Child domestic labor handbook

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4 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro
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ISBN : 99946-816-3-X
lk|—k|]; / 5kfO M 6fOD; ls|ozg
k|sfzg ;xof]u M afn>d cGTosf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
sfo{s|d, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
sfof{no nlntk'/ g]kfn .

53/]n' afn>d kl/ro
ljZje/ sl/a @$ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿ ljljwvfn] >ddf ;+nUg eO{ cfkmgf]
afnfkg latfpg afWo 5g . oLdWo] clwstd afnaflnsfx¿ c;+ul7t jf
cw{;+ul7t If]qsf] >ddf ;+nUg 5g . afn>d xfd|f] ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kf6f] xf],
h;n] dfgj ;Eotfdfly g} k|Zg p7fpF5 .
3/]n' afn>d o:t} afn>dsf] If]qx¿dWo] Ps k|d'v >d If]q xf] . g]kfndf klg
%% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;++nUg eO{ hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf
5g . 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfn] afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s /
;fdflhs ljsf;df c;/ t u5{ g} ;fy} ;Dk'0f{ ;dfhnfO{ g} w]/} kl5 ws]Nb5 /
lg/Gt/ ul/aLtkm{ pGd'v u/fpFb5 . t;y{ klg o; 3/]n' afn>d k|yfsf] cGTo
x'g' h?/L 5 .
3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f tyf 3/]n' >ddf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] k|yfs} cGTo
ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L kIfx¿af6 w]/} k|oTgx¿ ul/g' h?/L 5 .
g]kfndf >L %sf] ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf lgs[i6 k|sf/
sf] afn>d cGTo ug{ ;doa4 sfo{s|d nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 / 3/]n' afn>d o;
sfo{s|dsf] Ps k|d'v nlIft ;d"x klg xf] . 3/]n' afn>ddf c;fWo} sd k|oTgx¿
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] sf/0f eg]sf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ a'emg] / o;df x:tIf]k ug{
cfjZos ;Lk tyf cg'ejsf] sdL klg xf] eGg] nfUb5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf l;lj; -;dfh ;]jftyf dfgj clwsf/df dlxnf / afnaflnsf_ n]
3/]n' afn>d zf]if0f cGTosf nflu :yfgLo lgsfo ljz]ift gu/kflnsfx¿ / cGo
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ p4]Zon] ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿ k|sflzt
u/]sf]df ;j{k|yd t l;lj;nfO{ xflb{s awfO tyf wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
oL lgb]{lzsfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTo tyf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d
cGTosf nflu ljleGg lgsfox¿ljr ;dembf/L a9fO{ 3/]n' afn>d lgjf/0f ug{
k|fSsyg

6 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro
pTk|]l/t ug]{5 / cfjZos sfo{s|dx¿ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf] 5' .
oL lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] k|sfzg g]kfndf afn>dlj?4sf] cleofgdf Ps sf];]9'++uf
;flat x'g]5 eGg] klg czff /fv]sL 5' .
o; lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df b]vfk/]sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ cf}+NofO{
k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf] cfwf/df l;lj;n] cfufdL lbgdf lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] kl/dfh{g
tyf k'gM k|sfzg ub}{ hfcf]; eGg] klg z'esfdgf lbg rfxfG5' .
cGtdf l;lj;nufot 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0flj?4sf] cleofgdf ;+nUg x'g'ePsf
;Dk"0f{ ;+3;+:yf÷AolQmx¿nfO{ o; lgb]{lzsf kmnbfoL x'g]5 eGg] k"0f{ ljZj:t 5' .
wGojfb .
ldlt @))%, @& h'g
n}nf 6}Udf] /]•L
lgb]{zs
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] sfo{no
nlntk'/ g]kfn

73/]n' afn>d kl/ro
ljZjdf @$ s/f]8eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf] lttf] oyfy{leq
afFlr/x]sf xfd|f afnaflnsfx¿sf] eljio / To;n] emNsfpg] xfd|f] ;dfhsf]
jt{dfg tyf eljio b'j} cToGt} uDeL/ / lrGtfhgs b]lvG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf klg
aL; nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g h;dWo] ! nfv @&
xhf/ afnaflnsfx¿ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>ddf ;+nUg /xL cfkmgf] hLjg ofkg
ul//x]sf 5g . o;/L lgs[i6 afn >ddf ;+nUg x'g afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿df
;jf{lws ;+Vof 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
tYofÍcg';f/ g]kfnsf ;x/L If]qdf dfq %% xhf/eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n'
>ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljleGgvfn] lx+;f,
zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/x¿ vKg afWo eO/x]sf 5g / klg o:tf] cj:yfdf yf]/} dfq
;+3;+:yf tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] o; If]qnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf Wofg k'/ofpg
;ls/x]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] eO/x]sf k|of;x¿df klg sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvG5g .
o; cj:yfdf 3/]n' >ddf cf7 aif{eGbf a9L ;do sfo{/t /xL nfdf] cg'ej
xfl;n u/]sf] ;+:yfsf] x}l;otn] klg xfdLn] cfkmgf cg'ejx¿ ljleGg ;+3;+:yf
tyf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;Fu ;f6f;f6 ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 h;n] ubf{ cfufdL lbgdf
o; If]qdf x'g] ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s"g .
oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ xfd|f] ;+:yf ;dfh;]jf tyf dfgjclwsf/df dlxnf /
afnaflnsf -l;lj;_ n] 3/]n' afn>d / x:tIf]ksf pkfox¿ ljifoleq ljleGg
sfo{lgb]{lzsfx¿ t}of/ u/]sf] 5 / To;} cGtu{t of] æ3/]n' afn>d kl/roÆ k':ts
oxfFx¿dfem k|:t't ug{ kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ cToGt} v';L nfu]sf] 5 .
xfdL cfzf ub{5f}+ xfd|f] of] k|of; 3/]n' afn>d zf]if0fsf] cGTosf nflu cjZo g}
;fy{sl;4 x'g]5 / o;sf nflu y'k|} kf7sx¿n] o;df n]lvPsf pkfox¿nfO{
Jojxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{x'g]5 .
cfef/

8 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro
of] k':ts t}of/ kfg{ cxf]/fq ldx]gt ug'{x'g] /d]z kf}8]n tyf a]bk|;fb ;fksf]6fnfO{
xfdL wGojfb glbO/xg ;Sb}gf}+ . ;fy} o;df z'4fz'l4 x]l/lbg] ;'efj yfkf, o;sf]
n]—cfp6 l8hfOgsf sfd ug'{x'g] 6fOD; ls|ozgsf ;'j0f{ efO / o;df cfjZos
lrqx¿ agfO{ ;3fpg'x'g] /fhg sfkmn], k[YjL >]i7 / pbo efO{nfO{ xfdL w]/}—w]/}
wGojfb lbg rfxfG5f}+ .
o; k':ts k|sfzg ug{ cfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ;+:yf cGt/f{li6«o >d
;+u7gk|lt xfdL cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxfG5f}+ .
cGtdf o; k':ts lgdf{0f, k|sfzg tyf ljt/0fdf ;3fpg'x'g] l;lj;df cfj4
;Dk"0f{ efOalxgLx¿ tyf sd{rf/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg w]/}—w]/} wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
of] k':ts xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; xf], t;y{ xfdL] o;df ;Defljt sdL / q'l6x¿sf]
;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] xfdL oxfFx¿sf] ;'emfj, k|ltls|ofsf] af6f] x]l/
/x]sf x'g]5f}+ .
wGojfb
zflGt clwsf/L
cWoIf

93/]n' afn>d kl/ro
ljifo;"rL
e"ldsf !
afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff #
afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld (
3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿ @%
3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf #&
afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d $#
afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ $(
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ ^&
3/]n' afn>ddf x:tIf]k ug]{ dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ *%

10 3/]n' afn>d kl/ro
e"ldsf
g]kfnn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] bz jif{eGbf
a9L eO;s]sf] 5 eg] o;sf P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df ;d]t ;xdlt JoQm u/]]sf] klg
aiff{}+ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d
nufotsf dxf;lGwx¿df k|ltj4tf JoQm ul/;s]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og tL
cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ nfu" ug{] qmddf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* /
afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ / afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf]
P]g @)%^ h:tf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿sf] lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf ;d]t cfO;s]sf
5g . t/ csf{lt/ lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]n, dgf]/~hgaf6 al~rt x'Fb} 3/sf] rf/
lbjf/leq sf]lrP/ zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf xhf/f}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿
si6;fWo hLjg latfpg afWo 5g . cfˆgf] hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu dfq xf]Og
s}of}+n] t kl/jf/s} nflu ;d]t cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ sfddf cfˆgf slnnf xftx¿
nufpg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . ;dfhn] eg] o; lsl;dsf] afn>dnfO{ ;xh /
:jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf] 5 . ^÷& jif{b]lv g} cfdfafa'b]lv la5f]l8P/ csf{sf]
3/df a;]/ cfˆgf afNofj:yfsf] pkef]u ug{ gkfO{ zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf ul/g]
sfd jf:tjd} hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d xf] . hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf] b'ikl/0ffd cToGt
3fts x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf oL afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf cfjfh p7fpg', 3/]n'
afn>dsf] lj?4df ;r]tgtf clej[l4 ug{' tyf lgs[i6 cj:yfdf /x]sf
afn>ldsx¿sf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ NofpFb} 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ lbzflt/
cufl8 a9g' cfhsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 . oxL cfjZostf dx;'; ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o
>d ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf l;lj;n] o; k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] lj?4df Pp6f cleofg
;+rfng u/]sf] 5 . o;} cleofg cGtu{t ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] ;Gbe{df of] 3/]n'
afn>d;DaGwL wf/0ffut :ki6tfsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .

113/]n' afn>d kl/ro
Ps
afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff
afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGg] <
;fdfGotM afnaflnsf s;nfO{ eGG]f ljifo gf}nf] h:tf] gnfUg] ePklg afNofj:yfsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ km/s ;Gbe{df km/s 9+un] lnOg] ul/G5 . of] s'/f afnaflnsfsf
clwsf/ tyf e"ldsfx¿ / k|f}9n] afnaflnsfx¿;Fu ug]{ Jojxf/df e/ kb{5 .
afNofj:yfsf] wf/0ffnfO{ ljleGg ;Gbe{, :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
txdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . o4lk ;fdfGotof afnljsf;sf cfwf/e"t r/0f /
cfjZostfx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g .
k|foM ;a} b]zx¿df pd]/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ afnaflnsfsf] sfg'gL kl/efiff ug]{
ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L o; kl/efiffn] gful/ssf] ef]6 xfNg;Sg] pd]/nfO{ klg
k|ltlalDat u/]sf] x'G5 . o;b]lv afx]s o;n] k|foM h;f] ljjfx ug{ of]Uo pd]/,
of}g;Dks{ /fVg;Sg], ;]gfdf egf{ x'g;Sg], h:tf s'/fx¿ klg k|ltlalDat u/]sf]
x'G5 . To;}n] afNofj:yfnfO{ kl/jf/ / k|f}9;Fusf] ;DaGw, ljjfx ug]{ cj:yf,
cfly{s bfloTjsf] tx, lzIffsf] tx, ;]gfdf egf{sf] nflu Go"gtd pd]/, dtbfg
h:tf sfg'gL clwsf/ u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf cflbsf cfwf/df klg kl/eflift ug{
;lsG5 . sltko ;d'bfox¿df pQ/bfloTj axg ug'{ gk/]sf] sf/0fn] pd]/ k'u]sf
5f]/f / 5f]/LnfO{ afNoj:yfd} /x]sf] 7flgG5 . h:t}M Pp6f ;DkGg kl/jf/sf s'g}
klg sfd gnufOsg k'Nk'NofP/ x'sf{OPsf, hjfg 5f]/f jf 5f]/Ln] cfkm"nfO{
afnaflnsf g} 7fGg] ub{5g . To;}u/L ljkGg kl/jf/sf ;fgf pd]/sf 5f]/f jf
5f]/Ln] cfkmgf afa'cfdfnfO{ sfddf ;/;xof]u ug{sf nflu sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g
eg] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ k|f}9 7flg/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L afNofj:yfnfO{ a'emg]
;jfndf km/s km/s ;f]rfOx¿ x'G5g . To;}n] afNo cj:yf eg]sf] zf/Ll/s,
dfgl;s, ljsf;sf] cj:yf dfq geO{ ;fdflhs x}l;ot klg xf] .

t/ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ eg]sf] klg pd]/ g} xf] . lsgeg] cGo s'/fx¿
afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff ug{sf nflu k|i6 ¿kdf k|ltljlDjt ePsf] b]Vg ;ls+b}g .
To;}n] /fli6«o cGt/f{l{i6«o ¿kdf klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ pd]/sf] cfwf/df g}
kl/eflift ug]{ ul/Psf] xf] .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] u/]sf] kl/efiff M
afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( n] !* jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . t/ dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gn] Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf
JolQmnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . o;
cGt/f{li6«o kl/efiffn] afnaflnsfsf] afNofj:yfnfO{ clwstd ¿kdf ;+/If0f
ug]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . o;n] afnaflnsfsf] clwstd lxtsf nflu Pp6f
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
cg'df]bg ul/Psf] dxf;lGw xf] . clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfx¿
;a}n] o;df ePsf afnclwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kl/efiff M
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift
u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L >d P]g @)$* n] !^ jif{d'lgsf] JolQmnfO{ afns eg]sf] 5 .
To;} u/L d'n'sL P]g tyf ;+ljwfgn] klg !^ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf] JolQmnfO{
gfaflnu 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f] b]zdf dtbfg ug]{ Go"gtd pd]/ eg] !* aif{
/x]sf] 5 .
o;/L afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t k|lzIfs, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x¿n], /fli6«o
cGt/fli6«o ;Dk"0f{ kl/efiffnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{'kb{5 / /fli6«o kl/efiffnfO{ cfwf/
agfOg'kb{5 .
afnljsf;sf r/0fx/¿
afNofj:yfnfO{ x]g]{, a'emg] b[li6sf]0f km/s—km/s ePklg ;fdfGotM afnaflnsfsf
zf/Ll/s ljsf;sf r/0fx¿df eg] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}g . ;a} gjhft lzz'x¿
hlGdPkl5 Ps} lsl;dsf r/0fx¿ kf/ ub{} k|f}9 cj:yfdf k'Ug] ub{5g . h:t}M

133/]n' afn>d kl/ro
afd] ;g'{eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yf, afd] ;g]{ cj:yf, 6's'6's' lx8g] cj:yf, s]6fs]6L
cj:yf, lszf]/ cj:yf clg o'jf cj:yf . afnljsf;sf x/]s r/0fx¿df kl/jf/
tyf ;d'bfox¿sf] bfloTj / e"ldsf km/s–km/s x'G5 . t/ x/]s r/0fsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . olb pgLx¿sf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ePgg eg] pgLx¿sf] ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f] c;/
kb{5 . 3/]n' afn>dn] afnaflnsfsf] :jefljs tyf :j:y ljsf;df Hofb} g/fd|f]
c;/ kfb{5 .
/fli6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff
afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, >d P]g cflbn] !^ jif{d'lgsf] dfgjnfO{
afnaflnsf eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
cGt/fli6«o dxf;lGwsf] b[li6df afnaflnsfsf] kl/efiff
!* jif{eGbf d'lgsf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g .
dxf;lGwn] /fli6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ Tof]eGbf klg sd pd]/sf dfgjnfO{
klg afnssf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{;Sg] 5'6 lbPsf] 5 .
;Demg} kg]{ s'/f
afnaflnsf dfgj x'g .
afNofj:yf dfgj ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes r/0f xf] .
hGd]b]lv !* jif{;Dd zf/Ll/s dfgl;s, af}l4s, ;fdflhs,
;+j]ufTds ¿kn] ljsf; xF'b} u/]sf dfgjx¿ g} afnaflnsf x'g .

xl/ / ;f]d
-xl/ / ;f]d ;fyL–;fyL x'G5g . af6fdf Pscfk;df s'/f ub}{ lx8g] qmddf_
xl/M ;fFRrL cl:t ltd|f] 3/df b]v]sf] Pp6L ;fgL *÷( jif{sL km'RrL sf] xF <
;f]dM Tof] s]6L d]/L >LdtLsf] ;fdfGo gftf nfUg] s]6L xf] . Hofb} ul/a / 5f]/f5f]/L
w]/} ePsf] sf/0fn] p;sf] kl/jf/df laxfg a]n'sf 5fs 6fg{ wf}–wf} 5 .
To;} x'gfn] kl/jf/sf] af]em xNsf ul/lbg p;nfO{ d]/f] ;;'/fnLn] dsxfF
k7fOlbPsf x'g .
xl/M ;fFRrL ltdL t afn>dsf] lj?4df sfd ug]{ ;+:yfdf sfd u5f}{, JolQmut
¿kdf klg ltdL afn>dsf] ;zQm lj/f]wL klg t xf} lg, xf]Og / <
;f]dM xf], jf:tjdf d afn>dsf] lj/f]wL g} x'F . t/ pm afn>lds xf]Og
lsgls p;n] sfd u/]afkt xfdLn] s]xL klg ltg{' kb}{g . d]/L >LdtL
Hofb} sdnf] dgsL l5g . c?sf] b'Mv k6Ss} b]Vg ;lSbgg . cl:tsf]
kfnL dfOtL uPsf] a]nf pgLx¿sf] b'Mv b]Vg g;s]/ NofPsL x'g .
xl/M d}n] p;nfO{ efG;fsf]7fdf efF8fs'F8f dfemb}, s'rf] nufpFb} u/]sf]
b]v]sf] lyPF .
;f]dM xf], :jefj}n] p;n] d]/L >LdtLnfO{ 3/sf] sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp
u5]{ .

