مذكرة علوم للشهادة الإعدادية الترم الأول 2017 - موقع ملزمتي

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2017‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬‫اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺠﺘﮫ‬
) ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ھﻮ‬٢٠٠) ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﱢر‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ( ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬٢٧٠( ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ان‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬‫ﺟﺪا‬
‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬. ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﻟ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﻸﻣﺎم‬‫ﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ‬
‫و‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎره‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎراو‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﺑﺴﻂ‬‫ھﻰ‬‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄ‬‫ﻮﻋﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬.
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬:
‫ان‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬‫اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎن‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬:
١-. ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
٢-‫و‬‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫و‬‫ھﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ان‬‫اﻟﻌ‬‫ﺎﻣﻼن‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﯿﺔ‬‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬" ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ "

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢
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‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬‫وﺣﺪة‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
:‫س‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬١‫او‬ ‫ث‬١‫او‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬١‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫و‬:‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫ﺣﺪة‬
١-: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎس‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬‫واﻟ‬‫ﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬.
٢-: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎس‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
١-‫ﺳ‬‫اﻻوﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬٥٠٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫م‬٥‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬٢٥٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫م‬٢.٥‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
٢-‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٧٠‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ /‫ﻛﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
٣-‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٨٠‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ /‫ﻛﻢ‬‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬٢٠٠. ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٢-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎو‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫او‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬٣×١٠8
‫م/ث‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣
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‫ﻋﺪادات‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺰود‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫ﻋﺪاد‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاد‬‫ھﻮ‬‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺊ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫س‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺎﻟﻀﻮء‬‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬٣×١٠8‫م/ث‬
‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫ان‬ ‫ﻨﻰ‬
١-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬٧٠‫ﻛﻢ‬/‫س‬‫؟‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٧٠‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬
٢-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮو‬
‫اى‬‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮو‬ ‫ان‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫او‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺼﻌﺐ‬‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
(/‫ع‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬‫ق‬‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ھﺬه‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬.
( /‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ع‬ = /‫ع‬ )‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ (
‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔاﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬
)/‫ع‬≠‫ع‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ (
‫)ع(؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ (/‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاء‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬١٠٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬١٠‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺸﯿ‬‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻐﺮق‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬٨٠‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
: ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬١-‫ذاھﺐ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫؟‬
٢-‫؟‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
٣-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬‫ﺤﺮك‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬
‫اى‬‫أن‬‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫و‬
١‫؟‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬ : ‫س‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬
: ‫س‬‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬‫؟‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ك‬
١-‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺔ‬=‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬=‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬–
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬=‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬=‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬+
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٤
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‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬١-‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎذا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬٤٠‫ﻛﻢ/س‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬٧٠‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
١-‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
٢-‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
٣-‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬٢‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٨٠‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٤٠‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬٣–‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺮج‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬٥٠‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮاﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮة‬ ‫رﺻﺪﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
٢٥٥‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺪت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٢٧٠‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
‫اﻷدوات‬:‫ﺳﯿﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أﻃﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺐ‬ ‫رة‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮول‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﯾﻤﻮت‬–‫ﺧﺸﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻮح‬‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬٢‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
–‫ﻣﺘﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮة‬–‫إﯾﻘﺎف‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬–‫ﻣﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻢ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬١-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻰ‬‫و‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬‫ﮭﻤﺎ‬(‫)ف‬
٢-‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺸﻐﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻌﯿﻦ‬(‫)ز‬‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬‫ھﺬة‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬(‫)ف‬
٣-‫ﻧ‬‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺮراﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻧﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ف/ز‬ = (‫)ع‬
‫و‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﻘﺮا‬ ‫ﺴﺠﻞ‬‫ء‬‫ا‬‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ت‬
٤-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬(‫)ف‬‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ (‫)ز‬ ‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
٥-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬)‫ع‬‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ (‫(واﻟﺰﻣﻦ)ز‬‫ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﯾﻮازىﻤﺤﻮراﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻰ‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻮا‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺠﺪاول‬‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗ‬ ‫واﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮا‬‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﻓﮭﻢ‬ ‫و‬‫أﺳﮭﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬
١-( ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
(‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
٢-( ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
(‫)ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
٣-‫و‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ)اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ (‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﻮازي‬ ‫اﻓﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﻮازي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٥
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‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻢ‬‫او‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫او‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬-
١-(+ ) ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬-‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬) ‫ﺎﻗﺼﯿﺔ‬-: (
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫ع‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬٢‫ع‬ <١‫ع‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬١‫ع‬ <٢
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﯾﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺪأ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬
‫س‬١‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻻن‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻻن‬‫ع‬٢=‫ع‬١‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
‫س‬٢‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫أن‬
١-‫ﺻﻔﺮ؟‬ = ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬( ‫)ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬٥‫م/ث‬٢‫ان‬ ‫؟اى‬‫ﺳﺮﻋ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬٥‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
٣-= ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬-٢‫م/ث‬٢‫؟‬‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٢‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
٤-= ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬٢‫م/ث‬٢‫؟‬‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٢‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٦
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‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎت‬
١-‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫ع‬١‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
٢-‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬‫ع‬٢‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
٣-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫اى‬‫)ع‬٢‫ع‬ =١(‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
)‫ﻣﺴـــــــــــــــــﺎﺋﻞ‬(
)١-(‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرب‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬٢.٥‫زﻣﻨﯿ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫م/ث‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬٣٠: ‫أوﺟﺪ‬ ‫ث‬
١-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬٢-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
)٢-(‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬٣٠‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫م/ث‬١٥‫ث‬
: ‫أوﺟﺪ‬١-‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬٢-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
)٣-(‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬٧.٥‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م/ث‬١٠‫م/ث‬٢‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬٤‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺜﺎل‬
٤-)٤-(‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪات‬ ( ‫ب‬ ) ‫و‬ ( ‫أ‬ ) ‫ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ث‬ / ‫م‬٥‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬
٨٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫م/ث‬١٠‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎى‬
)٥-(‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬٦٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٤٢‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬
٥٠‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٢
)٦-(‫ﺗﺴﯿ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ‬٩٠‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫س‬ / ‫ﻛﻢ‬٢‫ث‬ / ‫م‬٢
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺮور‬١٠‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اھﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٧
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: ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺑﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬)‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬(
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫س‬: ‫ﯾﺎﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬
١-‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ھﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫واﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬
٢-‫زﻣﻦ؟‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻷن‬‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬
٣-‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ؟‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻷن‬
= ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ازاﺣﺔ‬ : ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬١٠‫؟‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ان‬ ‫اى‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫اﻗﺼﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬= ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬١٠
‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫س‬١‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﻤﻞ‬
.......... ‫......................ووﺣﺪةﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬‫ا‬....... ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ............ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬......
‫س‬٢‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرن‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬ ) ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬–( ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺮح‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫واﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫و‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎ‬( ‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬( ‫)ث‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
٣-‫ا‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫م/ث‬
٤-‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬( ‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ‬
١-‫اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫م/ث‬
٣-‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬:‫م/ث‬٢
٤-‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬:‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴ‬‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻠﻜﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اوھﻰ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺛ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺎﺑﺖ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫أو‬‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٨
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‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎم‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫اراد‬ ‫اذا‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬ ‫س‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ :‫ج‬‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬:-
١-‫ا‬ (‫أ‬ )‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫إذا‬(‫ب‬ )‫ﻟﻰ‬‫أ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬(‫ب‬=‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺪدﯾ‬
(‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ (‫)ب‬ ‫)أ(اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫إذا‬‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬‫اﻣﺎ‬= ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬٢x‫أب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
٢-‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اذا‬: ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫داﺋﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫أ‬-‫اﻟﺪورات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ = ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻜﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬x) ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬٢( ‫ﻧﻖ‬ ‫ط‬
‫ب‬–‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ :
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪورات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫اى‬ ‫او‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ :٢‫ﻧﺼ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻒ‬= ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬٢‫ﻧﻖ‬
‫او‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫رﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ :٣/٤‫ﻓﯿﺜﺎﻏﻮرث‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫دورة‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
١-‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﮭﺎ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬٥‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫دورﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﺣﺴﺒ‬‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
