Psychotherapy Essay Examples

Psychotherapy Essay examples
I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated
treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy exists through the use of the common factors,
which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping
clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe
that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments
themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. I agree with the
idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the
successful outcomes in psychotherapy. There appears, at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One ideal way to prevent the complete loss of the art of psychotherapy is to use both the art and
science together.
Proponents of empirically validated treatments argue that the manualized treatment is an attempt to
focus psychological training and find the most efficient and effective treatments (Halford, 1997).
Research indicates that manualized treatments should achieve results that are more consistent with
fewer negative effects than non–structured interventions (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996). However,
dependence on manualized treatments may lead to the idea everyone diagnosed with the same
disorder can be treated in the same way, regardless of individual characteristics or presentation of
the disorder (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996). Hence, proponents of empirically validated treatments
argue against the dodo bird argument that all therapies are essentially the same by indicating that not
all treatments are created equally and imply that the use of manualized treatments may help
therapists become consistent across all therapy approaches (Cukrowicz et al., 2005). Advantages of
EVTs include decreasing the time to be spent on treatment planning and allowing for the use of
behavioral measures to assess before and after treatment changes, which helps keep track of the
client's progress (Hopko & Hopko, 1999). Research provides evidence that manualized
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Psychotherapy Vs Psychotherapy
In chapter 15 the topic that is being covered is therapies. Psychological disorders are able to be
treated in two ways, with psychotherapy or biomedical therapy. Psychotherapy is based upon the
assumption that psychological factors are playing an important role in psychological disorders and
symptoms. Whereas, biomedical therapies are based upon the assumption that biological factors
play an important roles in psychological disorders and symptoms.
Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy that was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based upon his
theory of personality. Psychoanalytic techniques and processes include free association, resistance,
dream interpretation, interpretation and transference. Short–term dynamic therapies are based on
psychoanalytic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aspects of client–centered therapy include a client who directs the focus of therapy sessions and a
therapist who is genuine, demonstrates unconditional positive regard, and communicates empathic
understanding. Behavior therapy assumes that maladaptive behavior are learned and uses learning
principles to directly change problem behaviors. Mary Cover Jones was the first behavior therapist,
using the procedure counterconditioning to extinguish phobic behavior in a child. Classical
conditioning principles are involved in the use of systematic desensitization. While, aversive
conditioning is used to treat harmful behaviors such as smoking and alcohol addiction. The token
economy represents the application operant conditioning to modify the behavior of groups of people
who live in a hospital or other institution.
The cognitive therapies are based upon the assumption that psychological problems are caused by
the maladaptive patterns of thinking. Rational–emotive therapy was developed by Albert Ellis.
Cognitive therapy was developed by Aaron T. Beck. Cognitive– behavioral therapy is based upon
the assumption that thoughts, moods and behaviors are functionally interrelated. Group therapy
involves one or more therapists working with several people simultaneously. Family therapy focuses
on the family rather than on the individual and is based on the assumption that the family is an
interdependent

Psychotherapy for Mental Health
According to Medical News Today, psychotherapy is a series of techniques for treating mental
health, emotional and some psychiatric disorders
(http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/156433.php). This website also says that is helps people
understand what makes them happy or anxious and find their strong and weak points. There are
various types of psychotherapy treatment such as cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy.
However there is a rising question whether it is effective or not. Is talking to someone about your
problems really effective? In most patients' opinions, it is effective, and there are many proofs to
support it. It is shown to heal patient's troubles after they underwent treatment. Psychotherapy, in the
long run, is preferred over drugs. Although this is all proven, studies show that in recent years it has
decreased (http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/resolution–not–conflict/201208/8–reasons–
cheer–psychotherapy–and–broaden–its–availability).
The American Psychological Association, the largest psychology organization in the United States,
published an article with many researching psychotherapists that bring cases where psychotherapy is
used and many patients found it effective. It wasn't only tested on adults but it was also tested on
children, on minorities, on different social classes and people with chronic pain. All have shown
psychotherapy to be effective and psychotherapy was also compared to other types of psychological
treatments such as

Psychotherapy Analysis
The point of psychotherapy is to uncover inner conflicts and past traumas. The goal is to get clients
to settle or resolve such conflicts with only guidance through therapy (Cromer, 2014).
Psychotherapy is the alliance between therapist and client where agreements are made about goals
set for treatment. The working definition of psychotherapy according to the APA website is the
informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from
established psychological principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors,
cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics that participants deem desirable. The
effects of psychotherapy make lasting results and people who participate in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Neurobiology has advanced thus providing convincing evidence that severe stress can cause
psychosis as a response. The only way to treat such a symptom is through trust and teamwork.
Emotions play an important role in mental illness. Many psychoanalysts believe that anxiety is
central to mental disorder. However, psychoanalysis is not as supported as evidence–based
medicine. The United States is a very pharmaceutically driven society. Psychoanalysis is not
considered evidence based treatment.
Clinical evidence for most treatments that involve any type of psychotherapy for schizophrenia is
weak and inconsistent. The treatment most associated with schizophrenia in the United States is the
use of antipsychotic medication. Therefore most research has been altered due to the combination of
medication and psychotherapy. The big question is what caused the recovery? People who have
access to medication and psychotherapy usually are more available for research. That leaves a whole
population of people suffering from schizophrenia that do not have access to both, or either

Art Psychotherapy
The Article, "Art Therapy Strategies to Raise Self–Esteem in Female Juvenile Offenders: A
Comparison of Art Psychotherapy and Art as Therapy Approaches" by Liz Hartz, & Lynette Thick
seeks to find the benefits of Art as therapy and Art psychotherapy methods during artistic
experience. The research problem is to analyse the differences between these two art therapy
approaches administered over female Juvenile offenders, with self–esteem, peer–relations,
behavioural conduct and social acceptance as the measuring scales. The Abstract provides a clear
indication of improved self–esteem among the clients of both the treatment groups. It is a good
conception to adopt both these approaches, which might help in developing art therapy theories
individually.

