Maximizing Energy Efficiency at a Paper Mill

American Chemical Corporatiion
American Chemical Corporation
Context
The business environment leading up to 1979 was a very challenging one as the U.S. economy was
still on the heels of a period of high inflation, low growth and high unemployment that started in the
1970s. The deep recession hit almost all sections of the economy. Real gross national product (GNP)
fell by 2.5 percent while the unemployment rate rose above 10 percent and almost one–third of
America's industrial plants lay idle.
Company
The Dixon Corporation is a specialty chemicals company that supplies primarily to the paper and
pulp industry. The company's products are mainly used by paper companies as a bleaching agent for
pulp. Dixon's principal plant was located in Calhoun, Georgia, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the period from 1980 to 1984, all data of sales, depreciation and manufacturing and other costs
are given in the case (Exhibit 8). The period covering 1985–1989 the following assumptions were
made:
1. Sales are assumed to not exceed 38,000 tons due to the 40,000 ton capacity constraint and a
margin for unsellable output. Price per ton growth rate is assumed at 8% through 1989, as stated in
the case. 2. Variable Costs: power cost per KWH growth rate of 12% year on year, graphite and salt
expense growth rate of 5% and 6% annually as plant production expected to remain constant 3.
Fixed Costs: labor, maintenance and other fixed costs to grow at 10%, 8% and 0.04% year on year
based on the average growth rate from 1980–1984. 4. Selling costs and R&D would remain
roughly 0.7% and 2.8% of sales. 5. Net working capital would remain at 9% of sales based on AR
staying at 10% of sales, inventory staying at 4.5% of sales, and accounts payable constant at 5.5% of
sales. 6. The case stated that annual capital expenditure would be within $475k and $600k. Looking
at the capital expenditure in 1983 and 1984, spending would peak at $600k. Based on this, it is
assumed that an ongoing capital expenditure of $600k annually would be spent from 1985–1989. 7.
There will be no terminal value because the plant's
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Evolution Of The Orangutans
The Orangutans which are also known as Pongo abelii, are the second largest apes after the gorillas.
The male Orangutans can grow up to five feet and weigh around ninety one kilograms while the
female Orangutans can reach an average height of three feet while weighing around forty five
kilograms (Shank, C., 2012). The Orangutans are well known for their ability to swing from tree to
tree easily with their long arms while their legs act as a second pair of arms when needed.
Orangutans in general live up to the age of forty. The female Orangutans are able to produce one
infant at a time with a gestation period of nine months. Female Orangutans are able to produce mere
three off springs during their short child bearing years, thus, making their population growth
vulnerable. The Orangutans play an important role in the ecosystem. They consume fruits and
scatter the seeds through their digestive system all around the forests. This process of scattering
seeds around the forests ensures the growth of fruit bearing trees and plants.
The Sumatran Orangutan population has depleted drastically in the last twenty to thirty years due to
their habitat loss through the clearing of forests to pave way for oil palm plantations and other
agricultural developments (Gursky–Doyen, S., & Supriatna, J., 2010). With palm oil being
extremely versatile, its demand has resulted in having 48 million tonnes of palm oil being produced
each year for the world export market (Oil World Trade Journal, 2008),

Arauco Case
Arauco Case
1. Should Arauco build the Nueva Aldea project? (Hint: Estimate the project Net Present Value and
provide a recommendation considering quantitative and qualitative arguments)
Qualitative arguments
We would suggest the company to go ahead with the the project Nueva Aldea considering next
arguments:
Horizontal expansion
The company Arauco should build the project Nueva Aldea, for various reasons related to
production, efficiency, access to lower costs and its growth internationally.
Among the reasons that support the construction of the new plant, we consider that Arauco will be
located in a specific region (VIII) close to the ports of Lirquén, Coronel and San Vicente where we
can find the largest productive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in the case of Arauco, forward integration presents at least five big threats:
1. Customers become supplier's competitors, as a consequence, decrease the pulp demand.
2. Cost disadvantage due to its smaller scale of paper manufacture operations compared to its paper
manufacturers' competitors.
3. To move the company out the boundaries of its core business into an adjacent space, where there
is not a practical know–how developed.
4. Using recycled fibers from paper has several advantages, including lower cost to recycle paper
than produce pulp.
5. Uncertainty about paper demand and price since computers, handle devices, and mobile phones
would act as a substitute for paper.
Quantitative arguments
According to the estimated net present value of the investment in Nueva Aldea project, we would
suggest the company to go ahead with the investment (The project Net Present Value estimations are
shown in Exhibit 1).
Assumptions:

