Californa Science Center Geology Homework

Californa Science Center
Alqarni, Abdullah Homework Assignment # 8 Geology 1, Section # 1176 or 1177 (pick one) Dr.
Beraki Woldehaimanot Date (assignment completed) QUESTIONS GEOLOGIC TIME 1.
Distinguish between numerical (radioactive) dates and relative dates. numerical specify the actual
number of years that have passed since an event occurred; relative means placing rocks in their
property sequences of formation 2. Refer to the geologic cross section accompanying question 10 on
page 333 (your textbook). Your task is to place the lettered features in the proper sequence, from
oldest to youngest. 3. Would you expect to find fossils of humans and Dinosaurs in the same rock?
Explain. No. 4. Define half–life. Half–life is defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Impermeable, surficial materials such as massive bedrock and asphalt paving prevent infiltration so
moisture runs off or evaporates. Water infiltrates more readily into moist, unsaturated regolith than
into dry regolith. Dense, vegetative cover enhances infiltration because soils are typically moist and
porous, thus runoff is retarded. In forested areas, trees slow down the rate at which precipitation is
delivered to the land surface, and considerable moisture is temporarily stored in humus and forest
litter. On gentle, tree covered slopes and flat lying terrain, slow runoff enhances infiltration. Runoff
is accelerated on steep slopes and in areas with sparse vegetation, and infiltration decreases
accordingly. The rate at which water is delivered to the land surface has a very important effect on
infiltration. Short–lived storms with intense rainfall result in lower infiltration and increased runoff
because the water "piles up" on the surface faster than it can infiltrate. During periods of light to
moderate rainfall, runoff is retarded and infiltration rises accordingly. Special environmental
conditions, such as snow melting above frozen ground, greatly intensify runoff and reduce
infiltration; conversely, snow melting above unfrozen ground can result in a high percentage of the
moisture infiltrating the soil. Thus regional and local climatic factors are also important. 9. How
does geology
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Viability Of Pervious Concrete Pavement As A Sustainable...
Viability of Pervious Concrete Pavement as a sustainable choice for low impact development on
cities
University of South Florida
Civil Engineering and Environmental Department
Submitted by
Gomanth Pullagura
Marco Aurelio Macedo Paz
gomanth@mail.usf.edu macedopaz@mail.usf.edu Term Paper for Green Infrastructure for
Sustainable Communities
Dr. Daniel H. Yeh
Tampa, December 10, 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Background o Pervious Concrete Concepts o Pervious Concrete Pavement as a solution for
environmental issues o LEED recognition
Stormwater Design
Heat Island Effect
Water efficient landscaping
Recycled content
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgement
Abstract
The concept of using Pervious Concrete Pavement have been developed many years ago, but it has
come to light recently, because of the increase of storm due to climate change. Pervious Concrete

pavement is a different type of concrete with high porosity, which allows the water to infiltrate and
reach the groundwater; thereby it reduces the water runoff and filtrates it. This kind of permeable
pavement, consist of large aggregates and less or no fine aggregates. The pervious concrete
pavement is one of the important and sustainable construction for reducing the environmental
impacts and it is a good choice for earning LEED credits.
1. Introduction
Have you ever wondered how big our drainage system is and what's the capacity of the system [2]?
The

Pavers Essay
If we say "pavers", and you think of bricks, you are in for a surprise. Pavers are a huge part of our
hardscapes, and there are enough different types to warrant a whole page.
NATURAL STONE PAVERS: These may be limestone, flagstone, or shale. For more exquisite
tastes, consider marble, travertine, or granite.
CULTURED STONE PAVERS: If you desire the look of expensive stone but would rather avoid the
price tag, or simply don't want to have the weight of the real stone to deal with, consider using
cultured pavers. These manufactured replicas are just as durable, lighter, and less expensive.
Choices then break into the following groupings. Some categories consist of natural and cultured
options, while others, such as the permeable varieties, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While some of these are in overlapping categories, such as grass pavers or interlocking concrete,
that isn't necessarily true for all of them.
INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVERS: This style is another permeable paver, and they lock
together for a good, tight fit. These make beautiful patios, walkways, and driveways. Some are
standard shaped, but others are special shapes which interlock in beautiful patterns. The standout,
defining feature of these pavers is that they give a solid appearance. The materials, however, allow
water to seep through. This advantage is not found with all types of pavers, and sometimes this is
the reason to opt for this type of paver.
BRICK PAVERS: These kiln–fired blocks are one of the most common types of building materials,
and there are millions of homes around the country with bricks in the patio or walkway. They are
durable.
GRASS PAVERS: These pavers are an amazing technological feat. The purpose of these pavers is to
manage the rainwater, and allow it to move back into the ground while keeping the ground stable
and solid. They are beautiful as well, and can almost be an art form of their own. The geometric
shapes can be complex, or quite simple, but all are a beautiful way to enhance your grounds while
allowing a green space. These are wonderful for people who may have smaller yards. If you have
challenges with standing water or run–off, these may be a great option. Consider putting