٢-‫ﯾﺘﺤ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺮك‬٤‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫م‬١.٧٥‫دورة‬
٣-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺬف‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻨﻰ‬‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬٢‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫راﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬١٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻓﺴﻘﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
٤-‫ﻋﻘﺮب‬‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬٧‫م‬‫اﻟﺜﻮاﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫واﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬
( ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫م/ث‬ ) ‫وھـــــــﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬‫؟‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬٥٠‫؟‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ث‬ / ‫م‬= ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٥٠‫ث‬ / ‫م‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﺣﯿﻮان‬‫اﻟﻔﮭﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮس‬( ‫اﻟﺸﯿﺘﺎ‬ )‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬٢٧‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮﻋﻦ‬ ‫أردﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ‫م/ث‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻧﻘﻮل‬‫ان‬‫ﻟﻠﺸﯿﺘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٢٧‫اﻟﺸﺮق‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻزاﺣ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫ﺑﻨﮭﺎ‬-‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬٤٥+٦٠=١٠٥‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫اﻟﺰﻗﺎزﯾﻖ‬-‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬٨٠+٨٥=١٦٥‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬٩٣‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٩
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‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٠
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‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻟﻠﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﯿﺎرون‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﻋﻲ‬‫اﻟﻄﯿﺮان‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﻠﻜﺔ‬‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف‬‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛ‬ ‫اذا‬‫ﺖ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫و‬
‫س‬:‫أﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫واﻻﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻌﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺗﺎن‬‫وﻟﻤﺎذا؟؟‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫اﺗﺠﺎھ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﮭ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺰداد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬: ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬‫ھﻮ‬‫ارﺗﺪاد‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬‫ﺳﻘﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺳﻄﺤ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺎ‬
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﺮﯾ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ارﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮداﻟﻤﻘﺎم‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬٤٠0
‫؟‬
‫ان‬ ‫اى‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬‫ﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬=٤٠o
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١١
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‫اﻟﻀﻮء؟‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬–‫ﺑﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫ورﻗﺔ‬–‫دﺑﺎﺑﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬–‫ﻣﻨﻘﻞ‬–‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮة‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬
١-‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺎ‬‫ﻮرﻗﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬(‫ص‬ ‫)س‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ارﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
٢-‫ص‬ ‫)س‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫(ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫م‬ ‫)ن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﻢ‬(
٣-‫م‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬ (
‫د‬ ‫دﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ( ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫)زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻊ‬١‫د‬٢
(‫م‬ ‫)ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
٤-‫د‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﺎھﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ‬١‫د‬٢
‫د‬ ‫دﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫و‬٣‫د‬٤‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬‫د‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬١‫د‬٢
٥-‫د‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ارﻓﻊ‬٣‫د‬٤‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ھﺬ‬ ‫م‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬)‫م‬ ‫ب‬(‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺜﻞ‬
٦-‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻨﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬
٧-‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻐﯿﺮ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬١-‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫ﯾﻌﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﺨﻀﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ‬‫ﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬‫و‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬:-
: ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎ‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬‫س‬
: ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدي‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
(‫)ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎو‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ (‫)ﺟـ‬‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ي‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬-{‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫}ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ھﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫دورا‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬
) ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬١‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬ :(‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬-‫اﻟﺤﺮف‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﻮب‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
٢: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫راﺳﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬:‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬-
:‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬-
]١‫ﺻﻮرة‬ [‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬.]٢.‫ﺻﻮرة‬ [‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬]٣‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ [
].٤‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬ [.
]٥‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ [‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬=‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
]٦‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺻﻮرﺗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ [
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬‫ﻻﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬
‫وﺗﻨﺸﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬‫ﻓ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫وﺗﻨﺸﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪادات‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬.
‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٢
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١-: ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﺪى‬ ‫ﯾﺮاھﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬‫اﻻﺳﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﻼء‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺴﺮﻋﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺎرات‬
٢-‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ:ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬٦‫ﺣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬٣‫؟‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ = ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻻن‬٦‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ا‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬
٣-‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻈﺮون‬ ‫ھﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻻن‬
٤-‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬
:‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬-‫ﺟﻮﻓﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫و‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬‫أو‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬
: ‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
]١(‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ []٢(‫)ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ [
‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬.