* Evaluation time: 33 Years considering 3 years of construction, and 30 years of lifetime. * Price of
Pulp (US$/Ton): The projection is that the price will increase 8% per year. * Level of Production
(Ton/year): Assumed the data provided in the case for a new pulp mill. * Variable costs: Assumed
from exhibit 6. It will increase the same 8% as the variable revenue. * Fixed Costs: 9% of annual
sales. * Depreciation: Linear depreciation in 30

Controversy Over The Logging Industry In Canada
In Canada, there are many controversies over the logging industry. Logging is one of Canada's
major industries, as it supplies countries all over the world. Wood is one of the most used materials
in society. There are many reasons why logging is controversial. People all across the world rely on
Canada for it's logging industry to build buildings, houses, and is used in everyday materials.
However trees benefit the ecosystem in Canada and all across the world. Trees can be used in our
environment to benefit the forestry around us.
Trees are known to be the biggest plant in the world. In Canada, a vast majority of trees grow in the
West Coast Forest Region. This region is the most productive region for logging in Canada. The
Boreal Forest ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although cutting down trees may harm our environment, there are many reasons why cutting trees
in Canada is a good idea and can benefit our economy. Some of those reasons include Canada
generates billions of dollars each year through the logging industry. Deforestation makes a solid
income source for the government of Canada. Over 190 658 people are able to work jobs because of
the industry. Many people are currently dependent on logging to be able to work. The logging
industry, also generates billions of dollars due to pulp and paper. There are over 50 mills in Canada
for people to be able to work at. Another reason why Canada should be cutting trees down is due to
the safety of others. When trees become old and die, they become unstable and cannot handle
natural problems like wind, and storms. This can turn into a hazard to the general public. The trees
are able to fall easily and can possibly hurt a pedestrian near by. Diseased trees are also a reason
why Canada should be cutting down their trees. If diseased trees are not treated properly, the disease
can spread to other trees which then are not able to be used for production. Many people challenge
deforestation , the logging industry, and pulp and paper in Canada. However Canada generates
billions of dollars, and people are highly dependent on materials produced from wood and would be
hard to replace due to the reliance we have on the logging

Essay on Managing Energy Sources
Managing Energy Sources
Project Proposal
In today's world were the rate of world's possessions is deteriorating quickly. There is far added
pressure on the factory managers to construct merchandise in a technique that supply greatest
management of energy. I would like to choose Motkamills for my module project, which happens to
be a paper mill which specialises in producing laminating paper. I have chosen this particular
industry because of the fact, pulp for making paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the
industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Moreover they need to be environment
friendly as eco–system needs to be in perfect balance for survival of humans.
The use of energy monitoring and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The energy saving process for 50 GPM of reclaimed water would roughly require about 100 to 200
square feet of common production space. Utility requirements would be compressed air. The
estimate for total connected horsepower for the entire process would range from 15 to 20 HP.
The operating and maintenance costs for this process would consist of electric power costs along
with chemical purchases and maintenance costs. The water recycle process would have to be
connected with and electrical load in the range of 15 to 20 horsepower. Based upon the number of
times water recycled associated power requirements an annual cost of $7,500 would be incurred
according to (O'Connor, October2006).
The chemical consumption rates estimated from the test run of this process were found to be very
repetitive. The annual cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation expenses
extrapolated to an annual consumption rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulant and
flocculants needed for the pilot testing. The annual cost is approximated at $16,000. If the fibre is
recovered or dewatered further for disposal and the chemical treatment costs may be discounted as
they are approximately same as to the chemical requirements for the treatment of the fibre and fillers
needed for the waste treatment plant or the recovery of fibre through alternate technologies.
According to (O'Connor, October2006) the maintenance

