1. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬
) ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬ ‫اول‬ ‫ھﻮ‬٢٠٠) ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﱢر‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ( ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬٢٧٠( ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن‬ ‫واﻧﺘﺠﺘﮫ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺬة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬
. ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫آﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮫ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﺑﻤﺮو‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ر‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬‫واﺣﺪ‬:
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻟ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﻸﻣﺎم‬‫ﻷﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ‬‫و‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯿ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎره‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮو‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎراو‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﺑﺴﻂ‬‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
: ‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫إذا‬‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ )‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬(
‫وھﺬه‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬ ‫أﺑﺴﻂ‬.
‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻰ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫أواﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ . ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ف‬
= ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬= ‫ع‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ز‬
‫وﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬‫ﺳﺮﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬‫ﺗﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺑﻄﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬.
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬)١:(
‫ﺑﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻮداء‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ذ‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬١٠٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫أن‬ ‫وﻟﻮﺣﻆ‬
‫زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮداء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬)١٠‫ھﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ (‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ة‬.
) ‫زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬١٥‫ﻟﻘﻄ‬ (‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اى‬‫ﻟﻤﺎذا؟‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺳﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﻮداء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺮع‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭﻮم‬
‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ع‬‫ز‬
‫ف‬

2. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫ع‬‫ن‬
‫ف‬
) ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬٢(:‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬١٥‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرةاﻟﺴﻮداء‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬)١٠٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ (
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬)٥٠(‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫؟‬ ‫وﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫أﺳﺮع‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫أي‬
‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮداء‬‫ا‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﺳﺮع‬‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬.
‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬:
‫ان‬‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬‫اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎن‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫وﺻﻒ‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬:
١-. ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
٢-‫و‬‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ *‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫ﯿﺔ‬‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬" ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ "
‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬‫وﺣﺪة‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
.:‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
١-: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎس‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬.
٢-: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎس‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬‫واﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﺮب‬ ‫م/ث‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬٥/١٨‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬/‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﺮب‬ ‫س‬١٨/٥
١-‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاء‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬١٠٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺎق‬ ‫ﻣﻀﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬١٠. ‫اﻟﻌﺪاء‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬ .. ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬
٢-‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاءان‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬١٠٠‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬١٠‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬٢٠‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
٣-‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬٧٠‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻄﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬ /‫ﻛﻢ‬١٤٠. ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺳﺘﻐﺮاق‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٢-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ھﻰ‬‫ﯾﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫او‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪادات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺰود‬‫ﻋﺪاد‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاد‬‫ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ﻣﺒ‬‫ﺎﺷﺮة‬
‫ﯾﻌ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻨﻰ‬٧٠‫ﻛﻢ‬/‫س‬‫؟؟‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٧٠‫ﻛ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﯾﺼﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫اﺣﻮال‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺰداد‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

3. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫ث‬ / ‫م‬ =
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬: (/‫ع‬ ) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬‫ق‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ھﺬه‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬.
: ( /‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرن‬‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫ع‬ = /‫ع‬ )‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬(
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬ ‫ﻻ‬
/‫)ع‬≠‫ع‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬(
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫)ع(؟؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ (/‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪاء‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬١٠٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬١٠‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ،‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺸﯿ‬‫ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻐﺮق‬ ‫اﻷﻗﺪام‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬٨٠‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
: ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬١-‫اﻟﻤﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ذاھﺐ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫ﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬‫؟‬
٢-‫؟‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
٣-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪاء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫ﯾﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫م‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎب‬
١-‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬( ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ = ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ = ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬-‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫)اى‬‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬( ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮق‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ + ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ = ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اذا‬
( ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اى‬ )
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫ان‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻟﺬي‬‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻷرض‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫أﺧﺮى‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬.‫اى‬‫أن‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬
‫ع‬/
=‫ف‬
‫ز‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬=
‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
٣-‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔاﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

4. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٤
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫؟‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫اذن‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪو‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬١-‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎذا‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬٤٠‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬٧٠‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
١-‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
٢-‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
٣-‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬٢‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬٨٠‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٤٠‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬٣–‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺮج‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬٥٠‫ﺣﺮاﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮة‬ ‫رﺻﺪﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
٢٥٥‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﺒﺪت‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٢٧٠‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﺠﺪاول‬‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫؟‬
‫ﺣـ‬-‫و‬ ‫أﺳﮭﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ‬‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ﺗﻤﺜﯿﻞ‬ .. :‫ا‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬: ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬-
‫اﻷدوات‬:‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫أﻃﻔﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮول‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺮﯾﻤﻮت‬–‫ﺧﺸﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻮح‬‫اﻣﻠﺲ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬٢‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬–‫ﻣﺘﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮة‬–‫ﺳ‬‫إﯾﻘﺎف‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺔ‬–‫ﻣﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮات‬:
١-‫ﻧ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫أﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻀﻊ‬‫اﻟﻠﻮح‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻰ‬‫و‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺑﯿﻨ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺲ‬‫ﮭﻤﺎ‬(‫)ف‬
٢-‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺸﻐﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻌﯿﻦ‬(‫)ز‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻼزم‬(‫)ف‬
٣-‫ﻧ‬‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة‬ ‫ﻜﺮر‬‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﻧ‬‫اﻟﻘﺮا‬ ‫ﺴﺠﻞ‬‫ء‬‫ا‬‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ت‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺤﺴﺐ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬= (‫)ع‬/‫ف‬‫ز‬
‫م‬(‫)ف‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬) ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬‫ز‬(‫ف‬ =(‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬÷‫ز‬
١٠.٤٥٠.٠٨
٢٠.٦٧.٥.٠٨
٣٠.٨١٠٠.٠٨
٤١١٢.٥٠.٠٨
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﯿﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﯿﻞ‬

5. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٥
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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٤-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ارﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺮاﺳﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ (‫)ف‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬)‫ز‬‫اﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ (‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬
: ‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻀﺢ‬
١-( ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬) ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬(
-( ‫ﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬) ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬(
٣-‫و‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ)اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ (‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫ا‬‫ﻟﺴﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫ﻣﺎﺋﻞ‬‫اﻷﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬‫اﻓﻘﻰ‬‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﻮازي‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﻮازي‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬
:‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬) ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
‫(.؟‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎ‬‫وﯾﺔ‬
:‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬) ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬
( ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫؟‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫ﯾﺘ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫اﻟ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫او‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
١٢.٥٢.٥ ٥ ٧.٥١٠
٠.٢
٠.٤
٠.٨
١
١٥
(‫)ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬

6. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٦
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
١-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬٢-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎدﯾﺮﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ازﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬-
١-(+ ) ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬-) ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬-: (
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫ع‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬٢‫ع‬ <١‫ع‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫و‬١‫ع‬ <٢
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬ ‫س‬
١-‫ﺛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫اذا‬‫ﺣـ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺖ‬-‫ﻗﯿﻤ‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺰﯾﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﺘﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ‬
٢-‫ﺣـ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔاﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬-‫وﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬‫ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮭﺎ‬‫ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اى‬
‫س‬٢‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
١-= ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬٥‫م/ث‬٢‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺗﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬٥.‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
٢-= ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬-٢‫م/ث‬٢‫ﻣﻌﻨ‬‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻰ‬٢.‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
٣-= ‫ﺑﺘﻘﺼﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬٣‫م/ث‬٢
‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻰ‬‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أن‬٣.‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎت‬
١-‫ع‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬١‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
٢-‫ع‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬٢‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
٣-‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ =
)‫ﻣﺴـــــــــــــــــﺎﺋﻞ‬(
١-‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫وﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرب‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬٢.٥‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫زﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫م/ث‬٣٠: ‫أوﺟﺪ‬ ‫ث‬
١-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎرب‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬٢-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
٢-‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬٣٠‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣ‬ ‫م/ث‬‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺎ‬١٥‫ث‬
: ‫أوﺟﺪ‬١-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘىﺘﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬٢-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ذﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
٣-‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫ت‬‫ز‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ‬‫ا‬‫د‬‫ت‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬٦٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬٥‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬
‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫وﺳﯿﺎرة‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫زادت‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻜﻮن‬٨٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬١٠‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬
٤-‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬٧.٥‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫م/ث‬١٠‫م/ث‬٢‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬٤‫اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺜﺎل‬
٥-( ‫ب‬ ) ‫و‬ ( ‫أ‬ ) ‫ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﺎن‬‫ﻓﺎﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪات‬
‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬٦٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ث‬ / ‫م‬٥‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬٨٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫م/ث‬١٠‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎى‬
٦-‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎر‬٦٠‫ﻣﺮور‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/س‬٤٢‫ﯾﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬٥٠/‫ﻛﻢ‬‫س‬٢

7. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٧
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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٣‫واﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺑﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﮭﺘﻢ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪف‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬:‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫و‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫درﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫س‬: ‫ﯾﺎﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬
١-‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫واﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬
٢-‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫؟‬‫ﺣـ‬-ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬
٣-‫زﻣﻦ؟‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺣـ‬-‫ﻷن‬‫ﻟﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬
٤-‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ؟‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﺣـ‬-‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻷن‬
‫س‬٢‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﻤﻞ‬
١-‫ﻛﻤﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬ ،........ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ............. ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬................ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ .............. ‫ﺔ‬
٢-..........................،.............،................ ،................. ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﻮاھﺮ‬ ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬
١-‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺗﺎﻣﺎ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬:‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
)‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬–‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬–‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬-‫ا‬‫ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬–‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬(
١-‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺔ‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬:
‫)اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬–‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬–‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬–‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬(
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
‫اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬
(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻗﺎ‬ ‫م/ث‬
‫اﻟﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬‫م/ث‬٢
‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫اﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬
)١(‫)اﻟﻄﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ (( ‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬
)٢‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ (( ‫)ث‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
)٣(‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫م/ث‬
)٤(‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬( ‫)ﻛﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻠﻮ‬

8. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٨
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ازاﺣﺔ‬ : ‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬=١٠‫؟‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
= ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬١٠‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫س‬١‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫أﻛﻤﻞ‬
.......... ‫......................ووﺣﺪةﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬‫ا‬............. ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫ووﺣﺪة‬ ............ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫س‬٢‫ا‬ ) ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎرن‬‫ﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬–( ‫اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دراﺳﺘﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫س‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺗﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻت‬ ‫ادرس‬ ‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬‫واﻹزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬ ‫س‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻹزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺎوى‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اذا‬ :‫ج‬
‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬:-
١-‫ا‬ (‫أ‬ )‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫إذا‬‫ﻟﻰ‬‫أ‬ ) ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ (‫ب‬ )(‫ب‬=‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﺪدﯾ‬
٢-، ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫اﻟﺤﺎدﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ (‫)ب‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫إذا‬
= ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬٢‫أي‬ ‫أب‬٢x‫أب‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
١-‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﮭﺎ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬٥‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫دورﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺪا‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎد‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬
٢-‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺬف‬٢‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫راﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﻠﻰ‬١٠‫ﻓﺘﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬
٣-‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺮب‬٧‫دﻗﯿ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺜﻮاﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻠﻜﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎر‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اوھﻰ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ل‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫او‬
‫اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫أو‬‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫ﺑﻨﮭﺎ‬-‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬١٠٥‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣(‫)ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫اﻟﺰﻗﺎزﯾﻖ‬-‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬١٦٥‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎھﺮة‬–‫ﻃﻨﻄﺎ‬٩٣‫ﻛﻢ‬٩٣‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬
٩٣‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

9. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٩
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭــــــــــــــــﺔ‬ ‫ـــــــــﺮﻋﺔ‬:‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﺤﺪد‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ان‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا‬‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬٥٠‫؟‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ث‬ / ‫م‬= ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اى‬٥٠‫ث‬ / ‫م‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫س‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﺣـ‬-‫ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻔﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬‫و‬‫اﺗﺠﺎھﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮس‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬‫اﻟﻔﮭﺪ‬( ‫اﻟﺸﯿﺘﺎ‬ )‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬٢٧‫أرد‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا‬ ‫م/ث‬‫اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮل‬‫ان‬‫ﻟﻠﺸﯿﺘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬٢٧‫اﻟﺸﺮق‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫م/ث‬
‫وﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬‫ة‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬‫اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬‫م/ث‬ ) ‫وھـــــــﻰ‬‫او‬‫ﻛﻢ/ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬(
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻄﻊ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫إذا‬٣٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬٣٠‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬٦٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷﺮﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬٢٠
‫ﺛﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬٣٠‫ﺧﻼل‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﻨﻮﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬١٠‫ﺛﻮاﻧﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﺟﺐ‬١
-‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬه‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
= ‫اﻻزاﺣﺔ‬... ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ...............................
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫أﺣﺴﺐ‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﯿﺎرون‬ ‫ﯾﺮاﻋﻲ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫اﺳﺘﮭﻼك‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
١-‫ﺗﺤﺮك‬ ‫اذا‬‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬‫ﺗﺰداد‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬
٢-‫ﺗﺤﺮﻛ‬ ‫اذا‬‫ﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎة‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫زﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺰداد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫س‬:‫واﻻﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻌﺎن‬ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﺮﺗﺎن‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫وﻟﻤﺎذا؟؟‬ . ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫أﯾﮭﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻟﮭﻮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯾﺎح‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎھﺎ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮﻻن‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫وﻗﻮد‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫اﻻوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬‫اﻟﺮﯾﺢ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬

10. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٠
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
Page |١٠ : ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬.‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫وھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬
: ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬‫ھﻮ‬‫ارﺗﺪاد‬‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬‫ﺳﻘﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺳﻄﺤﺎ‬‫ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮء؟‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﻨﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫ورﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬
٢‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻘﺎط‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﻧﺴﻘﻂ‬
٣‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﯿﻦ‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
٤-‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬‫ان‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
٥-‫اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫اﻟ‬‫ﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ : ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬
: ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬ = ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬‫اﻟﻀﻮ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ارﺗﺪاد‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻋﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻮﻃﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬.ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﺮﯾ‬ ‫أو‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬‫ﺗﻤﺜ‬ ‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻣﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ارﺗﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﻞ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮداﻟﻤﻘﺎم‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫وﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫زاوﯾﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬.‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ‬‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻌﻜﺎس‬

11. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١١
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻘﻮط‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫ﺟﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدي‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﯿﻌﺎ‬
(‫ﻞ‬‫)ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﻂ‬‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻮﺋﻲ‬‫اﻟﻀ‬ ‫ﻌﺎع‬‫اﻟﺸ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺎس‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻌﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﺎوي‬ ‫ﺗﺴ‬ ‫ﻘﻮط‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫زاوﯾ‬ ‫ﻻن‬ (‫ـ‬ ‫)ﺟ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﮭﺰة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫وﻇﯿﻔﺔ‬‫او‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻣﺎﻣﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻻﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬
:‫واﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬-
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ا‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪادات‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫وﻻ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬-{‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫}ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
١.‫ﺗﻘﺎس‬‫ﻣﺪى‬‫ﺟﻮدة‬‫اﻟﻤﺮأة‬‫ﺑﻤﺪى‬‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬‫ﻟﻸﺻﻞ‬
‫ا‬‫ﻻﺳﺘ‬‫ﺨﺪام‬‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬‫اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‬‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬‫واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬‫واﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬
) ‫ﻧﺸﺎط‬١‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬ :(
١-.‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫رأﺳﯿ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫ورﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ‬
٢-‫دﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫دﺑﻮس‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ (‫و)ﺣـ‬ (‫)ب‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ (/‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬
٣-‫ﯾﻜﻮﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ (‫)د(،)ھـ‬ ‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫دﺑﻮﺳﯿﻦ‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫أﯾﻀ‬.(/
٤-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺘﻘﺒﻼن‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﯿﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ (‫ھـ‬ ‫)د‬ ، (‫ﺣـ‬ ‫)ب‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫واﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻓﻊ‬
.(‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﺑﻮس‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ (/‫)أ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
.(‫)م‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ (/‫أ‬ ‫)أ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻞ‬
٥-.(‫م‬ /‫)أ‬ ، (‫م‬ ‫)أ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬
:‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫ان‬]١.(‫م‬ /‫)أ‬ = (‫م‬ ‫)أ‬ [٢.‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮدى‬ /‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ [
‫اﻻ‬:‫ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬-
]١‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدى‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ [‫اﻟ‬‫ﺴﻄﺢ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬.‫ﻠﻤﺮآة‬
]٢‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ [‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ =‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬
١-‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬
‫ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ‬‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺁﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫اوﻻ‬:-
‫أ‬
‫أ‬/
‫م‬
‫ھـ‬
‫د‬‫ب‬
‫ﺣـ‬
==
==

12. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٢
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
Page |١٢
:‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬-
]١.‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ [
]٢.‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ [
]٣. ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ [
]٤‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬ [}‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﯿﻦ‬
.{‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﯾﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎر‬
]٥.‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ [
]٦ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋﻤﻮدﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺻﻮرﺗﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ [
‫اﻟﻤﺮآ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ة‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬
: ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﺳﯿﺎرة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬‫؟‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻌﺎف‬
‫اﻻﺳﻌﺎف‬ ‫ﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﻼء‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺴﺮﻋﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﺪى‬ ‫ﯾﺮاھﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ان‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻮن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﺐ‬ ‫:ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ‬ ‫ﯾﺠﺮى‬٦‫ﻃﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬٣‫؟‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ = ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﺻﻮرﺗﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻢ‬٦‫وھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ا‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
:‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬-
١.. ‫ﺟﻮﻓﺎء‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
٢.‫ﻓﺪ‬‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬‫أو‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬
٣.‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬‫أﻗﺮب‬‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫وﺟﮭﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬‫و‬‫وﺟ‬‫ﮭﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
]١(‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ []٢(‫)ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ [
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬
. ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬
.‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫إﻟﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬‫ﮭﺎ‬‫إﻟﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ :‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻌﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ :‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ‬
‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ق‬‫ق‬
‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬
‫ﻧﻖ‬‫ﻧﻖ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬

13. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٣
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺤﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬‫اوﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫(ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫اﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮاة‬ (‫)ع‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ان‬‫ﺆرة‬
:‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬-= ‫ﻧﻖ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ = ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬٢‫ع‬
:‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬-
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
.‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫و‬. ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ‬
(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬.‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
(‫)ق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬‫ھﻰ‬.‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫وھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
(‫)ﻧﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎاو‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫وأى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫وﻗﻄﺒﮭ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬.‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫ﻗﻄﺒﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪا‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
(‫)ب‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬‫اﻣﺘﺪادھﺎ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻲ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻼﻗﻰ‬
(‫ع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬.‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫وﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ب‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ب‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬

14. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٤
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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:‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﮭﺎ‬ ‫واﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬-
١-‫ﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﻮازى‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻌﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ً‫ا‬‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬
٢-‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬ ‫ﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﻌﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺸ‬
.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬
٣-‫ﻷﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
.‫اﻟﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدى‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬
]١‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ [
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬‫ﺻﻮ‬‫رة‬‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ / ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫وﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
]٢‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ [
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬
(‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫)ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬
]٣‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ [
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وأﺻﻐﺮ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ / ‫ﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺑﻌﺪ‬
]٤‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ [
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ / ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ / ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬
:‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮآة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬
‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ / ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬/‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬
‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫م‬‫ب‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬
‫م‬

15. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٥
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬-‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫وآﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮى‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻛﺮﯾﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺤﺎن‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪه‬ ‫ﻠﻀﻮء‬
:‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬-
]١(‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ []٢(‫)ﻣﻔﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ [
.‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ورﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫وﺳﻤﯿﻜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫رﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬.‫ﻮازﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم‬‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﮫ‬
(‫)م‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬.‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﮫ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮭﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮﻛﺰى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻧﻜﺴﺎر‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫دون‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬‫ھﻮ‬.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮرھﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫أى‬
‫ﺑﺆرة‬‫ا‬(‫)ب‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ن‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬‫ھﻰ‬.‫اﻣﺘﺪادھﺎ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬(‫)ع‬ ‫ﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ھﻮ‬.‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻷﺻﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺰءا‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
:‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬-
‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬‫ﻓﻰ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻗﻰ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬.‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬
‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬‫و‬.‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎھﯿﻢ‬
‫ب‬ ‫ب‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ :ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿ‬

16. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٦
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬-‫ﺣﺎﺋﻞ‬-‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‬-‫ﻟﯿﻜ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﯿﺎ‬‫راﺳ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻧﻀ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿ‬ ‫ﻮﺋﻰ‬‫اﻟﻀ‬ ‫ﺪر‬‫اﻟﻤﺼ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺆرة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻀﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اوﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺼ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﯿﺲ‬‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺮى‬
:‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﻔﺎذھﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮭﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎر‬-
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﻨﻜﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﻣﺎرا‬
‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬
ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮازﯾ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬
.‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮر‬
ً‫ا‬‫ﻣﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺎع‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺼﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬
.‫اﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺬ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬
‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
.‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫وﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬
(‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫)ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎو‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
‫ب‬ ‫م‬
‫ب‬‫م‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ب‬ ‫م‬
‫ب‬‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬

17. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٧
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫وأﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺆرة‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻻ‬‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﺻﻮرة‬‫ﺗﻨﻔﺬ‬ ‫اﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻن‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮازﯾﺔ‬‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬ ‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺒﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫وﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬:‫ﻣﺼﻐﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬
‫اﻻﺑﺼﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻮب‬ ‫ﻋﻼج‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
: ‫اﻻﺑﺼﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻮب‬ ‫اھﻢ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ؟‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
١-‫ﺗﺤﺪب‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﻧﯿﺔ‬٢-‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬
:‫اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬٦‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫وﺗﺮى‬ ‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ‬٢٥‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫و‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬‫واﺿﺤ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻻن‬‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺎم‬
‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮى‬‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺪة‬
‫و‬‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﯾﺒﺔ‬‫واﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬
: ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺳﺒﺎب‬
١-‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮة‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻓﺘﺰ‬‫داد‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
٢-‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﺗﺤﺪﺑﺎ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆ‬‫رى‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
: ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫اﺳﺒﺎب‬
١.١-‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮة‬‫اﻟﻼزم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﻓﺘﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬
٢-‫ﻓﯿﺰداد‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻗﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫ھﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﺆرى‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬‫م‬ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬
‫ب‬‫ب‬

18. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٨
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫دﺧﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮن‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫دﺧﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺘﻜﻮن‬
:‫اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺎت‬‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫رﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺎت‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﺑﺴﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫وﻧﺰﻋﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬.
:‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎرات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
١-‫اﻻراﺿﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﯿﺰر‬ ‫أﺷﻌﺔ‬‫ﻟﻘﯿﺎس‬‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬‫اﻷراﺿﻰ‬‫اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ‬
‫إﺳ‬‫ﺘﺨﺪم‬‫أرﺷﯿﻤﯿﺪس‬‫ﺿﻮء‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﻛﺴﻼح‬‫ﺿﺪ‬‫اﻷﺳﻄﻮل‬‫اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧﻰ‬‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬‫ﻣﺮاﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﻘﻌﺮة‬‫ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬‫ﻟﺘﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬‫أﺷﻌﺔ‬‫وﺗﻮﺟﯿﮭﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬‫اﻟﺴﻔﻦ‬‫ﻓﺄﺣﺮﻗﺘﮭﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎة‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﺎرﻛﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮض‬‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻋﺒﺎر‬‫اﻟﺮؤﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺒﺎب‬‫اﻟﻤﺮض‬١-‫اﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮ‬٢-‫اﻵ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺛﺎر‬‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻌﻘﺎﻗﯿﺮ‬‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ‬٣-‫اﻷﻣﺮاض‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬‫اﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺣﻰ‬‫ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺒﺪال‬‫ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺔ‬‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪ‬. ‫ﺷﺊ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺒﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬
‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫و‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬١٠٠.٠٠٠‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫و‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻻف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬
( ‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ) ‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﯿﺰا‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻼ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻧﺠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﻗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ : ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ : ‫اوﻻ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ‬

19. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ١٩
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﺒﯿﺔ‬
: ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺒﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰاﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ا‬ ‫اﻻذرع‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﺳﻤﯿﺖ‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫او‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﻜﻮب‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺒﻦ‬
١.‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ : ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫او‬٨‫ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ‬
٢.‫ﺗﺪور‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻻﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬
٣.‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﺰ‬
٤.‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬٢٢٠‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
٥.‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬:
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻊ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫اﻟﺤﻠﺰوﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷذرع‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮة‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻀﻮﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬= ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬٩٤٦٠.٠٠٠‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫او‬9.46×1012
‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻄﻌﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬= ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻀﻮء‬٣٠٠.٠٠٠‫او‬ ‫ﻛﻢ/اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬٣×١٠٨
‫م/ث‬
: ‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﮭﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺎوﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ‬
١.‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫وواﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻖ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺤﺎﻧﮫ‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ان‬
٢.‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
:‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮرات‬
١.: ‫اﻟﻘﺪﯾﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﻮر‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻄﺮت‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬
٢.: ‫اﻟﺮوﻣﺎن‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻏﺮﯾﻖ‬‫ﻟﻠﻈﻮاھﺮاﻟﻜﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻏﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺳﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺎوﻟﺖ‬
٣.‫اﻟﺼﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮭﻨﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة‬:‫اﻟﺘﻨﺠﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺎد‬
٤.: ‫اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺮﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﯿﻄﺮة‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺔاﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫أزﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺒﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درب‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮة‬ : ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ : ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬ : ‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬: ‫اﺿﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬

20. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٠
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ‫أھﻢ‬‫ن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟﮫ‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
‫ﻓﺮوض‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ذات‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺿﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺰ‬
‫اﻻﻧ‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻔﺠﺎر‬
‫ﺗﻼﺣﻤﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺬان‬ ‫واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
‫واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻻ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬ ‫وﯾﺒﺪأ‬
‫ﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫ﺗﮭﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫وﺣﺎر‬ ‫ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻧ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻔﺠﺎر‬
:‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮاھﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬١٩٦٤‫ﺻﺪى‬ ‫اﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻼ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدﻣﺔ‬ ‫رادﯾﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ‬ (‫وﯾﻠﺴﻮن‬ ‫و‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻧﺰﯾﺎس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳﺎن‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺸﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺎط‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﯿﻔﺰﯾﻮن‬ ‫ﻻى‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮدد‬ ‫وﻻزال‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺟﻢ‬
‫وﺿ‬‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻰ‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫و‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬‫زﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬
: ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫اﻏﺮس‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺰ‬ ‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﺨﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻀﺮ‬
‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺨﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﺗﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫اﻧﺘ‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬‫اﻟﺰﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻔﺎخ‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫اﻟﺰﺑﯿﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺠﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ان‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ‬‫اﻟﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬١٥.٠٠٠‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬‫ﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻤﺖ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬
٧٥℅‫و‬ ‫ھﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬٢٥℅‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ودرﺟﺔ‬ ‫ھﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬
‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻰ‬١٠.٠٠٠‫درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﻛﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٢٠٠٠-٣٠٠٠‫اﻻﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫ﺠﺎر‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫أﺳﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٣٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬٥٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬‫اﻟﻘﺮﺻﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﺗﺨﺬت‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٠٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬.‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﺪت‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٢٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬.‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺎة‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﻟﻰ‬
.‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬١٥٠٠٠‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬
.-‫ﻰ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺪت‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪاﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ھﯿﺌ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻼﺣﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﺧﺬت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺮات‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺘﺠﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬

21. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢١
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﺪورﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫واﻷﻗﻤﺎر‬‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺬﻧﺒﺎت‬‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﻤﺘﺪ‬١٢٠٠٠. ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
١-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬٩٩‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ %
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻧﮭﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻘﻄﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻻ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬
٢-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫وﺗﺪور‬‫ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬:
‫ﻟﻨﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﯾﻨﺺ‬
‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺠﺎذب‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫ان‬‫د‬. ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫وﻋﻜﺴﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﯿﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺮب‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫واﻻﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺘ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻏﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﻤﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺮام‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻷﺟﺮام‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄة‬٤٦٠٠‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯿﻮن‬
)‫ا‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬(
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬‫ﺑﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﻣﻦ‬
١-‫اﻟ‬ ) ‫ﻏﺎزى‬( ‫واﻟﮭﯿﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬
٢-( ‫واﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺼﺨﻮر‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬
‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬‫دوار‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎرﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﺻﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
‫و‬‫وﻛﻮن‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫واﻟﺜﻠﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺪ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬.
‫اﻟﺸﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬‫ﺴﻰ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬‫ﺎدة‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ‬‫و‬‫ھﻮ‬( ‫اﻟﮭﻠﯿﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫)اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺎزات‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
( ‫وﺛﻠﺞ‬ ‫ﺻﺨﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺪ‬ ) ‫ﻏﺒﺎر‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬ ٣ ‫ھﻨﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ : ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎة‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎت‬

22. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٢
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
Page |٢٢
٣-‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬‫اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺔ‬
١٩٤٤
٣-‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
١٩٠٥
١-‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
١٧٩٦
‫وﺟﮫ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬
‫ھﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﺒﺮﻟﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻼس‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻮھﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎھﺪة‬
‫اﻟﺴﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮھﺞ‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﯾﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻻﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺿﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿﺎ‬
٢-‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬
‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫وﯾﻘﺬف‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺎت‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﯿﺰداد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﺔ‬‫ﺗﺒﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﻋﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫د‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﺪد‬‫ﺠﺎر‬ ١-‫او‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺎب‬ ‫ﯾﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬
٢-‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮاء‬
‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﯿﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫زﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬
‫او‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎھﺪ‬
‫ات‬
١-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب‬ ‫ﯾﺪور‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬
‫ﻧﻮوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬
‫ﺿ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯿﺪا‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻃﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ادت‬ ‫ﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
٢-‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺮدت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﯿﺖ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
٣-‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺬب‬ ‫ﻗﻮه‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻤﺖ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺪوران‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﺟﺒﺮﺗﮭﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬
١-‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺮب‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫ﻧﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬ ‫ﻓﺠﺬﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼق‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬ ‫وﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬا‬ ‫ھﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺣﺪث‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬ ‫وﻛﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﺮﺑﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫واﻧﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
٣-‫ﻣﻜﻮن‬ ‫وﺑﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎزي‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬
-١-‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎرة‬ ‫اﻻﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮ‬‫ھﺠﺔ‬‫ﻧﻔﺴﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺪور‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺮور‬
‫وزادت‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻤﮫ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮارﺗﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫دوراﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬‫ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎردة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫وﺗﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوي‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫اﻧﻔﺼﻠﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوار‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟىﻘﺮص‬
‫وﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫وﺑﺮدت‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاء‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻏﺎزﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬
‫ﻓﺮوض‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫اﺻﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬

23. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٣
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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٢٤ ‫وﯾﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮرھﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬ : ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬
: ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬‫وﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
٣٦٥‫ورﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻮم‬.
: ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﯾﺎم‬ ‫ﺟﺪول‬ ‫وھﺬا‬
: ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
) ‫اﻟﺰھﺮة‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬ ‫أﻃﻮل‬٢٤٣‫.و‬ ‫ﯾﻮم‬ () ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮى‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﯾﺎم‬ ‫أﻗﺼﺮ‬٤١٠.‫ﯾﻮم‬ (
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﻃﻮل‬) ‫ﻧﺒﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬١٦٥) ‫ﻋﻄﺎرد‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫واﻗﺼﺮ‬ ‫أرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ (٠٢٤‫أرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬ (
‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫؟‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮرة‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫و‬
‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫واﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
: ‫اﻻدوات‬‫و‬ ‫ﻃﺒﺎﺷﯿﺮ‬٤‫ﺗﻼﻣﯿﺬ‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﻧﺮﺳﻢ‬٤‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﺎﺷﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫دواﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫وﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻼﻣﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻒ‬‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺮةو‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫دورة‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‬
‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻤﯿﺬ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺪور‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
: ‫اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‬‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ان‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮة‬ ‫رﺟﻞ‬٦٠‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮى‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺔ‬
١-: ( ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮاب‬
‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮآة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻤﻞ‬ *‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﻟﻠ‬‫ﻣﺮا‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﺲ‬‫ﻗﺒﺔ‬‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠﻜﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬‫ﺑﻮاﺳ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﯾﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﻄ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻮال‬ ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﯿﺎف‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺒﺘـﻮن‬‫أوراﻧﻮس‬‫زﺣﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺸﺘـﺮى‬‫اﻟﻤـﺮﯾﺦ‬‫اﻷرض‬‫اﻟﺰھﺮة‬‫ﻋﻄـﺎرد‬‫اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‬
٠.٦٧٠.٧٢٠.٤٣٤١.٠١.٠٣1٢٤٣٥٩‫ارﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﯾﺎم‬
١٦٥٨٤٢٩١٢١.٩1٠.٦٢٠.٢٤‫ارﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮات‬
‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﯿﻮم‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬

24. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٤
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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٢-: ‫ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪات‬
*‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﺪاراﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬
١-‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺮام‬ ‫رؤوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬‫اﺷﺪ‬٢-‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬‫اﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎط‬‫ﻻ‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﺟﻮ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﺮاق‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬.
-: ‫ھﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬
‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫اﻃﻠﻖ‬١٩٩٠‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻷرض‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﯾﺪور‬ ‫و‬٥٠٠. ‫ﻛﻢ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻃﻼع‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻠﻜﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺘﻄﯿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻈﯿﻢ‬
‫ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﯾﻘﻮم‬‫دورﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮك‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫رواد‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب‬ ‫ھﺬا‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬‫اﻻﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮاﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫او‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫رﺣﻼت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﺗﮭﺒﻂ‬‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬‫اﻟﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﮭﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﺳﺮار‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫اﻻﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺳﻔﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﯾﺘﻢ‬
: ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺰى‬: ‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺎ‬:‫ﻟﻠﻤﮭﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
٥-‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫اﻧﻌﺪام‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻔﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ھﺒﻮﻃﮭﻢ‬ ‫اﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻌﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫رواد‬ ‫ﯾﺸﻌﺮ‬‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرب‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮى‬ ‫اﻻن‬‫اﻻرض‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺟﺮاؤھﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫اﻧﻌﺪام‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻮزن‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻻرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎوى‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﺗﺸﺒﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ھﻮ:إﻧﺘﺎج‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬‫اﻷﺑﺎء‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اھﻤﯿﺔ‬: ‫ﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﮫ‬‫اﻻﻧﻮاع‬‫اﻷﻧﻘﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
: ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬‫اﻻﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
: ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ﻻﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
١-‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬‫اﺑﻮﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮدﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
.‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬(‫)ﻋﻠﻞ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬
٤-‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫وﯾﺤﺪث‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬
١-‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬‫اﻟﻔﺮداﻷﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬(‫.)ﻋﻠﻞ‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬
٤-‫ﯾ‬ ‫و‬‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﯿﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺪث‬
‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬‫وﺑﻌﺾ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬
‫اﻻﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ؟؟‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫س‬‫ج‬-‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
*‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫أﺟﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬:-
١-‫ﺟﺴﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻧﻘﺴ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزي‬ ‫ﺎم‬٢-‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﻮزي‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ : ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﺪرس‬

25. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٥
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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:‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻷﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬‫اﻹﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻰ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬(
١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ‬‫اﻟﺠﺴﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪا‬
٢-‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫اى‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬٢‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ن‬
٣-‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫اﻟﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬‫ﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬
١-‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺼﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬
٢-‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬٤‫ﺗﺤﺘ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﻮى‬
‫اى‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
٣-: ‫اھﻤﯿﺘﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬
٢-) ‫واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬(‫اﻟ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺆﻟﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺼ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬ ‫و‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻔﺎت‬‫اﻻ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎء‬‫اﻻﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌــﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬‫؟‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬‫ﻻﻧﮭﺎ‬. ‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬
( ‫اﻟﺼﺒﻐﯿﺎت‬ ) ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ھﺬه‬
‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪور‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺴﺎم‬.
١-: ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ‬١-‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺴﻮم‬‫ﻇﺎھﺮﯾﺎ‬‫ﺧﯿﻄﯿ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
، ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬.
٢-‫و‬: ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛﯿﻤﺎﺋﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺮﻛﺐ‬-
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮوى‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬DNA‫ﻣﺤﺎط‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎﻟﺒ‬‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺮوﺗﯿﻦ‬‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬
١-: ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻮي‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫.ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
٣-: ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺪى‬
٤-:‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬
٥-‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬‫اﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫)ﻋﺪدھﺎ‬٤٦‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺤﺼﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫و‬٥٤‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬.(
٦-‫اﻟﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻷب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرث‬ ‫أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‬ ) ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬
)‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﮫ‬ ‫وﯾﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺮف‬ ‫و‬ ( ‫اﻷم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرث‬ ‫واﻵﺧﺮ‬٢‫ن‬. (
٧-) ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﺣﺎدى‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻤﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬‫ن‬. (
‫اﻟﻤﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ‬( ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬ ‫ﻛﺮة‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻔﺎت‬‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬

26. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٦
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫ﺣﺪوﺛﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ .‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﺪﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬
) ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬٢‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ن‬(
: ‫أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‬‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎھ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮر‬ ) ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮى‬ ‫او‬(
‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮرﺗﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ)اﻟ‬‫ﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬DNA. (
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬-‫؟‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺟـ‬-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫وﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪي‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
١-‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬ (‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫رﻓﯿﻌﺔ‬
٢-‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬
٣-‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﺗﻤﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬
٤-‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻄــﻮر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬
‫وﯾﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﯿﻮط‬‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬١-‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬٢‫ﻓﯿﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬٢. ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ :‫أوﻻ‬
‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ھﻰ‬ ( ‫أﻃﻮار‬ ) ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫أرﺑﻊ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬
:

27. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٧
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫ﯾﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺪث‬‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬
:‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬
١-‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺘﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻜﻮ‬‫ﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬ ‫و‬
٤‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﺎن‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻠﻰ‬)٢. ( ‫ن‬
: :‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬١-: ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬. (‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰى)اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﺳﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻄﺒﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫أﻣﺎ‬
٢-‫اﻷﻃﻮ‬ ‫أﻃﻮل‬‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫زﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫ار‬‫و‬‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﻮ‬ ‫زﻣﻨﺎ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﺮھﺎ‬
: ‫ﺣﺪوﺛﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
: ‫أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‬(‫اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ‫وﺣﺒﻮب‬ ‫واﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﺤﯿﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮة‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻮزى‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫؟؟‬
: ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬
١-‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬٢-‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮى‬:‫اﻟﺒﯿﻨﻲ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﻤﺎدة‬DNA‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ (‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬‫اﻻﺧﺘﺰاﻟﻰ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
١-‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
) ‫اﻷم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬٢‫ن‬(.
‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬
١-‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬‫ﺧﻠ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﯿﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻮﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬

28. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٨
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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: ‫اﻟﻌﺒــﻮر‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﻇﺎھــﺮة‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫اﻧﻔﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫ﻇﺎھﺮة‬ ‫ھﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬه‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬.
‫ﻣ‬‫؟‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒــﻮر‬ ‫ﻇﺎھــﺮة‬ ‫أھﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬١-‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﯿﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎھﻢ‬
. ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻮع‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫وھﺬا‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪي‬
‫اﻻول‬
١-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬ ( ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ )
‫زوج‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫أزواج‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬٤
‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬
٢-‫اﻟﻨﻮوى‬ ‫واﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫و‬
٣-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
٤-‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪث‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﺟﺰاء‬ ‫اﻧﻔﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫واﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮو‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﯿﺪات‬
‫اﻻﺟﺰاء‬ ‫ﻟﮭﺬة‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬
٥-‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﯾﺒﺪأ‬
. ‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻄــﻮر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻻول‬
‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫أزواج‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺪودة‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اى‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻮاء‬‫ﺨﯿﻮط‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻨﺘﺮوﻣﯿﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻻول‬
١-‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻜﻤﺶ‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫أﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﺠﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫اﺣﺪ‬
‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﯿﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﯾﺴﺎوى‬‫ﺟﻮدة‬
‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫اﻻول‬
١-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮر‬ ‫ھﺬا‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺤﯿﻂ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻮوﯾ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎء‬
٢-‫اﻟﻤﻐﺰل‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻮط‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻈﮭﺮ‬
٣-‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﺎن‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫و‬
(‫)ن‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬
٣-‫ﺛﻢ‬‫دون‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬
: ‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫ارﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫:ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫أ‬

29. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٢٩
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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:‫أھﻤﯿﺘﮫ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة‬‫اﻻول‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺧﻠﯿ‬ ‫وﻛﻞ‬‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ( ‫ﻣﺸﯿﺞ‬ )‫اﻟ‬. ‫ﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬
١-‫ﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدى‬
٢-‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫أرﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬
. ‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ھﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬١
٢-‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬=‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫أﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫أرﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎدى‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬
‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬
‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
: ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬ ‫اﻣﺸﺎج‬: ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺜﺔ‬ ‫اﻣﺸﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻘﺎح‬ ‫ﺣﺒﻮب‬ ‫او‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻮﯾﻀﺎت‬
-:‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫إﺗﺤﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬
-‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮع‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ً‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ :‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪ‬‫ﻤﺸ‬‫ﯿ‬‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫ﺞ‬‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﺞ‬‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ (‫)ن‬‫اﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺬى‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻠﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎ‬‫ت‬)٢(‫ن‬‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬.
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ھﻮ‬‫ﺣﯿﻮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻘﻮم‬‫اﻟﺤﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ‬‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻓﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ً‫ا‬‫أﻓﺮاد‬‫اﻟ‬‫ﻨﻮع‬‫اﻻﻧﻘﺮاض‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﮭﺪف‬‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬‫اﻵﺑﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎت‬‫اﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺎء‬.
: ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع‬
-‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛ‬: ‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫ﺮ‬١-‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫أﻓﺮاد‬ ‫إﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫واﺣﺪ‬ ‫اﺑﻮى‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬
٢-‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﯿﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫و‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬‫اﻻﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬.
٣-‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزي‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬
‫ب‬-: ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿـﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴــﺎم‬
‫واﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ : ً‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬

30. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣٠
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫اﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻧﻮاﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫وﻓﯿﮫ‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺴﯿﻮم‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻷﻣﯿﺒﺎ‬
‫و‬ ‫واﻟﯿﻮﺟﻠﯿﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫واﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜـﺎﺛـــﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒــﺮﻋﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮوز‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﺄ‬
٢-ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫وﺗﮭﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
٣-‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬: ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿ‬
‫أ‬-‫ﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺘﺼ‬ ‫ﯾﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮه‬
‫ب‬–. ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﯾﻈﻞ‬ ‫أو‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺣﯿﺪة‬
( ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪرا‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻞ‬
( ‫واﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠـــﺪد‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬:
١-‫ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫ھﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة‬ ‫اﻷﺟﺰاء‬
٢-‫وﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻗﺪرة‬ ‫او‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫أذرع‬
‫ﺗﺠﺪد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬
ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮت‬ ‫إذا‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
. ‫ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮاﺛ‬‫ﯿــﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪوث‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺮاﺛﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮج‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺮﺛﻮﻣﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻘﻂ‬ ‫وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
ً‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﺪﯾ‬
‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬
١-‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻄﺮﯾﺎت‬
‫وﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻦ‬
. ‫اﻟﻐﺮاب‬ ‫ﻋﯿﺶ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛـــﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﻮر‬

31. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣١
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬
١-‫ھﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬٢‫اﻻم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬ ‫ن‬
٢-‫ﯾﻤﻜ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻢ‬ ‫أذرع‬. ‫ﻟﻠﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮص‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻮت‬ ‫إذا‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﯿﻮاﻧ‬ ‫وﺗﻌﻄﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻦ‬
‫اﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮض‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺠﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺰاء‬ ‫او‬
‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫وﺿﺤﻰ‬
: ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻻدوات‬‫ﻋﻮد‬ ‫و‬ ‫زﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬ ‫و‬ ‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎء‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ‬‫ا‬‫ﺳﻨﺎن‬
: ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬‫ﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬١‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻜﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬٤‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﺊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬٢‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻞ‬‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮﻛﮭﺎ‬١٠‫ﻣﻈﻠﻢ‬ ‫داﻓﺊ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺤﺼﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻐﻄﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﯾﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻌﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬‫ﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬١-‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫إﺣﺪاھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺗﯿﻦ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮزﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاة‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﺮوز‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻤﯿﺮة‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﺸﺄ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﮭﺎﺟﺮ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫وﯾ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺠﯿ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬‫ﻈﻞ‬‫ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮه‬ ‫ﯾﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻷم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻣﺘﺼ‬‫ﻣﺘﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﯾﻈﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧ‬ ‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮة‬.
‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬‫اﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫اﻻﺑﻮى؟‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻻن‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﺘﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮدﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﻣﺬﻛ‬ ‫أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫أﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬، ‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫واﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺮ‬
‫و‬‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺮاد‬
‫اﻟﺮاﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺼﺎب‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ھﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫و‬
‫؟؟‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎھﻰ‬
١-‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣ‬ ) ‫اﻷﻣﺸـــﺎج‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ‬( ‫ﯿﺘﺎت‬
‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﻣﺸﺎج‬ ‫وﺗﺘﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬
٢-: ‫اﻹﺧﺼــــﺎب‬‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﻧﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﯿﺞ‬ ‫إﻧﺪﻣﺎج‬ ‫ھﻮ‬‫ﯾ‬.‫اﻟﻼﻗﺤﺔ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺘﻮى‬٢‫ن‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺰﯾﺠﻮت‬ ‫ﯾﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺮوﻣﻮﺳﻮم‬‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀــــﺮى‬
‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬‫ﺑﺬور‬
: ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫وذﻟﻚ‬
١-‫واﻟﺠﺬور‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻷوراق‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬
‫واﻟﺴﯿﻘﺎن‬
٢-‫واﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫زراﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻖ‬ ‫أوﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬‫واﻟﻘﺼﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺐ‬
: ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬

32. ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬٠١١٤٠٢٣٧٩٩ ٣٢
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮة‬2015‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬‫ا‬‫و‬‫اﻟﺘﻨﻮع‬‫اﻟﻮراﺛﻰ؟؟‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫او‬‫اﻻﺑﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎت‬ ‫ﯾﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻨﺴﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﻻن‬‫ﯾﺎﺧﺬ‬‫اﻻم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻻب‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮراﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬‫ﺣﺪوث‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺼ‬‫و‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺐ‬‫اﻟﻤﯿﻮزى‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬‫اﻻول‬
: ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺪوث‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻮرم‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻨﺸﺄ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻼج‬
‫دور‬‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬:‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ ‫ﻃﻮر‬‫ذﻛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﮭﺮﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻨﺎﺑﻞ‬‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮق‬‫وﺗ‬‫ﻔﺠﺮھﺎ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫وﺗﻢ‬‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺌﺮان‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺷ‬‫ﺖ‬٣٠٠‫ﯾﻮم‬‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻻ‬٤٣‫ﯾﻮم‬
٢-‫دور‬‫اﻟﺴﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬
١-‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ‬
٢-‫اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪا‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻘﻦ‬‫ﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬ ‫ھﺬة‬‫ﻟﮭﺎ‬‫ﺑﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺮازات‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎق‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬
٣-‫ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ‬‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺰئ‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت‬‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫و‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رؤﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮب‬
: ‫اﻟﻌﻼج‬ ‫ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬
١-‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺬھﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﯿﺰر‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﯾﺘﻢ‬‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫ﺣﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺑﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼﻘﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺮق‬
٢-‫ﺗﺘﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺔ‬‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدى‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬
‫اﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
١-‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬‫اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬
٢-‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻇﺮوف‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺰراﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺎس‬
‫ﺣﺪث‬ ‫اذا‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ان‬‫ﺟﺮح‬‫ﻓﻰ‬‫ﺛﻠ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫او‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬‫ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺜﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮد‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮض‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫زراﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﺎت‬