153/]n' afn>d kl/ro
xl/M s] pm :s'n hfG5] t <
;f]dM cxF, :s'n t hfGg .
xl/M Tof] gfgLn] /flt slt ah];Dd sfdwGbf u5]{ t <
;f]dM yf]/} hfxfg 5 . w]/} ;do;Dd sxfF ug'{k5{ / . ToxL /flt !)
ah];Dd t xf] lg .
xl/M km'RrLsf] lgwf/df Pp6f 6'6'Nsf] klg b]v]sf] lyPF . s] ePsf] xF <
;f]dM Tof] vf; s]xL xf]Og, To;} lbg laxfg sfd ug{ clns l9nf] u/L eg]/ d]/L
>LdtLn] o;f] Ps yKk8 xfGbf n8]/ lgwf/df 6'6'Nsf] p7]sf] xf]] .
larf/ ug'{xf];
!= dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 s] a'emg'eof] <
@= xl/n] cfkm"nfO{ ;3fpgsf nflu NofOPsL aflnsf afn>lds xf] ls
xf]Og < s;/L <
#= xf], eg] s:tf] lsl;dsf] afn>d xf] < of] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d
xf] ls xf]Og <
$= o:tf] lsl;dsf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ tkfO{+ x¿sf] 3/, 8]/f jl/kl/
klg 5g ls <
%= 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s;nfO{ eGg] <
^= lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] <
&= cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k9fO, :jf:Yo glau|g] u/L cfkmgf]
3/df ul/g] sfdwGbf l;sfpg], u/fpg] sfo{ afn>d xf] jf xf]Og < lsg <

b'O{
afn>d, 3/]n' afn>d / o;sf] k[i7e"ld
>d s] xf] <
>d eg]sf] dflg;n] ljz]if u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ cyjf s]xL sdfpgsf nflu
ul/g] sfd xf] . >d cfly{s k|of]hgsf] nflu tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .
>dsf] d"No x'G5 . of] pTkfbgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . >d zf/Ll/s /
dfgl;s b'j} lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
afn>d s] xf] <
afn>dsf nflu If]qLo sfo{;d"x -cf/8An'hL–l;Pn_n] u/]sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ !*
jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfåf/f pgLx¿sf] :jf:Yo, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s, g}lts
tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df gsf/fTds k|efj kg]{ u/L tyf pgLx¿sf] lzIff k|fKt
ug]{ clwsf/ s'l07t x'g] u/L ul/g] sfd g} afn>d xf] .
afnsfd s] xf] <
afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ gkg]{ u/L pgLx¿sf]
;fdflhsLs/0f ug{, ;Lkx¿ l;Sg l;sfpgsf nflu tyf afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
x'g] u/L cfkmg} 3/df, jf ljBfnodf jf ;dfhdf u/fOg] sfd afn>d xf]Og .
o:tf sfdx¿n] afnclwsf/;DaGwL s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿n] ;'lglZrt
u/]sf clwsf/x¿dfly x:tIf]k ub}{gg .

173/]n' afn>d kl/ro
afnsfd / afn>ddf km/s
afn>d
afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub{5 .
afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf
zf]if0faf6 ;'/lIft x'Fb}gg .
afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf]
plrt sb/ ul/+b}g .
afnsfd
afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,
;fhdflhs ljsf;df c;/ ub}{g .
afnaflnsfx? lx+;f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf
z]fif0faf6 ;'/lIft x'G5g .
afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjfgfsf]
plrt sb/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .
hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d eg]sf] s] xf] <
lgDg k|s[ltsf sfdx¿ hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq kb{5g M
;fgf] pd]/, nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] sfd,
ux|f}+ ef/L p7fpg] sfd
w]/} sfd lagf bfd jf yf]/} bfd
g lzIff g cf/fd
Psf]xf]/f] / lbSsnfUbf] sfd
sfdsf] nflu vt/gfs jftfj/0f,
ha/h:tL ug'{kg]{ sfd
x/avt lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf /x]/ ug'{kg]{ sfd
of}gzf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg] l:ylt
bL3{ hLjgdf c;/ kg]{ ;Defjgf
aFw'jf afn>d
afn;}Godf egf{
of}gJofkf/, nfu"cf}ifw pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/df nufOg] sfd

3/]n' >d s] xf] <
t]>f] JolQmsf] 3/df uP/ jo:s jf sfd ug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf afnaflnsfx¿af6
/f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf ul/g] 3/leqsf sfdx¿nfO{ g} 3/]n' >d elgG5, h;leq 3/
;kmf ug]{, eft ksfpg] efF8f dfemg], n'uf w'g], ldnfpg], k6ofpg], kfgL cf];fg]{, cfO/g
nufpg], 3/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] cflb sfdx¿ kb{5g, h;nfO{
/fHosf] sfg'gn] /f]huf/Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] jf gu/]sf] klg x'g;S5 .
dlxnf / k'?ifaLr /x]sf] c;dfgtf tyf k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhsf] sf/0fn] 3/]n' >ddf
a9L dlxnfx¿ ;+nUg x'g] u/]sf 5g . dflys} sf/0fn] 3/]n' >dnfO{ dlxnf :jo+n]
g} ædlxnfx¿n] ug]{ sfdÆ, æc?eGbf ;'/lIft sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] b[li6n] jo:sx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d u}/sfg'gL sfd xf]Og .
of] sfdnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ xf]Og a? lgoldt jf sfg'g;Ddt agfpg'kb{5 . o;}n]
jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿n] >d;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ h:t} >dsf] sfof{jlw, tna,
ladf, :jf:Yof]krf/, k]G;g, labf, cf/fd / tflndsf] cj;/, ;+u7g ug{ kfpg]
:jtGqtf, sfdsf] nflu lnlvt ;Demf}tf ug{ kfpg'kg]{ h:tf clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh
p7fpg] clwsf/ 5 . t/ c;+ul7t If]qdf sfd ug]{ x'gfn] r'gf}tLx¿ w]/} 5g . jo:s
3/]n' >ldsx¿ klg a]rlavgdf kg]{, ha/h:tL sfd ug{ afWo x'g'kg]{ cyjf C0f
ltg{sf nflu afFwf >lds aGg'kg]{, dlxnfx¿sf] ;jfndf oL nufotsf cltl/Qm
of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg'{kg]{ hf]lvdx¿ x'g] ub{5g .
3/]n' afn>d s]nfO{ eGg] <
sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/ gk'u]sf jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/sf
afnaflnsfx¿ t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g] sfo{nfO{
g} 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 .
s:tf] 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d eGg] <
sfg'gåf/f dfGotfk|fKt sfd ug]{ pd]/eGbf sd pd]/sf jf ;f] pd]/ k'u]sf
afnaflnsfx¿ bf;, bf;h:tf] Jojxf/ jf afFwf >d, ha/h:tL >d, a]rlavg
tyf of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{jxf/df k/L lzIff, :jf:Yo, g}ltstfdf uDeL/ lsl;dsf]
c;/ kg]{ cj:yfdf t]>f] JolQm jf /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;+nUg x'g]
sfo{nfO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>d elgG5 .

193/]n' afn>d kl/ro
3/]n' afn>dsf] k[i7e"ld
3/]n' afn>d ;+;f/s} k|frLgtd k]zf xf] . k/Dk/fut ¿kn] g} afnaflnsfx¿
o; k]zfdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g, h;sf] k|df0fsf] ¿kdf ;+;f/el/ k|rlnt
nf]ssyfx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf; x'g'eGbf cufl8sf ;dfhdf
dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu vfBfGg pTkfbg, kfgL / OGwgsf] Joj:yf
ug]{ sfdsf] ef/ lgs} af]lemnf] x'g] uYof]{] . afnaflnsfx¿ :jefj}n] cfkmgf
cfdfx¿nfO{ o:tf sfdx¿df ;3fpg] ub{y] . To;a]nfb]lv clxn];Dd klg of]
qmd hf/L 5 . o;}n] o; k|s[ltsf] sfdnfO{ ;dfGo lzIff bLIffs} ¿kdf lnOg]
u/]sf] 5 .
;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ;+o'Qm kl/jf/x¿ Psn kl/jf/df ablnFb} uP h;n] ubf{
3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof klg sd x'Fb} uP .
o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/fo;L sfdwGbfsf nflu c? JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u
lng yfn] . of] qmd xfn;Dd klg hf/L 5 .
w]/}h;f] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿ hxfF lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] sdL, Go"g
cfDbfgL cflbsf] sf/0faf6 w]/} kl/jf/x¿ ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf] x'gfn] pgLx¿
hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s]xL cfDbfgL ug{] pkfosf] vf]hL ul//x]sf] l:ylt / csf{lt/
s]xL ;DkGg 3/ kl/jf/sf dflg;x¿sf] 3/df 3/fo;L sfdwGbf ug{sf] nflu
;xof]u ug]{ dflg;sf] vfFrf] eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIfsf] cfjZostfsf] d]naf6
3/]n' >d Pp6f k]zfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fb} uof] . c;dfg 9+un] ljsf; eO/x]sf]
;fdflhs ljsf;n] cGo k|sf/sf] afn>d h:t} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] dfu / k"lt{
kIfnfO{ cem a9fpg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf ;Fu;Fu} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c?sf]
3/df cGo sfdsf] ;fy} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nufpg yflnPsf] kfOG5 . bf;bf;Lx¿
bf;dflnssf lghL ;DklQ ePsf]n] bf;bf;Lsf ;f/f kl/jf/n] g} dflnssf]
OR5fcg';f/ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb«zdz]/sf] kfnfdf sdf/fsdf/L
/fVg] k|yf t ;dfKt eof] t/ dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ug]{ zf]if0f ;dfKt ePg, s]jn
o;sf] ¿k dfq ablnof] . kmn:j¿k sd}of, xlnof k|yf h:tf k|yfx¿ rngdf
cfP . o; k|yfdf hldGbf/sf] 3/df sd}of a:g]n] p;sL >LdtL, 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿
;a}nfO{ hldGbf/sf 3/kl/jf/sf] ;]jfdf nufpg' kb{Yof] . 5f]/fx¿ uf]7fnf a:g] /
cfdf tyf 5f]/Lx¿ rflx+ sdn/L eP/ hldGbf/sf] 3/sf] 3/wGbf ug{'kb{Yof] . >L
% sf] ;/sf/n] @)%& ;fn ;fpg @ df sd}ofx¿ d'Qm ePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . t/

xlnof k|yf, aFw'jf >d k|yf, u}jf/, e};jf/ a:g] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf]
k|rngsf] ;fy} 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] rng sfod} 5 . hldGbf/sf] 3/df a;]sf
xnLn] cfly{s b'/fj:yfsf sf/0f cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ af]em
sd ug{sf nflu c?sf] 3/df /flvlbg] ub{5g . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwfeGbf
a9L hg;+Vofsf] cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L
If]qdf km}lnPsf] ul/aL g} cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] cltl/Qm 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿
pTkfbg ug]{ d"n s/0f ag]sf] 5 . o:t} ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] lj:yfkg
tyf lj>[+vlnt kfl/jfl/s l:yltn] klg 3/]n' afn>d pTkfbg ug]{ sfddf e"ldsf
v]ln/x]sf] 5 .
3/]n' afn>dsf] k|s[lt M
3/]n' afn>d;DaGwL ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf]
afn>d c;+ul7t If]qdf x'G5 hals snsf/vfgf, oftfoft, xf]6]nnufot
cGo :yfgx¿df k|of]u ePsf afn>dsf] cfd dflg;x¿sf] ;Dks{df /x]sf]n]
;a}sf] hfgsf/Ldf x'G5 t/ 3/]n' afn>d aGb 3/leq ul/g] x'gfn] o;af/]df
hfgsf/L kfpg sl7g ePsf] xf], h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf]
tYofÍ ;+sng ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .
3/]n' sfdwGbf cgf}krfl/s k]zf ePsf]n] o; If]qdf sfo{/t >ldsx¿sf]
tYofÍ vf]lh+b}g . 3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g . sfd ug{sf
nflu /flvPsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} lxtsf nflu dflnsn]
bofdfofsf] e/df /flvPsf] h:tf] cy{ nfUg] u/L k|:t't ul/g] x'gfn] dflnsnfO{
/f]huf/bftf / sfd ug]{nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/+b}g .
3/]n' >dsf] sfo{:yn JolQmut 3/leq x'g] x'gfn] sf/vfgf tyf o:tf cGo
k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] t'ngfdf o; k|sf/sf] afn>ddf s'g} ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿sf]
b[li6 kl//x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;}n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] cg'udg ug]{ cfjZostf g}
dx;'; ul/Psf] x'Fb}g .
cfd ¿kdf !@ b]lv !& jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o; >ddf k|of]u ug]{
ul/G5 t/ s}of}+ afn>ldsx¿ &÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv o; If]qdf sfo{/t x'g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 .
3/]n' afn>dnfO{ tNnf] txsf] >dsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . h'g s'/f unt xf] .
/f]huf/bftf / afn>ldssf] kIfaLr df}lvs ;Demf}tf x'G5, sfof{jlw, s]–s]
sfd ug]{ / cf/fd sltv]/ ug]{ eGg] af/]df s'g} lglZrttf x'Fb}g . ;j{dfGo *
306] sfof{jlw oxfF nfu" ePsf] x'Fb}g .

213/]n' afn>d kl/ro
clwsf+z 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k"0f{sfnLg >ddf ;+nUg x'G5g, k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿ dflnssf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf x'G5g / ;fx|} sd :jtGqtfsf]
pkef]u ug{ kfPsf x'G5g cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ km';{bsf] ;do cToGt sd x'G5 .
3/]n' sfdwGbfnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . clwsf+z w]/}h;f]
cfdfafa'n] s]6Ln] 3/sf] sfd ug}{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] ub{5g . To;}n]
ljZjdf sl/a () k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>lds s]6Lx¿ /xg] u/]sf 5g . pgLx¿dWo]
w]/}h;f]dfly of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s]6Lx¿ zfGt :jefjsf
x'G5g, sfd 5f]8]/ efUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/g] ePsf]n]
s]6Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /fVg] ul/G5 .
sfdsf] k|s[ltsf sf/0fn] o:tf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo ePsf afnaflnsfx¿
sd pd]/sf, kLl8t, k9g] cj;/af6 al~rt / cfTdanxLgtfsf] l;sf/
ePsf x'G5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k JolQmTj ljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf ePsf]
x'G5 .
w]/}h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tna lbOFb}g, lbP klg Hofb} sd dfqfdf lbOg]
ul/G5 . tna lbOP klg ;f] tna afn>ldsn] k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}g .
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ k|foM u/]/ vf; Onfsf, jf hftLo ;d"xaf6 NofOg] ul/G5 .
o;/L NofOPsf afn>ldsx¿dfly /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/
ug]{ ub{5g . vfg]s'/fx¿df ul/g] e]befjn] s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g] ;Defjgf
k|an x'G5 .
k|foM h;f] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ / pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/aLrsf] ;DaGw 6'6]sf] x'G5 .
pgLx¿sf] ;fyL agfpg] cyjf ;fyL;+uL;Fu p7a; ug]{, v]Ng] cj;/ Hofb}
sd dfq kfPsf x'G5g .
3/]n' sfdwGbfsf nflu s'g} ljz]if tflndsf] h?/L kb}}{g, ;fdfGo /]vb]vdf
cEof; ub}{ l;Sb} hfg ;lsG5 .
3/]n' afn>dnfO{ xNsf lsl;dsf] sfdsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf] x'gfn] o;
sfddf nfUg] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf gx]/L ;xof]uL afnaflnsfsf]
¿kdf x]l/G5 .

3/]n' sfdwGbfcGt/ut sfd ug]{ ;do / k|s[lt Psgf;sf] x'Fb}g .
o; k|sf/sf] >dnfO{ ;dfhn] ;xh ¿kn] :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 .
3/]n' afn>d bf;Tjsf] cfw'lgs ¿k xf] .
o;df afnaflnsfx¿ a]rlavgdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .
3/]n' >ddf hLjg g} latfP klg cGo ;Lkx¿ l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt gx'g] x'gfn]
eljiodf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ s]jn el/of, s'NnL h:tf an k|of]u u/]/ ug]{
t/ cfDbfgL rflxF sd x'g] lsl;dsf sfdx¿ dfq ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
k|foM h;f] /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf
x]/]sf x'Fb}gg . pgLx¿nfO{ >d ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . p;leq
pTkfbgzLn Ifdtf ePsf]n] hlt;Sbf] a9L pkef]u ug]{ ;f]rfO x'G5 . o;}n]
pgLx¿dfly cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]sfpg] ul/G5 .
3/]n' sfdwGbfdf hLp Hofg hf]lvddf kg{;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ x'g] ub{5g . xft
sf6g], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg] h:tf b'3{6gfx¿ x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5g .
3/]n' afn>dsf nflu s;}s;}n] wd{k'q, wd{k'qL ;d]t /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>daf/] yk hfgsf/L
bf;k|yf h:t} cEof;
s]xL /f]huf/bftfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ bf; ;/x Jojxf/ ub{5g . pgLx¿
3/]n' afn>ldsnfO{ JolQmut ;DklQ 7fGb5g . s'g} k|sf/sf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u
ug]{ l:ylt x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/af6 sxL+ hfg lbOFb}g .
pgLx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/sf s'g} vf; :yfgx¿ h:t} efG;f3/afx]s cGoq hfg]
cg'dlt x'Fb}g .
3/sf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/ gePsf] a]nf afn>ldsx¿ gefu"g eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{
3/sf] sf]7f jf lglZrt If]qdf aGb ul/G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf /xg] 3/]n' afn>lds
/ /f]huf/bftfaLrsf] ;DaGw sfd tyf ;]jfsf nflu dfq x'G5 . tna gfd

233/]n' afn>d kl/ro
dfqsf] x'G5 jf lbOFb}g . afn>ldsx¿ a]rlavgdf klg k/]sf x'g;S5g . pgLx¿
C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>ddf nfu]sf x'G5g jf o:tf] k|sf/sf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{
ha/h:tL >d ug{ afWo agfOG5 . /ftlbg 8/ qf;df afFRg'kg]{ x'G5 .
ufnLunf}h s'6lk6 tyf qm'/ Jojxf/
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] /f]huf/bftfx¿af6 ;–;fgf uNtLx¿df klg ufnL s'6fO
vfg'kb{5 . o; qmddf sltko afn>ldsx¿nfO{ tftf] j:t'n] 8fldlbg], tftf]
kfgL vGofOlbg] h:tf qm'/ oftgfx¿ klg lbOPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL ;a} s'/f
/f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/n] :jefljs ¿kn] lnO/x]sf x'G5g .
w]/}h;f] o:tf oftgfx¿ /f]huf/bftfsf] kl/jf/sf dlxnfaf6 x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . lsgls 3/]n' wGbfsf] af/]df /]vb]v ug]{ lhDdf dlxnfsf] x'G5 . cg';Gwfgx¿af6
yfxf ePcg';f/ afn>ldsx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] oftgf cfkmgf] kl/jf/df x'Fbf
slxNo} b]v]sf x'Fb}gg . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gfd lauf/]/
af]nfpg], xf]Rofpg], x]Kg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ t ;fdfGo ¿kdf lnPsf x'G5g .
of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿n] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf]
;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . sxL+–sxL+ s]6fx¿dfly klg o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/ ePsf]
kfOPsf] 5 . Pn ;fNef8f]/df ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg
^^=$ k|ltzt s]6Lx¿dWo] clwsf+zn] o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] s'/f atfPsf
5g . To:t} xfd|f] b]zdf klg !$ k|ltzteGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfk"mx¿
of}g b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ ePsf] atfPsf 5g . /f]huf/bftf / afn>ldsx¿aLrsf]
zlQm ;DaGwsf] sf/0f s]6Lx¿dfly 3/sf jo:s dflg;x¿af6 o; lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . jo:sx¿ s]6Lx¿eGbf 7"nf / alnof x'g] ePsf]n]
7"nfx¿n] ug]{ o; k|sf/sf] zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] 8/qf;sf] sf/0f klg s]6Lx¿n]
afWo eP/ ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf x'G5g . s]6Lx¿dfly ul/g] of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{axf/
/f]huf/bftfsf 3/sf k'?ifx¿sf] cltl/Qm, 3/df cfpg] kfx'gfx¿af6, jNnf3/
kNnf3/lt/sf jo:s 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 klg x'g;S5 .
o:t} sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n] 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] nflu eg]/ 5'§} 3/ agfPsf
x'G5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf c? 3/]n' >ldsx¿af6 of}g zf]if0f jf b'Jo{axf/ x'g;Sg]
;Defjgf a9L x'G5 .