Business Strategy And Managing Changing Environmental...
Business Strategy and Environment
Article: – Business Strategy and Firm Reorganization: Role of Changing Environmental Standards,
Sustainable Business Initiatives and Global Market Conditions
Index
Sr. No. Description Annexure Page No.
1. Introduction "A" 02 – 03
2. Key Points "B" 03 – 06
3. Marketing & Sustainability "C" 07
4. Conclusion "D" 08
5. References
Introduction:
Business Strategy and Firm Reorganization in Terms of Environment Sustainability
Effective Business strategy is a key to success for any business organization, in this era of
Globalization and fastest communication ICT modes, while Business are getting faster and excess of
production with latest tools and techniques, the very same time issue of sustainability and
Environment is a growing concern. The early 1990 saw a worldwide economic slowdown, from
1980 is to 1990s price reduction and falling profits were the problems faced by paper and pulp
industry.
Therefore, in order to counter the problems that were being faced; Management of USA and
Scandinavia European countries with slightly difference of Methods and Technology and Research
and Development, found and implemented various methods in terms of Market trends, Cost–
effectiveness, Environment and Sustainability concerns, Supply chain Management and
Reorganization/decision making.
Although, the environment impact of Paper and

The Use Of Xylans And Xylanases Has Grown Remarkably
In recent years, the biotechnological use of xylans and xylanases has grown remarkably (Aristidou
and Pentillä 2000; Subramaniyan and Prema 2002; Beg et al., 2001; Techapun et al., 2003). The
end–products of xylan degradation of considerable importance in commercial applications are
furfural and xylitol (Parajó et al., 1998). Xylan can be converted to β–D–xylopyranosyl and its
oligosaccharides via two types of hydrolysis: acid or enzymatic. Acid hydrolysis is often preferred
because it is faster, but it is accompanied by the formation of toxic compounds that may hinder
subsequent microbial fermentation. Furthermore, in the long run, it can lead to corrosion of the
metallic equipment that comes in contact with the acid. Recently, some industrial companies have
shown interest in the development of efficient enzymatic processes to be used instead of acid
hydrolysis in the treatment of material containing hemicellulose. Commercial xylanases are
industrially produced, for example, in Japan, Finland, Germany, Republic of Ireland, Denmark,
Canada and the USA. The microorganisms used to obtain these enzymes are Aspergillus niger,
Trichoderma sp. and Humicola insolens. Nevertheless, commercial xylanases can also be obtained
from bacteria. Xylanase began to be used in the 1980s: initially in the preparation of animal feed and
later in the food, textile and paper industries. Currently, xylanase and cellulase, together with
pectinases, account for 20% of the world enzyme market.
1.10.1

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bio-Diesel
6.5.2. Bio–diesel
Chemically, bio–diesel is a methyl ester of C16 –C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids obtained
through base, acid or enzyme catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol. Enzyme
catalyzed transesterification make the whole production process considerably sustainable and
greener. In Europe, biodiesel is made predominantly from rape seed oil. Worldwide so many plants
have been used for the production of biodiesel such as jojoba oil, jatropha oil, karanja oil etc.
Transesterification of vegetable oil produce bio–diesel and glycerol. Glycerol can be further used for
other important applications. The biodiesel so obtained can be added to diesel fuels in different
percentage compositions that may vary from 5% to 30%. In some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages
Besides having several advantages plant based renewable raw materials few limitations associated
with their use are given below:
Most of the plant products that can be used as a building block for industries have conventionally
been used as food resources. Plant resources need lots a space for their development. Biomass is
essentially seasonal, which affect their continuous supply as a feedstock. A broad range of materials
that comprise biomass could be damage if new processes need to be developed for each feedstock.
The building blocks extracted from biomass are foreign to traditional chemical producers and must
be demonstrated to function similarly to existing building blocks.
8. Conclusions
Plant based raw materials are already replacing fossil based materials. They have high substitution
potential especially for the products that have direct contact to humans e.g. tenside in detergents,
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In addition to that, their cost effectiveness and high concerns for
environmental consequences promote their use in various industries. In the future, plant–derived
chemicals are expected to play an increasingly significant role in the commercial development of
new