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Roller-Compacted Concrete
Roller–compacted concrete (RCC) is a stiff mixture of aggregates, cementitious materials, and water
with zero slump. RCC is consolidated or compacted in the fresh state by use of a roller with or
without vibration. RCC typically is placed with asphalt paving equipment in thicknesses of 4 to 8
inches for pavement application. RCC has gained the attention of the paving industry in recent years
and is becoming more popular day by day because of its low cost, rapid construction, and durable
performance. The energy required to compact RCC mixtures to their maximum densities is much
greater than for concrete of measurable slump. The largest difference between RCC mixtures and
conventional concrete mixtures is that RCC has a higher percentage of fine ... Show more content on
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(ii) Low unit costs of RCC: The unit cost of low paste mass concrete is favorable; to reduce the heat
of hydration a significant portion of cement is usually replaced by locally available pozzolanic
materials or fly ash.
(iii) Incorporation of spillway into dam body: Due to the slope of the downstream face of 1:0.8
(gravity dams) to 1:0.4 (arch–gravity dams), the spillway can directly be incorporated into the dam
body which helps to accommodate large floods and which are in need of large spillways.
(iv) Use of shape of conventional dams: Because the stresses in gravity type dams are low, the
cross–sections of RCC dams are the same as those of conventional dams.
(v)Heat generation: RCC is more favorable while taking into consideration the heat dissipation
which always remains a vital issue for mass concreting structures.
Because of the above advantages, RCC dams are interesting alternatives to conventional dams in
most parts of the world. An example of RCC dam is shown in the Figure–1 built along Santa Cruz
River in Argentina popularly known as Puerto Santa Cruz Dam
Figure. 1 RCC SANTA CRUZ

Case Study: Greening America's Capitals
I chose the same programs within different areas, both called "Greening America's Capitals". I chose
my hometown of Jefferson City, Missouri and Little Rock, Arkansas. Both projects are geared
towards improvements in surrounding areas of state capitals in the United States. Little Rock has
focused on a multi–plan "facelift" for the Main Street Corridor located near their capital, and
Jefferson City has focused on the restoration of Wears Creek near the capital. Little Rock has hired a
team of landscape architects and utilized its own city staff to concentrate efforts on re–vitalizing the
Main Street Corridor in the River Market and SOMA districts by redeveloping its vacant buildings,
parking lots, improving the streetscapes. Automobile and pedestrian traffic, hydrology, and the
pervious/impervious surfaces. . They have implemented parks and "green spaces" such as rain
gardens, green roofs, rain barrels, and permeable paving. While these areas provide beautification of
the historic districts near the capital, they also provide practical benefits. These green areas will help
with storm water flooding and pollution. They also provide shade and help cool the sidewalks,
which promotes foot traffic through the area. The museums, major businesses and arts/entertainment
centers of the Main Street ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Old Millbottom was the historic manufacturing/shipping district located on the north side of
Jefferson City on the south side of Missouri River, west of the capital. Over the years, this area
became obsolete and many businesses moved out. One factor was continual flooding in the area.
Wears Creek runs roughly through the middle of Jefferson City and comes out just west of the
capital. It also causes frequent problems, because it spills over the viaducts and floods the state
building parking lots. This has been a nuisance problem for Jefferson City for

Using Porous Asphalt Surface Surfaces
scuffing, mixes are typically designed with polymer–modified binders. Fibers are often added to the
mix to reduce drain down. Many states have a specification for open–graded friction courses and
asphalt treated permeable bases that may be used in specifying mixes for porous asphalt
pavements." (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2015). An added advantage to using porous
asphalt is that it does not need proprietary ingredients. It also does not require the contractor to have
special paving equipment or skills other than those needed to place normal asphalt. With the proper
information, most asphalt plants can easily prepare the mix and general paving contractors can
install it. State specifications should be checked to see if they abide by the key properties shown in
Table 1. Table 1. Normal properties and characteristics of asphalt surface layer. POROUS
ASPHALT'S ENVIROMENTAL EFFECTS There has been limited testing data on the porous
pavement systems, although the available data indicate a very high removal rate for total suspended
solids, metals, oil, and grease. Porous asphalt is highly effective at reducing the pollution caused by
storm water runoff. Table 2 shows the pollution removal efficiency for a porous parking lot
constructed at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) in 2004. UNH has reported that this porous
asphalt lot water quality treatment has been preforming incredibly well. Table 2. Pollution Removal
Efficiencies It has continually surpassed

