ingles

1. Teen 1
STUDENT’S BOOKLET
Inglês • 7.o ano • Nível 3
BOOKLET
7n

2. 2
CONTENTS
ÍNDICE
Unit 1 Physical description..........................................3
Names of countries.........................................4
Music....................................................................4
Numbers.............................................................5
Unit 1 Personal pronouns...........................................17
Verb to be..........................................................17
Indefinite article...............................................18
Possessive determiners..................................18
Adjective..........................................................18
Unit 2 Simple present: regular verbs......................19
Present continuous..........................................19
Interrogative pronouns...................................20
Interrogative adverbs....................................20
Interrogative determiners..............................20
Adverbs of frequency....................................20
Unit 3 Conditional sentences...................................20
Modal verbs.....................................................21
Simple past: to be...........................................22
Simple past: regular verbs............................22
Unit 2 Daily Routine......................................................5
Food......................................................................6
Hobbies...............................................................6
Sports..................................................................7
Unit 3 School...............................................................7
Types of schools..............................................7
Subjects........................................................8
Facilities/rooms..............................................8
School objects / materials..............................8
Activities.....................................................9
People.............................................................9
Unit 4 The family...........................................................9
The house.........................................................10
Unit 4 Personal pronouns: object.............................24
Adjectives: comparative...............................24
Simple past: irregular verbs.........................25
Possessive case..............................................25
Unit 5 Prepositions of time........................................26
Prepositions of place.......................................27
Prepositions of movement............................27
Adjectives: superlative...................................27
Verbs: past continuous...................................28
Unit 6 Verbs: present perfect....................................28
Relative pronouns............................................29
Noun plurals.....................................................30
Unit 7 Imperative..........................................................31
Future: going to...............................................31
Future: will.........................................................31
Indefinite adjectives and pronouns............32
Indefinite adverbs and pronouns.................32
Unit 5 The city..............................................................11
Shops / stores...................................................11
Means of transport.........................................12
Weather.............................................................12
Unit 6 Holidays..............................................................13
Places/destinations..........................................13
Activities............................................................13
Description of places....................................13
Working places................................................14
Jobs....................................................................14
Unit 7 Hallowe’en........................................................14
Christmas and New Year...............................15
Saint Valentine’s Day......................................16
Independence Day..........................................16
GLOSSARY BASIC GRAMMARPág. Pág.

3. GLOSSARY
3
Eyes olhos
long compridas
strong fortes
thin magras
short curtas
blue azuis
small pequenos
big grandes
brown castanhos
dark negros
hazel verdes
GLOSSARY
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
DESCRIÇÃO DE PESSOAS
fat gordo/forte
strongly-built bem constituído
slim/slender elegante
thin magro
large grande
small pequena
smiling sorridente
serious séria
long (conk) comprido (penca)
short curto
turned-up arrebitado
pointed pontiagudo
round redondo
pale pálida
dark escura
brown morena
light clara
wavy ondulado
curly frisado, encaracolado
short curto
long longo
light claro
dark escuro
black negro
blond/fair loiro
brown castanho
red ruivo
pony tail rabo de cavalo
tall alto
short / small baixo
of medium height médio
long compridos
short curtos
round redonda
square quadrada
rectangular rectangular
Body corpo
Height altura
Arms braços
Legs pernas
Face cara
Mouth boca
Nose nariz
Skin/Complexion
pele
Hair cabelo
He’s quite handsome. He’s of medium height, his skin is pale. He’s got blue eyes
and straight fair hair. His nose is a bit pointed. He isn’t slim but he isn’t fat either.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 1 Who is who?

4. GLOSSARY
4
NAMES OF COUNTRIES
NOMES DE PAÍSES
MUSIC
MÚSICA
An Englishman – um inglês
An Englishwoman – uma inglesa
A Scot / Scotsman – um escocês
An Irishman – um irlandês
A Welshman – um galês
NOTICE
Nowadays many teenagers play musical instruments. Boy and girl bands are becoming more and more popular. They play pop
music. They have their favourite bands and buy their CDs. This is commercial music. Others prefer listening to classical music;
most children learn how to play the piano, the recorder or the violin. They sometimes go to concerts and join in school choirs.
EXAMPLES
England – English
Inglaterra – inglês/esa
Scotland – Scottish
Escócia – escocês/esa
Wales – Welsh
País de Gales – galês/esa
Germany – German
Alemanha – alemão/alemã
Austria – Austrian
Áustria – austríaco/a
Canada – Canadian
Canadá – canadiano/a
Australia – Australian
Australia – australiano/a
France – French
França – francês/esa
recorder
flauta de bisel
piano
piano
guitar
guitarra
saxophone
saxofone
clarinet
clarinete
cello
violoncelo
bass
baixo
keyboard
keyboard/teclado
violin
violino
Switzerland – Swiss
Suíça – suíço/a
Poland – Polish
Polónia – polaco/a
Spain – Spanish
Espanha – espanhol/a
India – Indian
Índia – indiano/a
Portugal – Portuguese
Portugal – português/esa
Northern Ireland – Irish
Irlanda do Norte – irlandês/esa
Republic of Ireland / Eire – Irish
República da Irlanda – irlandês/esa
United States of America – American
Estados Unidos da América – americano/a
country
country
classical
clássica
choral
coral
pop
pop
rock
rock
jazz
jazz
alternative
alternativa
metal
metal
orchestra
orquestra
conductor
maestro
band
banda
singer
cantor/a
vocalist
vocalista
players
instrumentistas
groups
grupos
Countries
países
Countries
países
Types
tipos
People
pessoas
Musical instruments
instrumentos musicais
United Kingdom
Reino Unido

5. GLOSSARY
5
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-
-one
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one / a
hundred
I usually get up at 7.30
when the alarm clock
rings. My classes begin at
8.30 every day. I don’t
have any classes on
Saturday. We generally
have lunch at 1.30, when I
get home from school and
we have dinner at 8
o’clock in the evening. At
weekends I always get up
around 10 and go to bed
later at night. Most shops
open at 9 am and close at
5.30 pm.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 2 Life is tough!
It’s 3 o’clock = it’s 3 am/3 pm.
São três horas.
It’s 10 o’clock = it’s 10 pm.
São dez horas.
It’s 12 o’clock.
São doze horas = é meio dia.
It’s 3.30 – it’s half past 3.
São três e meia.
It’s 10.45 – it’s ten forty five
= it’s a quarter to eleven.
São dez e quarenta e cinco =
é um quarto para as onze.
It’s 6.20 – it’s twenty past six.
São seis e vinte.
8.50 – it’s ten to nine=it’s eight fifty.
São dez para as nove / oito e cinquenta.
12.00 am = midday/noon
meio-dia am = before midday
It’s 3.15 – it’s a quarter past 3.
São três e um quarto.
12.00 pm = midnight
meia-noite pm = post midday
NUMBERS
NÚMEROS
DAILY ROUTINE
ROTINA DIÁRIA
get washed
lavar-se
sleep
dormir
wake up
acordar
have breakfast
tomar o pequeno almoço
have dinner / dine
jantar
comb one’s hair
pentear-se
have lunch
almoçar
get dressed
vestir-se
get up
levantar-se
wrist watch
relógio de pulso
church clock
relógio de igreja
grandfather clock
relógio de caixa alta
alarm clock
despertador
digital clock
relógio digital
sunset
pôr-do-sol
morning
manhã
afternoon
tarde
night
noite
sunrise
nascer do sol
evening (5 pm-9 pm)
tardinha/noite
Daily routine
rotina diária
Clocks
relógios
Time
tempo