Non Wood Materials
This chapter contains literature and studies regarding the effectiveness of a non–wood plant as an
alternative main material for paper production. While the first use of paper started as early as trace
back to the beginning of the first millennium, paper still plays a significant role in modern everyday
lives (American Forest and Paper Association, 2013). By far, paper industry is the largest consumer
of natural fibers (El Omari, Zyane, Belfkira, Taourirte, & Brouillette, 2016). However, shortage of
the original raw material, which is woods, has been increasing drastically. This huge demand created
a number of strategies on how to address the problem (Madakadze, Masamvu, Radiotis, & Smith,
2010). Aside from changing the consumption ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are lesser layers before reaching the cellulose in non–wood fibers so it would be easier to
process it (Villamagna, 2009).
The study of Aremu, Rafiu, and Adedeji (2015) explained that cellulose is the part that makes the
fiber of a non–wood plants stronger and these are important parameters in determining the capability
of a material for pulp and paper production.The amount of cellulose fibers will still be the same,
maintaining the same sturdiness, only that non–wood plants will save a lot more energy as it uses
less refining energy than its counterpart (Subramanian, 2008). Lastly, bleaching is the process of
removing the color from the material. As Subramanian (2008) added, this is also an advantage for
non–wood users as bleaching non–wood fibers to a high brightness, requires only a shorter period of
time and less corrosive chemicals than wood fibers. These advantages would help the production to
be more efficient and cost effective for the paper production.
The quality of fiber produced from this material depends on the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose
and holocellulose (Kinsella, 2008). A higher content of cellulose can give stronger fibers that will
lead to the increase in the quality of the paper produced (Aremu, Rafiu & Adedeji, 2015). Since all
plant materials have cellulose in form of fibers, they are potential sources for pulp with

Case Study Of JK Paper Mills
JK Paper Mills believe that leadership is not merely a matter of size. With leadership, comes the
responsibility to drive growth in all its possible dimensions. Leadership demands transformation.
And to that extent, leadership shapes the very quality of growth.
At JK Paper Mills, holistic growth that has shaped its operations in the present as well as influenced
their investments in the future – in world–class technologies for enhancing customer experience,
besides enabling to fulfill social responsibilities.
At JK Paper Mills, technology up–gradation has meant more than just better business sense. JK
Paper Mills have moved beyond enhanced productivity, wider product range and better value, to
investing in and nurturing a future ready organization that is driven by its two core growth engines –
Customers and Environment.
JKPM's investments are focused on continuous and consistent up–gradation of processes, people
and nature. Be it converting wastelands into productive plantations to produce world–class pulp, or
scouting for and mentoring professionals who can drive the technology movement at JK Paper
Mills.
VISION
To be a dynamic benchmark and leader in the Indian paper industry.
MISSION OF JK PAPER MILLS
To achieve and maintain brand leadership and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Internal leadership has been developed in the Trade Unions who take up the cause of labour while
deeming their commitment to the production and productivity at Mills. The Management has also
been taking various steps including training to the union leaders about the rights, responsibilities and
obligations of the workers and the roles and responsibilities of the Union Leaders.The Management
has always been giving adequate thrust to human relations; which is the bedrock of industrial
relations. Our welfare concept is not limited to factory or to the welfare provisions prescribed under
the statues but spread to the family members of