Sustainable Development Essay
The following case study critiques Upton's vision to establish a sustainable community through
implementing comprehensive sustainable strategy. The urban periphery development is thought to
demonstrate superior execution of sustainable principles in development (Jackson 2007). As a
parallel, the report focuses on the development of Upton's design code and demonstrates how large –
scale mix–use developments can incorporate sustainable practice and principles of urban growth.
Site Context Upton is a 44–ha greenfield site forming part of Northampton's 'South West District', a
fundamental area of strategic economic and population expansion situated south west of the central
core. The area is accessible via the A45 and A43 main roads and via ... Show more content on
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The multi–faceted characteristics of high–quality urban extensions are detailed in the Sustainable
Urban Extensions: Planned through Design (2010), a report from the Princes Foundation, focusing
particularly on the quality of new housing. Paraphrased below are the proposed requirements to
create a successful development indicated by the report: High density and compact design; A mix of
housing types and tenures; Legible neighbourhoods; Communal areas of green space and;
Communal amenities and facilities. The report identifies the physical attributes of a sustainable
urban extension, focussing on quality of new housing. Higher density, a mix of housing types and
tenures, legible neighbourhoods, communal areas including green space and communal amenities
and facilities are all observed as necessary. However, due to adverse effects of the economic
downturn, Upton is yet to provide the substantial amenities as originally proposed. Consequently,
residents of Upton will require transportation to obtain essential services, thus partially offsetting the
sustainable premise of the scheme. Breheny et al (1993) considered the design characteristics of new
communities and summaries the dominant tendency towards oversimplified and functional concepts.
In urban extensions there is an inclination to focus heavily on traditional features of an English
Village, resulting in a pastiche urban fabric, with Poundbury Dorchester

Adoption of Leed as a Green Building Rating System in Nigeria
ARC 879: PROJECT FEASIBILITY STUDIES 2012 Adoption of LEED® as a Green Building
Rating System in Nigeria Going Green In Nigeria OMOEFE AGHIMIEN 119051038 ABSTRACT
Green building rating systems are in a state of constant flux and often differ from region to region.
Regardless, fundamental principles persist from which the rating system is derived. These include
sustainable sites and structure design efficiency, water efficiency, energy efficiency, materials
efficiency, indoor environmental quality, operations and maintenance optimization, innovation and
design process, waste and toxic reduction etc. The essence of green building is an optimization of
one or more of these principles. The green building rating system, LEED® ... Show more content on
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* Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits) * Reduced water consumption *
Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse * Reduced pollution loads * Increased user
productivity * Enhanced image and marketability. The concept of sustainable development can be
traced to the energy (especially fossil oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s.
The green building movement originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and
environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green,
including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives
call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an
existing structure. Also known as sustainable design, this approach integrates the building life–cycle
with each green practice employed with a design–purpose to create a synergy amongst the practices
used. Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and
ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often
emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar,
active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain
gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run–off. Many

Unit 6 Assignment 1 Csh Level 6
Local planning departments can in some instances specify that CSH level 6 is met in specific areas,
this is where the need has been outlined within the local planning policy. However I believe that
obtaining level 6 will be difficult across the board, we would need to practically reach the maximum
number of credits in all of the nine categories which are laid out in the code. There is evidence to
show that the level can be achieved, though it seems there are a lot of hoops to jump through along
the way, not to mention the increased financial costs which are incurred through the material and
fittings choices along with the assessment fees.
To build a dwelling with the intention of achieving Code for Sustainable Homes Level 6, we must
receive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Site waste management would be in place, site waste will be at an absolute minimum due to offsite
manufacturing of the building system.
Compost bins are ugly to look at although it would be possible to create a natural compost area
using timber within the garden space, beneficial for grass cuttings, vegetable peelings and such like.
Pollution Global warming potential. Reduce emission gases that contain high GWP during
manufacture, installation, use and disposal of thermal and acoustic insulation Max 1 credit NOx
Emissions. Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions which are exhausted into the atmosphere Max 3 credits
SIPS are manufactured with blowing agents that contain zero ODP (ozone depletion Potential) and
low GWP (global warming potential).
Reducing NOx emissions which are exhausted into the atmosphere, can be achieved by lower
amounts of site deliveries, shorter distances of travel from supplier to site (locally