6. GLOSSARY
6
Nowadays most people take care about the food they eat. Teenagers love fast food but they also try not to put on too much
weight. They have light breakfasts and avoid greasy food like chips. Some prefer yoghurts and milk to meat or fish. In general
hamburgers and crisps are still popular among teenagers. Older people prefer traditional food, soup, meat or fish and a lot of
vegetables and fruit. Some British people are vegetarian.
EXAMPLES
breakfast pequeno almoço
lunch almoço
tea chá
dinner jantar
supper ceia ou jantar
snack refeição ligeira
traditional food comida tradicional
fast food comida pronta a comer
vegetarian food comida vegetariana
exotic food comida exótica
take away comida para levar para casa
restaurant restaurante
café café
coffee shop casa de chá
cafeteria cafetaria
sweet shop confeitaria, pastelaria
pub bar
Types tipos Meals refeições
HOBBIES/SPORTS
PASSATEMPOS FAVORITOS/DESPORTOS
computer games
jogos de computador
listening to music
ouvir música
spare time
tempos livres
weekends
fins-de-semana
holidays
férias
leisure
lazer
pastimes
passatempos
games
jogos
reading
leitura
writing letters
escrever cartas
surfing the net
navegar na net
playing cards
jogar às cartas
watching TV
ver TV
cinema
cinema
painting
pintura
dancing
dança
drama
teatro
knitting
fazer malha
cooking
cozinhar
Food produtos
• milk leite
• bread pão
• butter manteiga
• corn flakes flocos de aveia
• coffee café
• fruit fruta
• yoghurt iogurte
• eggs ovos
• cheese queijo
• ham fiambre
• meat carne
• fish peixe
• vegetables legumes
• chips batatas fritas
• soup sopa
• fruit juice sumo de fruta
• beer cerveja
• wine vinho
FOOD
COMIDA
Places
locais
Hobbies
passatempos favoritos

7. GLOSSARY
7
My school report was excellent this
term.
We will use the school bus for the
study trip.
I hope I don’t fail this year. My
marks were not very good.
EXAMPLES
Mark goes to a boarding school. He
only comes home at the weekend.
When I finish secondary school, I
want to go to university.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 3 School
SCHOOL
ESCOLA
homework
trabalho de casa
timetable
horário
fail
reprovar
study / field trip
visita de estudo
break
intervalo
class
turma
term
período
school bus
autocarro escolar
test
teste
mark
nota
pass
passar
exam
exame
essay
trabalho escrito
bell
campainha
lessons
lições / aulas
school report
boletim escolar
swimming
natação
hockey
hóquei
bike riding
andar de
bicicleta/ciclismo
tennis
ténis
gymnastics
ginástica
basketball
basquetebol
athletics
atletismo
karate
karaté
football/soccer
futebol
horse riding
equitação
surfing
surf
mountaineering
montanhismo
skiing
ski
Most teenagers spend their spare time doing
some hobbies or practising sports.
The most popular hobbies nowadays are
computer games or surfing the net. Those
who are not so keen on technology watch TV
or listen to music. At school they play foot-
ball, basketball or volleyball. At the weekend
they go jogging, mountaineering, swimming
or bike riding.
EXAMPLES
jogging
jogging
kindergarten / nursery school
jardim infantil
middle school / junior high school
escola do 2º e 3º. ciclo
university / college
ensino superior
private school
escola privada
state school
escola pública
special school
escola de educação especial
secondary school / high school (US)
escola secundária
boarding school
colégio interno
primary / elementary school (US)
escola primária / 1º. ciclo
preparatory school
escola preparatória
Sports
desportos
School
escola
Types of schools
tipos de escolas

8. GLOSSARY
8
microscope
microscópio
chalk
giz
school uniform
uniforme escolar
computer
computadordesk
carteira
dictionary
dicionário
overhead projector
retroprojector
watercolours
aguarelas
pen
caneta
training shoes / trainers (inf.)
sapatilhas
pencil
lápis
notebook
caderno de apontamentos
I didn’t play football today because
I forgot my training shoes.
Today my satchel is very heavy. I’m
carrying three notebooks and two
dictionaries.
In my opinion, school uniforms
are not a good idea.
EXAMPLES
Our Arts room is really great. I also love the gym.
Our students’ common room isn’t big.
When we don’t have classes, we like to go to the video room and the library.
classroom
sala de aula
swimming pool
piscina
students’ common room
sala dos alunos
headteacher’s study
sala do director / Presidente
teacher’s staff room
sala de professores
bar
bar playground
recreio
term
período
school office
secretaria
Arts room
sala de Educação Visual
laboratory
laboratório
library
biblioteca
gym
ginásio
football field
campo de futebol
video room
sala de vídeo
reception
recepção
toilets
casas de banho
Craftswork
Trabalhos Manuais
History
História
Music
Música
Maths
Matemática
Biology
Biologia
German
Alemão
French
Francês
Religious Education
Religião e Moral
Geography
Geografia
English
Inglês
Chemistry
Química
Portuguese
Português
Art
Arte / Educação Visual
Physical Education (P.E.)
Educação Física
EXAMPLES
Subjects
disciplinas
Facilities / rooms
instalações / salas / divisões
School objects / material
material escolar