Problem Analysis & Description. Net Sales For International
Problem Analysis & Description
Net Sales for International Paper Company (IP) decreased from $23,617 million in 2014 to $22,365
million in 2015 ("Annual Performance Summary 2015"). While these sales decreased overall, there
appeared to be a greater decrease in sales for consumer packaging than for any other department.
Consumer packaging has seen a dramatic decrease in sales for the second year in a row. According
to IP's 10k, consumer packaging sales are projected to be lower than average for the first quarter in
2016 as well. Operating profit for consumer packaging went from 178 million to (25) million from
2014 to 2015. ("Annual Performance Summary 2015"). According to International Paper's 2015
10K, the steep decline in consumer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another possibility is that the cost of manufacturing consumer packaging goods has increased so
much for IP that even an increase in demand for these products does not outweigh the cost.
Insert net sales chart
Income has been declining for International Paper Company in recent years. According to IP's 10k,
their income declined from 2,476 million to (1,332) million to (124) million from 2013 to 2014 to
2015 respectively. The decline in profit is mostly due to the decline in sales in recent years. Sales
during the most recent quarter saw a (1.97) growth. Trailing twelve month growth compared to last
year saw (7.54) growth. IP's 4 year growth rate is at a low of (5.38) ("Financial Highlights"). While
IP has negative growth, their growth is significantly less than the negative growth than industry,
sector, and S&P 500 (International Paper "Financial Highlights"). Since the entire industry of paper
mills is facing a steep decline in growth, it is expected that IP's sales would also decline. The market
for paper products in changing, leading to a decline in sales across the board. Paper imports are
increasing as well as prices of raw materials and they are projected to continue increasing according
to IBISWorld's projections. Although IP appears to be doing a better job than most of their industry
at keeping sales from falling too dramatically due to these factors, their sales and income are still
affected negatively by these changes.
Because of the decline in

Background of Roscoe and the NDT Industry
Background of Roscoe and the NDT Industry
Found in 1973 in Western Louisiana, Roscoe Nondestructive Testing Inc., is a company specialized
in provision of testing service for large boilers of pulp and paper mills industry. Its services include
monitoring corrosion of boiler walls by nondestructive testing (NDT) methods (such as ultrasonics)
and provide its customers reports for the condition of boilers. With the testing information provided
by Roscoe, pulp and paper mills can evaluate whether replacement or repair of their boilers is
required.
The most important asset for Roscoe is people, who are a team of highly specialized and
professional NDT technicians. To become a NDT technician, it requires professional training and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the further enhancement on customer service level, Porter believed that he could be able to
turn around business of Roscoe in 1–2 years time.
The Quality Improvement Program
Having identified the areas of improvement, Porter started a Quality Improvement Program (QIP) to
enhance the customer service level of its service team. The training included provision of training on
customer contact skills to technicians, redefining of service guidelines, development of customer
satisfaction surveying system and a bonus system for awarding outstanding performed technicians
evaluated by customers.
The QIP program was generally able to improve overall service level and customer satisfaction
towards the inspection team. In a customer satisfaction survey conducted in November 1991 (6
months after the first survey and QIP), it showed that customers' perception on Roscoe's technicians,
particular in the area of level of courtesy, organization of work and willingness to make extra effort,
were all improved. Yet, it was observed in the second customer satisfaction survey that customers'
evaluations of the overall performance of Roscoe were only slightly improved. There was still more
than 40% of customers believed that Roscoe's service was not value for their money.
Approaching the year end of 1991, Porter predicted that

Corporate Sustainability And The Social, Environmental And...
Executive Summary This report explores corporate sustainability and the social, environmental and
financial performance of International Paper Company. "Today we see a growing momentum to
reduce carbon footprints and co–create new social and economic structures."
(http://www.interfaceglobal.com/ Company/Leadership–Team/Ray–Watch. aspx) Sustainability
consists of environmental and social performance as well as financial performance. Companies
which can incorporate these strong values and cultures are becoming more the norm than not. Many
studies now show that most companies have adapted some form of sustainability with some doing
so at a higher level than others. In a study by Robert G. Eccles and George Serafeim, they compared
ninety companies that they considered to be high sustainability companies and 90 companies that
they considered to be low sustainability companies were compared. The findings of their 18 year
time frame showed that the high sustainability companies outperformed the low sustainability
companies in the stock market and financially. This only occurred in a long term plan. Therefore
companies who want results in the short term might not see the results they want immediately.
(Eccles and Serafeim) In today's society corporations have a responsibility to the environment as
well as to making a profit. A range of social and environmental issues and what is expected of the
modern day corporation will be discussed along