The Ethical Concerns Of Psychotherapy
The Research of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is an interactive process between two individuals or
more for the purpose of the improvement or the relief of the suffer of the person from compulsion,
troublesome behavior, depression, etc. The process has to be done by using the therapeutic methods
which logically relevant to the case under the regulations by laws and the profession. The therapist
required for psychotherapy is proficient in both the theories of formation of personality and the
techniques and theories of cognitive behavior modification. Founded by Sigmund Freud in the early
20th century, the Modern psychology has been developing and improved its concepts and theories.
Psychotherapy, the application of it, has been perfecting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is equally forbidden for the professional secret to be communicated to another, including a doctor.
The same is true of other secrets." (Pope Pius XII). The holy father used confession as a similar
example of the principle: The secrets from a psychotherapy should never be revealed to others just
like that priests can never disclose the secrets from the confession room. The holly father understood
the importance of the secrets of the patients as a principle in psychotherapy. The dignity of a human
person can be protected when his or her deep secrets would not be known by others. However, the
principle might vary under different circumstances in psychotherapy.
The involvement of the third parties and their benefits are the main causes of the problem of
confidentiality. That in what kind of situation should a therapist disclose the content of the therapy is
actually hard to be determined. Whether or not leaking the secrets of the patients under certain
circumstances is ethical becomes one of biggest ethical dilemma in Psychotherapy. The typical cases
will be: If the patient is doing certain illegal activities that violates the law with no one knowing it,
should the therapist report it? Do the parents of the patient have the right to know the progress and
the content of the therapy? Should the potential victims that might be harmed by the patients be
aware of his or her situations? The ways that a therapist handles the problem might cause very
critical results.

A Summary Of Integrative Psychotherapy
Integrative psychotherapy attempts to look at many schools and approaches in order to see what can
be learned and gained from each one. Psychotherapists who use an integrative approach are open to
various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques. Integrative psychotherapy challenges to
take a look at numerous ways, and approaches keeping in mind the end goal of the client. Their
efforts to see what can be found out and picked up from each one. Psychotherapists who utilize an
integrative method are interested in different methods for coordinating various theories and
structures. The four common routes are Common factors, Theoretical integration, Assimilative
integration, and Technical eclecticism (Corey, 2013). Integrative therapist

Dynamic Psychotherapy
This is a treatise devoted to the dynamic psychotherapeutic treatment of children. In this therapy,
talking and play are used to ameliorate disorders in adjustment.
JDS
WHAT IS PSYCHOTHERAPY?
CAS Psychotherapy is a verbal technique that deals with pathological adjustment to stress, anxiety,
and loss. Dynamic Psychotherapy for Children is distinguished from other therapies in that it seeks
to identify and modulate the effects of unconscious influences on symptoms, moods, and behavior..
Psychoanalytic insights make simple conversation insufficient for achieving this. To detect the effect
of cognitive growth, and motivation in children,f on symbol formation, planning, behavior and
unconscious fantasy requires more than listening to and

Psychotherapies
Psychotherapies
Krystle A McClurg BEH/225
09/11/2015
MELODIE MILLER
Psychotherapies
Psychotherapy, or "talk therapy", is a way to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them
understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress and
unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patients manage their symptoms better and
function at their best in everyday life.
Sometimes psychotherapy alone may be the best treatment for a person, depending on the illness
and its severity. Other times, psychotherapy is combined with medications. Therapists work with an
individual or families to devise an appropriate treatment plan. (Psychotherapies, n.d.)
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has primarily been utilized as a short–term (approximately 16 week) therapy, but has also been
modified for use as a maintenance therapy for patients with recurrent depression. (Interpersonal
psychotherapy, 2015)
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) treatment is a cognitive–behavioral approach that emphasizes
the psychosocial aspects of treatment. The theory behind the approach is that some people are prone
to react in a more intense and out–of–the–ordinary manner toward certain emotional situations,
primarily those found in romantic, family and friend relationships. DBT theory suggests that some
people's arousal levels in such situations can increase far more quickly than the average person's,
attain a higher level of emotional stimulation, and take a significant amount of time to return to
baseline arousal levels. (Staff, 2013) People who are sometimes diagnosed with borderline
personality disorder experience extreme swings in their emotions, see the world in black–and–white
shades, and seem to always be jumping from one crisis to another. Because few people understand
such reactions – most of all their own family and a childhood that emphasized invalidation – they
don't have any methods for coping with these sudden, intense

Erikson's Psychotherapy
Erikson, according to Marcia and Josselson (2013) suggests psychotherapy to address the problems
at hand. Although Erikson does not offer exact treatment plans he does point out that it is important
to address the underlying concerns before you can get to the actual problem. Psychotherapy could
help Tayib establish his identity taking his personal needs and his cultural expectations into account.
Psychotherapy will also help Rachael address her intimacy concerns which are prohibiting her from
seeing the bigger picture and fully committing to her relationship with Tayib. According to
Broderick and Blewitt (2015) Rachael appears to be anxious ambivalent as she is worried that she
will never find someone who will want to stay this also needs to

Is Psychotherapy Based On Science?
Is psychotherapy based on science? Is psychotherapy a science? What is psychotherapy? In
psychotherapies, a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to
overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth. (Book)There are at least 500 different types of
psychotherapies. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are–all–psychotherapies–created–equal/
Being that there are so many, researchers often focus on the most frequently used approaches. These
approaches are psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive and behavioral. Psychoanalytic therapy was
the first major psychological therapy created by Sigmund Freud. Freud thought people could
achieve healthier, less anxious living by releasing the energy they had previously devoted to id–ego–
superego conflicts. The aim of Freud's therapy was to bring patients repressed feelings into
conscious awareness. By helping patients uncover hidden thoughts and feeling, the analyst could
also give insight to the origins of their disorders. This new awareness could inspire them to take
responsibility for their own growth. (411) Therapy techniques used included free association, dream
analysis, and interpretation of instances of resistance and transference. Freud psychoanalytic therapy
helped form the foundation for treating psychological disorders, mainly by influencing modern
therapists working from the psychodynamic perspective. Psychodynamic therapist also aim to dig
up their client's pasts, but they don't talk