9. GLOSSARY
9
dance club
clube de dança
English club
clube de Inglês
journal
jornal
music club
clube de música
sports club
clube de desporto
exhibition
exposição
quiz
concurso
drama club
clube de teatro
competition
competição, prova
environment club
clube do ambiente
pottery club
clube de olaria
multimedia club
clube de multimédia
teacher
professor
pupil
aluno
student
estudante
classmate
colega de turma
school secretary
funcionário de secretaria
school pal
colega
classmate
colega de turma
form teacher
director de turma
form leader
delegado de turma
partner
companheiro de carteira
This year all my classmates are great, especially my partner.
We are making a journal for the English club.
Rui is our form leader. Everybody likes him.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 4 Home sweet home!
THE FAMILY
A FAMÍLIA
daughter
filha
father
pai
son
filho
children
filhos
grandfather
avô
grandmother
avó
mother
mãe
sister
irmã
brother
irmão
nephew
sobrinho
mother-in-law
sogra
cousin
primo
aunt
tia
uncle
tio
sister-in-law
cunhada
godmother
madrinhain-laws
parentes por afinidade
godfather
padrinho
brother-in-law
cunhado
father-in-law
sogro
niece
sobrinha
My family is quite big. There are six of us at home. My father is 42, my mother is 40. There are three children, two sons and a
daughter. My grandmother is also living with us. My grandfather died last year.
Uncle Tom and aunt Nina live in the neighbourhood with my cousins, Jim and Laura.
EXAMPLES
birth nascimento
baptism / christening baptismo
birthday dia de anos
wedding casamento
divorce divórcio
death morte
Activities
actividades
People
pessoas
The family
a família
Relatives
parentes

10. GLOSSARY
10
council house
casa da câmara
ceiling
tecto
roof
telhado
wall
parede
window
janela
gate
portão
garden
jardim
chimney
chaminé
floor
chão (dentro de casa)
door
porta
THE HOUSE
A CASA
cottage
casa de campo
detached house
moradia
bungalow
moradia num só piso
terraced house
casa térrea
semi-detached house
casa geminada
manor house
casa senhorial
block of flats
bloco de apartamentos/prédio
pantry
dispensa
kitchen
cozinha
bathroom
casa de banho
living room
sala comum
children’s room
quarto das crianças
bedroom
quarto de cama
drawing room
sala de visitas
cellar
cave
dining room
sala de jantar
study
escritório
fridge
frigorífico
vacuum cleaner / hoover
aspirador
TV set
aparelho de televisãohi-fi system
aparelhagem de som
freezer
arca congeladora
oven
forno
cooker / stove
fogão
washing machine
máquina de lavar roupa
dishwasher
máquina de lavar loiça
sofa
sofá
bed
cama
cupboard
armário
bedside table
mesa de cabeceira
closet / fitted wardrobe
guarda-fatos
chest of drawers
cómodaarmchair
maplesink
banca
table
mesa
bookcase
estante
chair
cadeira
carpet
tapete
picture
quadro
shelf
prateleira
fireplace
fogão de sala
coffee table
mesinha de café
ornament
bibelot
clock
relógio
mirror
espelho
curtain
cortina
lamp
candeeiro
vase
vaso
I love my house. It’s my sanctuary, where I feel at home. It’s cosy and
warm. It’s a detached house with a small garden, near the woods. It
has got six rooms. The kitchen is quite large and we have our meals
there. We’ve got all modern appliances and the furniture is simple.
EXAMPLES
Types of houses
tipos de casas
Rooms
divisões
Furniture
mobília
Electrical appliances
electrodomésticos
Decoration
decoração
Parts of the houses
partes da casa

11. GLOSSARY
11
My mother likes to shop in big shopping malls such as Harrods because she can find everything she needs there.
Paul avoids going to hypermarkets. He prefers to shop in his neighbourhood shops, such as the grocer’s and the butcher’s.
Where’s the chemist’s? I need to buy a pill for my headache.
menswear shop
loja de modas (homem)
drugstore
drogaria
grocer’s
mercearia
stationery
papelaria
greengrocer’s
pomar
chemist’s
farmácia
hypermarket
hipermercado
supermarket
supermercado
music shop
artigos musicais
sweetshop
pastelaria
baker’s
padaria
women’s clothes
loja de modas (senhoras)
newsagent’s
tabacaria
butcher’s
talho
fishmonger’s
peixaria
bookshop
livraria
ironmonger’s / hardware store (US)
loja de utensílios domésticos / ferragens
UNIT 5 Places around you
THE CITY
A CIDADE
building
edifício
hospital
hospital
theatre
teatro
cinema
cinema
avenue
avenida
square
praça
street(s)
rua(s)
park
parque
corner
esquina
market
mercado
hostel
estalagem
hotel
hotel
garden
jardim
church
igreja
bridge
ponte
museum
museu
youth hostel
albergue de juventude
shopping mall
centro comercial
post office
correios
police station
esquadra
skyscraper
arranha-céus
restaurant
restaurante
When we visited London last month we stayed in a youth hostel.
I must go the post office to receive a package.
My sister lives in a block of flats, next to the park. There is a bus stop right in front of her building.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
The city
a cidade
Shop / stores
lojas / armazéns
bus stop
paragem de autocarro
block of flats
bloco de apartamentos

12. GLOSSARY
12
take the second turning on the left/right
virar na segunda rua à esquerda/direita
bus
autocarro
car
carro
train
comboio
lorry
camião
underground
metropolitano
motorbike
motocicleta
ship
barco
van
carrinha
taxi
táxi
bicycle
bicicleta
plane
avião
A car is faster and probably safer but I prefer
the bicycle. When I need to travel longer
distances I use the train.
The undeground is the fastest way to move
around in the city. The bus is also efficient,
but not as fast.
EXAMPLES
To get to the museum you need to turn left, walk
along the street and go through the park. Then,
cross the bridge and take the second turning on
the right. The museum is opposite the hospital.
EXAMPLES
go straight on
seguir em frente
turn left
virar à esquerda
turn right
virar à direita
walk up the street
subir a rua
go through the park
ir através do parque
cross the bridge
atravessar a ponte
go along the street
seguir ao longo da rua
walk down the street
descer a rua
Directions direcções
Adjectives adjectivos
• rainy chuvoso
• cloudy nublado
• stormy tempestuoso
• sunny solarengo
• heavy forte
• light leve, fraco, desanuveado
• snowy nevado
• windy ventoso
• cool fresco
• cold frio
• damp húmido
• wet molhado
• fine bom
• dry seco
• hot muito quente
• warm quente
• northern de norte
• southern de sul
• eastern de leste
• western de oeste
• forecast previsão
• fog nevoeiro
• sleet granizo
• shower aguaceiro
• thunder trovão
• wind vento
• lightning relâmpago
• storm tempestade
• sun sol
• cloud nuvem
• rain chuva
• winter Inverno
• summer Verão
• autumn Outono
• spring Primavera
• heat calor
• climate clima
• hurricane ciclone
• north norte
• south sul
• east este
• west oeste
WEATHER
TEMPO ATMOSFÉRICO
The forecast says there will be thunder and lightning tomorrow morning, but it will be fine in the afternoon.
What’s the weather like in your region?
It’s usually sunny and warm this time of the year, but in winter it is always cloudy and very cold.
EXAMPLES
Means of transport
meios de transporte