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻣﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫وﺟﮭﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬‫وﺟﮭﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺮاة‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
:‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬-
١-(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
٢-(‫)ق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫وھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
٣-‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫)ﻧﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬(
‫ﻗﻄ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ھﻮ‬ ‫او‬‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫وأى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
٤‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫وﻗﻄﺒﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
٥-‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫ﻗﻄﺒﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
٦-‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺆرة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬(‫)ب‬ ‫ﻠﻤﺮآة‬‫اﻣﺘﺪادھﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
٧-‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬)(‫ع‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫وﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ.ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬‫ﻰ‬. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬
.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫ب‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ب‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٣
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‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬: ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاة‬
‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬-‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬١-‫ﻣﻮا‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻧﺤﺮك‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺤﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬‫أ‬‫وﺿﺢ‬‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ (‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
١-‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫وﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ھﺎ‬:‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬-
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ = ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬= ‫ﻧﻖ‬ ‫او‬٢‫ع‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬‫ات‬‫ﻷ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬:-
١-‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻮازى‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬٢-‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬٣-‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬
]١[‫اﻟﺠ‬‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬
‫اﻻﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
(‫)ب‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
]٢[‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬(‫)م‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ / ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬(‫)ب‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫وﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬(‫)م‬
]٣[‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬)‫م‬(
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬)‫م‬(
‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٤
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]٤[‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬(‫)ب‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وأﺻﻐﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ / ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬)‫م‬(
]٥[‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ / ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ / ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬
: ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬‫؟‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫ﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟ‬: ‫ﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬( ‫ﻧﻖ‬ )
‫اﻻدوات‬:١-‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬
٢-‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬
٣-‫ﺛﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق‬
٤-‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮة‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬١-‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
٢-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺮك‬‫وﺑﺠﻮارة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬
٣-‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫ان‬‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫ﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬( ‫ﻧﻖ‬ )‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫؟‬
١-‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﯿ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرات‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺢ‬
٣-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻻرﺷﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻨﺎرات‬
٤-‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫ﻻرﺷﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫ھﺒﻮط‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
٥-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮا‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺮى‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻗﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬:‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ / ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬/‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫؟‬ ‫ﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻐ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺮة‬‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬‫ﺧﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
١-‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬٥‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬٦‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬٣‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٥
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٢-‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬١٥‫ﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ = ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬–‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬-‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬٨‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫واذا‬٢‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬–‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬–‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ارﺳﻤﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬-‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫وآﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪه‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺴﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫و‬ ‫اھﻤﯿﺔ‬:
١-‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة‬
٢-‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬
٣-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺤﺮوب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﯿﺮ‬
:‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬-
]١(‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ []٢(‫)ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ [
‫ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ورﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺤﺎﻓﮫ‬‫رﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬‫و‬‫ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺤﺎﻓﮫ‬.
‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎ‬‫ﻗﻄ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺆرﺗﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺆرﺗﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫اﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ‬
(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬.‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬)‫م‬ ‫م‬(‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮭﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬)‫ص‬(‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬‫وﺟﮭﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫أى‬
‫اﻟ‬‫ﺒﺆرة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬(‫)ب‬ ‫ﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ن‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬‫ھﻰ‬.‫اﻣﺘﺪادھﺎ‬ ‫أو‬
(‫)ع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺆرة‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬)‫ﻧﻖ‬(‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰءا‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٦
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:‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬-
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬‫ﻓﻰ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬‫ﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ.اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬( ‫ع‬ ):
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬-‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬-‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬-‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬
١-‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﮭﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫راﺳﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اوﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬
٣-‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺬ‬‫ﺑﺆرة‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬( ‫ع‬ )
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎراﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬:-
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﻣﺎرا‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﻨﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ب‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٧
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‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺮاﺳﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬(‫ب‬ )
‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫م‬ )(.
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫وﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
( ‫م‬ )‫و‬ (‫ب‬ )‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬( ‫م‬ )
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬( ‫م‬ )
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وأﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬( ‫م‬ )‫و‬ (‫ب‬ )‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬( ‫م‬ )
‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬(‫ب‬ )
‫ﻻ‬‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻔﺬ‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬(‫ب‬ )
‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬
١-‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫رﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ورﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدى‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﻜﺴﺎرھﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺮق‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﺮﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬
٣-‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫واﺣﺪ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫ﺧﻮاص‬‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ة‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٨
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‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬:
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
: ‫اﻻﺑﺼﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻮب‬ ‫اھﻢ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ؟‬ ‫ل‬١-‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬٢-‫ﺗﺤﺪب‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻰ‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬:‫اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻢ‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺮى‬) ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮاوح‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬٢٥‫ﺳﻢ‬:٦‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬(
‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬
‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬‫ﻣﺸﻮھﺔ‬
‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬‫و‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬‫ﻣﺸﻮھﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮ‬‫رة‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬
‫اﺳﺒﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬
١-‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮة‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪب‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
١-‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮة‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻓﯿﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪب‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫دﺧﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫دﺧﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮن‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٩
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‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﯿﺴﻜﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
٢-‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺘﺨﺪم‬
:‫اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬‫رﻗﯿﻘ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﺮﻧﯿﺔ‬‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﺰﻋﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬.
:‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
١‫اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎة‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎرﻛﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬٢-‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻻراﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎر‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬ ‫اﺳﺒﺎب‬
١-‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬
٢-‫اﻵﺛﺎر‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﯿﺮ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬
٣-‫اﻷﻣﺮاض‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﻰ‬‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪم‬‫أرﺷﯿﻤﯿﺪس‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺴﻼح‬‫ﺿﺪ‬‫اﻷﺳﻄﻮل‬‫اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬‫و‬‫ﺿﻊ‬‫ﻋﺪة‬‫ﻣﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬‫ﻓﺘﺠﻤﻌﺖ‬
‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻟﺪت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫اﺷﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺣﺮارة‬
‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪة‬‫اﺣﺘﺮاﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ادت‬‫ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺮق‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬
١-‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻراﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻮ‬‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫اﺟﮭﺰة‬
‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬‫ﮭﺰة‬
‫ﻋﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺰودة‬
٢-‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﮭﺰة‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ارﺳﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬‫واﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬
‫ف‬ = ‫ع‬×‫ز‬
‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﺸﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ‬‫اﻟﺬى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬. ‫ﺷﺊ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬
‫و‬
١-‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
٢٢-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ‬١٠٠.٠٠٠‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
٣-‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫و‬‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬‫ﺑﻨﺎء‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬
٤-‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﺗ‬( ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ) ‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰا‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺬ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬‫ﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬‫و‬‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت‬‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬
٥-‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬‫ﻋﻨﺎﻗﯿﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬
٦-: ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻗﯿﺪ‬‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
١-‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮاﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬
٣-‫ا‬‫ﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬‫ﻋﻤﺮا‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺪم‬‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰاﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻣ‬‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬(‫ﻋﻤﺮا‬ ‫)اﻻﺣﺪث‬‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻘﻊ‬
‫اﻻذرع‬‫اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮة‬
٤-‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻤﯿﺖ‬‫ﻻن‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﻦ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٠
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١-: ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫او‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺣﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺪور‬٨‫ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ‬
٢-‫ﺗﺪور‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
٣-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫و‬٢٢٠‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
٤-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷذرع‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻻن‬ ‫؟‬
: ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬= ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬٩٤٦٠.٠٠٠‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫او‬٩.٤٦×١٢
١٠
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬= ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬٣×١٠٨
‫م/ث‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬‫ﺣﺮﻛ‬‫ﺘﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺴﺎع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬‫ﺣﺮﻛ‬‫ﺘﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﺎء‬–‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬–‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬–‫ذﺑﯿﺐ‬–‫زﺟﺎﺟﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﺎء‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻠﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻐﺮس‬
‫ﯾﺘﺨﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮك‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺬﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻦ‬ ( ‫)ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘ‬: ‫ﺎج‬‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫اﻟﺬﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮرات‬‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺎ‬:
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﻮر‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﻄﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻮرات‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎد‬
‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺎول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧﺸ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﯿﺮوى‬‫ﺄ؟‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻨﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻗﺘﻔﺎء‬‫اﻻو‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﻈﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫ﻟﻨﺸﺄﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺄة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫اھﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻄﺮت‬‫ﺧﯿﺎل‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺼﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻨﺠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻏﺮﯾﻖ‬‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻏﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻔﺴﺮ‬‫ﻟﻈﻮاھﺮاﻟﻜﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺎء‬‫رﺑﻄﻮا‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮة‬ ‫واﻻﻟﺔاﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫أزﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢١
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‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬١٩٣٣١-‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﺮض‬‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮة‬‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫وذات‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
٢-‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬة‬ ‫ھﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬١٥٠٠٠‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫و‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺛﺮت‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬
٣-‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬
٤-‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪات‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫اﻟﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬١٥.٠٠٠‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﺖ‬‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬٧٥℅‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫و‬٢٥℅‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬‫اﻧﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺬان‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬‫ﺷﺊ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ‬١٠.٠٠٠‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﻣﺌﻮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﻛﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٢٠٠٠-٣٠٠٠‫ﻣ‬‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫أﺳﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٣٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٥٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺬت‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٠٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬.‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﺪت‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٢٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﻢ‬.‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٥٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬: ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮوض‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻻ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫ﻧﮭﺎ‬‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫وﯾﺒﺪأ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻮد‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٢
Page |٢٢ ١-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﻣﺎﯾﺪور‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺬﻧﺒﺎت‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﺪ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬١٢٠٠٠‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
٣-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﯿﻤﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮم‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫؟‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻛ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬٩٩‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ %‫اﻟﻨ‬‫ﻈﺎم‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺟﺮام‬‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬٤٦٠٠‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫او‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬‫و‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻛﻮﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﺒﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎرة‬
١-‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬‫ﺷﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫ﺳﺤﺐ‬‫ﻏﺎز‬‫ﻏﺎزى‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬)‫واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬(
‫وﻏﺒﺎر‬‫ﻛﻮﻧﻰ‬( ‫واﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺨﻮر‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
٢-‫دوار‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬
٣-‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎرﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻮن‬
٤-‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻐﺒﺎر‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻰ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬‫وﻛﻮﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬.‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
١-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬٩٩‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ %‫ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺒﺮاﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ‫ﻣﺪارات‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