Adlerian Psychotherapy Essay
Understand, interpret, direct. This statement is an oversimplification of sorts, but defines the essence
of Adlerian psychotherapy. From this minimal overview of Adlerian theory, we can begin to
elaborate and explore the intricacies of individual psychology. Adlerians are concerned with
understanding the unique and private beliefs and strategies of the individual (private logic and
mistaken notions) that we create in childhood, and which serve as a reference for attitudes, private
views of self, others and the world, and behavior (lifestyle). Therapeutic work with clients involves
short–term and intensive work to increase social interest, to encourage a greater sense of
responsibility for behavior, and to support behavioral change. ... Show more content on
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In fact, this theory proposes that, "to live is to feel inferior" (Mosak 1995). However, when the
individual begins to act inferior rather than feel inferior, the individual is engaging in
"discouragement" or the inferiority complex (Mosak 1995). "To oversimplify, the inferiority feeling
is universal and 'normal'; the inferiority complex reflects the discouragement of a limited segment of
our society and is usually 'abnormal'" (Mosak 1995). This theory views the healthy and "ideal"
individual as one who engages in life experiences with confidence and optimism. "There is a sense
of belonging and contributing, the 'courage to be imperfect,' and the serene knowledge that one can
be acceptable to others, although imperfect" (Mosak 1995).
This theory uses subjectivity for understanding the person. In order to understand the individual, we
must understand his or her cognitions. Harold Mosak (1995) identifies five underlying assumptions
to the Adlerian theory. He states, "a) the individual is unique, b) the individual is self–consistent, c)
the individual is responsible, d) the person is creative, an actor, a chooser, and e) people in a soft–
deterministic way can direct their own behavior and control their destinies" (Mosak, 1995, p.87).
According to Adlerian theory, people strive to attain goals that provide them with a place in this
world, in turn giving them security and enhancing self– esteem.
"If strivings are solely for the

Psychotherapy
After a client is diagnosed with DID, psychotherapy can be used to ultimately integrate all of the
personalities into one. Psychotherapy is "the procedure by which the patient himself– with the
doctor's help–comes to see his problems more realistically" (Lang, 1958) . Psychotherapy is
considered the ground work of treating mental illness.
The treatment of multiple personality disorder began with what was better known as the treatment
for hysteria. One of the earliest, and most widely known cases (in terms of being beneficial to the
study of treatment), is the case of Sybil Isabel Dorsett. Sybil was diagnosed to have 16 different
personalities, which resulted from severe physical and sexual abuse. Her therapist, and one of the
pioneer clinicians ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along with psychotherapy, hypnosis is commonly still used. Through the use of hypnosis, the
therapist is able to help the client reduce feelings of fear, while nurturing the dissociated feelings
that they may be experiencing. When treating patients with DID, it can be expected to spend a good
amount of time exploring the different personalities, along with the roles that each personality plays.
It is important that the cooperation of each personality within the individual is present.
Psychotherapy, which is also known as talk therapy or counseling, involves extensive
communication between the client and the therapist. The therapist, by gaining trust is able to get the
patient to open up and expose the experiences that may be the root of the problem. By doing so, the
therapist may ultimately be able to help the client work through the traumatic experience and any
other conflict that may be the underlying cause of the illness. Once the therapist is able to discover
the root of the illness, the client and therapist can work together to fuse the personalities into one.
Once the fusion takes place, that does not mean the therapy is over with. Maintaining the fusion is
also necessary. Another alternative treatment method, that is typically only prescribed if absolutely
necessary, involves medications. Although there is no clear link on which drugs specifically treat
DID, it is recommended that drugs that treat acute mood disorders, such as anxiety and/or
depression, are commonly prescribed to patients. If medicine is prescribed, the therapist should keep
a close eye and monitor the

Psychotherapy Therapeutic Alliance
There are a many of factors, client or therapist focused that affect the counselor's diagnosis or the
client motivation to participate in the counseling process. The overarching correlation between
influence of treatment and the client consideration to take part in the recovery process is the
therapeutic alliance is key element of creating favorable results in psychotherapy (Lynch, 2012).
This alliance begins during the client's initial intake. Consequently, the information gathered is
critical in determining the proper course of action for the client's healing and transformation process
with mental health issues. According to, Lynch (2012) a counselor's experience does not invariably
enhance the odds of forging favorable outcomes in

Categories of Psychotherapy
An early designation of psychotherapies divided all types of psychotherapy into two major
categories: insight–oriented therapy and action–oriented therapy (Woolley, Wampler, & Davis,
2012). This designation was made on the basis of the therapist's main focus in achieving positive
change. An insight–oriented therapy focuses on assisting the client develop knowledge or awareness
about themselves as a major focus of change. The insight itself leads to positive change in the client.
Action–oriented therapies directly focus on changing some behavior as opposed to relying on self
knowledge or awareness to facilitate the change. The designation is not mutually exclusive; in all
action–oriented therapies some insight is gained and in all insight–oriented therapies there is some
direct change of behavior. However, the designation is valid when determining the focus of the
therapist regarding the main target of the therapeutic intervention.
For example, Experiential Family Therapy attempts to facilitate change by means of a commitment
to increasing self–awareness, self–fulfillment, and expression or communication between family
members (Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2012). Clients are encouraged to examine their feelings, the
family cohesiveness, communication patterns, and reducing defensiveness and family members by
unlocking levels of experiencing and freeing people from impulsiveness and defensive reactions to
one another are the goals. The primary motor of change in experiential