13. GLOSSARY
13
awful horrível
dirty sujo
noisy barulhento
dull monótono
dangerous perigoso
uninteresting desinteressante
unpleasant desagradável
polluted poluído
boring aborrecido
beach
praia
monuments
monumentos
desert
deserto
island
ilha
mountains
montanhas
coast
costa
relax / rest
descontrair-se / descansar
sail
velejar
admire landscapes
admirar paisagens
camp
acampar
ruins
ruínas
lake
lago
city
cidade
practise sports
praticar desporto
get a suntan
bronzear-se
take photos
tirar fotografias
sit in a café
sentar-se num café
country(side)
campo
indoor spaces
espaços fechados
go on a safari
fazer um safari
explore wild regions
explorar regiões selvagens
have fun
divertir-se
fly
voarenjoy peace and quiet
desfrutar de paz e sossego
go to a disco / the casino
ir a uma discoteca / casino
go sightseeing
visitar (locais famosos ou interessantes)
sea(side)
(beira-)mar
river(side)
(beira-)rio
open spaces
espaços ao ar livre
UNIT 6 To work or not to work
HOLIDAYS
FÉRIAS
I’ve decided to spend these summer holidays at the seaside.
Mark likes to explore wild regions but his wife prefers to go sightseeing.
You will risk your health if you spend too much time lying in the sun to get a suntan.
I don’t like anything too dangerous or exciting during my holidays. All I want is to enjoy peace and quiet.
EXAMPLES
DESCRIPTION OF PLACES
DESCRIÇÃO DE LUGARES
beautiful belo
peaceful sossegado
pleasant agradável
entertaining divertido
green verdejante
relaxing repousante
clean limpo
exciting excitante
Positive positivo Negative negativo
Places / destinations
lugares / destinos
Activities
actividades

14. GLOSSARY
14
broom
vassoura
candle
vela
sweet
doce
costume
fato
ghost
fantasma
lantern
lanterna
witch
bruxa
goblin
duende maléfico
pumpkin
abóbora
wizard
feiticeiro
All Hallows
Todos-os-Santos
nightmare
pesadelo
mummy
múmia
trick
partida
beach
praia
mask
máscara
UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!
HALLOWE’EN – 31st October
DIA DAS BRUXAS – 31 de Outubro
WORK
TRABALHO
Jobs profissões / ocupações
• actor actor
• actress actriz
• astronaut astronauta
• pilot piloto
• boss patrão
• cameraman operador de câmara
• pianist pianista
• policeman polícia
• psychiatrist psiquiatra
• reporter repórter
• secretary secretária
• singer cantor
• shop-assistant empregado(a)
• inventor inventor
• journalist jornalista
• lawyer advogado
• manager gerente
• model modelo
• musician músico
• painter pintor
• writer escritor
• photographer fotógrafo
• dentist dentista
• detective detective
• plumber canalizador
• doctor / physician médico
• driver motorista
• electrician electricista
• executive executivo
• fisherman pescador
• fireman bombeiro
• gardener jardineiro
• dancer dançarino
• cook cozinheiro
• coach treinador
• dustman homem do lixo, varredor
• shopkeeper comerciante, lojista
• mechanic mecânico
court
tribunal
bank
banco
stage
palco
surgery
consultório
company
companhia, firma
factory
fábrica
shop
loja
studio
estúdio
office
escritório
Working places
locais de trabalho
Hallowe’en
dia das bruxas

15. GLOSSARY
15
chimney
chaminé
Father Christmas
Pai Natal
coal
carvão
North Pole
Pólo Norte
reindeer
rena
sack / bag
saco
fireplace
lareira
sleigh
trenó
presents
presentes
Saint Nicholas
S. Nicolau
stocking
meia, peúga
toys
brinquedos
Verbs verbos Adjectives adjectivos
• to frighten / scare assustar
• to knock on the door bater à porta
• to play a trick (on) pregar uma partida (a)
• to scream / shout / yell gritar
• to wear vestir
• to carve esculpir
• funny engraçado
• amusing divertido
• frightening / scary / spooky assustador
• strange estranho
• traditional tradicional
• cross zangado
On Hallowe’en, kids wear
costumes, knock on doors
and say ‘Trick or treat’.
People carve pumpkins
and put candles inside to
make them look scary.
EXAMPLES
Boxing Day is a holiday on the first
weekday after Christmas.
Some children believe Santa Claus
comes down the chimney on
Christmas Eve and leaves a present in
the stocking they put on the fireplace.
EXAMPLES
CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR
25th December and 1st January DIA DE NATAL E DE ANO NOVO – 25 de Dezembro e 1 de Janeiro
Boxing Day 26 de Dezembro
Christmas Eve Véspera de Natal
New Year’s Eve Véspera de Ano Novo
New Year’s Day Dia de Ano Novo
Dates datas
Customs and traditions costumes e tradições
• Christmas cards cartões de Natal
• Christmas decorations decorações de Natal
• Christmas carols canções de Natal
• Christmas greetings saudações de Natal
• Christmas tree árvore de Natal
• (boughs) of holly (ramos de) azevinho
• midnight mass missa da meia-noite
• New Year’s resolutions resoluções de Ano Novo
• mistletoe visco
• tinsel ouropel
• snow neve
• crib presépio
Santa Claus / Father Christmas
Pai Natal

16. GLOSSARY
16
Countries
países
The Christmas tree looks beautiful with
tinsel and snow.
Mince pie and Christmas pudding are
my favourite food at Christmas.
On New Year’s Eve people drink a toast
and make New Year’s resolutions.
EXAMPLES
kiss
beijo
gift
presente
patron saint
santo padroeiro
soul
alma
surprise
surpresa
heart
coração
darling / sweetheart
querido/a, adorado/a
date
encontro
girlfriend
namorada
Valentine
postal de S. Valentim
o/a eleito/a
postbox / letter box
marco / caixa do correio
boyfriend
namorado
SAINT VALENTINE’S DAY
14th February DIA DE S. VALENTIM – 14 de Fevereiro
INDEPENDENCE DAY
4th of July DIA DA INDEPENDÊNCIA – 4 de Julho
toast
brinde
raisins
uvas passas
Christmas cake
bolo de Natal
Christmas pudding
pudim de Natal
Verbs verbos
• to cry chorar
• to fall in love apaixonar-se
• to love amar, gostar muito
• to lie mentir
• to miss sentir falta (de)
• to need precisar
• to send enviar
• to share partilhar
• to sign assinar
• to smile sorrir
colony
colónia
parade
parada
band
banda
picnic
piquenique
fireworks
fogo-de-artifício
barbecue
churrasco
declaration
declaração
flag
bandeira
(roast) turkey
peru (assado)
mince pie
pastel com recheio de frutas
Food
comida
Nouns
nomes

