility. The
champagne colored aluminum sheets had a special coating that
catches the light but disperses instead of reflecting it on neighbors.
This gave an interesting glowing façade design that used reflectivity
and flexibility of aluminum material in a fascinating way.
STAINLESS STEEL CLADDING
LILLEHAMMER ART MUSEUM by Snøhetta, Norway
The art museum in Norway used a very unique expression of shooting
star blasting through the universe giving a rippled effect. This was very
much evident on the façade block that was made completely out of
stainless steel. Using the flexibility of material, the façade actually
consists of the undulations that go 250mm deep at its maximum
differences in levelling. Another reason of using the material is
corrosion resistance feature of the metal stainless steel.

POLY MER FAÇADE CLADDING
• Polymer façade uses various qualities and advantages of plastic as material for building facades.
• The material is extreme light weight as well as durable giving a good results structurally.
• Variants of this material can also be rendered translucent giving an interesting façade element that looks much different than the
conventional glass.
• The material is also weather resistant and the aesthetics can render the surface that can mimic other materials visually like wood,
metal, blocks, etc.
POLYCARBONATE PANELLING
HARVARD ART LAB by Barkow Leibinger, Harvard
The steel frame is clad in transparent insulated glass and lightweight
high-insulating polycarbonate panels. These panels range from
transparent to translucent to opaque, exploiting diffuse natural light
and a street-level view by day, emerging as a glowing “lightbox” by
night. These materials emphasize the building’s ephemerality while
providing a robust and adaptable space for the arts.
PVC FAÇADE PANELLING
PVC is a very flexible material with innumerable application in facades
for paneling. Being a weather proof and light weight material is the
biggest advantage of PVC for paneling. The panels can render wood in
best way giving the appearance in a budget friendly way. This cladding
have acoustical advantages as well in some cases.

COMPARATIVE CHART – New facade MATERIALS
MATERIAL
REFERENCE
IMAGE CASE STUDY
REFERENCE
IMAGE
CLIMATE PROPERTIES
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(W/m.K)
ARAMID
(high tech fibre )
TEXTILE
MANUFACTURI
NG COMPANY,
SOUTH KOREA
EXTREME
CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
• 5 times the tensile strength of iron.
• Sustainable material
• Resistance to impact ,cracking
• Low density (1.3 g/cubic cm)
• Low thermal expansion
• Non conductive
• Resistance to vibration, absorption
0.25
REFLECTIVE
METAL
PANELS
BUDDY HOLLY
HALL FOR ARTS
& SCIENCE,
TEXAS
COLD AND
DRY CLIMATE
• Blocks direct sunlight
• Translucent
• Porous
• Zero consumption energy
0.122
GLAZED
CERAMIC TILES
PLANNING
EXHIBITION
CENTER, CHINA
EXTREME
WINTERS
AND MILD
SUMMERS
• Light weight
• Good insulation properties
• fire proof
• High acoustic damper
• Easy to lay
• Low water absorption
3.3
TRANSLUCENT
FIBREGLASS
KINDERGARTEN
IN CZECH
REPUBLIC
MODERATE
CLIMATE
• UV stabilized
• Shatter resistant
• Light diffuser and translucent
0.05

COMPARATIVE CHART – New facade MATERIALS
MATERIAL
REFERENCE
IMAGE CASE STUDY
REFERENCE
IMAGE
CLIMATE PROPERTIES
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(W/m.K)
GREEN
FACADES
SKY VILLA
PROJECT
MODERATE
• Maximum temp decrease 8.4 degree c
• absorb and retain rainwater and can be
used to manage stormwater run-off
0.062
TRANSLUCENT
CONCRETE
ITALIAN
PAVILION FOR
THE EXPO
SHANGHAI 2010
EXTREME
WINTERS AND
MILD SUMMERS
• Consists of cement and fine aggregate
• Does not contain coarse aggregate
• Optical fibres casted within to help
transmit light
0.3815
PERFORATED
POLYMERE
CONCRETE
PANELS
MERCADO DE LA
ALQUERIA
MEDITERRANEAN
CLIMATE
• High performance polymere panels
• Non porous and very light
• Post graffiti treatment and high color
durability
• Easy maintenance and good ventilation
1-4
BRONZE FINS
NORTHEASTERN
UNIVERSITY
INTERDISCIPLIN
ARY SCIENCE
&ENGINEERING
COMPLEX
HUMID SUMMERS
AND SNOWY
SUMMERS
• High durability
• High aesthetic appeal
• Acts like curtain wall
• Rain screen protection
• Mitigates direct solar gains
0.58