o; qmddf s]6Lx¿n] ue{ af]Sg] l:ylt klg cfpg;S5 . o:tf] l:yltdf /f]huf/bftfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ 3/af6 lgsflnlbg] / slxn]sfFxL ;8sdf cfpg afWo x'g] l:ylt klg
l;h{gf x'G5 . lsgls ue{ af]s]sf] v08df To:tf s]6Lsf] cfkmgf] kl/jf/n] klg
pgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{;S5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pgL of}g Jofkf/df ;+nUg x'g
afWo x'g'kg]{ kl/j]z tof/ x'G5 .
zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ¿kn] ue{wf/0f ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; geO;s]sf]
l:yltdf ha/h:tL ue{ af]Sbf of}g /f]ux¿ ;g{ ;Sg] tyf nfh, 8/, ck/fwaf]wsf]
sf/0f dfgl;s ¿kdf ljlIfKt x'g;Sg] / csfn d[To' x'g] ;Defjgf;d]t x'G5 .
3/]n' afn>dsf] nflu afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg
3/]n' >ddf nufpg] p2]Zon] afnaflnsfnfO{ Ps 7fpF, ufpF, jf b]zaf6 csf]{
7fpF, ;x/ jf b]zdf cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ul/G5 eg] Tof] a]rlavgdf k/]sf] l:ylt xf] .
ljz]if u/L ufpFaf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu ;x/df n}hfg]
ul/G5 . ;x/df x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfusf] sf/0f ufpF3/af6 afnaflnsfx¿
a]rlavgdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g .
a]rlavg Ps b]zaf6 csf]{ b]zdf klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ef/tlt/,
a+unfb]zaf6 kfls:tfg, c/a d'n'sx¿lt/ clk|msL d'n'sx¿ a]lgg, a'ls{gf kmf;f],
Sofd?g, cfOe/L sf]i6, u'Ogf, 3fgf, dfnL, gfOh]l/ofnufotsf d'n'sx¿ Ps
csf]{df afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L blIf0f
cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]laog d'n'sx¿sf afnaflnsf cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf d"ntM
3/]n' afn>ds} nflu a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o'/f]k]nL d'n'slt/
klg 3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] dfu ePsf]n] ljleGg b]zx¿sf ;}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿
ljleGg 9+uaf6 a]rlavg tyf cf];f/k;f/df kg]{ u/]sf 5g .
3/]n' >ddf x'g] cGo hf]lvdx¿
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; g+= !() cg';f/ 3/ tyf cGo ;kmfOsf
nflu k|of]u ul/g] /;fogx¿sf] plrt 9+un] k|of]u ug{ ghfGbf, 3/leq tyf

253/]n' afn>d kl/ro
au}+rflt/ k|of]u ul/g] sltko cf}+hf/ tyf d]lzgx¿ rnfpg ghfGbf jf 3/]n'
afn>ldssf] IfdtfeGbf aflx/sf ;/;dfgx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ b'36{gf x'g;Sg]
;+efjgf k|z:t x'G5 .
efG;f3/leq xfjf lgsf;sf nflu /fd|f] k|aGw jf EoflG6n];g gePsf] l:ylt
x'g;S5 . o;af6 sf]7fsf] tfkqmd a9g uO{ z/L/nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg ;S5 . hf8f]
dlxgfdf lr;f]df sfd ug{'kg]{ x'g;S5 . oL ;a} cj:yfx¿nfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo
;+u7gn] c:j:ys/ :yfgsf] ¿kdf 7fg]sf] / o:tf] 7fpFdf sfd ug]{ s'/fnfO{
JolQmsf] clwsf/dflysf] pNn+3gsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
o:t} lzIffaf6 al~rt x'g'k/]sf] s'/faf6 afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ bL3{sfnLg
gsf/fTds k|efjsf] sf/0f afn>ldsx¿sf] efjL lk+9L;Dd;d]t ul/aLsf] b'irqmdf
km:g;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
3/]n' afn>dsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdx¿
3/]n' afn>dsf sf/0fx¿
kl/jf/sf] ul/aL÷a]/f]huf/L tyf afn ul/aL,
clzIff, cr]tgf, 3/]n' afn>ddf x'g] hf]lvdk|ltsf] cgle1tf
s'g} ljz]if tflnd grflxg] / ;fdfGo l;sfOaf6 g} l;Sg ;lsg]
;:tf] >d
;lhnf];Fu nufpg ;lsg] >d÷ljb|f]x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf
a9bf] hg;+Vof
;z:q ;+3if{÷;fdflhs c;'/Iff÷lj:yfkg
c;dfg ;fdflhs ljsf;
;j{;'ne tyf u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] cefj
kfl/jfl/s lx+;f
kfl/jfl/s ljrng÷ljof]u
;x/L /demdsf] cfsif{0f

;x/L Jo:ttf
3/]n' afn>lds /fVg' ;fdflhs OHht / k|lti7fsf] ljifo aGg'
u|fdL0f If]qsf s'nLgx¿ / ;x/jf;Lx¿df a9]sf] ;'ljwfef]uL k|j[lQ
;fdflhs lnËe]b
k|efjsf/L sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cefj
3/]n' afn>dsf kl/0ffd
lzIffaf6 al~rt afnaflnsf
s'kf]lift afnaflnsf
cToGt ;fg} pd]/b]lv sfddf ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ afWotf
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavgdf a[l4
:jtGqtf u'dfpg] l:ylt
of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/
afnfkg pkef]u ug{] cj;/ gkfpg]
cfTdanxLg afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljsf;
cToflws sfdsf] af]em af]Sg'kg]{ tyf nfdf] ;dofjlw;Dd sfd ug'{kg]{
l:ylt
JolQmut klxrfg la;{g] l:ylt
ufnLunf}h tyf zf/Ll/s lx+;fsf] l;sf/
rf]6k6s tyf b'3{6gf x'g] ;Defjgf
afnclwsf/af6 al~rt afnaflnsf
bf;k|yf h:t} cEof;sf] lg/Gt/tf
cbIf gful/s pTkfbg

273/]n' afn>d kl/ro
3/]n' afn>daf6 l;lh{t ul/aLsf] s'rqm
g]kfndf 3/]n' >dsf] k|efj
PlzofnL d'n'sx¿df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g / afn>d
pGd"ngsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfOPncf]–cfOk]s_n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d
pGd"ng ug{sf] nflu ;doj4 sfo{qmd nfu" u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdn] 3/]n'
afn>dnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;d]6g] sfd u/]sf] 5, ;fy} o;n] aFw'jf afn>lds
/ afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 .
cfOPncf]–cfOk]sn] ;g @))! df g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}df P ¥oflk8
Pl;:d]G6 ;e]{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;n] ;e]{sf] qmddf /fhwfgLsf] * j6f j8fnfO{
;d]6g] u/L nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, afn>ldsx¿ nufot k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu
cGt/jftf{, cjnf]sg / @ xhf/, @ ;o #& j6f 3/df 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd u/L
tYofÍ ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] . o; cg';Gwfgcg';f/ oL 3/x¿df $ ;o @) hgf
afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOof] . o;/L x]bf{ k|To]s % j6f
3/dWo] Pp6fn] afn>ldsx¿ /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f cg';Gwfgn] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . k|foM
wgf8o 3/x¿n] ! hgf k"0f{sfnLg 3/]n' >lds /fVg] u/]sf 5g . ;du|df eGbf
/fhwfgL sf7df08f} dxfgu/kflnsfdf dfq !% jif{d'lgsf sl/a @@ xhf/
afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g . g]kfndf !* jif{d'lgsf 3/]n'
>ldsx¿ s'n *# xhf/ /x]sf 5g . tLdWo] sl/a $@ xhf/ ^ ;o &$ hgf !$
jif{ jf ;f] d'lgsf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g .

b g]kfn ¥oflk8 Pl;:d]G6n] !* jif{d'lgsf #&* hgf afnaflnsfsf] ;j]{If0f
u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;j]{If0fcg';f/ tLdWo] @ ltxfO !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf
afnaflnsfx¿ sfddf ;+nUg 5g . o;af6 g]kfndf !) b]lv !$ jif{s} pd]/b]lv
3/]n' >ddf k|j]z ub{5g eGg] kfOPsf] 5 . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]n] tna gkfPsf] /
cfwfeGbf a9L s]6fx¿ ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f g]kfndf s]6Lsf]
t'ngfdf s]6fx¿sf] a9L 8'nlkm/ ug{ kfpg] l:ylt xf] . clwsf+z cfdfafa' /
cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/LnfO{ e/;s 3/d} /fVg ?rfpF5g .
o4lk 3/]n' afn>d ePsf ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿df ls t Pp6f dfq cleefjs
of t cfdf of afa' ePsf] kl/jf/ jf afnaflnsfsf] sdfOdf e/ kg]{ kl/jf/n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . t/ sf7df08f}df ul/Psf]
cg';Gwfgcg';f/ &@ k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ldssf cfdfafa' b'j} lhpFb} /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . afn>ddf k7fpg] clwsf+z 3/x¿df $ b]lv ^ hgf;Ddsf] hfxfg
5 . @% k|ltzt kl/jf/;Fu c? sfd ug]{ afnaflnsf 5g . o;/L afnaflnsfx¿
;fg} pd]/df >ddf k|j]z ug'{sf] k|d'v sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa' e"ldlxg x'g', hUuf
hldg ePklg kl/jf/sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf Hofb} yf]/} x'g' / kl/jf/ C0fdf
8'Ag' /x]sf 5g .
g]kfndf @)%^ ;fn ;fpgdf sd}of k|yfnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff ul/of] t/ klg Tof]
k|yf /x]sf 7fpFx¿df w]/} afnaflnsf cfkmgf cfdfafa'n] lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf nflu
3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf al;/x]sf 5g . o4lk sd}of kl/jf/sf clwsf+z
afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>ddf k|j]z ug'{ cufj} ljBfno egf{ ePsf] s'/f atfOP
tfklg tLdWo] Ps ltxfO -h;dWo] cfwf hlt s]6Lx¿_ n] kl/jf/n] rnfPsf]
v]tLdf sfd ug{ ;'? u/]sf 5g . o;/L v]tLkftLdf ;+nUg ePsf s]6Lx¿dWo] !*
k|ltzt afnaflnsf n]vk9 ug{ hfGb}gg / !) k|ltztn] d'l:snn] n]vk9 ug{
;S5g .
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf w]/} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] 3/sf] t'ngfdf /f]huf/bftfsf]
3/df vfgf, ;'tfOnufotsf s'/fx¿ /fd|f] ePsf] atfPsf 5g . o;n] pgLx¿
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg x'g'sf] sf/0f 3/df ePsf] cefju|:t hLjg xf] eGg] s'/f
b]vfPsf] 5 . km]l/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds eP/ a:g' kbf{ PSnf]kgfsf] dx;'; ug'{kg]{,
cToflws sfdsf] rfk, ufnL unf}h s'6lk6 tyf lgs[i6 Pj+ lx+;|s lsl;dsf]
b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] s'/f pgLx¿n] atfPsf lyP, h;n] afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf gsf/fTds
k|efj kfg]{ s'/f lglZrt 5 .

293/]n' afn>d kl/ro
zf/Ll/s c;/
cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo] #&$ hgfn] lbgdf !@
306feGbf a9L ;do sfd ug'{ k/]sf] s'/f atfP . of] pgLx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf] cToGt
uDeL/ Pj+ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] cj:yf xf] . 3/]n' afn>ldsn] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df
w]/}h;f] efF8f dfemg] / c? efG;fdf ul/g] sfdx¿ kb{5g . oL sfdx¿ nfdf]
;do;Dd ul//xg' kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psfx¿dWo] @& k|ltztn] cyf{t !)#
hgfn] sfd ug]{ qmddf pgLx¿nfO{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf], cfuf]n] kf]n]sf] s'/f atfPsf
lyP . tLdWo] ($ hgfn] cfkm" klxn] a;]sf] /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]sf lyP .
o;/L 5f]8g'sf] sf/0f /f]huf/bftfx¿n] a9L bk]6g] u/]sf]n] ubf{ xf] eGg] s'/f
atfPsf lyP . o;qmddf w]/} k|d'v ;"rsx¿n] 3/]n' >ddf s]6Lx¿dfly of}g
zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/ x'g] u/]sf] s'/f atfP . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf
oL hf]lvdx¿sf] dfqf a9b} uO{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] ¿k lng;Sg] ;Defjgf hlxNo}
/xG5 .
dgf]j}1flgs c;/
3/]n' >daf6 afnaflnsfdfly kg]{ c;/ s]jn zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodfly dfq kg]{
geO{ o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df klg ulx/f] rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 . ;+j]ufTds
ljsf; x/]s JolQmsf] l;h{gfTds / :j:y hLjg latfpgsf] nflu cTofjZos
x'G5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf afnaflnsfdWo] ^* k|ltztn] pgLx¿ PSnf] dx;';
u/]sf] atfP . vf;u/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/df pgLx¿n] cfkmgf 3/kl/jf/, ;fyLefO
;a}hgf cnu eP/ dgdf nfu]sf s'/fx¿ s;};Fu klg eGg gkfO{ u'lD;P/ a:g'
kbf{ ;fx|} b'Mv dx;'; u/]sf] atfP . o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] lg/fzf / c;xfo
cj:yfn] pgLx¿sf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;df uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 .
cg';Gwfgn] !) hgfdWo] ( hgf afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] 3/ cfpg :jtGq
ePklg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf x]bf{ clwsf+zn] o;/L 3/ kl/jf/;Fu e]6g kfpFb}gg .
o;sf sf/0fx¿df 3/ 6f9f x'g], cfOhfO ug{ vr{ nfUg] h:tf s'/fx¿ klg /x]sf
5g . oltdfq xf]Og sltko glhs} 3/ x'g] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] klg cfkmgf] 3/
hfg kfPsf x'Fb}gg . o;/L pgLx¿ 3/ hfg gkfpg'sf cGo sf/0fx¿df cfdfafa'n]
/f]huf/bftfaf6 lnPsf] C0f klg xf] . C0f aGwgdf k/]sf afn>ldsx¿n] o:tf]
;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . cg';Gwfg ul/Psf #&* hgfdWo] &# hgfn] pgLx¿
/f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf nflu :jtGq gePsf] s'/f atfP . tL dWo]

$! hgfn] o;/L /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ cGoq hfgsf] nflu cleefjssf]
:jLs[lt lng'kg]{ s'/f atfP . tnasf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfgn] #&* dWo] !$%
hgfn] tna kfpg] u/]sf] / tna kfpg] 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] &( k|ltztn]
pgLx¿sf] tna cfdfafa'n] nfg] u/]sf] atfPsf lyP .
afnljsf;dfly kg]{ k|efj
afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;dfly 3/]n' afn>dn] kfg]{ c;/sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cg';Gwfg
ul/Psf #&*dWo] s]jn !@# hgf afnaflnsfn] dfq :s'n hfg] u/]sf] kfOof] .
:s'n hfg] u/]sfdWo] ** hgf k|fylds txdf !! hgf lgDg dfWolds txdf /
Ps hgf dfq dfWolds txdf k9g] u/]sf] kfOof] . ljBfno egf{ x'g] s]6Lx¿sf]
;+Vof w]/} sd cyf{t s]jn !^=# k|ltzt / s]6fx¿sf] ;+Vof $^=! k|ltzt /x]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 .
k9g,] ;x/ hfg kfpg], hLjgsf] k"j{tof/L ug{sf] nflu ;'/lIft sfd tyf ;fg}
pd]/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/Ldf nufpgsf] nflu 3/]n' afn>d pko'Qm ePsf]
atfOP tfklg of] afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ ljsf;sf] nflu uDeL/ c;/ kfg]{ k];f xf],
h;n] ul/aLsf] b'irqmnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbG5 tyf l;Ëf] ljsf;sf] ultdf cj/f]w
l;h{gf ub{5 .
3/]n' afn>d;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfox¿÷;+:yfx¿
3/kl/jf/, ;dfh, ;+:s[lt, d"NodfGotf
P]g÷sfg'g
/f]huf/bftf÷>lds ;+u7g
/fhgLlts bn
lzIff gLlt
;+3÷;+:yf
cfly{s gLlt
;+rf/ dfWod
/fHo

313/]n' afn>d kl/ro
tLg
3/]n' afn>dsf] cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxgsf tTjx¿
cfsif{0fsf tTjx¿
!= c;dfgtfsf] kl/0ffdaf6 pTkGg ePsf] s'nLgtf
cf}Bf]lusLs/0f tyf ;x/Ls/0fsf] qmddf ePsf] c;dfg cfly{s ljsf;n] ;dfhdf
x'g] / gx'g] aLrsf] ;fy} ul/a / dWod ju{aLrsf] vf8n cem km/flsnf] agfpFb}
nu]sf] 5 . o;af6 3/aflx/ ul/g] sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ ckx]ngfsf]
b[li6n] x]g]{, ;f] sfd ubf{ k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg] ;f]lrG5 . k|lti7fdf cfFr cfpg]
tyf t'R5 7flgPsf] 3/]n' >daf6 cfkm" klG5g] / lj:tf/} t]>f] JolQmaf6 u/fpg]
k|j[lQn] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]/ uPsf] xf] . o;}u/L n}lËs c;dfgtfdf cfPsf]
;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f dlxnfx¿df ePsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
3/aflx/sf] /f]huf/Ldf cfkm" ;+nUg /xg] / 3/leqsf] wGbf ug{ cGo ul/a dlxnf
jf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufpg yflnPsf] 5 . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{
a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . sltko kl/jf/x¿df 3/]n' afn>lds /fVg] sfdnfO{
cfjZostfeGbf klg ;fdflhs k|lti7f, ;fg ;f}st b]vfpg] dfWodsf] ¿kdf klg
lnOg yflnPsf]n] 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9b} uPsf] 5 .
@= wd{k'qsf] gfddf afn>lds /flvg'
sltko 3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ug{
afn>ldsx¿nfO{ gSsnL wd{k'q jf k'qL agfP/ klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L