Experiential-Humanistic Psychotherapy
Building upon the philosophy of cognitive–behavioral therapy is a relatively recent form of
psychotherapy known as experiential–humanistic psychotherapy (Hollon 901). Experiential–
humanistic psychotherapy adds to cognitive–behavioral therapy the fundamental principle of
humanistic psychology, that is, self–actualization (Hollon 901). Self–actualization is defined as the
expression of one's creativity and the realization of their capabilities (Hollon 901). Given the limited
amount of time that the scientific and medical communities have had to study this type of
psychotherapy, it is not surprising that there is precious little data in regards to its efficacy in treating
anxiety and mood disorders (Hollon 901). Having stated that, experiential–humanistic ... Show more
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Even though most of these nonpharmacological treatments, like deep–brain stimulation (DBS),
psychosurgery, and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), are experimental and off–label in nature, there
does exist two nonpharmacological treatments for psychiatric illnesses that have been documented
as effective (Li 41). The older of the two is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly referred to
disparagingly as shock treatment (Li 41). This form of therapy involves the production of
generalized seizures due to large–scale neuronal discharges via the application of short electrical
impulses through the scalp (Li 41). Data shows that modern electroconvulsive therapy is successful
at managing treatment–resistant depression in roughly half of patients (Li 41). However, given the
level of side effects (such as memory loss and decreased cognition) associated with this type of
treatment, electroconvulsive therapy is used exclusively as a last resort (Li 41). It was for this reason
that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a form of therapy in which electromagnetic
induction is utilized in order to depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons in the brain, was developed (Li
41). In repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromagnetic induction is attained by
attaching a pulse generator to a magnetic field generator, which is then placed near the head of the
patient (Li

Psychotherapy And Cognitive Therapy
PTSD is an actual medical condition, thus it requires treatment to aid with the mental disease.
Psychotherapy is the most advantageously treatment for kids with PTSD. There are different types
of psychotherapy: cognitive therapy and exposure therapy. Cognitive therapy is a way to reduce the
symptoms of PTSD. "Identifying false or unhelpful trauma–related thoughts, then evaluating the
evidence for and against them so the patient learns to consider whether these problematic thoughts
are the result of cognitive bias or error and develop more realistic and/or useful thoughts" (Vinci
2015). The therapist will help you organize your thoughts on the trauma and figure out why you feel
the way you do. After a trauma, the patient usually has bias thoughts

Termination In Psychotherapy
Termination of therapy typifies the period when the practitioner and the client stipulate an end to the
helping relationship. Hence, ending a therapy elegantly is an essential therapeutic skill every
professional helper should master. Contemporary helping relationships do not last as long as they
did decades ago when psychotherapy is twice a week and ongoing for many years. The practical
difficulties in ending therapy include how to manage premature termination when to bring up
discussion about termination, and dealing with the emotional reaction of both therapist and client.
However, if handled well, termination is a period for acclamation as the client reviews progress
made while in sessions, and together practitioner and the client make plans to keep the thrust going
when they no longer meet on a regular basis. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although termination is the final stage of the counseling process, it should be discussed earlier in
the session to allow for ample of time for the therapist and client to handle emotions as it relates to
saying goodbye. Also, preparing the client for the conclusion of the counseling relation, initiating a
follow–up plan contract or the transitioning process is an essential component of termination that
should be addressed earlier than later (Hill, 2005). It should be among the first subjects that the
therapist address with the client with a reminder, at least, three sessions before the predetermined
termination date (Brew & Kottler, 2008). Further, therapists are ethically bound to communicate the
timeline of the therapeutic relationship to the client, expectations and the option to return to therapy
if necessary.
Frequently, a therapist is faced with the challenge of how to restrain the client from terminating the
therapeutic relationship prematurely until real progress has been made in the

Adlerian Approach To Psychotherapy
Since the beginning of this class we have covered some great theories based on psychotherapy, and
also the uniqueness of each. The theorist that will be discussed in this paper include, Psychoanalytic,
Adlerian, Existential and Persona centered. These approaches to counseling have offered us very
similar and contrasting perspectives on the various concepts of psychotherapy. One reason for the
trend toward psychotherapy integration is the recognition that no single theory is comprehensive
enough to account for the complexities of human behavior, especially when the range of client types
and their specific problems are taken into consideration(Corey, n.d, pg. 272). Many of these theories
also have concepts which interlink them, which makes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both practices aim to set aside and work through non–therapeutic therapist feeling, through
supervision and personal reflection(Owen, 1999, pg. 168). The therapist also shows a great deal of
empathy and there is a great importance on the client/counselor relationship. From the first session,
setting boundaries occurs, along with some from of assessment for therapy and setting aside
preconceptions, as therapist from both schools strive to meet their clients(Owen, 1999, pg. 167).
Both of these theories also show that trapped or hidden emotions hinder the persons self esteem and
by by expression, it allows the client to find ways to improve those

Group Psychotherapy
Staff and patient experience of improving access to psychological therapy group interventions for
anxiety and depression principally recommend cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment
of most cases of anxiety and depression, and all IAPT services are required to deliver CBT
alongside other NICE–approved therapies (Newbold, Hardy & Byng, 2013).
The limited existing research comparing the effectiveness of group versus individual CBT indicates
only small differences in effectiveness, suggesting that group CBT may be a valid response to the
high demand on primary care mental health services (Newbold, Hardy & Byng, 2013).
Yalom (2005) argues that 12 main factors facilitate change in group psychotherapy. These include
altruism, group ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In regards to normalization; on attending a group session, patients felt a great sense of relief that
others had similar problems. This helped them feel normal, reducing anxiety(Newbold, Hardy &
Byng, 2013). In regards of feeling connected; Patients enjoyed having people to talk to who
understood how they felt and somewhere to go to meet others with the same problem (Newbold,
Hardy & Byng, 2013). In regards to group support; as the group sessions progressed, patients were
able to give and receive support from each other as well as the therapist (Newbold, Hardy & Byng,
2013). In regards to the role of hope; being part of a group where people with the same problem got
better brought hope for patients' own recovery(Newbold, Hardy & Byng, 2013). Group interaction
was not always positive, with some patients taking more opportunity to talk than others (Newbold,
Hardy & Byng, 2013). And lastly, some suggestions were made on improving group–based work,
including keeping the number of patients small enough for all to have the chance to contribute
(Newbold, Hardy & Byng,