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Recycled Aggregates
The recycled aggregates can undergo some processing procedures and adaptation to the desired
characteristics. Some of these processes are: homogenisation, crushing and screening and
autogenous cleaning. The homogenisation process Material aims to standardise and remove waste
materials such as wood, steel, plastics, among others. Initially, construction waste and demolition
are separated by the predominant color: gray or red. It is then performed quartering, where the
material is distributed in different layers along a plastic and from the middle section, they are
divided into several sections entitled cells. The material is then sent to a crusher where grinding
occurs (Kwan, Ramli, Kam and Sulieman, 2012).
The crushing and screening aimed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In general, the durability of concrete covers directly on the ease or difficulty of fluid transport within
the concrete, and classified as a concrete or too little permeable. The main transport agent fluid is
water in the concrete, which may be pure or contain aggressive agents, such as dioxide carbon and
oxygen. The displacement of these elements will depend on the concrete structure hydrated cement
paste (Neville, 1997). THE Concrete durability of recycled aggregates also it depends on the ease or
otherwise of transport these fluids. Olorunsogo and Padayachee (2002) studied properties related to
the durability of concrete as the conductivity of chloride ions, sortividade permeability to oxygen
and water, containing percentages of 0%, 50% and 100% replacement of natural aggregates by
recycled. The results showed that the durability decreases increases in proportion as the percentage
of replacement for all properties evaluated. However, these properties improve with increasing age
and with percentages of 50% recycled aggregates in the

Sustainable Building Material...
Green Building
A Guide to Sustainable Building Materials and Methods in Santa Cruz County
Funded through waste reduction grants from the City and County of Santa Cruz Departments of
Public Works, and in cooperation with Ecology Action.
Green Building: A Guide to Sustainable Building Materials and Methods in Santa Cruz County
© 2004, Ecology Action of Santa Cruz Principal Authors: Barry Hooper & Karsten Mueller,
Ecology Action Editor & Kiosk/Graphic Designer: Jenny Shelton, Shelton Design
Table of Contents
General Requirements
Introduction to Green Building Construction Waste Reduction Recycled Content Materials
Reusable, Recyclable, & Biodegradable Materials Deconstruction 2 4 5 6 7
This booklet, which offers a broad ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such a material would be infinitely reusable or recyclable.1 "Perfect" materials are rare, but in
practice, there are a growing number of green materials that reduce or eliminate negative impacts on
people and the environment. As manufacturers, building professionals, and owners constantly strive
for better buildings, we encourage others in the supply chain to join us in pursuit of a better world.
Incorporating green products into a project does not imply sacrifice in performance, or aesthetics,
and does not necessarily entail higher cost. While one can spend considerably more for green
materials, careful shoppers will find cost–competitive environmentally–preferable options. For
example, a joint US EPA/Army study of more than 2200 paints showed environmentally preferable
options cost an average of $1.76 less per gallon 2 gallon.
Considerations
This booklet offers simple suggestions to help select greener options for a wide array of common
materials, and provides references to resources for more detailed information. For materials not
included in this document, the checklist in the appendix and the sidebars of pages 2–3 can help you
to organize your analysis. The evaluation of materials is based upon three questions: Is the material
renewable and resource efficient in its manufacture, installation, use, and disposal? Does the
material support the health and well being of occupants, construction personnel, the public, and the
environment? The most critical

This literature review is focusing on the methods for...
This literature review is focusing on the methods for recycling waste tyres particularly that of TDF
(tyre derived fuels) as well as other methods utilised globally. Currently in Australia approximately
52.5 million waste tyres are produced annually with an estimated 13% being recycled through
processes that involve separating the steel and rubber and using the resulting components for various
other products or reusing the tyres for a number of construction projects as well as being utilised as
a TDF. Currently the tyres that are not recycled are disposed of as inert landfill, referring to the fact
that they don't decompose due to the way tyres are designed to be durable to function efficiently.
There have been studies conducted by the UK ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alternatively tyres can be recycled through civil engineering projects. These include projects such
as paving, erosion control and retaining walls. Tyres utilised in retaining walls are typically a
complete tyre that has been separated into halves prior to being filled with aggregate to increase the
structural integrity of the tyre before being placed in a number of possible configurations. The tyres,
once they are in their final configuration, can then be coated with a number of finishing products,
ranging from shotcrete to timber, to give a desired appearance. The construction method of these
walls can vary from a gravity supported system, where in the wall retains the earth through the
physical weight of the wall itself, to fully reinforced where further reinforcement is used to obtain
the desired strength and stability. It is common practice in construction of slabs for residential and
commercial buildings to use permanent internal formwork, which is the use of nonconcrete
materials to reduce the material costs when pouring the slab. Common practice is to use polystyrene
blocks to offset the amount of concrete used however it is possible to utilise tyres in the place of
polystyrene blocks furthermore it is possible to use site generated waste that would require to be
disposed of using other means. Using tyres in road and paving construction is ideal for use in areas
where the existing strata is of too poor quality to meet the required