Solar Renewable Energy System
In brewing industry, 80% of overall final energy consumption is used in the form of thermal energy
where solar thermal can be used for brewing processes as below: steam generation, malting process,
stopping germination of grains, air cooling, conservation with hot air, power supplying of washing
machines, wither and kiln processes. Malting plants and breweries consume heat for their thermally
driven processes at temperature level ranges between 25°C to 120°C. It seems feasible to supply
heat at this temperature level which is not higher than the actual amount required but in reality the it
is often decided by the consumer which needs the highest temperature. The integration of solar
renewable energy system is necessary to reduce the exergy losses and CO2 emissions [17,21,24,25].
To utilize the organic matter from brewing residues, optimized heat recovery can supply its thermal
energy demand over resources. Theoretically, the full energy potential is not utilized so the pathway
is the conventional means of energy. However, the conversion of heat from energy gained from
renewable energy resources can ensure environment friendly beer production process for future. To
increase the overall energy efficiency, the integration of solar heat energy gained from solar thermal
collector technologies can be considered as a prospective alternative to fulfill the demands of typical
low temperature process heat.
9.3. Food Industry:
The most

Environmental Deterioration Of A Sustainable Industrial...
Cleaner production is the roadway to sustainable industrial development. Industrialization upgraded
the world along with generation of hazardous wastes. Chemical and process industries are under
constant scrutiny in the eye of legal, economic and ecological authorities for being liable to produce
such wastes. Thus in order minimize these liabilities, the minimization of wastes should be taken
care at the source. China has been acknowledged globally for its immense population growth. With
economic growth and massive industrial boom, the environmental deterioration has been on the rise.
Although the government has undertaken several steps and formulated various laws however, the
response received is critical. a) Population: Although China ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
70% of the china's major river system is polluted severely for human contact. d) Desertification:
From ancient days, China is known for its agricultural development. However, apart from human
activity, the north–east region of China the desertification is caused by wind erosion. Along with
wind erosion, there is water erosion as well. e) Loss of Biodiversity: With the increased urbanization
and industrialisation, there have been several proposals of hydrological dams to support the
demanding economic growth. As per China Ecological Footprint Report, 2012, the biodiversity of
China is under massive threat due to the construction of four dams. In current global scenario China
is the leading exporter in the world. That being said, the manufacturing units in terms of various
industries such as, dye, chemical, food and beverages etc. are growing every day. However, the
production practices are very poor, which is the main cause of the waste generation and pollution in
the country. a) Reduction of Long term Liabilities: After many years of waste generation and
pollution, the companies are disturbed about the environmental issues and waste disposal, cleaner
production eliminates such liabilities.(UNEP, 2015) b) Lowering Production Cost: The production
cost is reduced by substitution of raw materials for production, economical and environment
friendly extraction of raw materials. c) Enhances