Group Psychotherapy Theory
After reading the book "The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy", the author Irvin D.
Yalom provides a complete context of group psychotherapy standards. The specification of research,
developments and topics makes this book to be rather knowledgeable. Chapter 1 consists of the
therapeutic factors, chapter 5 reflects on the tasks of group therapist, and chapter 12 on the advanced
group, as we will get into further detail throughout this paper on the interactional focus of group
therapy.
Chapter 1 covers a variety of important topics that contribute to the effectiveness of group
counseling. This chapters touches base with group therapy and the effectiveness of group counseling
as a form of psychotherapy. The therapeutic factors introduced ... Show more content on
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As mentioned, the job of a therapist to create the machinery of therapy, to set it in motion, and to
keep it operating with the maximum effectives (Yalom, 2005). First and foremost, the relationship
between clients and therapist must be established for specific tasks and techniques to be of quality
effectiveness. The group therapy for the therapist is indirect, which underlies the difference of roles
in a group setting and on a one–to one. One fundamental tasks is the creation and maintenance of
the group by the group leader that serves as unifying force. Concepts and techniques are vital to
process group creation to provide consistency. Expose the importance of key factors to provide a
safe and stable environment that illuminates positives vibes; rather than conflict or resistance
between members. Groups obviously are constructed from a diverse population with co–occurring
conditions, and of course certain group members may be cooperative but others may cause
disruptiveness. This is where the therapist needs a balance and make adjustments as needed to
provide a good practice during group

Integrative Psychotherapy Analysis
Integrative Psychotherapy grasps a demeanor towards the act of therapy that emphasizes the
absolute assessment of every person. The integrative strategy is stamped by uncovering a variety of
methods for incorporating numerous speculation and strategies (Corey, 2013). It is a binding
together different approaching, and incorporating them that is basically the objective. The therapy
will be fitting and successful if the client is feeling, behavioral, intellectual, and physiological levels
are working towards the best measure of life. This method energizes the wellbeing of the individual,
and identify with the person's identity, and the needs.
The incorporated approaches of therapy pulls from all angles, and contributes to helping the client

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PP) rooted from traditional psychoanalysis theories. PP operates
with the basic assumption that focuses on unconscious processes that recognise how a person's
behaviour and feelings in the present are rooted from childhood experience in the past. The
objective of PP is to facilitate client to reach self–awareness and to have a better understanding of
the problems by identifying where the origin of the issue as well as underlying causes that may be
present. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy places heavy emphasis on client's relationships and
interpersonal experience (Shedler, 2010).
Therapeutic Relationship
Gelso & Carter (1985) suggested therapeutic relationship as "the feelings and attitudes that the
counselling participants have toward one another and the manner in which these are expressed". The
establishment of a therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the client that is open, non–
judgmental and empathic serve as the basis of new internalisations. It allows the client to develop
trust towards the therapist and bring about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These adaptive behaviour, feelings and thoughts that are projected, stemmed from past interactions
with significant figures in the client's life. There are two types of transference.
Positive transference. Occur when client experiences positive feelings such as fondness, trust,
concern, admiration. It may contribute to forming a healthy alliance, however, it may become an
obstruction when love and sexual desire strongly involved (Chua, 2017). In the case study, Mei Lin
observed to developed a positive transference of trust as she was able to share her past painful
experience as well as her marital issue to the

Psychotherapy Paradigm Analysis
"When psychotherapy paradigms legitimize the social status quo rather than critically examine it,
we become instruments of social oppression and control, and by definition, contribute to social
injustice and harm clients."
For me when Dr. Green stated this phrase in her speech she was saying it's time for us has
psychotherapist to examine ourselves, and determine if you as a psychotherapist is contributing to
social injustice and harming clients. Dr. Green was explaining the negative effects marginalizing
people could have on the therapeutic process. Even the interventions used within mental health
could hurt the process. Dr. Green stated "Mental health interventions may assist people who
confront dilemma, but when they are insensitive to social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Green reference to Michelle Fienne myth of rugged individualism has a great impact on how some
counselors/therapist interact with their clients. I'm only referring to my past experiences working
with counselors/therapist. One example a counselor who looked down on all her families was
assigned a family, and their struggles were similar to hers when she was younger. She was unable to
separate herself from the situation, and her ideas of everyone has choices and opportunity is equal
ideology. The case did not end well and the therapist aligned with the mother and convinced her to
leave her husband. Which is how she handle the situation when she was in it. This phrase reminds
me as therapist we must learn how to separate ourselves. While at the same time challenge
ourselves.
Phrase caught my attention
"Mental health problems are not a function of defective individuals, they're a function of social
inequities that effects on everyone when left alone for too long."
Points made by Dr. Green link to required material for this module
One link I believe Dr. Green and our textbook have is social/cultural competence is needed to be an
effective therapist. Having an understanding and being knowledgable of different culturals and
social norms will help in the process of becoming an effective

Disadvantages Of Psychotherapy
The basic methods of psychotherapy treatment divide into behavioral and cognitive therapy. The
first teaches the client how to behave and react in situations that trigger his fear. It works effectively
when treating of social phobias and agoraphobias. The most popular kinds are systematic
desensitization, flooding and modeling. Systematic desensitization is founded on classical
conditioning, aims to learn how to overcome the fear in different situations. It is called also counter
conditioning because therapists use an incompatible response (relaxation) with a conditioned
stimulus (something causes fear. The process has three stages: first, the patient forms a hierarchy
containing the cause of fear and ranks them from least horrifying to most horrifying. Then, the
patient trains how to use relaxation technique to control breathing or meditation. Finally, the patient
copes with the fear hierarchy while using these techniques. S/he starts with the least fearing thing
and practices relaxation. When they are no longer afraid, they go to the next step in the hierarchy. ...
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This behavior is reinforced by negative reinforcement based on operant conditioning. Systematic
desensitization tries to overcome this avoidance concept by gradually exposure to this subject until
the patient can handle with it. This form of the treatment called a graduated exposure therapy. For
example, if a man feels fear during communicating with a women. First, he must form a hierarchy
(sitting beside her, talking with her, walking, and finally dating her). The therapist teaches him how
to relax when he is put in an imaginary situation (in vitro), if he succeeds, he would move to the
next step which is a real situation (in