NEW FACADE MATERIALS
PRE FABRICATED CASSETTES WITH TEXTURED GLASS
• Vented material for finishing are often called
cassette. The main feature of these products is
their design . The edges of the cassettes are bent
inward, due to which they have similarities with
the box..
• The bottom edge is hooking; it contains openings
for exiting the accumulated condensate and
ventilating the base
BRONZE FINES
• Northeastern University’s new Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering
Complex (ISEC) One of the defining characteristics of this building is its
complex facade.
• The bronze, curved fins march across the curving office block, undulating in
plan and split in elevation to create a free-form shape.
• In combination with the high-performance glazed curtain wall and the
building’s mechanical system, they balance the facade’s thermal, daylighting,
and comfort performance requirements
• The Futurium has been built to host events and exhibitions that showcase
possible scenarios on the changing shape of life. Modular facade system
consisting of prefabricated cassettes combining translucent textured glass on
the front with a folded metal reflector on the back.
• The optical interplay of reflective, translucent and transparent surfaces results
in a smooth and shimmering skin transforming continuously over the course of
the day depending on the lighting conditions and viewing angle.
FUTURIUM BERLIN
BERLIN BASED ARCHITECTS RICHTER MUSIKOWSKI
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY INTERDISCIPLINARY
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING COMPLEX
• Bronze is growing in popularity, mainly because
of its high aesthetic appeal and durable, long
lasting properties that provides robust
protection from the elements.
• The fins contribute to the daylighting and
thermal strategy by mitigating direct solar gains

NEW FACADE MATERIALS
• Translucent concrete is a concrete based building
material with light-transmissive properties due to
embedded light optical elements — usually optical fibers.
• Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the
other. Therefore, the fibers have to go through the whole
object.
• This results in a certain light pattern on the other surface,
depending on the fiber structure. Shadows cast onto one
side appear as silhouettes through the material
• The pavilion design is a square plan of 3,600
sqm for a height of 20 m
• The building is grazed on three sides by a
water blade which reflects and redoubles it
so as to intensify its natural light effects.
• Covered with ‘transparent concrete’, a
material of latest conception made up of
concrete and polymers;
• In fact, the project proposes a building which,
within a typical model of the Italian fabric of the
city, attempts to incorporate an interpretation,
from an architectural point of view, of the
Chinese play of the building and of the Shanghai
ITALIAN PAVILION FOR THE EXPO
SHANGHAI 2010
IODICEARCHITETTI AS ARCHITECTS
• perforated panels architects can combine different
designs to customize their projects.
• The product lays claim to an impressive list of
virtues like high resistance to traction,
compression, shock, industrial/ saline
environments, chemicals, temperature, freezing
and thawing environments, etc.
La Alquería Market was opened in
Dos Hermanas, Seville, Spain This
project features more than 1900
square meters of ventilated panels
They were able to create
a custom engineered stone facade
solution inspired by the Neo-
Mudéjar style that is local to the
region
PERFORATED POLYMER CONCRETE PANELS
TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE
MERCADO DE LA ALQUERIA

NEW FAÇADE MATERIALS:
Designed by: Architect PetrStolin.
• aim of balancing plentiful outdoor space with
the need for security and privacy.
• An inner building is covered by a fibreglass-
clad wooden frame, and the whole structure is
then wrapped by a steel and fibreglass shell.
The gap between the two layers forms a
terrace space.
KINDERGARTEN IN CZECH REPUBLIC
ADVANTAGES
• Green roofs absorb and retain
rainwater and can be used to manage
stormwater run-off in urban
environments.
• They can also filter particulates and
pollutants.
• Additional water storage capacity in
green roof systems can be provided.
• Temperatures can be reduced
• Green roofs can contribute to and
enhance biodiversity
• It can also provide a link or corridor
across urban ecological deserts and
assist in migration of invertebrates
and birds.
• The green facades are created by
growing plants across the façade
provided in front of a building.
• often climbing plants grown either at
the base of the building in garden
beds or by plants grown in the
containers installed at different levels
across the building.
• They cost less, are easy to install and
demands little maintenance in the
entire year
GREEN FACADES TRANSLUCENT FIBRE GLASS