;dfhdf 6'x'/f c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ o;/L æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ
/fVg] ul/G5 . o;sf] ;fy} ul/a kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;DkGg kl/jf/sf
JolQmx¿n] æwd{k'qÆ æwd{k'qLÆ sf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L pgLx¿sf] kfngkf]if0fsf]
;Dk"0f{ lhDdf lng] t/ Jojxf/df eg] tL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf]
¿kdf sfd u/fpg] klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L gSsnL tl/sfaf6 afn>d /fVg]
k|lqmofn] klg 3/]n' afn>d km:6fpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L Pp6} b]zleq eP
u|fdL0f e]uaf6 ;x/L kl/jf/x¿df / ul/a b]zaf6 wgL b]zx¿df wd{k'q wd{k'qL
agfP/ n}hfg] rng 5 . o; k|sf/n] wd{k'q k'qL /flvPsf sltko afnaflnsfx¿
cfkm"dfly eO/x]sf] zf]if0f vKg g;s]/ a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 efuL ;8s afnaflnsf
ePsf klg pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 .
t/ sltko JolQmx¿n] jf:tljs ¿kd} wd{k'q wd{k'qLsf] ¿kdf ckgfO{ /flvPsf
afnaflnsfx¿sf] cj:yf klxn] cfkmgf] kl/jf/df /xFbfeGbf klg /fd|f] cj:yfdf
k'uL Pp6f of]Uo ;Ifd JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf pbfx/0fx¿ klg kfpg
;lsG5 .
#= ;:tf] >d
3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9g'sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f ;:tf] >d eP/ klg xf] .
jo:sx¿nfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf /fVbf a9L tna lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . otf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
cfdfafa';Fu df}lvs ;Demf}tf u/L yf]/} k};fdf sfd nufpg ;lsG5 . sltkonfO{
t tna} glbOsg vfg / ;fwf/0f n'ufkmf6f] dfq lbP/ sfddf nufpg] ul/Psf]
5 . cem C0f ltg]{ ;t{df /flvPsf] 5 eg] t emg C0fsf] Jofh dfq ltg{sf] nflu
klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf nufpg] ul/G5 .
$= ;lhnf] >d÷ljb«f]x ug{ g;Sg] l:ylt
afnaflnsfx¿ ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf]n] kmsfP/ sfddf nufpg,] geP xKsfPsf] e/df
sfddf nufpg ;lsG5 t/ otf jo:s >ldsx¿ eg] cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] nflu
af]Ng;Sg] ePsf]n] /f]huf/bftfx¿nfO{ xKsfP/ sfddf nufpg t'ngfTds ¿kn]

333/]n' afn>d kl/ro
sl7g x'G5 . afnaflnsfx¿ cfkm"dfly hlt;'s} sfdsf] af]em nflbP klg, tna
glbP klg ;fgf] pd]/ ePsf] sf/0fn] jo:sx¿;Fu ljb«f]x ug{ 8/fpF5g /
/f]huf/bftfn] o:tf] l:yltsf] e/k'/ kmfObf p7fPsf x'G5g .
%= cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fVg kfOg]÷s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg' gkg]{
3/]n' afn>lds /fVgsf] nflu /f]huf/bftf / afn>lds jf p;sf cleefjs;Fu
s'g} sfg'gL ;Demf}tf ul//xg'kg]{ emGem6 x'Fb}g . s'g} lgoddf afFlwg'kg]{ afWotf
x'Fb}g . clxn];Ddsf] cEof;df cgf}krfl/s s'/fsfgLs} e/df 3/]n' afn>lds
/flvg] ul/Psf] 5 .
k|]fT;fxgsf tTjx¿
^= ;dfhsf] dlxnf / aflnsfx¿k|lt x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f
;dfhdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ csf{sf] 3/ hfg] / csf{s} ;]jfdf hLjg latfpg] JolQmsf]
¿kdf x]l/G5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljBfno k7fOFb}g . k7fOxfn]
klg :s'nsf] k9fO k"/f gu/L aLr}df lgsflnG5 . o;sf] ;fy} 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ljjfxsf]
nflu ;fdfGo ;fIf/ agfpg] p2]Zon] dfq k9fOg] ul/G5 . 5f]/Lx¿ csf{sf] 3/
hfg] x'gfn] 5f]/Lx¿dfly ul/g] nufgLaf6 dfOtL 3/sf] nflu s'g} kmfObf gx'g,]
kmfObf eP klg nf]Ug]s} 3/nfO{ kmfObf x'g] b[li6n] x]l/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/LnfO{ cfdfnfO{
3/]n' sfdwGbfdf ;3fpk3fp ug{sf] nflu k7fOG5 . o;}n] k|foM h;f] 5f]/Lx¿
cfdf;Fu} 3/]n' sfdwGbfdf nflu/x]sf x'G5g . o;/L k9g gkfPkl5 5f]/Lx¿sf]
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu /f]huf/Lsf ljsNkx¿ ;Lldt x'g k'Ub5g . pgLx¿n] afFRgsf]
nflu c?dfly e/ kg'{kg]{ l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . 5f]/Lx¿n] kl/jf/sf] cfo cfh{gsf
nflu of]ubfg lbg ;Sb}gg To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ kl/jf/sf] af]emsf] ¿kdf x]g{
yflnG5 . Psflt/ pgLx¿ cfkmgf] clwsf/sf] af/]df ;r]t x'Fb}gg, csf{lt/
sfg'gL ¿kdf ;fIf/ gx'gfn] cfkmgf clwsf/dfly lyrf]ldrf] x'Fbf klg r'krfk
nfu]/ a:g afWo x'G5g . ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ul/gfn] Pp6f kl/jf/df af]emsf]
¿kdf /x]sL 5f]/L csf]{ kl/jf/df ;fg]{ ul/G5 . o;}n] 5f]/Lx¿ k|foM h;f]
3/leqs} sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf x'g . o;/L ;fg} pd]/b]lv jo:s / k|f}9
x'g] a]nf;Dd klg cfdfx¿ 3/leqs} sfddf clNem/x]sf x'G5g . ;fdflhs kl/j]zn]
5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv g} 3/]n' afn>dlt/ ws]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . oxL s'/f g}
;+;f/el/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿df aflnsfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToflws x'g'sf] sf/s tTj
aGg k'u]sf] 5 .

&= 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ljjfxsf] nflu k"j{tof/Lsf] ¿kdf lnOg'
;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ ljjfx u/]/ c?sf] 3/df hfg'kg]{ / ToxfF uP/ 3/leqsf]
sfdwGbf ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f ;f]lrg] ePsf]n] 3/]n' >dnfO{ sltko kl/jf/x¿n]
s]6Lx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm tflndsf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf 5g . o;/L 3/]n' >dnfO{
æhLjgs} k"j{tof/LÆ sf] ¿kdf lnOg] u/]sf]n] sltko s]6Lx¿nfO{ :s'naf6
lgsfn]/ eP klg 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf] klg kfOG5 . ljZjsf e/v/} dfq
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] af6f]df cufl8 a9]sf b]zx¿df wgL kl/jf/df of]Uo s]6f]
kfOG5 eGg] cfzn] klg s]6Lx¿ 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfs{lift x'gk'U5g . o;/L klg
3/]n' afn>dsf] dfu a9]sf] 5 .
* 3/]n' sfdsfhnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf x]l/g'
clwsf+z b]zdf 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ dlxnfn] ug]{ sfdsf] ¿kdf JofVof ul/G5 .
w]/}h;f] cleefjsx¿n] 5f]/L eP/ hlGdPkl5 3/sf] wGbf ug}{ kb{5, o;sf]
lasNk 5}g eGg] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g . 3/]n' sfd c? sfdsf] t'ngfdf ;/n /
;xh sfd ePsf]n] of] dlxnfx¿sf] nflu pko'Qm 5 eGg] ul/G5 . sltko b]zsf
/f]huf/bftfx¿ s]6L jf dlxnfx¿n] 3/]n' sfd -3/leqsf] sfd_ pQd lsl;daf6
ug{;Sg] ePsf]n] s]6f jf k'?ifn] ug'{eGbf klg s]6L jf dlxnfn] ug'{kb{5 eGg]
dfGotf /fVb5g . sltko w]/} bfh'efO ePsf] kl/jf/df bfh'efOn] lbbL jf alxgLnfO{
d'vn] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]/] klg Jojxf/df eg] 3/]n' >ldssf] ¿kdf
sfd nufpg] ub{5g .
dlxnf :jo+n] klg 3/]n' >dnfO{ ædlxnfx¿sf] sfdÆ sf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf]
kfOG5 . afn>ldssf cfdfx¿ cfkmgf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n'
>ddf g} k7fpg rfxG5g . sltko >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ub}{
sfd ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] cGo sfdsf] t'ngfdf 3/]n' >d g} ug{ ?rfpF5g .
To;}u/L >lds dlxnfx¿ 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ 3/]n' sfdwGbf l;sfpgsf nflu klg
pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm";Fu} /fv]/ klg 3/]n' >d ug]{ ub{5g, h;af6 cfdfn] cfkm"kl5
cfkmg} 5f]/LnfO{ /f]huf/bftfn] ;f] sfd b]cf]; eGg] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5, h;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgL cfdfsf] kl5kl5 nfUbfnfUb} k9g] cj;/
u'dfpg k'Ub5g . o;/L cfdfsf] kl5 lx+8bf–lx+8b} afnaflnsfx¿ *÷( jif{s}
pd]/df Pp6f cg'ejL 3/]n' afn>ldssf] sfd ug{;Sg] ePsf x'G5g .

353/]n' afn>d kl/ro
sfG5L a:g]t
lx/fsfhLsf] $ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . pgL / pgsL >LdtL sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f
a}+sdf sfd ub{5g . pgLx¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ :s"n hfG5g . pgLx¿sf] 3/df
laxfg a]n'sf ;3fpk3fp ug,]{ lbpF;f] 3/ s'g]{ sf]xL x'g] ePg . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{
Pshgf dflg;sf] cfjZostf ePsf] dx;'; u/L g'jfsf]6 lhNnfl:yt lx/fsfhLsf]
Pshgf ;fyLsf] ufpFaf6 !% jif{sL sfG5LnfO{ NofP . o;afkt lx/fsfhLn]
sfG5Lsf a'afnfO{ dlxgfsf] ?= @)) .– lbg] eP . sfG5Lsf a'af k|To]s #÷$
dlxgfdf pQm ?= @)) .– lng cfpg] ug{ yfn] . sfG5L dflnssf] 3/df sfd
ug'{kg]{ tyf lbpF;f] 3/ s'g'{kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f pgL :s'n hfg kfOgg . lx/fsfhLn]
sfG5Ln] /fd|f];Fu sfd u/]kl5 pgsf] lax] ubf{ nfUg] ;a} vr{ lbg] arg lbPsf
5g . lx/fsfhL klg sfG5Lsf] sfdk|lt ;Gt'i6 5g . sfG5L g'jfsf]6sf] cfkmgf]
3/df x'Fbf lbgel/ 3fF; bfp/f ug'{kg]{, kfgL Nofpg] h:tf sfdx¿ u/]klg pgn]
cfwf k]6 dfq vfg kfpFlyg . lx/fsfhLn] sfG5LnfO{ cfkmg} 5f]/L ;'t]sf] sf]7fdf
;'tfpF5g . pgL / pgsL >LdtLn] sfG5Lk|lt /fd|f] Jojxf/ u5{g . sfG5L klg
v';L g} b]lvG5] . t/ pgsf] Pp6} dfq u'gf;f] :s'n hfg gkfpg' /x]sf] 5 . pgL
cfkmgf ufpFsf ;a} ;fyLx¿af6 cnlUug k'u]sL l5g . sf7df08f}df cfP/ pgn]
s;}nfO{ klg ;fyL agfpg kfPsL 5}gg . pgnfO{ a]nf–a]nf 3/sf] ofbn] ;tfO/xG5 .
5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx¿
!= s] sfG5L 3/]n' afn>lds x'g <
@= sfG5Lsf] syfdf afn>dsf] dfu / k"lt{ s;/L ePsf] 5 <
#= sfG5Lsf u'gf;fx¿ s]–s] /x]5g <
$= s] sfG5Ln] ug]{ sfd lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq kb{5 <
$= sfG5Lsf] hLjgdf cem ;'wf/ Nofpg s]–s] ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 <

(= k/Dk/fut e]befj
;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf sf/0f k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfd;d'bfoleqsf] Pp6f vf; ;d"x jf
;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ ;dfhdf pRr ju{ 7fG5 / csf]{ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfO{ lgDg
ju{sf] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg e]befjsf sf/0f ;dfhdf hftLo
e]befjsf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . hghflt ;d'bfo / blntx¿nfO{ tNnf] bhf{sf]
dflg;sf] ¿kdf x]g]{, ufpFn]x¿nfO{ kfv] / ;x/jf;Lx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs, ;';DkGg /
dflyNnf] bhf{sf ¿kdf x]g]{ k|j[lQ 5, h;n] ubf{ dflyNnf] ju{sf] 7flgg]x¿n] tNnf
ju{ 7flgg]x¿sf kl/jf/af6 cfPsf dlxnf k'?if jf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >ldssf]
¿kdf /fVg] ub{5g . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t pRrtf / lgrtfsf] ljefhg
sfod /x'~h]n;Dd k/Dk/fb]lv cfkm"nfO{ k|ltli7t 7fGg] dflyNnf] ju{n] u/]sf]
3/]n' afn>ldssf] dfunfO{ ckx]lnt, pk]lIft ju{af6 k"lt{ x'g] sfd hf/L /xG5 .
To;}n] 3/]n' afn>d hghftLo clwsf/ cfGbf]ngsf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ c+z
x'g'kb{5 .
!)= /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrlqt ul/g' .
afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu 3/]n' >d kmfObfsf/L / pko'Qm k|sf/sf] >dsf] ¿kdf
x]g]{ s'/fn] /f]huf/bftfnfO{ pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf]
x'G5 . s'g} afns tyf aflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dsf] nflu /fVg] sfdn] c?sf] enf]
lrtfpg], pksf/L JolQmsf] ¿kdf p;sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f klg cem dfly p7]sf]
7flgG5 . o;}n] /f]huf/bftf :jo+n] d}n] u|fdL0f e]usf] ul/a, 7"nf] kl/jf/af6
afnaflnsfnfO{ ;DkGg 3/df NofP/ pksf/ ul//x]sf] 5' eGg] 7flg/x]sf] x'G5 .
/f]huf/bftfn] cfkm"nfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ug{ rflx/x]sf] x'Fb}g . o;/L
3/]n' afn>ddfly nufOPsf] pksf/sf] cfj/0fn] 3/]n' afn>d /fVg] sfdnfO{
k|>o lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . jf:tljs cy{df eg] /f]huf/bftfaf6 oxL æpksf/L sfo{Æ
sf] cfj/0fdf ;:tf], ;xh afn>dsf] zf]if0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;}n] sltko
3/x¿df /f]huf/bftfn] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ æ5f]/f]Æ æ5f]/LÆ eg]/ klg af]nfpg]
u/]sf x'G5g .
!!= kfl/jfl/s tyf afn ul/aL
ul/aL eGgfn] kl/jf/sf] sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt dfq xf]Og sfd ug]{ pd]/sf
afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLn] p;sf] nflu cfjZos vr{ wfGg g;Sg] l:ylt
klg xf] . Go"g cfDbfgLsf] sf/0fn] kl/jf/n] xftd'v hf]g{ ;Sg] l:ylt;Dd klg

373/]n' afn>d kl/ro
gx'g' / o;sf nflu C0fdf km‘:g'n] afnaflnsfx¿ kl/jf/sf] af]em aGg k'U5g
h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cfdfafa'n] j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{
csf{sf] 3/df nu]/ /flvlbg] ub{5g . afnaflnsfn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgLaf6 kl/jf/sf]
cfly{s l:yltnfO{ clnslt eP klg dfly p7fpg ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r /fVg] ul/G5 .
ul/a x'g'sf] sf/0f s]jn cfly{s cefj dfq xf]Og, a? afnaflnsfsf cfdfafa'sf]
sfd ug]{ bIftfsf] cefj klg xf] . lsgls cbIf dflg;sf] >d ahf/df laqmL
x'Fb}g, eOxfn] klg ;f] Hofnfn] pgLx¿sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"lt{ x'Fb}g .
!@= C0f ltg{sf] nflu 3/]n' afn>lds /flvg'
cfdfafa'n] ;fx'af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu klg afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf]
¿kdf /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'slt/ o; k|sf/sf] rng
/x]sf] 5 . cfO=Pn=cf]= n] dxf;lGw !*@ kfl/t u/L o; k|sf/sf] afn>dnfO{
lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>dleq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . C0f ltg{sf nflu 3/]n' afn>lds
/fVbf g t afnaflnsf g p;sf] cleefjs s;}n] klg sfdsf] cj:yf jf
Hofnfsf] nflu s'g} df]ntf]n ug{ ;Sb5g . afnaflnsfdfly cdfgjLo zf]if0f eP
klg C0fLn] afnaflnsfnfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] 3/af6 x6fpg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf
3/]n' afn>lds /f]huf/bftf -;fx'_ / cf;fdLaLrsf] r]kdf k/]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿
a]lrg k'u]sf x'G5g .
cfzf yf?
cfzf yf? kl/jf/sL aflnsf x'g . pgL pd]/n] !@ aif{ k'u]sL l5g . cfzf ut $
jif{b]lv sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t l5g . pgsf lktf pgL
a;]s} 3/sf dflnssf] Pshgf wgu9Ll:yt gft]bf/sxfF xnL a;]sf 5g . pgL
;x/Lof æsdn/LÆ x'g . sdn/L eg]sf] klZrd g]kfnsf bfª, afFs], alb{of,
s}nfnL / s~rgk'/lt/ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv rn]sf] rng cGt/ut hldGbf/sxfF sfo{/t
xnLsL 5f]/L x'g h;nfO{ hldGbf/sxfF lagf k};f 3/wGbfnufotsf sfd ug{sf
nflu /flvPsf] x'G5 . cfzfsf b'O{ efO / Pshgf lbbL 5g . tLdWo] b'O{ hgf
efOx¿ wgu9Ldf sfd ub{5g / alxgL rflx+ sf7df08f}d} sfd ul5{g t/ pgsf]
alxgL;Fu b]ve]6 slxNo} x'Fb}g . cfzf laxfg % ah] pl75g, a9f/s'8f‘/ ul5{g
clg 3/ k'l:5g . o;a]nfb]lv ;'? ePsf] pgsf] sfd /flt !) ah] efF8f dflem;s]kl5
;dfKt x'G5 . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Ddsf] sfddf pgnfO{ s;}n] klg ;3fpg] ub}{gg .