The History Of Structural Family Therapy ( Colapinto, 1982...
Salvador Minuchin, born and raised in Argentina, is known as the founder of structural family
therapy (Colapinto, 1982). Before creating what would be known as his most lasting contribution,
Minuchin spent years paving his way to his success. Traveling back and forth from Israel to the
United States, Minuchin finally settled down in the year 1954 where he began training in
psychoanalysis at the William Alanson White Institute in the United States (Nichols, 2014).
Following the White Institute, Minuchin began working at the Wiltwyck School, which consisted of
delinquent boys from unsystematic, multi–problem, underprivileged families (Colapinto, 1982). At
the time Minuchin began working there, therapists had found that certain clinical populations were
not responding to traditional psychotherapy (Lappin, 1988). In fact, the population of delinquent
children, like those that Minuchin was working with at Wiltwyck, resisted even more so than other
populations to this traditional psychotherapy (Lappin, 1988). This was due to the fact that the
traditional psychotherapeutic techniques used, were developed for middle–class patients who were
verbally articulate (Colapinto, 1982). It was then when Minuchin realized that a new model of
change was needed, particularly one that worked with unprivileged, delinquent boys (Lappin, 1988).
Minuchin's experience at Wiltwyck began to stand out as a very powerful event. In fact, according to
Lappin (1988) and Colapinto (1982), his experience

The Market of Rental Units
Rental Units are the large part of USA housing market. Nearly one–third of American households
rent, and over 14 percent of households live in a rental apartments. The following chart list that 35%
of population rents, which does not seem much in comparison to 65% of house owners but they also
contribute a lot to this society. Multifamily housing has high potential for energy savings through
retrofits, but the lack of data on best practices and historical cost savings has weakened investment.
Data related to energy efficiency, utilities and construction is really difficult to obtain for a building,
as many multifamily owners and operators never benchmark the energy performance of their
building. This critical shortage of information about building energy performance has prevented
property markets from valuing energy efficiency and severely undermined both public and private
efforts to increase the energy efficiency of multifamily housing. This has really affected the
development of energy efficient and green policies in multi family building. Green building is about
improving our design and construction practices so that the multifamily homes we build today will
last longer, cost less to operate, and won't harm the health of workers and residents. It is also about
protecting natural resources and improving the built environment so that ecosystems, people,
enterprises and communities can thrive and prosper. Many a times what happens is there is no
coordination between

The Miami Climate Change : Report And Recommendations For...
Miami Crisis An analysis of the Miami Climate Change Report and Recommendations for its
improvement Abstract In the last 19 years, the sea level around Miami have gone up 3.7 inches.The
amount of assets that exposed to sea level rise is largest in the world and the population that is in the
danger of sea level rise is fourth in Miami.What is worse, tropical storm and flooding become more
and more frequent events that cause strong impact on Miami with sea level rise. Thus the Miami
River area is prone to flooding because of its low elevation and itself act as a conduit for water to
flow into some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1870, average global sea level has risen by about 8 inches. For the climate has getting
increasingly warmer, the sea–level rise rate has accelerated.Average rate of annual sea–level rise
from 1993 to 2010 was almost twice the rate from 1901–2010. Florida is the most vulnerable area of
America.Miami,the most important city in Florida has the largest amount of assets exposing to sea
level rise in the world.At the same time, the population exposing to sea level rise is fourth.By the
year 2060, the sea levels along Miami's coastline will rise,according to estimation, 9 inches to 2 feet.
The estimated value of property along the Miami–Dade's coastline is more than $14.7
billions,without consideration of infrastructure.According to the data from Climate Central
analysis(the data based on from over ten federal agencies),the chart below shows the land below 3
feet in Miami is 1441 acres,the population is 19913 and property value is 37.05 billions. At 6
feet,110993 people(27.8% of total population of Miami) and $14,972 million are vulnerable in total.
Except the direct damage from ocean,there are some other problems caused by sea level rise.One is
the intrusion of salt water into fresh water table.Normally, the salt water wedge moves straight and
back during the dry and rainy seasons.However, due to the extraction of fresh water and sea level
rise,the intrusion of salt water is getting closer to inland not only laterally but also

The Resource Of Tap Water
Water is a seemingly abundant source that is vital for basic life on Earth. This element not only acts
as a catalyst for human survival but is constitutional for certain entities of architecture such as
passive water cooling or permeable paving. Water is a renewable natural resource, but society's
uneconomical uses of this depleting resource may lead to a future of drought. Generally speaking,
one of the main types of water is tap water, which is water that undergoes through of series of
treatments that maintains a governmentally accepted water quality. In this paper, the resource of tap
water will be analysed through its process of its development, social expectations and inevitable
consequences that underlie in this resource.
Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are the basic components which fundamentally make up
a water molecule. However with the process of water treatment, chemicals such as chlorine (Cl) or
ozone (O3) are added to improve the safety and quality of the water (Water, 2014). Before the
system of water treatment was adopted, drinking water was often contaminated with bacteria which
led to water–borne illnesses such as cholera and typhoid. The concept of treating water was adopted
in India using the technique of sunlight to destroy bacteria, charcoal filtering and storage of drinking
water in copper compartments (Water, 2013). The city of Toronto receives their tap water from Lake
Ontario and is filtered through Toronto's four Treatment Plants as