17. BASIC GRAMMAR
17
we
you
they
Plural
I
you
he
she
it
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
Subject
Singular
I am Portuguese.
Do you play the piano?
He is English.
She can play the guitar.
We don’t speak English.
They love ice cream.
EXAMPLES
BASIC GRAMMAR
UNIT 1 Who is who?
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PRESENT
VERBO TO BE – PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
As respostas curtas são:
Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. Yes, they are. No, they’re not = they aren’t.
Usa-se o verbo to be, em certas condições, quando falamos de:
naturalidade – I’m from Porto. distância – It’s 50 km from here.
idade – I’m thirteen. preço – It’s $2.
altura – I’m 1 metre 50. horas – It’s 4.30.
peso – I’m 50 kilos. datas – It’s 4th July today.
tamanho – This room is 20 square metres. fome, sede, cansaço – I’m hungry. I’m thirsty. I’m tired.
I’m English.
He’s Spanish.
We’re students.
He isn’t tired.
They aren’t Portuguese.
Are you French?
Is he hungry?
Are they ill?
EXAMPLES
T7B-2
Simple Present (To Be)
I’m
you’re
he’s
she’s
it’s
we’re
you’re
they’re
=
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
?
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Am
Are
Is
Are
=
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
not not
‘m
‘re
‘s
‘re
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

18. BASIC GRAMMAR
18
our
your
their
Plural
my
your
his
her
its
POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS
DETERMINANTES POSSESSIVOS
Possessive determiners
Singular
What’s your address?
My mother is a teacher.
His uncle works for ‘Virgin’.
Our house is quite big.
Have you got your tickets?
They lost their books.
EXAMPLES
utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam por
consoante.
utiliza-se antes de palavras que começam por
vogal.
ana
• antes de palavras começadas por y, u (som j) e w não se deve utilizar “an”.
He’s got a yellow pullover.
Is there a university here?
England is a European country.
She’s a wonderful teacher.
• antes de h (h mudo) utiliza-se “an”.
The plane arrives in an hour.
He’s an honest man.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
O ARTIGO INDEFINIDO
ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVO
We’ve got a big car.
Take a seat!
A sandwich, please.
EXAMPLES
Take an umbrella. It’s going to rain.
Give me an example, please.
I’d like an ice cream, please.
EXAMPLES
a blue dress three blue dresses
a beautiful house two beautiful houses
it’s very heavy they are very heavy
EXAMPLES
a fat woman an expensive house
a young man a modern car
a beautiful story a heavy satchel
EXAMPLES
Não se utiliza “a” ou “an” no plural.
Boys and girls go to the school bar regularly.
He buys books every month.
NOTA
Pode-se usar mais de um adjectivo antes do substantivo sem
and entre eles.
It’s a new English dictionary.
She’s a nice young woman.
NOTA
O adjectivo vem sempre depois do verbo to be.
She’s slim and smart.
He is late.
They are angry.
NOTA
• O adjectivo é invariável em inglês. É igual no mascu-
lino, feminino e plural.
• O adjectivo vem sempre antes do substantivo (pessoa,
lugar ou coisa).

19. BASIC GRAMMAR
19
am not
are not (aren’t)
is not (isn’t)
are not (aren’t)
Do
Does
Do
Com o presente do indicativo usam-se advérbios de tempo como:
always • often • usually • sometimes • rarely • generally • normally • seldom • frequently • never • regularly • etc.
NOTA
UNIT 2 Life is tought!
SIMPLE PRESENT: REGULAR VERBS
VERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
not
work
=
Affirmative Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
work
works
work
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
do
does
do
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
work work?
don’t
doesn’t
don’t
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
VERBOS REGULARES: PRESENTE DO INDICATIVO
Affirmative Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
am
are
is
are
Am
Are
Is
Are
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
sleeping. sleeping. sleeping?
Affirmative
We go to school every day.
She loves ice-creams.
I live in Oporto.
He often drives to work.
He lives in Baker Street.
Negative
We don’t go to school by bus.
She doesn’t speak English.
I don’t like bananas.
Interrogative
Does she usually wear bikinis?
Do they listen to music?
Do you like football?
EXAMPLES
Verbos terminados em: consonant + -y – acrescenta-se -ies cry – cries
-sh, -s, -ch, -x – acrescenta-se -es wash– washes
-o – acrescenta-se -es go – goes
NOTA

20. BASIC GRAMMAR
20
QUESTION WORDS
PERGUNTAS
Interrogative Pronouns
Pronomes interrogativos
Interrogative Adverbs
Advérbios interrogativos
Interrogative Determiners
Determinantes interrogativos
Who… ?
What… ?
Which… ?
Where… ?
When… ?
Why… ?
How… ?
What... ?
Which (of them)... ?
How many… ?
São constituídas por duas orações – a oração condicional (if-clause) e a oração principal (main-clause) – traduzindo,
como o próprio nome indica, condições, isto é, situações que podem acontecer, levando a determinados resultados.
Quando a if-clause surge no simple present, podem ocorrer duas situações na main clause:
1.
Este tipo de frase traduz hábitos, situações repetidas com frequência, factos tidos como verdadeiros.
If + Simple Present --------------------- Simple Present (TYPE 0)
Usam-se com interrogativas directas, para formular perguntas.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
ADVÉRBIOS DE FREQUÊNCIA
usually
often
regularly
always
sometimes
every day
seldom
rarely
never
occasionally
Usam-se para indicar uma acção frequente, um hábito.
UNIT 3 School
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
FRASES CONDICIONAIS
O present continuous usa-se para indicar acções que estão a decor-
rer no momento em que se está a falar. Também serve para indicar
um hábito que nos incomoda ou é negativo. O present continuous é
usado ainda quando nos referimos a uma acção futura já planeada.
As respostas curtas são:
While Lisa is studying, Joe is listening to music.
She’s always teasing me.
Mum is talking on the phone to her friend
Maureen.
Who’s knocking on the door?
Are you leaving now?
She’s travelling to Paris next week.
I’m staying at home tonight.
EXAMPLES
Yes, I am.
Yes, he is.
Yes, we are.
No, I’m not.
No, he isn’t.
No, we aren’t.