pgL lg/If/ l5g . :s'n hfg] cj;/ pgn] slxNo} kfPsL 5}gg . cfkm"n] slt
k};f tna kfpg] xf] eGg] af/]df klg pgnfO{ /fd|f] yfxf 5}g . tna yfxf geP
klg e/v/} dfq pgn] afa'n] hldGbf/af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{sf] nflu cfkm"n] kfpg]
tna klg s6f}tL x'g] u/]sf] s'/f sfsfaf6 ;'g]sL lyOg .
!= cfzfnfO{ lsg sdn/L elgPsf] xf] <
@= syfdf pNn]lvt s'g rngn] s;/L 3/]n' afn>dnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 <
#= cfzfdfly s] s:tf] k|sf/sf] zf]if0f ePsf] 5 <
$= s] o; k|sf/sf] >d lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d xf] <
%= cfzfsf s'g–s'g clwsf/x¿ pNn+3g ePsf 5g <
!#= lzIffsf] cefj tyf u'0f:t/xLg lzIff / ;x/L lzIffsf] cfsif{0f
ljZjsf w]/} efudf afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno z'Nssf] sf/0f, ljBfno 6f9f ePsf]
sf/0f :s'n hfg] dg ub}{gg . To;}u/L s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ u'0f:t/xLg lzIff,
ljBfnodf x'g] b'Jo{jxf/ tyf lzIfsx¿ cg'kl:yt x'g] sf/0faf6 ljBfno 5f]8g]
ub{5g . o;/L ljBfno 5f]8g] jf hfg dg gug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>dlt/
cfs{lift x'g] u/]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfpg ;lsG5 .
k9g] OR5f k"/f ug{ klg kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsf÷lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] 3/]n'
afn>dnfO{ Pp6f ljsNksf] ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . sltko /f]huf/bftfx¿n]
klg 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf /flvPsf afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf] cleefjsnfO{
k9fOlbg] tyf cGo k|sf/sf] tflnd lbnfOlbg] arg lbPsf x'G5g . pgLx¿dWo]
sltn] t ;fFRr} g} 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] cj;/ klg lbPsf
x'G5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] cfkmgf] sfdwGbf l;WofPkl5 dfq o; k|sf/sf]
tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] :jLs[t kfpF5g, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>ddf

393/]n' afn>d kl/ro
;+nUg afnaflnsfx¿ ljBfno hfFbf l9nf] k'Ug], clgoldt 9+un] :s'n hfg,]
sIffsf] k9fOk|lt Wofg glbg] l:ylt eO/xG5 .
s]xL afnaflnsfx¿ k9g]] k};f h'6fpg klg :s'n 5f]8L 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg
x'gk'U5g . s]xL b]zx¿sf cleefjsx¿n] cfkmgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9g kfpF5g eGg]
cfzfn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf k7fpg] u/]sf 5g . o;n] klg 3/]n'
afn>ldssf] dfu a9g] u/]sf] 5 .
!$= afnaflnsf ;x/L /demdk|lt cfs{lift x'g'
afnaflnsfx¿ ;x/df ePsf] /demdk|lt cfs{lift eP/ klg 3/]n' afn>lds x'g
k'u]sf x'G5g . ul/a kl/jf/sf dfq xf]Og sltko ;DkGg, vfg nfpg k'Ug], 3/df
/fd|f] Joj:yf ePsf ufp‘lt/sf afnaflnsfx¿ klg ;x/df ePsf ;'ljwf,
cj;/x¿af6 cfs{lift eO{ efu]/ jf ;fyLx¿sf] nx}nx}df nfu]/ ;x/lt/ cfPsf
x'G5g . ;x/df afFRg] pkfo vf]Hb} sltko afnaflnsf cGttM 3/]n' afn>ddf
;+nUg x'gk'U5g . o;n] klg 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfunfO{ a9fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
!%= kfl/jfl/s lx+;f
kfl/jfl/s lx+;f afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' >dlt/ ws]Ng] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] .
3/df cefju|:t hLjg, w]/} hfxfg, ;f}t]gL dfdnf, / k'?ifjfbL ;fdGtL lrGtg
tyf ;fdflhs lnËe]b cflbsf] sf/0faf6 3/kl/jf/df cfdfafa'aLr em}—emu8f
x'g] ub{5 . o;sf] l;sf/ k|foM dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf x'g] ub{5g . ;w}+ 3/df
o; k|sf/sf] em} emu8f x'g] afnaflnsfn] s'6fO vfO/xg'kg]{ l:ylt ePdf
afnaflnsfx¿ 3/af6 efUg] / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu 3/]n' >dnufotsf >ddf
nfUg] u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ k|z:t e]l6G5g . o;/L kfl/jfl/s lx+;fn] afnaflnsfnfO{
3/]n' >dnufot >dsf cGo If]qlt/ hfg afWo agfO/x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .
!^= ;z:q ;+3if{
b]zdf rln/x]sf] ;z:q ;+3if{sf] sf/0faf6 s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g k'u]sf
5g . xfd|f] b]zdf @)%@ ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rn]sf] lx+;fTds åGåsf sf/0f

w]/} afnaflnsfx¿sf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5 eg] sltko cfdfafa'af6
la5f]l8g k'u]sf 5g . To:t} o'4df hah{:tL ;+nUg u/fpg ;Sg] eosf sf/0fn]
klg s}og afnaflnsfx¿ cfkmgf] ufpF 5f]8L ;'/lIft ;x/lt/ k:b5g / 3/]n'
>dnfO{ ;xh} kfpg ;lsg] >d If]qsf] ¿kdf lnO{ cfkmgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ub{5g .
o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf jf la5f]l8g k'u]sf clg ;x/ k;]sf s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿
afFRgsf nflu 3/]n' afn>dtkm{ cfslif{t eO/x]sf 5g / 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf]
dfunfO{ k"lt{ ug{sf nflu Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5g .
!&= Pr= cfO= le= ÷ P8; nufot k|f0f3fts ;?jf /f]usf] dxfdf/L
Pr= cfO= le=÷P8;sf] dxfdf/L km}lnPsf b]zx¿df o; /f]usf] sf/0f s/f]8f+}
dflg;x¿sf] d[To' eO;s]sf] 5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bzf}+ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿
6'x'/f aGg k'u]sf 5g . o;/L 6'x'/f ag]sf afnaflnsfx¿ afFRgsf nflu 3/]n'
afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g . clk|msfsf] ;xf/f If]qjl/kl/sf b]zx¿df
cfh sl/a !@ s/f]8 afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmgf cfdf jf cfdfafa' u'dfPsf 5g .
xfn} ul/Psf] Ps cg';Gwfgcg';f/ clk|msL b]zdf ePsf] 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿dWo]
clwsf+z afnaflnsfx¿sf ls t Pshgf dfq afFr]sf], ls cfdfafa' b'j} g} d/]sf]
kfOPsf] 5 . oL P8; /f]usf] sf/0faf6 ePsf 6'x'/f6'x/Lx¿n] afFRgsf] nflu 3/]n'
afn>dnfO{ j}slNks pkfosf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;n] 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿sf] pTkfbgdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
dgs'df/L zfx
dxf]Q/Lsf] uf}zfnfdf km}lnPsf] sfnfhf/sf] dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0f dgs'df/L ;fg} x'Fbf
pgsf cfdfafa'sf] d[To' eof] . xh'/cfdf / sfsfsf] x]/rfxaf6 pgL / pgsf
efOalxgLx¿ x's]{sf lyP . pgsf b'O{j6f efO tyf Pp6L alxgL lyP . b'O{j6f
efOx¿dWo] Ps hgf kf]v/fdf / Ps hgf sf7df08f}df 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf
sfd ug]{ uy]{ . alxgL rflx+ ;fg} ePsf]n] xh'/cfdf;Fu a:blyOg . pgL rflx+
lj/f6gu/sf] Pshgf pBf]ukltsxfF a;]sL lyOg . !# jif{sL dgs'df/Ln] :s'n
hfg] tLa| dg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o:tf] cj;/ slxNo} kfOgg . laxfgb]lv a]n'sf !)
ah];Dd efG;fs} wGbf ub}{ pgnfO{ 7Ls x'GYof] . efG;fsf] sfdaf6 km';{b kfPsf]
a]nf n'uf w'g] tyf cGo ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{Yof] . pgnfO{ c?sf] cfdfafa'n]
5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ dfof u/]sf] b]Vbf pgnfO{ cfkmgf cfdfafa'sf] ;Demgfn] ;tfpFYof]

413/]n' afn>d kl/ro
/ c?n] gb]Vg] u/L n's]/ ?g] ub{lyg .
pgnfO{ dlxgfjf/L ? @)) .– lbOg] ul/GYof] . Tof] klg dflnsn] xh'/cfdfnfO{
lbg] u/]sf] x'gfn] pgL Tof] k};f cfkm" rnfpg kfpFlbglyOg . dflnssf 5f]/fx¿af6
k6s–k6s of}g zf]if0f / b'Jo{jxf/sf] l;sf/ x'g'kb{Yof] t/ pgsf] ph'/L ;'Gg]
sf]xL lyPg . Psk6s cfkm"dfly ePsf] o:tf] Jojxf/sf] af/]df dflnSgL;Fu eGbf
dflnSgLn] pN6} cfkmgf 5f]/fsf] kIf lnP/ dgs'df/LnfO{ huN6ofPsL lyOg .
!=dgs'df/L s;/L 3/]n' afn>lds aGg k'lug <
@= pgn] s]–s] sfdx¿ ug'{kb{Yof] <
#= dgs'df/L] s]—s:tf zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/sf] ;fdgf ug{ afWo lyOg <
$= pgsf s]–s] clwsf/x¿ vf]l;Psf 5g <
%= pgsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf s] s;/L ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsPnf <
!*= 3/]n' >ddf /x]sf] hf]lvdsf] af/]df hfgsf/L gx'g'
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] kl5 afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf
ug]{ s'/f lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . kl/jf/ jf cleefjssf] x]/rfx gubf{ afnaflnsfx¿n]
s] s:tf cK7of/fx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ kl/jf/, cleefjs tyf
jo:sx¿n] a]jf:tf ug]{ xf] eg] afnaflnsfx¿dfly kg]{ ;a} hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;xh
9+un] lng k'luG5 . 3/]n' >ddf k9g,] v]Ng] nufotsf clwsf/x¿af6 al~rt
x'g], pd]/sf] t'ngfdf ux|f+} ;fdfg prfNg'kg]{, lagfcf/fd nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd
ubf{ cToflws ysfg x'g], a]lrOg ;Sg], of}g zf]if0f tyf b'Jo{jxf/df kg{;Sg], cfuf]n]
kf]Ng], s/]06 nfUg], rf]6k6s nfUg] nufotsf hf]lvdx¿ x'G5g . oL hf]lvdx¿nfO{
uDeL/tfk"j{s gln+bf cGo >dsf] t'ngfdf of] >dnfO{ ;xh, ;'/lIft, pQd >dsf]
¿kdf lnOg] ul/G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k 3/]n' afn>dsf] dfucg';f/ k"lt{ eO g} /xG5 .
:jo+ s}of}+ s]6Lx¿n] pgLx¿n] /f]huf/L ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' >dnfO{ g} klxnf]
k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n] olb /f]huf/bftfn] Jojxfl/s ¿kdf g} c;n
Jojxf/ u5{g, kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf x]b{5g, :s'n hfg] cj;/ lbG5g eg]
afnaflnsfdfly x'g] hf]lvdsf] dfqf sd x'G5 . afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f x'G5 .

rf/
3/]n' afn>dsf] cj:yf
3/]n' afn>d k|ToIf ¿kdf g;'lgg], gb]lvg], 5l/P/ /x]sf], kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf]
>d xf] .
o;}n] of] If]qsf] ;a}eGbf sd cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|foM 3/sf] rf/ kvf{nleq
/x]/ sfd ug]{ x'gfn] afn>ldsx¿sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg klg sl7g 5 . csf{lt/
3/]n' afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf glnO{ :jefljs / ;fdfGo sfdsf] ¿kdf
lnOg] ul/G5 .
ljZjdf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g <
ljZjdf @ ca{eGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g .
cfO=Pn= cf]=sf cg';f/ o;sf] slt k|ltzt efu 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n]
cf]u6]sf 5g eGg] s'/f olsg ug{ sl7g 5 t/ h] eP klg o;sf] w]/}h;f]
efu 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg ePsf !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfx¿n] cf]u6]sf 5g .
O08f]g]l;ofsf] hfsftf{df dfq & nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ !* jif{d'lgsf
5g .
xfO6Ldf @ nfv %) xhf/ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ 5g . tLdWo] !) k|ltzt !)
jif{d'lgsf 5g .
k]?sf] /fhwfgL lndfdf sl/a ! nfv %) xhf/ afn>ldsx¿ 5g .

433/]n' afn>d kl/ro
>Ln+sfdf ! nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g .
p?Uj]df !$ jif{eGbf sd pd]/sf #$ k|ltzt afn>ldsx¿ 3/]n' sfddf
nfu]sf 5g .
a|flhndf % nfv %( xhf/ afnaflnsf 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t
5g .
e]g]h'Pnfdf sfo{/t >lds s]6Lx¿dWo] ^) k|ltzt >lds s]6Lx¿
3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg 5g / pgLx¿sf] pd]/ !) b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf]
/x]sf] 5 .
s]Gofdf @ nfv 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ /x]sf 5g .
ef/tdf !$ jif{d'lgsf s'n afn>ldsdWo] @) k|ltzt 3/]n' afn>ddf
;+nUg 5g .
a+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf # nfv afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' >ddf ;+nUg 5g .
kfls:tfgdf @ nfv ^$ xhf/ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g .
leotgfdsf] /fhwfgL xgf]Odf ePsf s'n 3/ ;+Vofdf k|To]s !)) j6f
3/dWo] Pp6fn] Ps hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg u/fPsf 5g .
blIf0f clkm|sfdf !% jif{d'lgsf @) nfv *% xhf/ * ;o !$ hgf
afnaflnsfx¿ 3/]n' afn>lds 5g .
ljZj a}+sn] ;g !(&% df u/]sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ ef/tdf !% nfv 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿ ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf] lyof] .
cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ef/t, kfls:tfg, g]kfn / a+unfb]zdf lgs} ;fg} pd]/sf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . oL b]zx¿df
^÷* jif{s} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' afn>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd nufO;lsPsf] x'G5 .
yfONof08 / lkmlnlkG;df afn>ldssf] cj:yf zf]if0fo'Qm eP klg s]xL
;'wf/f]Gd'v 5 . lsgls tL b]zsf afn>ldsx¿ / /f]huf/bftfx¿aLr k|i6
;dembf/L x'G5 .

g]kfndf 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ slt 5g <
g]kfnsf ljleGg ;x/x¿df !* jif{d'lgsf s'n %% xhf/ ^%% 3/]n'
afn>lds /x]sf] tyf To;dWo] $@ xhf/ ^&$ 3/]n' afn>lds !$ jif{d'lgsf
/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
sf7df08f}+ ;x/df dfq} @!))) eGbf a9L 3/]n' afn>lds /x]sf 5g .
3/]n' afn>dsf] cf};t cfo' !#=$ aif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;aeGbf sd pd]/sf]
afn>ldssf] pd]/ ^ jif{sf] 5 / pgLx¿dWo] (* k|ltzt cfkmgf kl/jf/sf
;fy a:b}gg .
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿ lbgsf] !# b]lv !% 306f;Dd sfd ub{5g . (@
k|ltztn] laxfg & aHg'eGbf cl3b]lv g} sfd ;'? u5{g eg] (&=^ k|ltztn]
;ftfdf ;ft} lbg sfd ug'{kb{5 .
3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] sl/a cfwfn] lagfkfl/>lds sfd ul//x]sf 5g .
pgLx¿nfO{ kfl/>lds lbOPsf] 5 jf 5}g cyjf lgoldt ¿kdf kfl/>lds
lbOPsf] 5 jf 5|}g eGg] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ g} yfx 5}g . kfl/>lds kfO/x]sfx¿dWo]
(& k|ltztn] dlxgfsf] Ps xhf/ ?k}ofF eGbf sd kfpF5g / ^$=% k|ltztn]
dlxgfsf] kfFr ;o ?lkofFeGbf sd kfp‘5g . 3/]n' afn>ldsdWo] $) k|ltztn]
jif{sf] kfFr xhf/ ?lkofFeGbf sd tna kfpg] u/]sf 5g .
3/]n'[ afn>ldsdWo] cfwfn] pgLx¿sf dflnsn] pgLx¿nfO{ emkfg]{ u/]sf]
jf lk6g] u/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g .
g]kfndf lgs[i6 :j¿kdf afn>d;DaGwL tYox¿
cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] afn>d pGd"ng;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmd -cfO{=Pn=cf]
cfOk]s_ n] g]kfndf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>dsf ;ft If]qdf cfkmgf] ;xof]u
s]lGb«t u/]sf] 5 . >L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgs[i6 k|sf/sf afn>ldssf ¿kdf ;d]l6g'kg]{
cGo s}of} If]qx¿ klg klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . oL If]qx¿df 3/]n' afn>ldssf
cltl/Qm a]rlavg, un}+rf sf/vfgfx¿, vfgL÷OF6f e§fx¿ Pj+ 9'Ëf vfgLx¿,
sjf8L ;Ísn, ;fdfg 9'jfgL tyf aFw'jf dhb'/L kb{5g .