Planning Consultants Of Somersworth, New Hampshire
According to the planning consultants of Somersworth, New Hampshire (2010) a new Master Plan
has been revised for a vision into 2020 due to significant investment in both the private and public
sector. Somersworth is currently undergoing significant change since 2000 and these modifications
to the city allow for several social and economic opportunities in the area. Development and
redevelopment that has occurred since 2000 has been the relocation of both City Hall and the Police
Department, the renovation of an old mill building into residential units and small business offices,
an expansion of retail development and medical offices, constructing a connector road from High
Street to Route 108, establishing business parks, developing a golf course and a recreational facility,
upgrading the wastewater treatment facilities, and lastly, dedicating land acquisition to conservation
purposes (Master Plan Update, 2010).
The basis of this paper is to layout improvements that can be made to the Master Plan of
Somersworth, as well as provide improvements for the community. One of the most prominent
assets to the Master Plan was appointing a committee for the 2020 Vision in hopes to create a
positive future. Some of the goals the committee is striving to accomplish are as follows: an ability
to take a strategic goal and turn it into a practical plan, an incorporation of a revitalization plan, an
evaluation of new ways for economic growth, enabling a conservation plan for a sustainable

Land Use And Land Cover Changes
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Land–use and land–cover changes (LULCC) induced by human and natural processes a major role
in global as well as regional scale patterns of the climate and biogeochemistry of the earth system
(Ramachandra et al., 2012).Now a day's Global warming is highly increasing as a result of massive
land–use and land–cover (LULC) changes. The change in land–use land–cover leads to
environmental change, rainy season fluctuation, increase sea surface temperature (SST) and land
surface temperature (LST). This massive land–use and land–cover change is due increase the need
of land for settlement and agricultural. Land is scarce (limited) natural resource which cannot be
change when the number of population increases. Land–use should be matched with land capacity
and at the same time it should respect the environment, and global climate system (FAO/UNEP,
1999).Land–use is converting over time and the most important driving force of land–use changes
the human need. Human population is increasing and it causes transformation of natural ecosystems
into human landscapes. Human settlements, the need for farmland and especially, large urban and
industrial areas significantly modify their environment. Changing from permeable and moist land
uses to impermeable and dry one with paving and building material can sharply affect energy budget
and land surface temperature (Guo et al., 2012), as well as

Wireless Hill Business Case
Wireless Hill Project Preparing for the 2012 Centenary Celebration and Realising Vision 2020
Business Case (FINAL) July 2011 Business Case Summary Project Title Wireless Hill Project –
Preparing for the 2012 Centenary Celebration and Realising Vision 2020 Strategic program See 4.4
Strategic Impact for the link to the City of Melville Strategic Plan Realise the Wireless Hill Vision
2020 Concise Scope Interpretation plan, concept plan, detailed design, approvals, staged
implementation and construction of concept works at Wireless Hill Reserve. Museum plan, museum
de–accessioning, preparing museum space & developing the Wireless Hill Museum internal area
into a new multi–use museum exhibition and learning space. ... Show more content on
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19 6.1 Strategic Risks ....................................................................................................... 19 6.2
Project Risks .......................................................................................................... 20 Stakeholder &
Communications Management ..................................................................... 21 7.1 Stakeholder
Assessment ....................................................................................... 21 7.2 Stakeholder Importance
and Influence................................................................... 24 7.3 Community Consultation and Key
Stakeholder Information.................................... 25 7.4 Key Messages
....................................................................................................... 25 7.5 Required
Approvals................................................................................................ 25 7.6 Organisational Impact
............................................................................................ 25 Project
Schedule.................................................................................................................. 26 8.1 Overall
Project Schedule........................................................................................ 26 8.2 Staging of Works
................................................................................................... 26 Project Organisation

The Problem Of Wet Pavement Clusters
Introduction: According to the United States Department of Transportation, there were
approximately 2.6 million registered vehicles in 2014 and with that number increasing over the past
two years; the importance of studying our roadways and the materials that are used to produce
roadways is also on the rise [1]. There is a total of 2.7 million miles of paved roadway in the United
States. The primary material for paving those roads is asphalt [2]. Asphalt is a material that consists
of bituminous oil mixed with sand and gravel. Asphalt makes a good material for paving roads
because it is cheap and easily accessible, however, it does have its downsides. Wet pavement
clusters are sections of asphalt that become excessively slick after it rains. This phenomenon can
cause serious accidents that can be avoided by better understanding what causes wet pavement
clusters to occur and then researching different ways to stop them from developing. Research
Questions: There are three major questions that need to be answered to decrease the amount of wet
pavement clusters in the United States. 1. What types of components can be added to asphalt to
decrease the slickness of the pavement after it rains? 2. Are there components that can increase the
strength of permeable pavements? 3. Are there installation methods that can be paired with new mix
designs that increase permeability while still maintaining durability? Answering these three
questions will not only revolutionize the way that