21. BASIC GRAMMAR
21
2.
Usamos frases deste tipo para exprimir forte possibilidade / probabilidade.
If + Simple Present ------------------ will + infinitive
(TYPE 1)
will not (won’t) + infinitive
Nas orações condicionais TIPO 0, a conjunção if tem o significado de when(ever) (quando, sempre que).
NOTA
If (= When) I don’t have anyone to go out with, I stay at home. I spend the summer holidays at home.
If (= When) it’s cold, I don’t go out so often.
If (= When) it rains a lot, it is very dangerous to drive fast.
EXAMPLES
If you don’t behave, you won’t (will not) have bacon and eggs for breakfast tomorrow.
If I have the courage, I’ll ask Doris to marry me.
Melissa will miss the beginning of the class if she doesn’t hurry.
If you come with me, you won’t (will not) be late for class.
EXAMPLES
MODAL VERBS
VERBOS MODAIS
not =
Affirmative Negative
can
could
may
might
will
would
shall
should
must
Can
Could
May
Might
Will
Would
Shall
Should
Must
Interrogative
I
can
could
may
might
will
would
shall
should
must
I I I ?
can’t / cannot
couldn’t
—
mightn’t
won’t
wouldn’t
shan’t
shouldn’t
mustn’t
She can play the guitar. He cannot swim.
Would you do me a favour? May I open the window, sir?
It might rain today. Could you bring me that chair?
We must go now. You should go to the dentist.
They shouldn’t speak so loud.
EXAMPLES
Os verbos modais:
• são sempre seguidos do infinitivo de outro verbo;
• nunca levam -s na 3.a
pessoa do singular;
• não se formam com auxiliar na negativa e interrogativa.
NOTA Usam-se para indicar, por exemplo:
capacidade ability: can, could
permissão permission: can, may
dever duty: should
probabilidade probability: can, might
pedido request: can, could, would
possibilidade possibility: can
necessidade necessity: must (have to)
obrigação obligation: must (have to)
proibição prohibition: mustn’t
oferta offer: can, would, shall

22. BASIC GRAMMAR
22
Yes, we / you / they were.
No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).
Was
Were
Was
Were
• O verbo to be não precisa de verbo auxiliar
para formar a negativa e a interrogativa.
• Ao contrário do que acontece com os
outros verbos, no simple past o verbo to
be apresenta duas formas diferentes: was
e were.
VERB TO BE – SIMPLE PAST
Affirmative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
was
were
not =
Negative Interrogative
?
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
was
were
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
wasn’t
weren’t
wasn’t
weren’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I was.
No, I was not (wasn’t).
Yes, you were.
No, you were not (weren’t).
Yes, he/she/it was.
No, he/she/it was not (wasn’t).
Singular
short answers
respostas curtas
Who was at the party yesterday?
Oh, there were many people there.
Were there any friends from school?
No, there weren’t any. But, Jane was there with her sister. They were very nice.
EXAMPLES
Simple Past (To Be)
Yes, we / you / they did.
No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
Affirmative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
visited
visited
visited
not
visit
=
Negative Interrogative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did
did
did
Did
Did
Did
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
didn’t
didn’t
didn’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I / you did.
No, I / you did not (didn’t).
Yes, he / she / it did.
No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
Singular
short answers
respostas curtas
SIMPLE PAST: REGULAR VERBS
visit visit?

23. BASIC GRAMMAR
23
• A interrogativa faz-se com did + sujeito + infinitivo.
• A negativa faz-se com did + not + infinitivo.
• Usa-se o simple past para descrever acções iniciadas e acabadas num tempo passado, definido pelo contexto ou
por algumas expressões de texto:
• O simple past dos verbos regulares é igual em todas as pessoas.
– yesterday
– last (summer / year / Christmas / month / week(end) / Sunday / night)
– (two hours / five days / three weeks / six months / a year) ago
Today I didn’t travel to school by bus. My mother decided to drive me.
Did you talk to your teacher about the test?
Yes, we did. She agreed with us.
EXAMPLES
a) Aos verbos terminados em -e acrescentamos só -d:
b) Os verbos terminados em consoante + -y mudam o -y final para -ie antes de -d:
Compara:
c) Os verbos de uma sílaba terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante dobram a consoante final antes de -ed:
Compara:
d) Os verbos com mais de uma sílaba só dobram a consoante final antes de -ed se a sílaba tónica for a última:
Compara:
e) Todos os verbos terminados em -el dobram, no inglês britânico, o -l final antes de -ed:
to cancel cancelled
to rebel rebelled
to travel travelled
to listen listened
to remember remembered
to permit permitted
to refer referred
to regret regretted
to join joined
to explain explained
to grab grabbed
to plan planned
to stop stopped
to enjoy enjoyed
to play played
to copy copied
to study studied
to worry worried
to dance danced
to live lived
to prepare prepared
NOTAS
• Para formarmos o simple past de verbos regulares, acrescentamos -(e)d à forma infinitiva.

24. BASIC GRAMMAR
24
Usa-se para comparar duas pessoas ou coisas.
Acrescenta-se -er ao adjectivo quando ele tem uma sílaba ou duas, terminando em -er, -le ou -y.
ADJECTIVES: COMPARATIVE
ADJECTIVOS: COMPARATIVO
Se o adjectivo é longo, com duas, três ou mais sílabas, acrescenta-se more.
This programme is even more boring than the other. The film is more interesting than the book.
Maths is more difficult than Portuguese. The countryside is more beautiful than the city.
EXAMPLES
The Smiths are richer than the Jones. English is easier than German.
Mary is smarter than her brother. Her hair is darker than yours.
EXAMPLES
UNIT 4 Home sweet home!
us
you
them
Plural
me
you
him
her
it
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: OBJECT
PRONOMES PESSOAIS: COMPLEMENTO
Object
Singular
She called me a liar. If you like them, take them.
He came with her to the party. Speak to him.
Can you help us? I’m speaking to you.
EXAMPLES
Estes pronomes são geralmente utilizados na função de complemento directo, indirecto ou a seguir a uma preposição.
The book is better than the film. I’m worse at sports than at languages.
That restaurant is good but the other is much better.
EXAMPLES
Bad e good formam comparativos irregulares.
Para comparar também se pode usar as... as, not as... as or not so... as.
She’s as nice as her sister. April is not as warm as June. Simon is not so tall as Vera.
EXAMPLES

25. BASIC GRAMMAR
25
Usa-se para indicar posse quando o possuidor é uma pessoa.
Coloca-se um ’s (apóstrofo + s) após o nome do possuidor.
POSSESSIVE CASE
CASO POSSESSIVO
Tim’s bicycle is new. Her mother’s dog disappeared.
My friend’s house is small. The president’s visit to Britain was successful.
João’s telephone number is 270 45 28. The student’s books are there.
EXAMPLES
• Se o nome está no plural e termina em -s, só se acrescenta um ’ (apóstrofo).
The boys’ surname is Jones. The babies’ bottles are in the cupboard.
The teachers’ room is over there. The girls’ friends will come at 6.
EXAMPLES
I didn’t bring the new book to class.
Did you bring your new satchel?
No, I didn’t, but I brought the magazine you wanted to read.
EXAMPLES
Yes, we / you / they did.
No, we / you / they did not (didn’t).
• Ao contrário dos verbos regulares, para formarmos a afirmativa do simple past dos verbos irregulares não pode-
mos usar uma regra. Assim, é necessário saber antecipadamente qual a forma irregular. Para aprender as formas
certas, é melhor consultar a lista de verbos no final do manual.
• A interrogativa e negativa do simple past dos verbos regulares e irregulares formam-se da mesma maneira.
• Tal como nos verbos regulares, o simple past dos verbos irregulares é igual em todas as pessoas.
Affirmative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
went
went
went
not
go
=
Negative Interrogative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
did
did
did
Did
Did
Did
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
didn’t
didn’t
didn’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Plural
Yes, I / you did.
No, I / you did not (didn’t).
Yes, he / she / it did.
No, he / she / it did not (didn’t).
Singular
short answers
respostas curtas
SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS
go go?