Designed by : Architect Kolon
• Interconnected sun shade system.
• Folded façade morphosis type design.
• Made from high tech fibre (reinforced
fibre).
• 5 times the tensile strength of iron.
• It is used in everything from bullet-proof
vests to aircraft parts.
• Striking and sustainable building
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SOUTH KOREA
BUDDY HOLLY HALL FOR ARTS & SCIENCE, TEXAS
Designed by : Diamond
Schmitt architects.
• intricate facade is designed to shade the
venue from Texas' extreme climate.
• The upper part is claded insulated metal
panels that have deep interior sills to prevent
the building's solar gain.
AMARID REFLECTIVE METAL PANELS

Designed by: Architect Playze.
• Skin of planeglazed ceramic tiles.
• The tiled surface sweeps around the
upper level of the entire centre like a
green hill.
• Varying gaps between each tile have
created a screen that is solid in some
areas and more open in others.
PLANNING EXHIBITION CENTER, CHINA
Designed By: Architecture studio DROO.
• facade that looks and feels like crumpled paper.
• The facade is made from a recycled resin and
concrete composite called Acantha Papyrus,
developed by facade specialist Carea.
• The texture was achieved by digitally mapping
real paper, creating a mould that could be used in
the fabrication of panels.
RESIDENTIAL & OFFICE BUILDING , LONDON:
CERAMIC TILES ACANTHA PAPYRUS

SUSTAINABLE FAÇADES – USING “RECYCLED MATERIALS”
COMPARATIVE CHART OF THE MATERIALS
MATERIAL CASE STUDY APPLICATION
THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
‘R’ VALUE
m2.K/W
LIGHT QUALITY
OTHER CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled
Semi-
Transparent
Plastic
Baskets
• Flexible architectural
element.
• 1,500 structural semi-
transparent baskets.
• The surface minimizes the
separation between the
inside and outside.
• The baskets are directly
installed on a framing
structure behind.
0.25 W/(m.K) 0.170 –
0.180
- Light and
silhouettes beyond
the space show
through.
- Passage of time is
more actively sensed
from both inside and
outside, as these
light effects stimulate
our senses
- The course of the day,
changes show on
the surface of the wall due
to the diffusion and
reflection of the material.
- When the building is
demolished in 2 years, the
baskets can be reused.
- Offers great resistance
against moisture.
Recycled
Bricks
• Saint Bernard's Chapel (the
local patron saint) rises in a
small grove, originally
occupied by a rural house and
its yards.
• The structure is a complete
envelope made with recycled
bricks.
0.4 – 0.7 W/(m.K) 0.80 - The chapel´s
volume opens up
towards the sun,
capturing the natural
light of the sunset in
the interior.
- The shadow of the
horizontal poles
outside, slides along
the curved interior,
overlapping with
each other.
- The old structure is
dismantled in order to
reuse their materials,
especially its one-
hundred-year-old bricks.
- Properties such as
thermal and hygric storage
capacity.
- Both, self shading effects
as well as evaporation
cooling.
- Counteracts the urban
heat island effect.
Naju Art Museum,
South Korea
Capila San Bernardo,
Argentina

THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
‘R’ VALUE
m2.K/W
LIGHT QUALITY
OTHER CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled
Plastic
Ice-cream
containers
• 2000 ice cream buckets,
interpreted as zeros
(opened) and ones (closed),
in the form of a binary code.
• Code – “Books are the
windows to the world”.
• The buckets are placed in
between vertical steel ribs
spanning from floor to roof
and are inclined towards the
outside to repel rainwater.
0.50 W/(m.K) 0.450 –
0.500
- A pleasant indoor
light ambiance since
they scatter direct
sunlight and act as
natural light bulbs.
- A pleasant indoor climate
without the use of air
conditioning.
- Façade material shades
the interior, lets daylight
pass and enables enough
cross ventilation.
Recycled
Ceramic
Bricks
• The inside offers many voids
while the outside has
double-skin facade including
the inner layer as all-glass
panels. Ceramic bricks-
40x40cm.
• The layer of ceramic bricks is
to purify dust and smoke,
suck in fresh air and take
heat away through open
panels alternated. This filter
helps revitalize the
architectural space.
0.6 – 1.7 W/(m.K) 0.25 – 1.00 - There is an
interesting pattern
created due to the
shades and shadows
offered by the play of
light through the
tiles.
- Featured in both living
and working space, it is a
solution to the quality
improvement of used
space by creating a natural
sense of breathing rhythm
in monsoon tropical
conditions.
- Pot plants are also
randomly arranged to
absorb the humidity and
mitigate calorific
radiation.
Bima Micro-library,
Indonesia
Properly Breathing
House, Vietnam

THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
‘R’ VALUE
m2.K/W
LIGHT QUALITY
OTHER CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled
Windows
(Wooden)
• All the abandoned old things
collected from a previous
project used to create a
fresher place which still
keeps traditional values of
the former house.
• The old windows were used
as the main material.
• Installed on the already
existing building fabric.
0.04 – 0.12
W/(m.K)
0.71 – 1.41 - Some open
windows on the roof
provide the trees
beneath with space
and natural light.
- These windows also
turn up inside the
house as light
partitions, separate
and decorate space.
- The windows have been
used in Vietnam for a long
time because of its
ventilation.
- Rearranged into a new
facade with different
colours, it covers the old
façade and wraps it up to
the rooftop and creates a
special attraction.
Recycled
Plastic
Bottles
• Made of 53,780 recycled
bottles.
• Head in the Clouds is a space
where visitors can enter into
and contemplate the light
and colour filtering through
the bottles from the inside,
out.
• The structure is an enclosure
made entirely with PET
Bottles construction
technique.
0.33 W/(m.K) 0.320 –
0.350
- There is an
interesting pattern
created due to the
transparency which
allows light in its
original direction and
some are translucent
which allows light
but changes light
rays direction.
- Used bottles from
organizations, businesses,
schools, and individuals
throughout New York
City and beyond; were
repurposed to construct
the pavilion by more than
200 volunteers.
- Resistance against
weathering.
Head in the Clouds
Pavilion, NYC
Vegan House, Vietnam

THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
‘R’ VALUE LIGHT QUALITY
OTHER CLIMATE
RESPONSIVE FACTORS
Recycled
Grey Green
Bricks
Chi She Exhibition
Centre, Shanghai,
China
•Applied to the
previously existing
masonry wall.
•Applied with the
robotic masonry
fabrication technique,
which accomplishes the
first endeavor to utilize
the advanced digital
fabrication technology
to construct on site.
0.4 – 0.7 W/(m.K) 0.80 •Since this façade is
enveloping an already
existing masonry wall,
no effect on lighting of
the interior spaces.
•The undulating surface
of the façade bounces
off light in different
angles, creating a visual
texture of the walls.
•As it is a double skin façade,
it helps the keep the
interiors of the exhibition
hall cooler than usual.
•Since the base material of
the façade is clay, it
inherently helps to keep the
structure cooler.
•The grey green bricks used
are off an old demolished
building, thus following the
policy of no waste – recycle.
Recycled
Plastic
Sheets
The Gallery of
Furniture, Czech
Republic
• Comprised of 900
black plastic chairs.
•Individual seats are
fixed on a structure
made from steel
sections fixed on the
façade.
•Easily removable
structure.
0.33 – 0.5 W/(m.K) 0.85 -1.25 •The base façade is
made up of frosted
glass. So the light
entering the room is
subdued and patterned
by the silhouette of the
chairs outside.
•Most of the interior
lighting is dependant on
artificial lighting.
•The colour of the chairs
used is black granulate is
used for the outdoors
because it is resistant to
different weather
conditions, especially UV
light.
•Helps with the recycle and
reuse policy as these plastic
chairs can be dismantled
and used again.

THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
‘R’ VALUE LIGHT QUALITY
OTHER CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
FACTORS
Recycled
Terracotta
Roof Tiles
The Beehive, Australia
•Façade comprises of tile
course fixed to main façade
by custom steel joints.
•Each tile course placed
based on its function.
Acute course at bottom -
strength & to obscure the
spandrels. Equilateral tiles
at eyelevel- reduce visual
obstructions. -Diagonal
tiles at the top due to their
low clearance and were
angled north.
0.31 W/(m.K) 12.5 •The brise-soleil
façade filters the
harsh sun while at
the same time
maximizing light
through the small 8m
wide frontage.
•The base façade is
composed of glass,
allowing
transparency for the
light to filter in
through patterns.
•The use of terracotta, an
inherently cooler material
helps to reduce load on active
cooling systems.
•Material reuse solves both
these environmental impacts
and is by far the cooling most
efficient form of building.
•The curved tile façade, gives
it a proportion within its built
context by linking its
misaligned neighboring
buildings.
Recycled Fly
Ash Bricks
Rane Vidyalaya School,
Thirampalayam, India
• Layering starting from
huge random rubble &
stone at bottom, to finer
solid brick work, mud and
slate on top. Alternating
wall layers of grey fly ash
brick recycled from
industrial cement waste
were used.
•Source material from local
areas.
0.36 W/(m.K) 0.5 -0.8 •Perforations in the
facade and the roof
slab allow the light
to filter into the
space in interesting
shapes and patterns.
•Entire structure
gives an effect of
shade as well as well
lit and airy at the
same time.
•The grey fly ash bricks help
address the microclimate of
the structure by keeping it
cool during harsh summer
months.