Online Psychotherapy Essay
Telepsychology is a relatively new development within the field of mental health service. The
American Psychological Association defines it as the "provision of psychological services using
telecommunication technologies. . . Telecommunication technologies include but are not limited to
telephone, mobile devices, interactive videoconferencing, email, chat, text, and Internet (e.g., self–
help websites, blogs, and social media)."(2016). Within the general category of telepsychology,
psychological services that are delivered via the internet are referred to as "e–therapy", "itherapy",
"cybertherapy", and other similar names. E–therapy is a natural extension of our technological
advancement, the growth of psychology as a field, and our ever increasing ... Show more content on
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The strictly self–help approaches cited above suffered from high client dropout rates. The trials of
professionally guided self–help programs had significantly lower dropout rates. Some researchers
have specifically studied issues of adherence with these programs. Ballegooijen et al (2014)
concluded in an analysis of 14 traditional CBT trials and 12 professionally guided iCBT trials for
the treatment of depression that adherence to iCBT treatment is reasonable and perhaps comparable
to in–person CBT, although the rate of full completion differed significantly between the two
(84.7% and 65.1% respectively). Mohr et al (2013) ran trials of a web–based intervention for
depression called Moodmanager with and without telephone coaching, and found that adherence
was significantly better among coached users than self–directed users. Even so, most of the coached
users still dropped out by week 12 of the program. The author concludes that the coaching style
utilized in the study could be modified substantially to improve adherence further, as users were
coached solely on adherence to the program. Another question remains regarding the status of the
therapeutic relationship in e–therapy. The therapeutic relationship between practitioner and patient is
a paramount element of successful mental health treatment. As such, some authors have reflected
upon how this aspect of therapy translates to services delivered

Group Therapy Psychotherapy
The purpose of this research is to outline alternative therapeutic cures for individuals or patients
with posttraumatic stress within a group setting. In particular, those suffering from post sexual abuse
and non–psychotic mental health disorders in order to improve the mental well being of the
individual. The research focuses on the impact group therapy has to help the patient to realize that
those suffering are not alone and that other people are going through similar, if not the same,
personal mental struggles. The research also shows that through group therapy, different therapeutic
methods are used such as art therapy and musical therapy. Through these therapeutic methods, it
may help to further acknowledge the thinking style of a patient, ... Show more content on
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(Pfeifer, 2010). This alternative therapy was originally designed to help an individual to recover
direct memories, increase self–esteem, and to help contain control over feelings of traumatic
memories. (Crone, O'Connell, Tyson, Clark–Stone, Opher, James, 2013). Individuals with post
trauma due to sexual abuse tend to feel intimidated by verbal expression of their personal
experience. Art therapy is studied as a successful alternative therapy method of psychotherapy given
the specific study group of post sexual abuse trauma. Studies have proven that art therapy helps to
release tension and minimizes anxiety levels to bring out and find an act of external expression
providing aide to deal with difficult and negative life experiences. Non–verbal communication is
used as an emotional indicator between an individual and a group. (Pfeifer, 2010). Art therapy,
therefore, not only eliminates tension through verbal communication but also helps work through
issues leading to a greater understanding of the cognitive state of a suffering individual. Words go a
long way but colors and figures on a canvas can scream a louder sense of

Goals Of Counsellor And Psychotherapy
1. Introduction
Counselling is the use of relationships to help develop self–knowledge, emotional growth and
personal resources (Corney & Jenkins, 1993). Psychotherapy is a professional relationship between
therapist and patient where a broad variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties can be
treated (American Psychiatric Association, 2009). In this paper the aims, goals, purpose and focus of
both counselling and psychotherapy will be discussed. The role of the counsellor and therapist will
also be discussed along with the role of the counsellor and therapist in a South African context.
2. Counselling
2.1 Definition of counselling
Counselling defined by Mcleod claims that counselling is a principled relationship characterized ...
Counselling based on a conversation, it's a where people may interact and exchange possibilities for
a greater action. The purpose is to find the right setting to allow the client to open up and take the
first steps in immediate and long range

What Is Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
Psychotherapy has changed its ways and many new methods are employed to make this field
efficient. Starting its roots from Freud, there have been many upsides and downsides of
psychotherapy. Eventually, it led to the formation of many branches of psychotherapy and
psychodynamics is one active branch which gained lot of emphasis. The contributions in developing
this method are immense and patients all over the globe can benefit from the advancements. In this
method, it is no longer about the patient relaxing on a comfortable couch and vomiting out emotions
while the therapist listens patiently without making a noise. Therapists in Toronto are forever
researching on finding new ways to understand minds and treat mental illnesses in an even better ...
It results in expression of diverted feelings and psychodynamics uses this resistance to the benefit of
the patient as it becomes easy to identify the darkest portions of the mind when there is pausing of
thoughts. Psychodynamics also tends to this problem and makes the flow of thought uninterrupted.
Therapists strive hard to get through the patients with resistance and in this method it becomes easy
and effective as well. The main reason being, both resistance and avoiding resistance leads to
identification of common patterns and notions which are making the patient to suffer

Boundaries In Psychotherapy
Working within one's area of competence and providing reasonable and sufficient information to
clients about the therapeutic process are only parts one and two of a three–step progression towards
successfully practicing as a therapist. Part three of this progression is establishing and maintaining
of boundaries. According to Doverspike, (2015) "A boundary is the edge, limit, or dividing line of
appropriate behavior in a given situation" (p. 57). Furthermore, he contends that "if good fences
make good neighbors...then good boundaries make a firm foundation for a good relationship in
psychotherapy" (p. 57). Boundaries within the therapeutic arena include such topics as: Privacy,
confidentiality, and privilege; dual relationships; sexual impropriety; ... Show more content on
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There is no room for complacency in the workplace or lackadaisical attitudes in the helping
profession nor can a therapist forget about themselves as self–care is just as important as client care.
While a client may always remain in the number one spot when it comes to providing therapy this
cannot transpire if the therapist allows themselves to succumb to emotional burnout or other
conditions that would prevent them from treating clients. Participating in the helping profession is
not for the faint of heart nor is it for those seeking glory and riches. This is not to say that a person
cannot make a comfortable living in this field, but if fame and fortune become a higher priority than
providing excellent client care I believe it is time to reevaluate your motives. Following a code of
ethics should not be seen as a hindrance to living like others. This is not to say that counselors do
not experience hardships and problems of their own. We are human. Of course we do. But we are
the standard that others will use for