26. BASIC GRAMMAR
26
UNIT 5 Places around you
PREPOSITIONS (time)
PREPOSIÇÕES (tempo)
usa-se com:
• horas
• celebrações anuais
• weekends / the weekend
• night
at
usa-se com:
• dias (da semana)
• datas
on
I must hurry. My lessons start at 9 a.m. / 9 o’clock.
I don’t have to go to school at Christmas or at Easter.
I always wake up late at weekends.
I never go out at night. It’s very dangerous.
EXAMPLES
usa-se com:
• partes do dia
(excepções: at night / on Monday morning)
• meses
• anos
• estações
• séculos
in
I don’t have Geography lessons in the afternoon.
We don’t go to school in August.
What about you? Do you have classes in summer?
I’m going to be a university student in 2007.
Don’t be so old-fashioned! Were you born in the 18th century?
EXAMPLES
We don’t have classes on Sunday.
Is your birthday on October 15th
or October 16th
?
My English test is on Tuesday morning.
They got married on the first day of August.
EXAMPLES
e usam-se para indicar a ordem das
acções (“antes” e “depois”).
afterbefore
I always get up before 8 o’clock.
Don’t you feel hungry after a match?
EXAMPLES
usa-se para indicar a duração (período de
tempo) de uma acção.
during
I like making new friends during the holidays.
During the break we talk to each other.
EXAMPLES
• Se o nome acaba em -s e está no singular acrescenta-se ’s.
St. James’s park is beautiful in the summer. Charles’s sister is coming today.
Note: Jesus’ life
EXAMPLES
Para indicar posse também se usa of (coisas). That’s the end of the story. The walls of this room need to be painted.
NOTA
• Se o nome está no plural mas não termina em -s acrescenta-se o ’s.
That’s the children’s room. Women’s clothes department.
EXAMPLES

27. BASIC GRAMMAR
27
PREPOSITIONS (place)
PREPOSIÇÕES (lugar)
Usam-se para falar da posição ou lugar de uma pessoa ou objecto.
• Seguem verbos como: be, stand, lie, sit, etc.
above behind in on over
at below in front of on top of under
away from beside near opposite
The fireplace is in front of the table. There is a basket beside the desk.
The bookcase is on the wall. The photo is hanging above the fireplace.
The dog is in the garden. The baby is under the chair.
EXAMPLES
PREPOSITIONS (movement)
PREPOSIÇÕES (movimento)
Usam-se para indicar movimento, deslocação de uma pessoa ou objecto.
across through up down out of
past along into round / around
to from from… to towards
To get to the library you must go across the bridge. John walked past me this morning but didn’t see me.
Paul ran out of the door and into the street. She climbed to the top of the mountain alone.
EXAMPLES
John is the youngest of the three. Lisbon is the biggest city of Portugal.
Estrela is the highest mountain in Portugal.
EXAMPLES
Usam-se para comparar três ou mais pessoas ou coisas.
Se o adjectivo tem uma sílaba ou se termina em -er, -e ou -y acrescenta-se -est ao adjectivo.
ADJECTIVES: SUPERLATIVE
ADJECTIVOS: SUPERLATIVO
Se o adjectivo é longo (tem duas sílabas ou mais), usa-se (the) most.
Camões is the most famous Portuguese poet. That is the most interesting chapter of the book.
His films are the most exciting I know of.
EXAMPLES
Good e bad têm superlativos irregulares.
He’s the best player in the world. She is the worst actress I know.
EXAMPLES
Em alguns casos, as terminações dos adjectivos sofrem alterações:
big – biggest nice – nicest easy – easiest
hot – hottest strange – strangest happy – happiest
NOTA

28. BASIC GRAMMAR
28
VERBS: PAST CONTINUOUS
Affirmative
VERBS: PRESENT PERFECT
Affirmative
was
were
is
were
Interrogative
writing writing?
not
writing
=
Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
writing
wasn’t
weren’t
wasn’t
weren’t
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
was
were
is
were
Was
Were
Is
Were
Usa-se para indicar uma acção que estava a decorrer em determinada altura no passado ou quando outra ocorreu
(simple past).
I was having breakfast when she called. They were playing when the light went off.
Were you playing? I wasn’t doing anything when the teacher came in.
We were reading when she began to laugh. I wasn’t waiting for you when she arrived.
She was working when we came in.
EXAMPLES
Com o past continuous usam-se muitas vezes as conjunções while ou as.
NOTA
UNIT 6 To work or not to work
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
slept
Negative
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
have
has
have
not
slept
=
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
haven’t
hasn’t
haven’t
slept
Interrogative
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Have
Has
Have
slept?
Yes, we / you / they have.
No, we / you / they have not (haven’t).
Plural
Yes, I / you have.
No,I / you have not (haven’t).
Yes, he / she / it has.
No, he / she / it has not (hasn’t).
Singular
short answers
respostas curtas

29. BASIC GRAMMAR
29
Os pronomes relativos usam-se para ligar frases, dando informação acerca da pessoa ou coisa de que se está a falar.
• WHO, WHICH e THAT substituem substantivos ou pronomes pessoais.
a) WHO / THAT – remetem para pessoas:
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (who / which / that / whose)
PRONOMES RELATIVOS
The little girl who / that is crying is lost.
Those are the students who / that went on a school trip to Paris last year.
EXAMPLES
• A interrogativa faz-se com have / has + sujeito + particípio passado.
• A negativa faz-se com have / has + not + particípio passado.
• O Present Perfect usa-se, basicamente, em duas situações:
1. Para descrever acções que começam no passado, mas que têm uma ligação ao momento presente.
a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: Where have you put my slippers? I have washed my hair.
b) Com since e for:
I’ve worked in Oporto since 1996. (I still live in Oporto)
My wife has had a job in Coimbra for two years. (She still has that job)
Nota: – since + ponto no tempo; – for + período de tempo
2. Para descrever acções passadas sem referência temporal específica.
a) Sem qualquer tipo de referência temporal: The taxi has arrived.
b) Com referências temporais do tipo already, just, still e yet (tempo recente):
I’ve just seen Mary. She has already finished her degree, but she still hasn’t found a job. Maybe she hasn’t
looked in the right places yet...
c) Com ever / never / yet / so far / … : – Have you ever visited China? – No, I’ve never been abroad.
d) Com referências a situações habituais / repetidas com frequência: I’ve often talked to her on my way
home. We’ve always discussed this matter with the children.
a) O particípio passado dos verbos regulares é igual à forma do simple past, isto é, forma-se acrescentando -(e)d ao infinitivo:
b) O particípio passado dos verbos irregulares pode ser…
…igual à forma do simple past: …diferente do simple past:
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
to be was been
to break broke broken
to come came come
to sing sang sung
to write wrote written
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
to buy bought bought
to have had had
to find found found
to spent spent spent
to tell told told
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
to decide decided decided
to invent invented invented
to plan planned planned
to work worked worked
NOTAS
• Para formarmos o present perfect, usamos o verbo auxiliar to have, no simple present, e o particípio passado do
verbo principal.