٢-‫ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬:
‫ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬‫وﯾﻨﺺ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ان‬‫د‬. ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﯿﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫اھﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬: ‫ﯾﻔﺴﺮ‬
١-‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬ ‫دوران‬
٢-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫دوران‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫اھﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﻮة‬:
١-‫ﺑﻘﺎء‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻓﻼﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺪاراﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫واﻻﻗﻤﺎر‬
٢-‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻮى‬ ‫ﻏﻼف‬ ‫ووﺟﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوى‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻚ‬‫:؟‬
‫:؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺟﻮى‬ ‫ﻏﻼف‬ ‫ووﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻧﺤﻮھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫اﻧﻌﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﺎذا‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬‫؟‬
‫ھﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﻮاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬‫ﺷﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ‬‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻔﺘﺮض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮھﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ٣ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٣
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‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬١٩٤٤ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬١٩٠٥ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬١٧٩٦
‫وﺟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ھﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﺒﺮﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺲ‬
١-‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮھﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة‬‫ﺴﻤﺎء‬‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬
‫ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﻟﯿﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮھﺞ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
٢-‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬‫اﻟﺘﻮھﺞ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬
‫وﯾﻘﺬف‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﻏﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ات‬
‫ﻣﻠﺘﮭﺒﺔ‬‫ﻓﯿﺰداد‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﺔ‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﺒﺮد‬‫ھﺬة‬‫ﯾﻌﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ١-‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫او‬
٢-‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ﺳﺪﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫زﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬‫او‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪات‬
‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﺧﺮ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﺻﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﯾﺪور‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬
‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮوﯾﺔ‬‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ادت‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻃﺮد‬
٢-‫ﺑﺮدت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﺖ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬
٣-‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻗﻮه‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺟﺒﺮﺗﮭﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
١-‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﺧﺮ‬‫ﻋﻤﻼق‬
(‫ﻋﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫)ﻧﺠﻢ‬‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫ﻓﺠﺬﺑﮭﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪد‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
٢-‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬‫ﻟﺠ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﺰء‬‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻮن‬‫ﻣﻤﺘﺪ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫و‬‫ﺗﺤﺮرت‬‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬
)‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼق‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ‬(
٣-‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺑﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزي‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫ھﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫وزادت‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫دوراﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻄﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوي‬‫ﻗﺮص‬
‫اﻧﻔﺼ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوار‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻠﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫وﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫وﺑﺮدت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮫ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺮوض‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٤
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: ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﯾﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫وھﺬا‬
‫اﺧﺘ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﻼف‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫و‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺎﺷﯿﺮ‬٤‫ﺗﻼﻣﯿﺬ‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ‬٤‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻼﻣﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻞ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗ‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺪور‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ان‬‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
: ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫وﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬٣٦٥‫ورﺑﻊ‬‫ﯾﻮم‬.
:‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬
‫وﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮرھﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬٢٤‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬:
‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
: ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮره‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬‫؟‬ ‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
١-‫ﻣﺤﻮرة‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
٢-‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٥
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: ( ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮاب)اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬‫ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰى‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻔﻠﻜﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﯿﺎف‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺴﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻮال‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻮء‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬
‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺪاراﺗﮭﺎ‬
١‫اﻷﺟﺮام‬ ‫رؤوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬‫اﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‬
٢‫اﺷﻌﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎت‬
‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮى‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻼرض‬
: ‫ھﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬
١-‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اﻃﻠﻖ‬١٩٩٠‫وﯾﺪور‬
‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬
٥٠٠. ‫ﻛﻢ‬
٢-‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻜﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻼع‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬
٣-‫وﯾﻘﻮم‬‫ھﺬ‬ ‫ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ا‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫رواد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬
‫دورﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻦ‬
١-‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺮى‬‫رﺣﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫او‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬‫ﺗﮭﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬‫اﺳﺮار‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬
٢-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻦ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬
‫اﻻﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ‬
: ‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬
: ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ‬‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ‬‫ذھﺎب‬
‫واﯾﺎب‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﮭﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫اﻧﻌﺪام‬
‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ھﺒﻮﻃﮭﻢ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻌﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫رواد‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻌﺮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫رواد‬ ‫وزن‬ ‫اﻧﻌﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬‫اﻻرﺿ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﺪام‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬‫؟‬‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﯿﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﯿﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
١‫اﻷﺟﺮام‬ ‫رؤوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬‫اﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‬
٢‫اﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﻻﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﻐﻼف‬‫اﻟﺠﻮى‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻼرض‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﺟﺴﺎم‬( ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫)ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﻗﯿﺔ‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬:-
‫ﺟﺴﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
١-( ‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
٢-‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺠﺬر‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬( ‫اﻟﺒﺬور‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻوراق‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎق‬‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬‫د‬‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬)٢‫ن‬(‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫و‬
. ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬( ‫)ن‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻤﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺮو‬‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫اﻷﺣﺎدى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٦
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‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻄﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وھﻰ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اذﻛﺮى‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺌــﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬.