• Sustainable and climate responsive structures have become the need of the time due to the extreme climatic crisis faced today.
• With the aim of supporting architects to become active agents of sustainable design, facades that incorporate different recycled
materials are being used.
• Beyond the typical uses of plastic and glass, innovative materials such as mattress springs, ice cream containers, plastic chairs, and
recycled waste from agricultural and industrial products are also being used to create an attractive facade.
RECYCLED TILES
STRUCTURE: Ningbo Historic Museum, China
The architects designed the façade of the building as if it was the surface
of a mountain comprised of massive reinforced concrete walls, partly clad
in recycled terracotta and clay tiles. By recycling materials from the
demolished buildings that once constituted the existing site, Wang and Lu
were trying to recall a past that was almost forgotten. In Wang and Lu's
design, the past has been turned into the permanent inner lining of the
formwork, providing a randomly decorative coating.
RECYCLED AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE
PRODUCTS
STRUCTURE: Backyard Cabin, Oakland
Over 4,500 3D-printed ceramic tiles clad the exterior of the
building. Up-cycled agricultural and industrial waste products,
and at times its custom materials. Grape skins, salt, cement, and
sawdust, among others, have been integrated to create variety
among the tiles.

STRUCTURE: The Luxury Pavilion, Dubai
The outer skin of the pavilion is a mesh of
entwined bedsprings that naturally lends itself
to an organic form, floating amongst the
surrounding buildings.
RECYCLED BEDSPRINGS
STRUCTURE: The Recycled Pallet Pavilion
The office is oriented to identifying design
strategies towards ecology, flexible systems,
biodiversity, and recycled materials in the
urban context. The 100 square meters
detachable structure is made up of
prefabricated pallets forming an articulated
wooden diamond structure.
RECYCLED PALLETS

COMPARATIVE CHART – SHADING DEVICES
Shading Device Horizontal
Canopy
Inclined louver
Canopy
Vertical fins Surrounding
shades
Inclined double
louvered
Canopy
Vertical Louvers Hortizontal
Louvers
Suitable Climate Cold Cold / Tropical Hot Moderate Tropical Hot Hot
Visual Permeability 100% 85% 95% 97% 70% 55% 60%
Glare Protection Moderate Moderate High High Moderate High High
Radiant Temperature(C) 19,71-26,50 19,36-26,18 19,32-26,91 18,96-25,97 18,22-25,31 19,50-26,20 18,85-25,64
Daylighting(Lux) 155-2392 136-2418 90-1892 82-1534 89-803 6-314 92-731
Peak electricity
Consumption(kwH)
13900
(13%
Reduction)
13750
(14%
Reduction)
14000
(12%
Reduction)
13100
(18%
Reduction)
12600
(21%
Reduction)
12500
(21% Reduction)
12500
(21% Reduction)
Solar gains exterior
windows
128040
(30%
Reduction)
111620
(39%
Reduction)
105890
(42%
Reduction)
85057
(54%
Reduction)
65834
(64%
Reduction)
48079
(74% Reduction)
74539
(60%
Reduction)

SMART FACADES WITH SHADING DEVICES
Introduction
• Sun Shading Devices inhibit the solar radiation (block,
allow, etc.) incident on a building and are used either
internally or externally or in between the internal and
the external building space.
• They can be any mechanical equipment (like dynamic
facades), projections (chajja), cantilevers, louvres, fins,
jaalis, or even textiles.
• They can be fixed, manual and automatic moveable.
• The primary objective of creating a comfortable internal
environment, that is, cool in the summer and warm in
the winter.
Use of shading
• Solar controls should be considered for all glazed
openings exposed to direct sunlight.
• Solar control is particularly important on south to west-
facing facades, since the solar gains will coincide with
the hottest part of the day.
Constraints of shading devices
• Sun path and wind direction are usually different.
• There will be a need for admitting controlled levels of
diffused daylight.
• In most cases there will be a requirement of views out of
the window.