30. BASIC GRAMMAR
30
• Em inglês, regra geral, o plural dos substantivos forma-se acrescentando -s.
NOUN PLURALS
PLURAL DE SUBSTANTIVOS
hammer hammers plane planes tool tools
EXAMPLES
• Os substantivos terminados em -ch, -sh, -o, -(s)s, -x e -z formam o plural com -es.
• Plurais irregulares
a)
child children foot feet goose geese
man men mouse mice ox oxen
tooth teeth woman women
EXAMPLES
match matches flash flashes tomato tomatoes
bus buses box boxes quiz quizzes
EXAMPLES
• Substantivos terminados em -f(e) fazem o plural com -ves.
Atenção: chiefs / handkerchiefs / roofs / proofs / dwarfs / safes / gulfs.
• Se um substantivo terminar em consoante + -y, transformamos o -y final em -ie para fazer o plural.
knife knives leaf leaves thief thieves wolf wolves
life lives shelf shelves wife wives
EXAMPLES
baby babies secretary secretaries
lorry lorries
EXAMPLES
• Formam o plural só com -s os substantivos terminados em -o de origem grega ou latina ou terminados em vogal + -o.
kilo kilos photo photos piano pianos radio radios studio studios
EXAMPLES
Comparar:
guy guys bay bays
key keys
• WHOSE substitui adjectivos possessivos e usa-se para indicar a que(m) pertence ou se refere algo.
The driver whose car was damaged was very angry.
The workers whose factory was closed are worried about the future.
EXAMPLES
b) WHICH / THAT – remetem para coisas e animais:
Portugal is the country which / that has the most beautiful beaches.
This is the restaurant which / that serves the best meals in town.
EXAMPLES
• Quando o pronome relativo tem função de complemento pode omitir-se.
The person (that) you are looking for doesn’t live here any more.
The Port (that) we drank was delicious.
EXAMPLES

31. BASIC GRAMMAR
31
IMPERATIVO
c) Substantivos só usados no plural
the Portuguese !! (a Portuguese man) the rich !! (a rich man)
the good !! (a good man) the blind !! (a blind man)
EXAMPLES
d) nomes colectivos
Alguns substantivos representam grupos de coisas ou pessoas, podendo também ser usados no plural. No singular,
podem ser seguidos de verbo no singular ou plural.
The audience is/are waiting for the actors. This musician likes to play to different types of audiences.
The football team is/are playing tonight. The teams are ready to start the game.
EXAMPLES
• O imperativo forma-se com o infinitivo sem to (ex.: go) e usa-se
sempre sem nome ou pronome antes do verbo.
• A negativa forma-se com don’t + infinitivo sem to (ex.: don’t go).
O imperativo pode ser usado para fazer pedidos ou dar ordens,
instruções e conselhos.
IMPERATIVE
UNIT 7 Let’s celebrate!
Pass me that book, please.
Don’t scream. The baby is sleeping.
Press the red button and push the door.
Don’t disturb other readers in the library.
Don’t drive so fast. You may cause an accident.
EXAMPLES
A expressão will + infinitivo (sem to) pode ser usada para indicar acção futura. Contudo, o seu uso é diferente do
da expressão going to + infinitivo, pois não é usado para expressarmos acções futuras decididas anteriormente.
WILL - FUTURE
I think I’ll visit Mark tomorrow.
If you hurry up, you will catch the bus.
I will always live in this city.
One day you will be a successful musician.
I hope it won’t rain tonight.
EXAMPLES
Podemos usar a expressão going to + infinitivo quando planeamos e temos a intenção clara de fazer algo no futuro.
GOING TO - FUTURE
I am going to visit my grandmother in the Algarve.
They are going to watch a film tomorrow. (já decidido e/ou planeado)
We are going to buy a new video.
EXAMPLES
b) Plural = singular
1 (rein)deer 2 (rein)deer / 1 fish 2 fish / 1 sheep 2 sheep
EXAMPLES

32. BASIC GRAMMAR
32
Usamos
• em vez de all (enfatizando a ideia de todos/as
e cada um/a), antes de um nome singular.
every
INDEFINITE ADVERBS AND PRONOUNS
ADVÉRBIOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
Usamos
• em vez de any ou not, antes de um subs-
tantivo, em frases que, apresentando o
verbo na afirmativa, têm sentido negativo.
no
Usamos
• em frases afirmativas;
some
• quando oferecemos alguma coisa;
• quando pedimos alguma coisa.
Usamos
• em frases interrogativas;
any
• em frases negativas
(ou com sentido negativo*).
Pessoas
somebody = someone
anybody = anyone
nobody = no one
everybody = everyone
Coisas
something
anything
nothing
everything
Lugares
somewhere
anywhere
nowhere
everywhere
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
ADJECTIVOS E PRONOMES INDEFINIDOS
Some of my best friends are in my class.
There are some mistakes in this text.
EXAMPLES
Would you like some biscuits?
Can I get you some tea?
EXAMPLES
Could you show me some of your photos?
Can I have some chocolate cake, Mum?
EXAMPLES
Do you have any lessons on Saturday?
Are there any English dictionaries in the library?
EXAMPLES
There’s no school like mine. (There isn’t a school like mine.)
I’ve got no problems there. (I haven’t got any problems there.)
EXAMPLES
Every student has a locker. (All the students have lockers.)
Every question is tricky. (All the questions are tricky.)
EXAMPLES
I don’t have any lessons on Saturday.
There aren’t any English dictionaries in the library.
* My brother often goes to school without any books.
EXAMPLES
A partir destas palavras, podemos fazer várias combinações e obter advérbios e pronomes indefinidos que nos
permitem falar de:
– No one likes me at school!
– Don’t be silly, Louise! Everyone thinks you’re wonderful.
– Really? So why isn’t anyone coming to my birthday party?
– Well... there’s someone at the door. Go and open it. It’s probably your first guest!
EXAMPLES
(some / any / no / every + -body / -one / -thing / -where)