Humanistic Approach To Psychotherapy
With my limited knowledge of the areas of psychotherapy I would have to agree that the humanistic
approach is the best therapeutic model that keeps the session's absolutely client centered. With the
vast amount of psychotherapies offered today it is difficult to narrow down which one is the most
important to a client. However, the humanistic approach mainly focuses on the study of the whole
person and through the eyes of that particular client. With this knowledge I would have to say that
this approach is one of the better areas is psychotherapy for a client. The humanistic approach
includes all aspects of the client's experiences and works directly with those experiences to help
with the agenda for these sessions. The two biggest elements

Psychotherapy Essay
My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption
of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or
depression); rather problems are a by–product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations
(Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client's automatic and self–defeating
thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey,
2009). CBT focuses on putting insight into action, so by creating insight and changing thoughts the
client should be able to understand and modify their behaviors and emotions. I like that this
approach focuses on challenging and changing the client's cognitive ... Show more content on
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In general, there is a lot of empirical support for cognitive behavior therapy, since it is very
structured and fits well with the scientific method. CBT has many testable techniques and the
outcomes (e.g., behavior changes) are easily measured. Nevertheless, the most common criticism of
CBT is that the empirically validated experiments and treatment outcomes cannot generalize into
actual use in clinical practice (Craske & Zucker, 2001). Practicing clinicians often indicate that the
stringent controls involved in the empirical research are not present in the real world accounts.
However, due to the empirically validated techniques, CBT is more readily accepted and reimbursed
via managed care and insurance companies (Hopko & Hopko, 1999). Additionally, opponents of
CBT argue against manualized techniques because clients do not come into therapy with only one
problem that allows for a straightforward diagnosis and treatment. Often treatments need to be
adapted to fit the client, given that the client likely has several problems or diagnoses that need to be
taken into account. However, CBT has been found to be successful with different types of disorders,
which may allow for the successful treatment of individuals with comorbid problems (Beck, 1993).
CBT is criticized for being too simplistic and superficial by downplaying

Counseling And Psychotherapy Summary
In Corey Gerald's book, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (2013), it is asserted
that Psychotherapy and Counseling requires constant ethical consideration, in both thought and
decision, if one hopes to be the best practitioner possible. Through his chapter on ethics, Gerald
defines the key ethical types (mandatory, aspirational, and positive) and develops his claim by
outlining the many areas in which psychological practitioners must maintain high ethical standards.
The purpose of this piece is to educate future practitioners on ethical practice in order to best
prepare individuals for the pursuit of helping others. Gerald writes this advisatory literature for
psychology students who are considering pursuing a career as a psychotherapist. Truly, Gerald is
more than informatory; he seeks to equip students with the knowledge of ethical ... Show more
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I would like to be able to say that I practice with positive ethics while working with my clients.
Moving forward, I know I need to consciously work the hardest on putting my clients needs before
my own and evaluating my cultural biases, but also hope to maintain ethical decision making,
informed consent, dimensions of confidentiality, ethics within diagnosis, avoidance of multiple
relationships in counseling practice, and establishment of boundaries.
While I think I would have success in making ethical decisions, informed consent, maintaining
confidentiality, ethics within diagnosis, and the absolute avoidance of multiple relationships with
clients I still want to make a conscious commitment to maintain these. As these are all integral parts
of being an effective therapist as well as maintaining a healthy client–therapist relationship, I plan to
consider these before every therapy session as well as have conversations with my colleges about
how they incorporate ethicality into their therapeutic

The Dynamic Psychotherapy
Existential psychotherapy is a dynamic approach to therapy which focuses on concerns that are
rooted in the individual's existence. Existential psychotherapy is a form of dynamic psychotherapy.
The psychodynamics of an individual thus include the various unconscious and conscious forces,
motives, and fears that operate within him or her. The dynamic psychotherapies are therapies based
upon this dynamic model of mental functioning. Existential therapy is based on a radically different
view of the specific forces, motives, and fears that interact in the individual. The precise nature of
the deepest internal conflicts is never easy to identify. To identify the primary conflicts, one must
use many avenues of access; deep reflection, dreams, nightmares, ... Show more content on
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Like I want to turn up the steam a little bit and get my stuff done but then it makes me think well
what am I doing school for anyway if I'm just doing it to prove something to him?" Therapist:
"Right...but you know maybe, you could be in school because it's something important to you and
also it may please him. One doesn't have to rule out the other does it?" Stan: "Not necessarily, I
guess." Therapist: "You also said you were a bit mad that maybe he was going to leave." Stan: "Well
I was more mad at myself for, 'here is my dad, he could be dying in the hospital and here I am
worried about he is going to die before I finish school.' That's kind of a selfish thought." Therapist:
"Yeah and maybe it is, but maybe that's your thought and feeling nevertheless. That maybe you want
him around to see you in a different way." Stan: "Yeah." Therapist: "Sounds in some way that brush
with death your father had really affected you in a lot of ways." Stan: "Yeah it did." "It's kina funny
how it happened after our last week's session but it really made me think about what am I doing?"
"Why am I even here?" "What have I done?" "Nothing,