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬DNA‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬‫ﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
١-‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻇﺎھﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺴﻮم‬:‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻄﯿﻦ‬.
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺴﻮم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﺐ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺎ‬:١-‫ﻧﻮوى‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬DNA٢-‫و‬‫ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮو‬: ‫ﻣﯿﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪى‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘ‬‫ﺔ‬‫وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﺧﺮ)ﻋﺪدھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬٤٦‫ﻛﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﺼﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬٥٤(‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬)٢‫ن‬(‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬.
‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬( ‫)ن‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻷﺣﺎدى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬١-‫اﻻ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬٢-‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬‫اﻹﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻰ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬(
١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﺪﯾﺔ‬‫ﻋﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬
٢-‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫اى‬ ‫اﻻم‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬٢)‫ن‬(‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
٣-‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫اﻟﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬‫ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬
١-‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠﯿﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻚ‬ ‫و‬
٢-‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬٤‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬
‫اى‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬)‫ن‬(‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
٣-: ‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬
٢-‫واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
)‫اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬(
‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬٢٠‫اﻧﻘﺴﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬٣‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎت‬‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫؟‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮر‬ ) ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮى‬ ‫او‬(
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫ﻃﻮر‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬‫ﻓﯿ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬‫ﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬-‫؟‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﺟـ‬-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬‫ﻓﯿ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٧
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‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
( ‫زﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫)اﻃﻮﻟﮭﻢ‬
١-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﻜﻞ‬
٢-‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬
٣-‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬
٤-‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄــﻮر‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
( ‫زﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫)اﻗﺼﺮھﻢ‬
١-‫ﺳﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﯿﺎ‬‫ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ‬
٢-‫ﻓﯿﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬٢. ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬
:‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬
٢-‫و‬‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬
٣--‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
٤‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﺎن‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﺎن‬‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬)٢. ( ‫ن‬
: :‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬١-: ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬. (‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰى)اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﺳﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫؟‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻦ‬
: ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬
١-‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬٢-‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻲ‬‫او‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮى‬:
‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٨
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‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪي‬
١-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬‫ﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫زوج‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫أزواج‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬٤‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺼﻞ‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
٤-‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬‫واﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﯾﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬:
‫ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﺒﺪأ‬
. ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد‬
‫ﻇﺎھــ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺮة‬: ‫اﻟﻌﺒــﻮر‬ ‫و‬‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬‫اﻻول‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒــﻮر‬ ‫ﻇﺎھــﺮة‬ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬١-‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬‫؟‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﺠﯿﻨﺎت‬)‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬(‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻄــﻮر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻻول‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫أزواج‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐ‬ ‫ﺨﯿﻮط‬‫ﺰل‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻻول‬
١-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻗﻄ‬‫ﺎ‬‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ب‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٩
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‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
: ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬ ‫اﻣﺸﺎج‬: ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺸﺎج‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﺗﺨﺘﺰل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻃﻔﺎل‬ ‫ھﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻔﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﯿﺔ‬‫ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻇﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬‫؟‬
‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﺠﯿﻨﺎت‬)‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬(‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻟ‬‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻄﻮر‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻧﺼﻔﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻄ‬‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻮر‬
‫اﻻول‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫واﻟ‬‫ﻐﺸﺎء‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻨﻮوي‬‫اﻟﺬى‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺤﯿﻂ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮرﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﺎن‬
(‫)ن‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬
٤-‫ﺗ‬ ‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬
:‫أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬١-‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫ﺸﺒﮫ‬
٢-‫ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬٤‫ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬)‫اﻣﺸﺎج‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ (‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬.