453/]n' afn>d kl/ro
g]kfndf @^ nfv afn>ldsx¿ 5g .
% b]lv !$ jif{;Ddsf @^ nfv afnaflnsf cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo 5g .
% jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf @ nfv &( xhf/ afnaflnsf Hofnf dhb'/Ldf
;+nUg 5g .
% jif{b]lv !* jif{;Ddsf ! nfv @& xhf/ afnaflnsfnfO{ lgs[i6
k|sf/sf afn>ddf nufOPsf] 5 .
k]df tfdfªsf] syf
* jif{sf k]dfsf] 3/ kfFry/ xf] . k]dfsf a'afsf] ;DklQsf] gfddf Pp6f em'k|f] dfq
lyof] . pgL ufpFd} hgjg u/]/ u'hf/f rnfpg] uby]{ . pgsf] a9L /S;L vfg] afgL
klg lyof] . To;dfly ( hgfsf] kl/jf/ kfNg pgnfO{ sl7g eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;}n]
kl/jf/sf] nfngkfng ug]{ af]em clnslt eP klg xNsf kfg{ pgsf a'afn]
k]dfnfO{ sfd klg ug]{ / df}sf kfP k9g] klg eg]/ Ps hgf cfkmGtsf] ;fy nufO{
sf7df08f}+ k7fP . gft]bf/n] pgnfO{ sf7df08f}sf] Pp6f 3/df /flvlbP .
/f]huf/bftfn] tL gft]bf/;Fu k]dfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn] x]/larf/ ug]{ / pgsf] af/]df
pgsf afa'cfdfn] s'g} klg lrGtf ug'{ gkg]{ s'/f atfP . ToxfF pgnfO{ s]jn vfg
/ nfpg dfq lbOGYof] . t/ sfd eg] laxfgb]lv a]n's};Dd efF8f dfemg], 3/ ;kmf
ug]{, n'uf w'g], dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ :s"n;Dd k'¥ofpg] / Nofpg] sfd ug'{kb{Yof] .
ToxfF pgn] /ftlbg ufnL unf}h ;'Gg'kb{Yof] . ;fgf—;fgf] uNtLdf klg s'6fO vfg'
kb{Yof] . To; 3/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ :s'n k'¥ofpg hfFbf pgnfO{ klg ToxL
:s"ndf k9g kfP x'GYof] h:tf] nfUYof] . To;}n] pgL dflnssf 5f]/f5f]/L :s'n
k'u]kl5 plk|m+b} sIfflt/ uPsf] b[Zo lgl/x cfFvfn] x]l//xGy] . ladf/L ePsf]
a]nf;d]t pgn] sfdaf6 km';{b kfpFb}g lyP .

3/]n' afn>ldsx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] l:ylt
;fdfGotof afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu sfdsf] sfof{jlw / sfo{:yn tf]lsPsf]
x'Fb}g . /f]huf/bftfn] h] sfd hltv]/ hxfF u/ eG5g ToxL sfd elgPsf] 7fpF
/ ;dodf ug'{kb{5, h'g lbg jf /ftsf] ;dodf klg x'g;S5 .
a+unfb]z, O08f]g]l;of, kfls:tfg / lkmlnlkG;sf afn>ldsx¿n] cf};t !%
306feGbf a9L ;do;Dd sfd ug]{ ub{5g . g]kfnnufot k|foM b]zx¿df
pgLx¿n] ug'{kg]{ sfdx¿df vfgf ksfpg], efF8f dfemg], /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/sf
n'uf sk8fdf cfO/g nufpg], s'rf] nufpg], e'O+{ k'5g], lsgd]n ug]{,
/f]huf/bftfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ug]{, vftf, lstfasf] emf]nfx¿ af]lslbP/
:s'n;Dd nfg] / Nofpg] sfd cflb .
s'g} ;do km';{b eof] eg] klg aflx/ hfg], ;fyLx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug]{ cg'dlt
kfpFb}gg . k|foM u/]/ k|d'v rf8kj{x¿df dfq 3/ hfg] cg'dlt kfpg] u5{g .
;'Tg], vfg] ;jfndf klg /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] eGbf lgDg :t/sf] Joj:yf ug]{
ul/G5 . /f]huf/bftfx¿n] vfg] vfgfeGbf tNnf] :t/sf] vfgf vfg lbOG5 .
vfgf vfg] a]nfdf /f]huf/bftfsf kl/jf/n] vfO;s]kl5 dfq p;nfO{ vfg
cg'dlt lbOG5 . pgLx¿sf] k|fo lglZrt ;'Tg] :yfg x'Fb}g, efG5f3/ jf
/f]huf/bftfsf] afnaflnsf ;'Tg] sf]7fsf] e'O{+df ;'tfOG5 .

473/]n' afn>d kl/ro
kfFr
afnclwsf/ / 3/]n' afn>d
!= afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] k[i7e"ld
;g !(!$ b]lv !(!*;Dd ePsf] k|yd ljZjo'4sf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] wghgsf]
Iflt / k|fs[lts ljgfzn] ljZjd} eo / qf;sf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u¥of] . o'4df
ljikmf]l6t ad, af?b, uf]nL / w'jfFn] ;a}eGbf a9L afnaflnsfnfO{ g} l;sf/
agfof] . o;}n] eljiodf o; k|sf/sf] o'4sf] eoaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]ufpg /
pgLx¿sf] ljsf;, ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd ;]e b lrN8«]g km08
o'=s]=sL ;+:yflksf PUn]G6fOg h]jn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofOg .
o;nfO{ ;g !(@# df afnarfp cGt/f{li6«o o'lgogn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
3f]if0ffkqsf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg u¥of] . o;nfO{ æh]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqÆ klg eGg]
ul/G5 .
;g !(@$ df lnu ckm g]zG;n] o; h]g]ef 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ kfl/t u/L cf}krfl/s
¿kdf afnclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft u¥of] . ;g !($* df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f
kfl/t ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] afnclwsf/;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg] sfd u¥of] . o:t} ;g !(%( df
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f k|ltkflbt !) a'Fb] afnclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj–3f]if0ffkqn]
afnaflnsfsf] afFRg] clwsf/ / afnljsf;sf] clwsf/dfly hf]8 lbof] . o;kl5
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g !(&( nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o afnjif{sf] ¿kdf dgfof] . o;sf] bz
jif{kl5 cyf{t ;g !(*( gf]e]Da/ @) tfl/vdf /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t u/L afnclwsf/sf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ km8sf]
df¥of] . To;}u/L !(() df ;DkGg afnaflnsf;DaGwL ljZj lzv/ ;Dd]ngn]
;Da4 /fi6«x¿nfO{ afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu /fli6«o sfo{qmd th'{df u/L nfu" ug{]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbof] .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] ;g @))) df afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw cGt/utsf æ;z:q ;+3if{df
afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg afn b]xJofkf/ /
afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrq0fÆ;DaGwL b'O{j6f P]lR5s ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf]
5 . ;g @))! df o;n] æafnaflnsfsf] nflu h'6f}+Æ eGg] cfxjfg ub}{ æafnaflnsfsf]
nflu ljZjJofkL cleofgÆ ;+rfng u¥of] . ;g @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf ;DkGg
ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;efsf] ljz]if a}7s -UNGASS_ n] o; bzssf
nflu afnaflnsf;DaGwL gof‘ ljZjJofkL nIo / sfo{;"rL agfof], h;nfO{
æafnaflnsfsf] nflu ;'xfpFbf] ljZjÆ eGg] gfd lbOPsf] 5 .
@= afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw
@=! afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw !(*(
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g !(*( sf] gf]e]Da/ @) df kfl/t u/]sf]
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw ljZjel/s} d'n'sx¿sf] nflu afnclwsf/;DaGwL
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;femf ;Demf}tf kq xf] . afnaflnsfx¿ ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf
hGd]– x's]{ klg pgLx¿sf] cwf/e"t cfjZostf eg]sf] dfof, ddtf, ;dembf/L,
;+/If0f, :jf:Yo lzIff / kf]if0f g} x'g . To;}n] k|To]s /fHon] cfkmgf efjL
;Gtltsf] pHjn eljiosf] nflu ljz]if rf;f] /fv"g eGg] p2]Zon] of] dxf;lGwsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf @) ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5
;g !(() ;]K6]Da/ @ b]lv cf}krfl/s ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn]
!$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df lgMzt{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g @))! ;Dddf !(!
j6f /fi6«x¿n] o; dxf;lGwsf] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf 5g . cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n]
o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ¿kdf kfng ug'{kb{5 .
dxf;lGwdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;/n 9+un] a'emgsf nflu rf/ ;d"xdf
ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d"xut ¿kdf ljefhg ul/P tfklg oL ;a} ;d"xsf
clwsf/x¿ Ps cfk;df gª df;' h:t} 5'6ofpg gldNg] / cGt/lge{/ 5g . oL
rf/ ;d"xx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M
s= afFRg kfpg] clwsf/
afFRg kfpg' afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . ue{df cfPb]lv g} ;'/Iff kfpg'
tyf ue{jtL dlxnfsf] ljz]if :ofxf/af6 afnaflnsfn] ;'/lIft lsl;daf6 hGdg
kfpg'kb{5 .

493/]n' afn>d kl/ro
hGd]kl5 kf]if0fo'Qm cfxf/, ;'/lIft cfjf;, :j:y jftfj/0f, ;kmf kfgL, vf]k tyf
k|fylds pkrf/nufotsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] Joj:yfnufotsf clwsf/x¿
o; ;d"xleq kb{5g .
v= ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/
k|To]s afnaflnsfn] e]befj, afn>d, zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/, ckx]ngf, pTkL8g Pj+
hf]lvdo'Qm sfd tyf o'4df ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ l:ylt, cf];f/k;f/ tyf a]rlavg /
afa'–cfdfaf6 cnlUug'kg]{ nufotsf l:yltaf6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg'kb{5 . ckfË
tyf 6'x'/f afnaflnsfsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{
sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g'kg]{ nufotsf clwsf/x¿ o; ;d"xleq kb{5g .
u= ljsf; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
:jR5 jftfj/0fdf ;fy{s lzIff k|fKt ug{ kfpg], dgf]/~hg, v]n / cf/fd ug]{,
cfdfafa'sf] ;dfg dfof ddtf kfpg], plrt :jf:Yof]krf/nufotsf plrt
hLjg:t/sf nflu rflxg] Pj+ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, g}lts, ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;'ljwf / cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/x¿ o;
;d"xleq kb{5g .
3= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/
o; ;d"xleq afnaflnsfn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg], afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf k|efj
kfg]{ gLlt lg0f{ox¿df cfkmgf] s'/f ;'gfjfO ug]{ / ;f] ljrf/sf] sb/ ul/g'kg]{,
/rgfTds sfo{, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts lqmofsnfk tyf hLjgsf x/]s kIfdf
lagf /f]s6f]s / lagf e]befj ;xefuL x'g kfpg], cf:yfcg';f/sf] wd{df ;+nUg
x'g], s'g} klg s'/fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg / cleJoQm ug{, ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng jf ;xefuL
x'g kfpg] nufotsf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] ckgfPsf cfwf/e"t
l;4fGtx¿
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwn] lgDg rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5 . log}
rf/ l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfhdf eP u/]sf sfdx¿ afnclwsf/sf]
kIfdf 5g ls 5}gg eg]/ hfFRg ;lsG5 .

!= e]befj/lxt
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ cg';f/ ;a} afnsflnsfnfO{ e]befj tyf kIfkft gul/sg
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ pm jf p;sf
afa'cfdf, cleefjssf] hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{ /fhg}lts jf cGo cf:yf,
/fli6«o, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklt, ;DklQ, czQmtf, hGd jf cGo x}l;otsf]
cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 .
@= afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt
wf/f # cg';f/ afnaflnsfsf nflu ul/g] k|To]s sfo{x¿df afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd
lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿, cbfnt, k|zf;lgs
lgsfo, ljwflosf nufot ;a}n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt sfds'/f ubf{
afnaflnsfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .
#= bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;
wf/f ^ n] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 .
afnaflnsfsf] bL3{ hLjg / ljsf;sf nflu /fHon] oyf;Dej a9LeGbf a9L
k|of; ug'{kb{5 .
$= afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/
wf/f !@ n] afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug{
kfpg'kg]{ s'/f ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{
pgLx¿sf] pd]/ kl/kSjtfcg';f/ To;nfO{ plrt dfGotf klg lbOg'kb{5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;dfhsf] Ps cleGg c+u dfgL ;xefuL u/fOg'kb{5 .
afnclwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿
wf/f ! M /fli6«o sfg'gn] afNofj:yfsf] Go"gtd pd]/ gtf]lslbP;Dd !* jif{d'lgsf
;a}nfO{ afnaflnsf dflgg]5 .
wf/f @ M k|To]s afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] e]befj jf kIfkftlagf ;a}
clwsf/x¿ pkef]u ug{ kfpg eGg] s'/f /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .

513/]n' afn>d kl/ro
wf/f #,$ M cbfntx¿n,] sNof0fsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] jf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n]
afnaflnsfsf ljifodf sf/afxL ubf{ afnsflnsfsf ;jf]{Qd lxtx¿k|lt k|fylds
Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . afnaflnsfsf] dfdnfdf ljj]sk"0f{ Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f ^ M k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ 5 . ctM /fHox¿n]
afnaflnsfsf] hLjgsf] clwstd /Iff / ljsf; ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .
wf/f &,* M k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ gfpF / /fli6«otf kfpg] hGdl;4 clwsf/ x'g]5 .
wf/f !),!! M afnaflnsfsf] sNof0fsf nflu of]Uo clwsf/Lx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{
cfkmgf] b]zsf] l;dfgfleq jf aflx/ e|d0f ug]{ cg'dlt lbP/ kl/jf/sf] k'gld{ngsf
nflu ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 .
wf/f ^, @^, @& M afnaflnsfnfO{ x'sf{pg] a9fpg] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L afa'cfdfsf]
x'G5 . t/ /fHox¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ o;sf] nflu plrt ;xof]u h'6fOlbg'k5{ /
lzz'–:ofxf/;DaGwL ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{5 .
wf/f !(, #$, #^ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ of}gb'Jo{jxf/ jf zf]if0fnufot
zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s oftgf, x]nfaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f @), @! M /fHox¿n] 6'x'/f tyf pk]lIft afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu ;'xf‘pbf]
j}slNks x]/rfxsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' kg]{5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ wd{k'q jf wd{k'qL
/fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ ljj]s k'¥ofO{ lgodj4 kfg'{ kg]{ wd{lktf jf wd{dftfn] afns jf
aflnsf hlGdPsf] d'n'saf6 cGoq n}hfg rfxG5g eg] afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f
tyf sfg'gL dfGotf ;'lglZrt kfg]{ cGt/f{li6«o lgodkqx¿ tof/ kfg{'kg]{5 .
wf/f @# M ckfËtf ePdf afnaflnsfn] ljz]if pkrf/, lzIff / x]/rfx kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ /fHox¿n] ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{5 .
wf/f @$ M :jf:Yonfe ug]{ clwsf/ afnaflnsfsf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . /fHox¿n]
afnaflnsfnfO{ nfUg] /f]usf /f]syfdsf pkfox¿, :jf:Yo lzIff / afnd[To'b/
36fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbP/ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;]jf / x]/rfx
af/]df ;'lglZrt kfg'{kg]{5 .
wf/f @*, @( M k|fylds lzIffnfO{ lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ agfpg'kg]{5 . x/]s lgod
sfg'gn] afnaflnsfsf] cl:tTjsf] ;Ddfg /fVg'kb{5 . lzIff, afnaflnsfdf
;dembf/L, zflGt / ;lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf a9fpg] / ;+/If0f ug]{ vfnsf] x'g' kg]{5 .

wf/f #! M afnaflnsfn] cf/fd lng] / v]Ng] ;do kfpg'kb{5 . o;sf] ;fy}
;f+:s[lts tyf ;[hgzLn lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ljgfe]befj ;dfg cj;/x¿
kfpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f !$, #) M cNk;+Vos hfltsf / :jb]zL d"nsf afnaflnsfx¿n] cfkmg}
;+:s[lt, wd{ / efiff lgjf{w ¿kn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f #@ M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfly{s zf]if0faf6 / dhb'/L ug{af6 tyf
lzIffdf afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd jf pgLx¿sf :jf:Yo / sNof0fdf xfgL k'¥ofpg]
sfdaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f ## M /fHox¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ nfu" kbfy{sf] u}/sfg'gL k|of]uaf6 / nfu"
kbfy{ pTkfbg ug]{ / cf];f/–k;f/ ug]{ sfddf ;l/s x'gaf6 hf]ufpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f #% M afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f / cf];f/–k;f/ ug{] sfd lgd"{n ug{ ;a}vfn]
k|oTgx¿ ul/g'kg]{5 .
wf/f #&, $) M !* jif{ k'Ug'eGbf cl3 ul/Psf ck/fwx¿df d[To'b08 jf cfhLjg
sf/fjf;sf] ;hfo lbOg' x'Fb}g . y'gfdf /flvPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ jo:sx¿af6
cnu /flvg'kg]{5 . pgLx¿nfO{ oftgf lbg'x'‘b}g . lgd{d of ckdfghgs Jojxf/
ul/g'x'Fb}g . afnlaHofOF;DaGwL d'2fx¿ lsgf/f ug{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g
ug'{kg]{5 .
wf/f #* M s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;z:q ;]gfdf egf{ ug{ / n8fO‘df k|ToIf
efu lng nufpg' x'Fb}g . ;z:q d'7e]8 rn]sf] 7fpFdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{
ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{kg]{5 .
wf/f #( M b'Jo{jxf/, x]nf ef]Ug' k/]sf jf y'gfdf k/]sf afnaflnsfn] k'gM :jf:Yo
nfe / k'gM k|lt:yfkgsf nflu plrt Jojxf/ / k|lzIf0f kfpg'kg]{5 .
wf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ Mwf/f $@ M /fHox¿n] jo:sx¿ tyf afnaflnsf b'j}nfO{ dxf;lGwdf pNn]lvt
afnclwsf/x¿af/] Jofks ¿kdf hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 .
dxf;lGwsf /fHokIfx¿n] dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] @ jif{kl5 klxnf] / To;kl5
x/]s % jif{df dxf;lGwcg'¿k ePsf tyf x'g g;s]sf sfd–sf/jfxL;DaGwL
k|ltj]bg bz hgf ljz]if1x¿ ePsf] ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3sf] afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf
a'emfpg'kg]{5 .

533/]n' afn>d kl/ro
5
afn>d;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw
;Demf}tfx¿
s_ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] @% d] @))) df æafnaflnsfsf] ;z:q ;+3if{df
;+nUgtfÆ tyf æafnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ tyf afnaflnsfsf] clZnn
lrq0fÆ ;DaGwL afnclwsf/ dxf;lGwsf b'O{ j6f ;lGwkqx¿ kfl/t u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] oL ;lGwkqx¿df ;g @))) d} k|ltj4tf hgfO;s]sf] 5 .
!= ;z:q ;+3if{df afnaflnsfsf] ;+nUgtf;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf
ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ M
!* jif{d'lgsfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+3if{df ;+nUg x'gaf6 /f]Sg] .
/fli6«o ;z:q bndf :j]lR5s ;+nUgtfsf] pd]/ a9fpg] / !* jif{d'lgsfnfO{
/fli6«o ;z:q bndf ;+nUg u/fpg ljz]if ;'/Iff ckgfpg'kg]{, cleefjssf]
:jLs[lt lng'kg]{, ;}lgs ;]jfdf k"/f ug'{kg]{ lhd]jf/Laf/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kg]{ of] jf:tjd} :j]lR5s x'g'kg]{ . /fHosf] ;z:q bnafx]s s;}n] klg !*
jif{d'lgsfnfO{ ;z:q sf/afxLdf ;+nUg u/fpg gkfpg] u/L ;a} cfjZos
pkfo ckgfpg] .

@= afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn
lrq0f;DaGwL P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf ePsf k|d'v k|fjwfgx¿ M
afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, afnb]xJofkf/ / afnaflnsfsf] clZnn lrqnfO{
k|ltaGw nufpg] .
#= /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o >d
;+u7gsf] dxf;lGw g+= !#* ;g !(&#
/fHon] afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ sfo{ lglZrt ug{ tyf /f]huf/Ldf jf sfddf ;+nUg
x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ tf]Sg tyf sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf] k"0f{ zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s
ljsf;;Fu ldNg] u/L k|ultzLn ¿kdf a9fpFb} n}hfg tof/ ul/Psf] /fli6«o gLlt
cjnDag ug]{5g . -wf/f !_
/f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ clgjfo{ lzIff k"/f ubf{ k'Ug] pd]/eGbf sd
x'g]5}g . ;fy} of] pd]/sf] xb s'g} klg cj:yfdf !% jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g .
-wf/f @=#_
cfly{s, z}lIfs ;'ljwf kof{Kt ljsl;t gePsf] o; dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6«n]
;DalGwt /f]huf/bftf tyf sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ePdf ltgLx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L
;'?df Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ sfod ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f @=$_
/f]huf/Lsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]s]sf x/]s kIf /fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf]
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf Go"gtd pd]/ !$ jif{ tf]Sg'sf sf/0f / ljrf/fwLg
/x]sf k|fjwfgcGtu{tsf cfkm"n] k|fKt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ kl/Tofu ug{ tf]lsPsf]
ldlt v'nfpg'kb{5 .
/f]huf/L jf sfo{sf] k|s[lt jf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ kl/l:yltn] sd pd]/sf JolQmx¿sf]
:jf:Yo ;'/Iff jf g}ltstf vt/fdf kg{;Sg] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfo{ /f]huf/Ldf
;+nUg x'g] Go"gtd pd]/ !* jif{eGbf sd x'g]5}g .
g]kfnn] ;g !((& d] #) df o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .

553/]n' afn>d kl/ro
$= lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf]
dxf;lGw g+= !*@ – h'g !, ;g !(((
dxf;lGwn] !* jif{d'lgsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ hf]lvdo'Qm >ddf nufpg lgif]w
u/]sf] 5 .
dxf;lGwn] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dleq lgDg s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 M
!= bf;Tj jf ;f] ;/xsf ;a} :j¿kx¿, afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg, cf];f/k;f/,
C0f aFw'jf, afFwf>d, ;z:q ;+3if{sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] clgjfo{ jf ha/h:tL
egf{nufot s'g} klg ha/h:tL jf clgjfo{ >d .
@= b]xJofkf/, clZnn lrq0f jf k|bz{gx¿sf nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf
ck{0f .
#= u}/ 'gL lqmofsnfkx¿ vf;u/L nfu" cf}ifwx¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cf];f/k;f/sf]
nflu afnaflnsfsf] k|of]u, k|flKt jf ck{0f .
$= afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff jf g}ltstfdf xfgL k'¥ofpg ;Sg] sfo{x¿ .
% =cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gsf] l;kmfl/; g+= !()
o;n] lgDg sfo{x¿nfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ sfo{sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 M
!= zf/Ll/s, dgf]j}1flgs / of}gb'Jo{jxf/ x'g;Sg] sfo{
@= hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg, vt/gfs prfO jf aGb :yfgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{
#= vt/gfs oGqx¿, pks/0fx¿ / cf}hf/x¿;Fusf] sfo{ jf ux|f}+ jhgx¿ xft}n]
;+rfng jf cf];f/k;f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{
$= c:j:Yo jftfj/0fdf ul/g] sfo{, cToflws tfk, Wjlg, sDkgdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{
%= sl7g aGb]hdf ug'{kg]{ sfo{, nfdf] ;do;Dd ug'{kg]{, /ftdf ug'{kg]{ sfo,{
y'gfdf /fv]/ ul/g] sfo{ .

o; dxf;lGwsf] tTsfn sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«x¿n]
cToGt v/fa jf hf]lvdo'Qm >dsf] klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] lgd"{ngsf nflu /f]huf/bftf,
6]«8 o'lgognufot;Fu k/fdz{ u/L sfo{of]hgf agfpg'kg]{ tyf >lds afnaflnsfsf]
/fxt, k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ ;fdflhs k'gP{sLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{,
pgLx¿sf] nflu lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t lzIff / Joj;flos tflnd pknAw u/fpg'kg]{
h:tf bfloTj klg k|i6 tf]s]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df ljz]iftM slnnf afnaflnsfx¿,
vf;u/L aflnsfx¿ hf]lvddf kg]{ cb[Zo >dIf]qx¿ h:t} 3/]n' afn>dnufot
cGo ljz]if cj:yfdf /x]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ s'/f klg pNn]v
5 .
g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ;g @))) sf] hgj/Ldf cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
v_ If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿
blIf0f Pl;ofsf g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg, e"6fg, >Ln+sf / dflNbE;
u/L & j6f b]zx¿sf] sf7df08f}df @))@ hgj/L % df ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/
;Dd]ngn] blIf0f Pl;ofnL afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf nflu Pp6f tyf o; If]qdf
JofKt /x]sf] b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ ck/fwsf] lj?4 csf]{ u/L hDdf b'O{ j6f ;fs{ dxf;lGw kfl/t
u/]sf lyP . oL If]qLo dxf;lGwx¿n] o; If]qsf] afnclwsf/sf] k|j4{gdf dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]N5 . oL dxf;lGwdf ePsf d"n k|fjwfgx¿ lgDgk|sf/ 5g M
!= blIf0f Pl;ofdf afnaflnsfsf] lxt k|j4{g ug]{ If]qLo k|fjwfgsf]
lglDt ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@
/fHokIfx¿n] s'g} klg k|sf/sf e]befj, b'?kof]u, pk]Iff, zf]if0f, oftgf jf
tNnf]:t/sf] Jojxf/, cf];f/k;f/ / lx+;faf6 /fli6«o sfg'gx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{
;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ s'/f lglZrt ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=s_
hf]lvdk"0f{ tyf xfgLsf/s >ddf afnaflnsfsf] k|j]znfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ /
;fs{ If]qaf6 abgfd afn>dnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{ gjf}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf]
lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{] . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_
/fHokIfx¿n] afn>lds pknAw u/fpg vf]Hg] kl/jf/x¿nfO{ k|fylds txsf
cj;/x¿sf] pknAwtf tyf ;xof]ufTds ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;~hfnnufotsf
ax'd'vL /0fgLlt cg';/0f ug]{5g . -efu @ wf/f $=#=v_

573/]n' afn>d kl/ro
@= b]xJofkf/sf nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] cf];f/k;f/ lgif]w
ug{ tyf o;lj?4 n8gsf nflu ;fs{ dxf;lGw hgj/L %, @))@
dxf;lGwcGtu{tsf s;'/x¿sf] 5fglag, ;f]wvf]h, ;'g'jfO{ jf cGo k|lqmofsf
nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ /fi6«nfO{ a[xt ¿kdf kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf k'¥ofpg]5g .
-wf/f ^_
olb s'g} ;b:o /fi6«n] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavg tyf
cf];f/k;f/;DaGwL ;'k'b{uLof]Uo s;'/x¿nfO{ ;'k'b{uL ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w
u/]sf] v08df ;'k'b{uL ug{ ;lsg] . ;'k'buL{ x'g g;Sg] l:ylt cfPdf cg'/f]w
k|fKt ug]{ b]zsf] sfg'gcg';f/ sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] nflu ;Ifd clwsf/L;dIf
k]z ug]{ . -wf/f &_
dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf cf];f/k;f/ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu cfk;L
;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df låkIfLo ;+oGqx¿ :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5g . -wf/f *=$_
of] sfo{ /f]Sg tyf lgif]w ug{sf nflu /fHo kIfx¿n] cf];fk;f/df ;+nUg
lgsfo, ;+:yf tyf JolQmx¿sf af/]df lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg
ug]{, bnfnx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf Pjd hldg, hn jf xjfOdfu{sf] klxrfg
ug]{ tyf s;'/bf/x¿sf] cf}+7f5fk, tl:j/, sfd ug]{ tl/sf, k|x/L sfof{nosf]
clen]v / cleof]usf clen]vx¿ cfbfg—k|bfg ug]{ -wf/f *=%_
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿s]f :yfgLos/0f
kl/efiff
cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'gx¿sf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf
nflu kIf /fi6«n] ;+j}wflgs, k|zf;lgs tyf gLltut txdf cfjZos sfg'gx¿
th'{df ug'{kb{5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePsf] v08df cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo
sfg'gdf :yflkt dfkb08cg'¿ksf] sfg'gL pkrf/sf ;a} pkfox¿sf] Joj:yf
ug'{kb{5 . o;/L cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿nfO{ b]zsf] ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg'gx¿df
;dfj]z ug'{ jf tL sfg'gx¿sf] cfwf/df gofF sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ tyf ltgLx¿nfO{
Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ sfdnfO{ g} cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] :yfgLos/0f elgG5 .

k|lqmof
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;ef, ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf If]qLo txdf :yfkgf
ePsf ;+:yfåf/f kfl/t x'g] ub{5 . kfl/t ug]{ bf}/fgdf jf kfl/t eO;s]sf
dxf;lGw, k|n]v, P]lR5s k|n]vx¿df kIf /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 x:tfIf/ x'g]
ub{5 . o;/L dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ eg]sf] ;DalGwt dxf;lGwnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{
xf] . o;/L x:tfIf/ x'g'eGbf cufl8 dxf;lGwsf] ;+/rgf / To;leq ePsf
Joj:yfx¿sf af/]df uxg cWoog dgg ul/G5, ljz]if1x¿åf/f ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
/fi6«n] dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 kIf /fi6«n] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosf cyf{t ;+;bn] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] dxf;lGwnfO{
b'O{ ltxfO ax'dtn] cg'df]bg ug'{kb{5 . cg'df]bg ul/;s]kl5 ;f] dxf;lGw b]zsf]
sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] ub{5 . o;kl5 dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu ;+;bn] sfg'g agfpg] ub{5 . sfg'g lgdf{0f eP klg geP klg cg'df]bg
ul/;lsPsf] dxf;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfx¿ sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ug'{kb{5 .
sfo{kflnsfn] nfu" ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] cg'udg÷d"NofÍg ug]{ / dxf;lGwdf
tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq ;DalGwt ;ldltdf lgoldt k|ult k|ltj]bg;d]t k]z ug'{kb{5 .
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotf x'g]
dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq tyf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL
dxf;lGw tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] kfl/t u/]sf /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg
x'g kfpg] Go"gtd pd]/;DaGwL dxf;lGw g+= !#*, lgs[i6 cj:yfsf] afn>d;DaGwL
dxf;lGw g+= !*@, l;kmfl/; g+= !() nufot g]kfnn] cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf ;Dk"0f{
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿ /fli6«o sfg'g;/x dfGotfk|fKt 5 . ;a} dxf;lGw jf cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gx¿ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf cGo sfg'gx¿df :yflkt eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ .
ta dfq kIf /fi6«n] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gk|ltsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu"
u/]sf] dflgG5 .

593/]n' afn>d kl/ro
;ft
3/]n' afn>d / xfd|f] /fli6«o gLlt lgod
s= g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$&
g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ cg';f/ g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o sfg'g;/x nfu" x'G5 . olb /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿
aflemPdf aflemPsf xb;Dd ;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿ g} nfu" x'G5 .
v= afnclwsf/;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg'gx¿
!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
s;}nfO{ klg afFwf jf bf; t'Nofpg jf OR5flj?4 sfddf nufpg gkfOg] -
wf/f @) pkwf/f !_
gfafnsnfO{ s'g} snsf/vfgf, vfgL jf o:t} cGo s'g} hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf
nufpg gkfOg] -wf/f @) pkwf/f @_
afnaflnsfnfO{ zf]if0f x'g glbg pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] /Iff lglDt /fHon]
cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{5 -wf/f @^ pkwf/f *_
cgfy afnaflnsf, c;xfo dlxnf, j[4, ckfË / czQmx¿sf] ;+/If0f /
pGgltsf nflu /fHon] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt
cjnDag ug]{5 . -wf/f @^ pkwf/f (_
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] df}lns xscGt/ut ePsf lgDg clwsf/x¿ ;a}n]
lagfe]befj pkef]u ug{ kfpF5g .

wf/f !!– ;dfgtfsf] xs
pd]/, wg tyf hftkftsf] cfwf/df sf]xL klg 7"nf] / ;fgf] x'Fb}g .
wd{, j0f{ tyf ln+u, hflt jf j}rfl/s cf:yfsf cfwf/df s;}n] s;}nfO{ klg
e]befj ug{ kfpFb}g .
;dfg sfd ug]{nfO{ ;dfg Hofnf lbg'kb{5 . dlxnf / k'?if eg]/ e]befj
ug{x'Fb}g .
wf/f !@ – :jtGqtfsf] xs
af]n]/ jf n]v]/ cfkmgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 .
lagfxftxltof/ zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 .
;+3 ;++:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf
clw/fHoel/ cfjt–hfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf
k];f, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf
wf/f !*– ;+:s[lt tyf lzIff;DaGwL xs
k|To]]s ;d'bfo -hflt, hghflt_ nfO{ cfkmg]f efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf]
;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .
k|To]s hghfltn] cfkmgf afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fylds tx;Dd cfkmgf] dft[efiffdf
lzIff lbg] u/L ljBfno ;+rfng ug{ klg kfpFb5g .
wf/f !(– wd{;DaGwL xs
x/]snfO{ cfkm"n] dfGb} cfPsf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] xs 5 .
wf/f @)– zf]if0flj?4sf] xs
dflg;nfO{ a]rlavg ug{, bf; t'Nofpg, afFwf agfpg jf To:t} s'g} lsl;dsf]
OR5flj?4sf] sfddf nufpg kfOFb}g .

613/]n' afn>d kl/ro
gfafnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg x'‘Fb}g . s;}n] klg gfafnsnfO{ snsf/vfgf
jf vfgLdf jf o:t} cGo hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g .
wf/f @@ – uf]klgotfsf] xs
s'g} klg JolQmNffO{ p;sf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, kqfrf/ jf ;"rgf
uf]Ko /fVg] xs x'G5 . h:t}M x'nfsaf6 cfPsf] s;}sf] lr7L vf]Ng ;/sf/
;d]tn] klg kfpFb}g .
wf/f @#– ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf oL xsx¿ pNn+3g ePdf pkrf/ kfpgsf nflu
kLl8t kIfnfO{ cbfnt hfg] clwsf/ 5 .
@= afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g @)$*
!^ jif{ pd]/ gk'u];DdnfO{ afnaflnsf dflgPsf] 5 .
x/]s afnaflnsfsf] gfd /flvlbg'k5{, hGdbtf{ sfod ug'{kb{5 . olb hGdldlt
kQf gnfu]df To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ kfNg] JolQm jf ;+:yfn] lrlsT;ssf]
/fo lnO{ hGdldlt sfod ul/lbg'kb{5 .
5f]/f, 5f]/L, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL, ljjfxcl3 jf kl5 hGd]sf] eGg] h:tf cfwf/df
s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ e]befj ug'{ x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfk|lt qm'/ jf oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{ x'Fb}g . o;f] ul/Pdf Ifltk"lt{
e/fO{ ?= %))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
afa' kQf gnfu]sf afnaflnsfn] afa'–afh]sf] gfdn]Vg' kg]{ 7fpFdf cfdf /
cfdfsf] afa'sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ kfpg]5g .
!) jif{eGbf d'lgsf afnaflnsfn] s'g} klg ck/fw u/] pgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo
ug'{ x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ dfUg] sfddf nufpg jf d'8g x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? #))) .–
;Dd hl/jfgf jf # dlxgf s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ b]jL b]jtfsf] gfddf r9fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ?
!),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf % jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ cg}lts k];fdf nufpg xFb}g, o; p2]Zon] kmf]6f] lvRg,
k|sfzg ug{, rl/qdf cf3ft kg]{ 36gf ljj/0f k|sfzg ug{, nfu" cf}ifw tyf
gzfn' kbfy{sf] laqmL ljt/0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg x'Fb}g . o;f] u/]df ? !),))) .–
;Dd hl/jfgf jf ! jif{ s}b jf b'j} ;hfo tyf nfu"–kbfy{;DaGwL eP yk
% jif{;Dd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g]5 .
Psf3/df sf]xL gx'g] afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx / ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu
afnsNof0f clwsf/L jf k|=lh=c=n] ;+/Ifs lgo'lQm ug'{ jf afnu[xdf /fVg'kb{5 .
afnsNof0fsf nflu s]Gb«Lo :t/df Ps s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt / k|To]s
lhNnfdf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . To:t} cfjZos ;+Vofdf
afnsNof0f clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
a]jfl/;] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fVg afnsNof0f u[xx¿sf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng
ul/g]5 .
s;'/sf] cleof]u nfuL y'gfdf a:g'kg]{, s}bsf] ;hfo kfPsf, nfu" cf}ifwsf]
s'ntdf nfu]sf, 3/–kl/jf/af6 efuL lx+8g], cg}lts lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg
JolQm;Fu /x]sf jf lghsf] cf>odf a:g'kg]{ cflb afnaflnsfnfO{ /fVg
afn;'wf/u[xsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
;':t dgl:yltsf afnaflnsfsf nflu ;':t dgl:ylt s]Gb«sf] ;+rfng ul/g]5 .
afnaflnsfsf] kIfdf sfg'g Joj;foL geP;Dd afnaflnsfsf] d'2fsf] sf/afxL
/ lsgf/f ug{ x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfsf] d'2f x]g{ 5'§} afncbfntsf] u7g ul/g], ;f] geP;Dd k|To]s
lhNnf cbfntdf afnOhnf; u7g ul/g]5 .
s'g} klg afnaflnsf jfbL jf k|ltjfbL ePsf] d'2fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{
sfafxL lsgf/f ug'{k5{ .