Existential Psychotherapy Essay
One of the main aims for the existential psychotherapy is to reframe the client's thinking about life
and its purpose.
Existential follows anxiety stemming from living, which is unique to humans, comparing to the
other mammals, due to our ability to perceive time, mainly distant past and future. Contrary to
popular belief that existentialism is dark and fatalistic compared to humanism, which believes
humans are inherently good, it perceives life and living as a personal working space. Its main
themes are freedom and its subsequent responsibility, death, isolation, and meaninglessness. It
strives for a bearable balance of death awareness and living with it.
Sarah, who has recently experienced death, both of her parents, has been overwhelmed ... Show
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The problem as she says are due to her being stuck in between. One of the aspect she mentioned
which stops her from living fully, is her ex–husband. Her need for intimacy, both physical and
emotional, is denied by her idea of an imagined guilt that she might hurt her ex–husband. Yalom in
Existential Psychotherapy talks about an imagined guilt, which is often a result of transgression. I
would explore her feelings and responsibilities, she feels towards her ex–husband. At this point I
should already know what she wants from the therapy as well as her wishes on future. If the life
anxiety stems from transgression between lingering past responsibilities she has towards her
husband and her own future, this would be the first area to work on; mainly through reframing the
sense and weight of the responsibility she should have towards her ex–husband, and decrease his
presence in her life if possible. Another possible way to look at her life anxiety is her parents'
wishes, that lingers in her mind and are a foundation for her values: specifically, ones to do with
financial security and comfortable life. It is possible that parents' wish for her was to be able to live
financially stable and often that in liberal arts is difficult to achieve. Thus there might be a conflict
between her wish to get back into improv. theater and existing stability. The first stage would mainly
focus on her exploration of the

Art of Psychotherapy Essay
I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than empirically validated treatments
(EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy lies in the common factors, which include the therapeutic
relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and
hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated
treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the
most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of
an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client's
perspective. It takes art and skill of a therapist to examine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yet, if managed care begins to dictate what treatments have to be used, then empirically validated
treatments will be used against psychologists as a form of restriction that may inhibit the success of
the therapeutic process (Scaturo, 2001).However, certain artful tactics involved in psychotherapy
will never be completely removed, such as the development of a therapeutic relationship (Allen,
2008). With the rise of EVTs there is a possibility that insurance or managed care may dictate the
exact treatment techniques that need to be used for a particular disorder, the art of psychotherapy
will not be able to thrive in the future has it once did in the past (Hopko & Hopko, 1999). One way
to prevent the complete loss of the art of psychotherapy is to use both the art and science together.
Proponents of EVT argue that the manualized treatment is an attempt to focus psychological training
and find the most efficient and effective treatments (Halford, 1997). Research indicates that
manualized treatments should achieve results that are more consistent with fewer negative effects
than non structured interventions (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996). However, dependence on manualized
treatments may lead to the idea everyone diagnosed with the same disorder can be treated in the
same way, regardless of individual characteristics or presentation of the disorder (Drozd &
Goldfried, 1996). Hence, proponents of empirically validated treatments argue against

Humanistic Approach To Psychotherapy
During my earlier years as undergraduate, I recall being very interested in the humanistic approach
to psychotherapy, simply because it was congenial to the person I was at that time. I was deeply
interested in the concepts of free will, self–concept, self–actualization, and most importantly,
conditions of worth. In addition, when I considered the type of therapist I would have been the most
willing to do therapeutic work with, I tended to think of a therapist with a humanistic orientation.
However, I was quite naïve and discredited the other theoretical orientations.
While taking two upper upper–division courses (i.e., Clinical Psychology History and Systems), I
began to get more exposure to other perspectives. As a result, I became more

EMDR Psychotherapy
Bottom–up. As mentioned at the beginning of the paper, the appropriate bottom–up intervention that
has potential in treating trauma related symptoms is EMDR. Unlike other psychotherapies, EMDR
therapy has continued to grow rapidly because it's an efficient and effective treatment for PTSD
(Leeds, 2016). EMDR appears to be effective in restructuring symptoms of both acute and chronic
PTSD (Leeds, 2016). This type of psychotherapy employs techniques that may give the patient more
control over the exposure experience and provides techniques to regulate anxiety in the
apprehensive circumstance of exposure treatment (Rothbaum, Astin, & Marsteller, 2005).
For the veteran, she will be able to focus on her most horrific memories without reacting
hysterically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The veteran refrains from talking about some of her traumas because it's too painful to tap into. With
EMDR, the rapid eye movement component that's incorporated helps a person see disturbing
material in a new and less distressing way (Leeds, 2016; Rothbaum et al., 2005). In EMDR therapy,
various strategies are employed to support the goals of stabilization and symptom reduction
(Chemtob et al., 2000). Some stabilization strategies that are commonly used in EMDR include
self–hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation (Chemtob et al., 2000; Leeds, 2016; Rothbaum et al.,

Psychotherapy Research Paper
Years after the spread of Psychotherapy, changes in the late twentieth century influenced the field of
counseling. The shift in the late twentieth century was the expansion of diversity within the mental
health field. Due to this expansion, the counseling profession was established in schools/colleges,
substance abuse, elderly, minimal mental health services, and businesses. In regards to counselors
working with different age/populations, there was a demand for standardized trainings and
credentials for professional counselors. For this demand, CACREP was created to illustrate the
standards for counselors. these standards were created for master programs such as clinical mental
health counselling; marriage, couple, and family counseling; addiction/substance abuse counseling;
career counseling; and school counseling/student affairs and college ... Show more content on
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To assist the licensing and certifications, the American Counseling Association (ACA), started to
administer the national generic certification exam to counselors. With the help of this exam, the
number of states began to administer the licensure to counselors. Although, a change that influenced
the field of counseling was the focus on multiculturalism. This concern was conducted by CACREP,
which required that multicultural counseling must be involved into the curricula of the graduate
programs. From this concern, the Multicultural Counseling Competencies was adopted in 1991,
which influenced the counseling training programs. In addition to the 90s, there was an increase in
the importance of the ethical concerns in counseling. In the past, counseling text books did not
address ethical issues in the professional field. However, during the 90s, the research on ethics
increased. Due to the increase, there were also increases in the ethical decision making, ethics in
supervision, ethics in teaching, and ethics in online

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