TYPES

• The project concept is inspired by the traditional Islamic object the
“Mashrabiya” and motifs to stand out with two circular towers
covered by a honeycomb-inspired structure and its automated
dynamic solar screen.
• The “Mashrabiya” is a wooden lattice screen found in traditional
Islamic architecture and used as a device for achieving privacy and
environmental control including natural ventilation, solar control, and
glare reduction.
• The pioneering shading screen of the towers, controlled by computer,
operates as a curtain-wall, positioned two metres from the exterior
façade of the buildings in an independent frame.
• Each triangle is covered in micro-perforated glass fibre and
programmed to respond to the movement of the sun in order to
reduce the solar gain and glare.
CASE STUDY 1 – AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI (AEDAS ARCHITECTS)
Fully closed Semi open Open Structural members seen in section View of diffused light entering the
structure

• Completed in April 2013, this office building is located in the city of
Jaipur, India which has a desert climate with average temperatures
ranging from 30°C to 50°C grade through most of the year.
• The concept of a jail is a traditional architectural concept in Rajasthan
and has been used to reduce heat gain, increase ventilation and
reduce noise from the busy traffic outside.
• The building is fragmented into triangular facets with jali as a
secondary screen all around it and the interstitial spaces are used for
plants to further reduce the heat gain creating a building that is
extremely energy efficient in response to the city’s 450c summer
months that are from mid-March to mid-October.
• The material used for jail is glass reinforced concrete.
CASE STUDY 2 – 72 SCREENS, (SANJAY PURI)
View of structural members
from terrace
Air flow in structure
View of diffused light entering the
structure
Lights are installed between curtain wall
and jail giving it at interesting look at night

UNIQUE FACADE DESIGNS
The scope of a facade is not just limited to a vertical wall, sometimes they frame the entire structure and form a vital part of the
design concept .The works of Frank O’ Gehry are the best example for this kind of detailing.
• LOCATION: Paris, France
• PROJECT TYPE: Art Museum and Cultural Centre
• AREA: 11700 sq.m
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry
• FORM : The form resembles a cloud, chrysalis or a sailing ship.
(metaphors of nature and geology)
• MATERIAL : The building structure is made up of an assembly of
white concrete blocks called ‘icebergs’ that are enveloped by 12
huge glass facades called ‘sails’.
LOUIS VUITTON BUILDING, PARIS
The form resembling the sails and the chrysalis
Icebergs portrayed by fiber reinforced
concrete & sales depicted by clear glass
Structure of glass roof allowing collection & reuse
of rain water & improved geothermal power
Large expanses of glass provide picturesque views
of the gardens, integrating landscape with interiors
The sails depict sense of movement, while building
reflects nature and continually changes with light.

• LOCATION: Arles, France
• PROJECT TYPE: Experimental Contemporary Art Center
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry, Seldoff Architects
• CONCEPT: The facade is supposed to echo the craggy
rock formations found near the city.
• MATERIAL & FORM: An undulating building of stainless
steel, glass and limestone, resembling an urban
crystallized sculpture within the industrial buildings.
- 5,000-square-metre of facade, composed of 300
metal panels that are welded together and 11,000
blocks of stainless steel.
LUMA ARMES TOWER, FRANCE
The glass boxes in the facade breaking
monotony of the steel panels
Glass boxes and shining steel panels are stacked around this
in an irregular formation above a circular glass atrium.
Light reflects off of the façade and gives an
interesting aesthetic effect any time of the day.
Shows off the versatile nature of metal cladding.
However not suitable for hot Indian climate.
Opening Date – 14th June, 2021

• LOCATION: Sydney, Australia
• PROJECT TYPE: Business school
• ARCHITECT: Frank O’ Gehry
• CONCEPT: The sandstone-coloured curving brickwork, all laid by hand, is
intended to reference Sydney's architectural heritage.
• MATERIAL & FORM: Resembles a squashed brown paper bag.
-To achieve the distinctive fluid brickwork composition, construction process
included developing five custom forms- 320,000 pieces laid by hand.
- Expressive external form- a result of complicated internal layout -"a
growing learning organism with many branches of thought, some robust and
some delicate".
UT SYDNEY BUSINESS SCHOOL, AUSTRALIA
Surface includes protruding individual bricks resulting in
articulated patterns within undulating overall geometry
Façade windows arranged with a gridded order &
project outward in contrast to building’s mass.
In contrast to other elevations, angular west-facing elevation made up of
shards of glass, to offer fractured reflections of neighbouring buildings.

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