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻰ‬‫اﻻول‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬‫أزواج‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺨﯿﻮط‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺨﯿﻮط‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣٠
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‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺈﻧﺘﺎج‬‫ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮ‬‫و‬ ‫ارة‬‫اﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬:‫اﻻﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
: ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
١-‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﻮﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺆﻧﺚ‬
٢-‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬)(‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻻ‬‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
٤-‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬
١-‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻔﺮداﻷﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬(‫.)ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻻﻧ‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
٤-‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬:-
‫اﻻﻣﯿﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫وﻓﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫وﻧﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺮاب‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻋﯿﺶ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮى؟‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛـــﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬
‫ھ‬‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﺸﻄﺎر‬‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬:١-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬‫واﻟﯿﻮﺟﻠﯿﻨﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺴﯿﻮم‬ ‫اﻷﻣﯿﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬٣-‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪوﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬‫ﻧﻮاﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ‬‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪا‬ ‫ﻓﺮدا‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﻰ‬‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬١-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬( ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ‬
٢-( ‫واﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬‫ﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬‫اﻻﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣١
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻻدوات‬:‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬-‫ﺳﻜﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫و‬-‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫و‬-‫ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫و‬
‫زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬‫ﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫وﻏﻄﺎء‬-‫اﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻮد‬ ‫و‬
١-‫ﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬٤‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬‫ﻟﻰ‬‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬١‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬٢‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬١٠‫ﻣﻈﻠﻢ‬ ‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
٣-‫ﻧﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮة‬‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮط‬‫ﻧﻀﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮد‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻐﻄﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺤ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺼﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬: ‫ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫و‬
١-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮوز‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﺄ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﮭﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
٣-‫ﺑ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺘﺼ‬ ‫وﯾﻈﻞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬‫ﻧﻤﻮه‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﯾﻈﻞ‬ ‫أو‬.
‫داﻓﺊ؟‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮد‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﯾ‬‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻣﺜ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫أذرع‬‫ﺘ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺠﺪد‬‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ان‬‫اﻟﻘﺮص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬.
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫؟‬ ‫اذرﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮان‬ ‫ﻔﻘﺪ‬‫اذرﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮان‬ ‫ﯾﻔﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﻓﺎن‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬‫ﯾ‬‫ذراع‬ ‫ﻜﻮن‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺪﯾﺪ‬‫ة‬)‫اﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬(
٢-‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺬراع‬‫ة‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺮط‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺮد‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺤﺘﻮى‬‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان‬.)‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬(

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣٢
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‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺠﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
: ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬١-‫اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻐﺮاب‬ ‫ﻋﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮﺛﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺛﺮ‬‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
ً‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬‫ﺑﺬور‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫دون‬
‫و‬‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬:
١-‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺎ‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬‫ﻛﺎﻟﺠ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ر‬‫واﻟﺴﺎ‬‫ق‬‫و‬‫اﻷوراق‬
٢-‫أو‬‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺎ‬‫زراﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﻌﻨﺐ‬‫واﻟﻘﺼﺐ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺼﺎب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
١-( ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﯿﺘﺎت‬ ) ‫اﻷﻣﺸـــﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
٢-: ‫اﻹﺧﺼــــﺎب‬‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫إﻧﺪﻣﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﯿﺞ‬(‫)ن‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬(‫)ن‬‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ‬‫ﯾ‬.‫اﻟﻼﻗﺤﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬٢‫ن‬
‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﺘﻨﻮع‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ؟؟‬
‫او‬‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺤﻤﻞ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎﺧﺬ‬‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬
-:‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫إﺗﺤﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺞ‬
-‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ :‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ً
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮاﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬) ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬٢‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ (‫ن‬.

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣٣
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‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬: ‫ن‬‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮرم‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻼج‬
‫دور‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬:‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬‫ذﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﮭﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺑﻞ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮق‬‫وﺗﻔﺠﺮھﺎ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫وﺗﻢ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫اﻟﻔﺌ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺮان‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺖ‬٣٠٠‫ﯾﻮم‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬٤٣‫ﯾﻮم‬
٢-‫دور‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬
١-‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪا‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻘﻦ‬‫ﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺮازات‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬
٣-‫ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺰئ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬١-‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺮق‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻘﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
٢-‫ﺗﺘﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
١-‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺨﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ان‬‫ﺟﺮح‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮض‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫زراﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

مذكرة علوم للشهادة الإعدادية الترم الأول 2017 - موقع ملزمتي

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مذكرة علوم للشهادة الإعدادية الترم الأول 2017 - موقع ملزمتي