Our Project Is Aimed At Researching How The City Of Phoenix
Our project is aimed at researching how the city of Phoenix might utilize green infrastructure in
order to manage stormwater flows within the city. The project has been framed in a way that focuses
on affordable maintenance costs to the city, green infrastructure's benefit to stakeholders, and the
suitability of the infrastructure for the city's desert climate. The primary focus of the research is to
curate green infrastructure technologies that the City of Phoenix has the ability to implement with its
current resources. Different aspects of this research include identifying the environmental impacts of
the technologies being discussed, identifying different green infrastructure technologies being
implemented in cities in the Southwest, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The program focused specifically on neighborhoods and households. The case study from Portland,
Oregon was on the city level where reducing and disconnecting paved surfaces took place from
1993–2001 and the city paid homeowners $53 for each downspout they disconnected themselves, or
they offered to provide the service to households for free through volunteer groups. Downspouts
need to be replaced approximately ten years installation and maintenance is minimal besides
ensuring the drainage area is functioning properly and not eroding as well as making sure the spouts
are clear of debris, holes, etc. The total cost of the program was $13 million, and 56,000 downspouts
were disconnected, which remove a total of 1.3 billion gallons of stormwater from their combined
sewer system each year. Permeable pavements . The case studies for permeable pavements were
from a website/organization called Low Impact Development and Portland, Oregon. For pricing, per
square foot, it would be $0.50 to $1.00 for asphalt, $2.00 to $6.50 for porous concrete, $1.50 to
$5.75 for grass or gravel pavers, and $5.00 to $10.00 for interlocking concrete paving blocks
(Peterson, 2001). Permeable pavement will not only take in water but sediment as well so over time
the infiltration rate will decrease so debris will need to be cleared by sweeping or vacuuming. As
long as there is a reservoir that the water can flow to, it

Porous Asphalt Research Paper
Asphalt pavement can be found on more than 94 percent of America's paved roads. Interstate
highways, urban streets and rural lanes all depend on asphalt for durable, smooth, economical
pavements. Asphalt pavement is also the most popular choice for parking lots. Despite the fact that
asphalt pavement is already environmentally friendly, the asphalt industry has worked tirelessly to
make it even more environmentally green. The latest development in green paving is porous asphalt.
What Is Porous Asphalt? Porous asphalt, which is sometimes called permeable asphalt, allows water
to infiltrate beneath the pavement. After the water percolates through the pavement, it reaches a
special drainage system that redirects the water back into the soil.

Understanding That Environmental Responsibility Is An...
"Understanding that environmental responsibility is an integral part of design excellence" – Perkins
+ Will Contents Page 1.0 Introduction
........................................................................................................1 1.1 Design and Brief
..................................................................................................3 Location
..................................................................................................................4 Goals
......................................................................................................................5 Design theme and spatial
aesthetics.................................................................................................................6 Structural
system(s)....................................................................................................8 Lighting (artificial and
natural) ................................................................................................................................9 Provision
for water supply, distribution, and drainage
...............................................................................................................................10 Water sources and
consumption............................................................................................................11 Air Supply
................................................................................................................12 Energy / Electricity sources
and consumption .............................................................................................................................13
Maintenance access ...............................................................................................14 Efficiency
measures..................................................................................................15 . Behaviour change
measures ...............................................................................................................................16
Bibliography ............................................................................................................17 About the
project Design and Brief: 1315 Peachtree Street, LLC Location: 1315 Peachtree Street NE Atlanta
Georgia 30309 United States Architect: Perkins + Will Project Site Previously developed site The
building holds a platinum LEED certificate. Submitting Architect: Perkins+Will

Construction and the Built Environment
Construction and the Environment Assignment One The year 1992 and the ‘Earth Summit ' in Rio
de Janeiro marked a paradigm shift in the attitude of the governments of the world, as over 150
delegates attended and recognised the importance of ecological issues to the future of humanity.
This was of great significance to the construction industry, as one of the greatest consumers, and
producers, of our economic system. ‘Construction accounts for 40% of the total flow of raw
materials into the global economy every year – some 3 billion cubic tons. The industry accounts for
approximately 9% of Global Gross Domestic Product and in England alone provides employment
for around 1.5 million people ' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Environment Agency, 31% of land used for residential uses originated from
farmland. Two widely–used terms in this arena are brownfield and greenfield. Brownfield refers to
sites that have previously been occupied by a permanent structure, greenfield to virgin land. A
governmental target has been set for 60% of new housing to be sited on brownfield areas. As the risk
of flooding is expected to increase due to climate change, there can be a conflict between the desire
to build on flood–safe areas and to utilise brownfield sites, as many of the latter are situated in areas
known to be at risk from flooding. Another problem is that the greatest need for new housing is in
the South–East, whereas more available brownfield land is located in the North due to the decline of
heavy industry. Building on previous industrial sites has its own problems as there may be
contamination in the soil itself, something that has to be assessed at the planning stage as part of the
general site evaluation. Different land uses in Britain in 2000 http://www.environment–
agency.gov.uk/commondata/figureimages/f1_land_use_fs_937072.gif Green Belts – Another
feature, linked to the above, that must be contemplated, is the Green Belt. They are a man–made
feature of the natural environment in the sense that they are areas, typically encircling large urban
centres, set aside