633/]n' afn>d kl/ro
ph'/L s;n] lbg] <
dfly elgPsf ;hfo x'g] s;'/ ug]{sf lj?4df afnaflnsfsf tkm{af6 lghsf]
afa', cfdf, ;+/Ifs / xsjfnfn] ph'/ lbg;S5 . P]g adf]lhd ;hfo x'g] s;'/;DaGwL
d'2f h'g;'s} JolQm jf >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ph'/Laf6 rNg] 5 .
ph'/L sxf“ lbg] <
afncbfnt u7g ePsf] eP afncbfntdf geP lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L lbg
;lsg]5 .
ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] <
s;'/ ePsf] u/]sf] ldltn] Ps jif{leqdf lbg'kb{5 . t/ ablgotk"j{s afnssf]
;DklQ a]rlavg u/]sf]df hlxn];'s} klg / afnsnfO{ cg}lts sfddf nufPsf]df
;f] sfd eP u/]sf] eP u/]sf] ldltn] # jif{;Dd gfln; nfUg;S5 .
t/ hlt l9nf] u¥of] plt ck/fwL pDsg;Sg], k|df0fx¿ gfl;g;Sg] ePsf]n]
;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{kb{5 .
#= afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%@ sf k|fjwfgx¿
s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt
afnaflnsfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f tyf zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg
/fli6«o gLlt / of]hgf th'{df ug{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf nflu kxn ug]{ sfd of]
s]GbL«o afn sNof0f ;ldltn] ub{5 . o;df ;dflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{, lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿dWo] ;d]taf6 ;b:o
/xg] u/L a9Ldf @! hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g . ;ldltsf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf]
¿kdf Ps hgf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsn] sfd ug]{5g .
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt
s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf
k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps–Ps j6f lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldlt /xg] 5 . o;df k|d'v

lhNnf clwsf/Ln] tf]s]sf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf sfo{/t JolQmx¿, afnaflnsfsf]
xslxt;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, dlxnf ;fdflhs sfo{stf{,
lrlsT;sx¿, afndgf]j}1flgsx¿ / lzIfsx¿ /xg]5g . o;n] afnaflnsfsf]
xslxt ;+/If0f / pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s dfgl;s ljsf;;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo gLlt
/ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldltdf k7fpFg]5 . o;sf ;fy} o;n]
lhNnfdf afnaflnsfsf xslxtsf nflu ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 .
o;b]lv afx]s lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltsf] clwgdf /xg] u/L Ps hgf afnsNof0f
clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf, a]jfl/;] afnsnfO{ /fVgsf] nflu afnsNof0f u[xsf] :yfkgf,
sfg'g adf]lhd s}bdf /fVg'kg]{ afns jf 3/af6 efuL lx8g], afn laHofO{df
nfu]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;'wfg{sf] nflu afn;'wf/ u[x, cfdfafa' sf]xL gePsf
afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu cgfyfno jf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb« cflbsf] :yfkgf
/ ;~rfng ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 .
o;}u/L afnsNof0f u[x, afn;'wf/ u[x cgfyfno tyf ;':tdgl:ylt s]Gb«df a:g]
afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt lzIff, Joj;flos lzIff tyf ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg
ug]{, pgLx¿sf] ljj/0f /fVg'kg]{, >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] ljj/0f
lbg'kg]{, afnaflnsfsf] gfd /fVg] / hGd btf{ ug]{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg k7fpg'kg]{
h:tf sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yf afnaflnsf;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)%! n] u/]sf] 5 .
$= afn>d -lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{_ P]g @)%^
!$ jif{ gk'u]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf ¿kdf sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g .
afnaflnsfnfO{ /ftdf -;fFem ^ ah]b]lv laxfg ^ ah];Dd_ sfddf nufpg
x'‘b}g . pgLx¿nfO{ lbgsf] ^ 306f / xKtfsf] #^ 306feGbf a9L sfddf
nufpg x'Fb}g . nuftf/ # 306f sfd u/]kl5 cfwf 306f lj>fd / xKtfsf]
! lbg ljbf lbg'k5{ . pQm lj>fdsf] ;do / ljbfsf] lbgsf] kfl/>lds s§f
ug{ kfOg] 5}g . olb o;sf] kfngf gu/L sfd nufPdf ? %,))) .– ;Dd
hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ nnfO{kmsfO{, em'SofO{, 8/ qf;, k|nf]eg, bjfjdf
kf/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] lghsf] OR5flj?4 >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf
nufpg' x'Fb}g . OR5f ljkl/t sfddf nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ? %),))) .–
;Dd hl/jfgf jf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .

653/]n' afn>d kl/ro
!^ jif{;Ddsf s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ xNsf vfnsf] sfddf
dfqnufpgkb{5 . hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . s;}n]
o:tf] hf]lvdk"0f{ sfddf afnaflnsfnfO{ nufPdf ! jif{;Dd s}b jf ?
%),))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfdx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 . h;dWo] pbfx/0fsf
nflu s]xL lgDgfg';f/ 5g M xf]6]n, h'jf3/, /]i6'/fF, af/, kbofqf, kj{tf/f]x0f cflb
ko{6g;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;fox¿Ù k|of]uzfnf, sfo{zfnf, kz'jwzfnf, zLte08f/
cflb ;]jfd"ns Joj;fox¿Ù ;fj{hlgs kl/jxg / lgdf{0f Joj;fox¿Ù r'/f]6,
la8L agfpg], un}+rf a'Gg], /+ufpg,] 5fnf k|zf]wg ug]{, l;d]G6 pTkfbg, Koflsª
ug]{, ;nfO{, ljikmf]6s kbfy{ pTkfbg / laqmL, dlb/f, ljo/ k]o kbfy{ pTkfbg,
ls6gfzs cf}iflw pTkfbg, t]n pTkfbg, kmf]xf]/d}nf ;+sng k|zf]wg, /a/ l;Gy]l6s,
Knfli6s, l;;f, kf/f];Fu ;DalGwt cflb sfo{x¿Ù hn>f]t, sf]Onf, k|fs[lts t]n
jf Uof;, afof]Uof;nufotsf phf{ k}bf ug{] / To;sf] k|;f/0f / ljt/0f;Fu
;DalGwt sfo{x¿Ù vfgL, vlghkbfy{sf] pTvgg, k|zf]wg, ljt/0f ;DalGwt
sfo{x¿Ù l/S;f, 7]nfuf8f, sl6ª d]l;g, hldgd'lg, kfgLd'lg / w]/} prfOdf r9L
ug'{kg]{ sfo{, /f;folgs kbfy{x¿;Fu ;Dks{ x'g] sfo{x¿ cflb .
pNn]lvt hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf hf]lvdk"0f{ Joj;fo
jf sfo{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf] jf ug]{ Joj:yfksn] ;f]sf] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf]
ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]{5 . ;f] glbPdf ! dlxgf;Dd s}b / ?=
#))) .–;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
s'g} k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg k/]df ;DalGwt >d sfof{no
jf tf]lsPsf] cGo lgsfo jf clwsf/L / afnaflnsfsf] afa'cfdf jf ;+/Ifssf]
:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . o;f] gu/]df @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd
hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
k|lti7fgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ >ldssf] ¿kdf sfddf nufpg'cl3 >d sfof{no
dfkm{t lrlsT;såf/f sfd ug{;Sg] of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{5 . ;f] glnPdf
@ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufpg] k|lti7fgn] afnaflnsfsf] kmf]6f];lxt tf]lsPsf]
ljj/0f >d sfof{nodf lbg'kg]]{5 .

k|lti7fgn] >ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ s'g} klg afnaflnsfnfO{ lnË, j0f,{ wd{,
hfthfltsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befj gu/L ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds
lbg'kb{5 . ;f] glbPdf @ dlxgf;Dd s}b jf ?= %,))) .– ;Dd hl/jfgf jf
b'j} ;hfo x'g]5 .
k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf
tf]lsPadf]lhd ug'{kg]{5 .
pd]/;DaGwL ljjfb ePdf hGdbtf{ k|df0fkqsf] pd]/nfO{ jf:tljs pd]/
dflgg]5 / ;f] gePdf lrlsT;såf/f :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/L lglZrt
ul/g]5 .
>d sfof{nox¿n] ;do–;dodf k|lti7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 /
o; P]gljkl/t afnaflnsfnfO{ sfddf nufOPsf] kfOPdf To:tf afnaflnsfnfO{
d'Qm u/L cleefjssf] lhDdf lbOg]5 . cleefjs, ;+/Ifs gePdf afnsNof0f
u[xdf /flvg] / o;;DaGwL vr{ k|lti7fgn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{5 . P]gsf Joj:yfx¿
pNn+3g ul/Psf] ;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 >d sfof{nox¿n]
k|lti7fgsf] ;'ljwf /f]Ssf ug]{ cfjZos sf/jfxL cl3 a9fpg]5 .
ph'/L s;n] lbg] <
afnssf] cleefjs jf ;+/Ifs, k|li7fgsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ sd{rf/L, ;DalGwt Onfsfsf
k|x/L, ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsf, k|lti7fg :t/sf] 6]«8 o'lgog,
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf .
ph'/L sxf“ lbg] <
;DalGwt >d sfof{nodf .
ph'/L slxn];Dddf lbg] <
P]gljkl/t sfo{ eP u/]sf] ldltn] ! jif{leqdf
t/ ph'/L ug{ l9nf] u/] k|df0f gfl;g tyf cleo'Qmx¿ pDsg;Sg] ePsf]n]
;s];Dd l56f] ph'/L ug'{k5{ .

673/]n' afn>d kl/ro
sfg'g sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf cj/f]wx¿
!= kx'Frsf] cefj
ul/aLsf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg cfTdxLgtfsf] sf/0faf6 zf]if0fo'Qm cj:yfdf /x]sf
afn>dsf kLl8t kIfx¿n] sfg'gsf] dfWodaf6 Gofo kfpg] 7fpF;Dd k'Ug ;ls/x]sf
5}gg . ul/aLn] ubf{ cbfntsf] 9f]sf 9S9Sofpg g;Sbf kLl8t kIfx¿ cGofo
;x]/ a:g afWo 5g . To:t} kof{Kt ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df g} ;xh / ;/n sfg'gL
Goflos ;+/rgfx¿ gx'Fbf klg w]/} dflg;x¿ s]lGb|s[t tyf emGeml6nf] cbfntL
k|s[ofdf hfg ?rfpFb}gg .
@= r]tgfsf] sdL
clzIffsf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ag]sf sfg'gsf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf] cefj
5 . sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿, afnaflnsf tyf pgLx¿sf cleefjs,
/f]huf/bftfnufot cfd ;d'bfox¿ sfg'gL ¿kdf ;r]t 5}gg . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{
afn>dsf] ¿kdf lnOg] tyf :jLsf/ ul/g] ul/Psf] 5}g . 3/]n' afn>dnfO{
;DkGg ju{af6 ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/ tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] nflu ul/Psf]
sNof0fsf/L sfo{sf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . sfg'g agfpg] txaf6 klg 3/]n'
afn>dnfO{ afn>dsf] ¿kdf :jLsfg]{ ul/Psf] b]lv+b}g . o;} sf/0f w]/} nfdf]
;dokZrft ag]sf] afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)%^ df klg
3/]n' afn>dnfO{ ;d]6g g;s]sf] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . afn>ldsx¿dfly 7"nf]
cGofo eO/x] tfklg ltgLx¿sf] lj?4sf d'2fx¿ sd} dfq kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . h:t}
s}of}+ /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] 3/df & b]lv !$ jif{d'lgsf s}of}+ 3/]n' afn>ldsx¿
sfo{/t /x] klg o;sf af/]df st}af6 cfjfh p7g] u/]sf] kfOFb}g .
#= k|efjsf/L sfo{of]hgfsf] sdL
/fHon] hf]lvdo'Qm afn>d pGd"ng ug{ tyf afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/
Nofpgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{of]hgf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . h] hlt sfo{qmdx¿ ePsf
5g tL ;a} ;x/sf ;+ul7t If]qdf dfq s]lGb«t 5g .
$= ckof{Kt sfg'gx¿
afn>d lgif]w tyf lgoldt ug]{ ljlzi6 sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f t ePsf] 5 t/ of]
sfg'gn] s]jn ;+ul7t k|lti7fgx¿df /x]sf] afn>dnfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 .
afn>ds} 7"nf] lx:;f /x]sf] c;+ul7t If]q h:t} afnuf]7fnf tyf 3/]n' wGbf
ug{sf nflu Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] afn>dnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g . o;/L of]
l;Ëf] If]q pk]lIft x'g' eg]sf] o; If]qdf sfo{/t afn>ldsx¿sf] ;d:ofk|lt
cfFvf lrDng' xf] .

%= k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|lqmofsf] cefj
ljleGg sfg'gx¿df afnaflnsfx¿sf] xs / lxtsf nflu w]/} lsl;dsf k|fjwfgx¿
eP klg Jojxfl/s ¿kdf nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]Gb«Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt tyf
lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltnfO{ afn>d;DaGwL tYo ;+sng ug]{ clwsf/ tyf
st{Jo /x] tfklg To;nfO{ sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ tyf
sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g . >f]t ;fwgsf] cefjdf lhNnf afnsNof0f
;ldlt, >d sfof{nox¿ afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmn x'g
;ls/x]sf 5}gg .
^= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjosf] cefj
afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof lgs} eP klg
3/]n' afn>dsf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+Vof cToGt sd 5 . >f]t ;fwgsf]
cefjsf sf/0f sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] tyf slxn] ltgLx¿aLr ;dGjo
/ ;xof]usf] cefjn] ubf{ Ps} k|s[lt / p2]Zosf sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f] nufgL x'g]
;+efjgf a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
&= /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf jf OR5fzlQmsf] sdL
/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] afn>d;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnO/x]sf 5}gg,
h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k afn>d;DaGwL ;d:of k|fyldstfsf] ;"rLdf kg{ ;s]sf]
5}g . /fhgLlts k|ltj4tflagf afnclwsf/ sfof{Gjog x'g] s'/f ;+ej 5}g .
*= ;z:q ;+3if{
/fHo kIf / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL kIfaLr ljBdfg ;z:q ;+3if{sf sf/0faf6 pTkGg
kfl/jfl/s ljrngn] ubf{ Psflt/ afnaflnsfx¿ 6'x'/f x'g] / s}of}+ afnaflnsfx¿
3/]n' afn>d tyf cGo k|sf/sf] afn>ddf nfUg afWo eO/x]sf 5g eg]
csf{lt/ /fHosf] d"n Wofg ljb«f]xL kIfnfO{ bafpgkl§ nfu]sf] x'gfn] 3/]n'
afn>dnufot cGo k|sf/sf] afn>dsf] ;d:of cf]em]ndf kl//x]sf] 5 .
(= 6«]8 o'lgogx¿sf] Wofg k'Ug g;Sg'
6]«8 o'lgogx¿ d"ntM dhb'/x¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg] ;+ul7t
zlQmx¿ x'g . pgLx¿n] sf/vfgf tyf ;+ul7t If]qx¿df sfo{/t dhb'/x¿ dfq
xf]Og c;+ul7t If]qdf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu klg cfjfh p7fpg'kb{5 .
g]kfndf ePsf 6«]8 o'lgogx¿n] ;+ul7t If]qsf sfo{/t dhb'/x¿sf] nflu cfjfh

693/]n' afn>d kl/ro
p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g . t/ 3/]n' >d h:tf] c;+ul7t If]qdf pgLx¿sf] Wofg
k'lu/x]sf] b]lv+b}g . pgLx¿sf] ;+ul7t zlQmn] Wofg k'¥ofPsf] v08df 3/]n'
afn>ldsx¿sf] nflu dfq xf]Og l;Ëf] 3/]n' >dnfO{ lgoldt / sfg'g;+ut
agfpgsf nflu 7"nf] e"ldsf v]Ng;Sg] s'/f lglZrt 5 .
!)= wfld{s ;f+:s[lts lgsfosf] df}gtf
wd{ eg]sf] c;n sfd, c;n Jojxf/, c?sf] enf] ug]{ s'/f xf] eg] kfk eg]sf]
c?nfO{ zf]if0f ug'{, c?sf] dgdf rf]6 k'Ug] lsl;dsf s'/fx¿ ug',{ d'vn] Pp6f t/
Jojxf/n] csf]{ s'/f ug'{ g} xf] . wfld{s b[li6n] x]bf{ klg afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k9g],
v]Ng], cf/fd ug{] clwsf/af6 al~rt u/L bf; h:tf] agfP/ sfddf bnfpg'
pko'Qm s'/f xf]Og . o:tf uDeL/ ;jfnx¿df wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts lgsfox¿sf]
Wofg k'u]sf] b]lv+b}g . xf], cK7of/f]df afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] 3/df NofO{
;+/If0f ug]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ k9g], v]Ng] nufotsf cj;/x¿ lbg], 5f]/f5f]/L h:t}
Jojxf/ ug]{, pgLx¿n] ug{;Sg] xNsf lsl;dsf sfdx¿ u/fpg] sfd wd{ g} xf] .
o;}n] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts k|lti7fg, lgsfo tyf o;df k|ltli7t JolQmTjx¿n]
o:tf lg:jfyL{ 9+uaf6 3/]n' afn>ddf ;+nUg ePsf afnaflnsfx¿dfly ;befj,
;bJojxf/ ug]{x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / pgLx¿dfly x'g] zf]if0f, bdg, qm'/ Jojxf/sf]
lj?4df dflg;x¿df hfu/0f Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df o:tf ;+:yf tyf JolQmTjx¿n]
7"nf] k'0o sdfpg ;S5g .

cf7
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{
pkfox¿
3/]n' afn>ldsx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lgDg sfdx¿ ug{'
cfjZos b]lvG5 M
lgs[i6 afn>d pGd'ng ug{sf nflu ug]{ bL3{sfnLg
pkfox¿
!= gLlt lgdf{0f
s= ;x/L tyf u|fdL0f If]qsf ul/ax¿sf] nflu /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ .
v= >d zlQmsf nflu Go"gtd Hofnf gLlt lgdf{0f u/L k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug]{
/ nfu" eP gePsf] cg'udg ug]{ .
@= sfg'gL ;+/rgf
s= hf]lvdo'Qm afn>dsf k|of]ustf{x¿sf] lj?4df b08gLo / ;zQm sfg'g
lgdf{0f ug]{ / ag]sf sfg'gx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
v= 3/]n' >ldssf] Hofnf b/ sfod ug]{, 3/]n' afn>dcGt/ut sfdsf] cjlw,
k|s[lt cflbsf] af/]df lglZrt lgod sfg'g agfpg] .
u= afn>d;DaGwL lgod sfg'g nfu" ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ gu/kflnsf /
uf=lj=; cflbnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] u/L sfg'g agfpg] .

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Child domestic labor handbook