Effects Of Urbanisation On The Hydrology Of A Catchment
Question 1 a) Explain the affects that Urbanisation can have on the hydrology of a catchment.
Outline how SuDs can mitigate these impacts and explain the role and features of the following
systems: Permeable pavements Swale Detention Ponds Urbanisation affects the hydrology of a
catchment in various ways, it causes issues with the natural drainage of the environment by blocking
stream channels and removing trees which help break the momentum of rain. Urbanisation creates a
lot of surfaces that are impermeable which causes water build up, the water picks up pollutants and
chemicals and these are dispersed into streams and rivers. Roads and pavements collect rainwater
and channel it into waterways rather than letting it disperse into the ground, like it would if it had
not had any human intervention. SuDs have been introduced within construction projects now in
order mimic the natural drainage pattern of a specific area, these SuDs that are now being
introduced are aiding urban developments in allowing surface water to be managed well without
causing any impact on other sites. Permeable paving comes in a range of materials, it was designed
to allow water through a surface that would have usually be impermeable, they are generally used
on pathways, lawns and roads that only take light vehicle movements. They essentially reduce
surface water run–off, which traps solids and filters some pollutants from the water, they also give
urban trees the chance to grow to full

Aspects & Impacts of Porous Pavements Essay
Short Memo: Aspects & Impacts of Porous Pavements The purpose of this short memo is to discuss
aspects of use, applicability, and environmental impacts of porous pavements as gleaned from
practical findings and pertinent examples. A porous pavement is one with high enough porosity and
permeability to allow rain and snowmelt to pass through it, thereby reducing the runoff from a site
and surrounding areas. In intensely built up areas, pavements account for more than half of all the
land, and for about two–thirds of total built cover (Ferguson, 2005, 2–3). Parking lots, in particular,
account for the majority of paved areas. Pervious paving materials have the capability of providing a
dual purpose in parking and other areas with low to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1999). This base serves as a reservoir for stormwater runoff where water is allowed to infiltrate to
underlying permeable soils or is redirected through an overflow drain system. Filter fabric is placed
beneath the aggregate subgrade to prevent fine particles from moving into the soil bed. Essentially,
"porous pavement infiltrates and treats rainwater where it falls" (Ferguson, 2005, 10). The pore
space and aggregate base act as rainwater retention, reducing runoff during storm events. Further,
particles and pollutants are removed from the water flow through the filtration process, with the
underlying soils acting as a second filter treatment area and as a water recharge basin. Use &
Applicability Porous pavements are particularly functional as low–volume traffic surfaces and
parking areas and have been used for over thirty years. Early installations continue to function as
both parking lots and stormwater management systems. Cahill Associates (CA) designed one of the
first large–scale porous parking lots for an office park in a Philadelphia suburb. The design consists
of porous asphalt parking bays terraced down a hillside and connected by conventional traffic lanes.
The site is over 20 years old, has not needed repaving, and has staved off sinkholes in an area prone
to them. CA attributes this to even distribution of stormwater through infiltration and particularly to
the aggregate reservoir below the surface. Through other projects, CA has found that

America 's Impact On The Planet Essay
As a species that continues to evolve and expand on this planet, humans have made many lasting
impacts to their home. Some of these changes often go generally unnoticed, such as the shift in
popular music, or fashion trends. Even transitions from job to job, or relocating to a new city seem
to weigh lightly on the general public. However, unbeknownst to us, we as a species have a far
greater impact on this planet than we would like to admit. Throughout our day–to–day lives we tend
to unknowingly impact and mold or future. It can be something as simple as forgetting to recycle
that jug of milk, or neglecting to clean up a spill after a self–done oil change. Even the foods we eat
and the way we manufacture them have a lasting effect on the planet. Perhaps one of the more
noticeable ways we as a society affect the Earth though is how we build upon it. With much of the
global population centralized in urban areas, and there continued growth. It is interesting to observe
the way in which this urbanized land reacts to human interference. One of the more interesting
aspects of urbanization is the use and management of water. With the continued expansion of cities,
and the modification of the land in which these concrete jungles cover, changes to land are
inevitable. In his book "Urban Storm Water Management," Hormoz Pazwash briefly summarizes
some of the impacts urbanization has to land, and water quality stating. "Urban development alters
the natural process of storm water runoff.

Californa Science Center Geology Homework

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