Economic Analysis of Indian Paper Industry
ON
Market Forces: Supply and Demand
Understanding trends, drivers, elasticity and revenues
(With example of ITC paperboard & specialty papers division)
BY
Indian Paper Industry Structure: * The Indian paper industry accounts for about 2% of the world
production of paper & paperboard; currently ranks 15th in the world. * Estimated turnover of
Rs. 25,000 crore approximately; contribution of about Rs. 2920 crore to the exchequer. * The
industry provides employment to more than 0.12 million people directly and 0.34 million people
indirectly. * Over 800 players are currently present in the industry and the total estimated capacity is
about 11.1 million Metric Tonnes. * Most mills in India are small; a few mills have ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, despite the higher level of technology being used in the corporate sector, there has been
no decline in the demand for paper. In fact, demand for paper has increased.
In the industrial segment, paper competes with substitutes such as polymers, wood and steel for use
in packaging applications. Given their lower prices and the increasing focus on appearance,
polymers pose a threat to paper in industrial applications.
Supply:
The total number of mills in the country as of 2010–11 was around 800. During the last four years
the capacity has increased by 7.3%. Given the increase in demand for paper, there have been
significant capacity additions in the past few years with total capacity reaching 11.1 million tonnes
in 2010–11. This increase in capacity has led to a decline in the operating rates to levels of 78–79%.
Pricing:
Paper prices in the W&P segment marginally increased for all varieties in 2010–11 as
compared to 2009–10. The prices of W & P paper rose by 5.6 per cent in 2010–11, due to the
steady demand, which grew by 6.8 per cent over the same period. Price of creamwove, maplitho and
art board increased by 2.1, 7.4 and 6.6 per cent, respectively in 2010–11. In the industrial paper
segment, paper prices saw a sharper rise in 2010–11 as compared to the writing and printing
segment. The average industrial paper prices have increased at 16 per cent while the demand for the
same has grown at 6.7 per cent. Both duplex board and kraft paper

World Map Of Pollution Index For 2016 Essay
Introduction
Vietnam is experiencing a rapid and significant structural shift of its economy away from
agriculture, forestry and fisheries towards industrialization. This economic growth has brought
significant benefits to the people of Vietnam. Income and education have increased, while poverty
has substantially declined. However, natural resources have been severely depleted and
environmental quality has declined due to the rise in pollution levels.
http://icem.com.au/documents/envassessment/wb_cea/WB_CEA.pdf Figure 1 demonstrates that
Vietnam is one of the highest ranked countries in the world in terms of pollution index. Figure 1:
World Map of Pollution Index for 2016
In general, industrial enterprises in Vietnam have a poor environmental track record. Many use old
equipment which is less efficient and more polluting. In addition, several are without systems to
control and treat wastewater. http://icem.com.au/documents/envassessment/wb_cea/WB_CEA.pdf
Many of these plants do not comply with the country's environmental regulations and do not have
the necessary technology available for pollution control. Although the Government has previously
introduced policies for pollution prevention and control, their implementation is slow and additional
remedies for pollution prevention and cleanup are needed.
http://icem.com.au/documents/envassessment/wb_cea/WB_CEA.pdf
The pulp and paper–making industry is responsible for significant environmental pollution that is
affecting

The Issue Of The Paper Industry On Our Environment
I believe that the fact that the paper industry takes a heavy toll on our forests and trees overall is
common knowledge in this day and age, but it is also something that tends to be overlooked not
given the attention needed. Paper production has ranked among the top of the most resource–
intensive industries and it is with good reason. The industry consumes our trees, uses water, energy
and chemicals. The pulp and paper industry ranks fourth among industrial sectors in emissions of
Toxics Release Inventory chemicals to water, and third in such releases to air. The issues don't end
there; paper accounts for the largest portion of the municipal waste stream (34%). Once in a landfill,
paper has the potential to decompose and produce methane, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Research and previous procedures must be available, and while they are most likely out of date, it
gives more incentive to find efficient and less resource–consuming ways to update hemp–paper
production. Ground–work must have been laid with the plants past uses, and with funding from
companies interested in the research of new, environment–friendly resources promising results can
be met.
The research will be conducted with the use of database engines and scholarly articles to seek out
information on hemp, its history, uses, and future viability. Research on the current state of the paper
and pulp industry will also be presented to try and find differences or similarities that could be
telling of the viability of hemp as a prominent paper resource.
As with every research topic, limitations are unavoidable. The limits which we would be facing are
the fact that our scope is limited to the research of past data to make the most informed prediction
possible for the future of hemp as a paper resource. Although no true, physical research is possible
with my present conditions, I believe that this ground–work can lead another to completing the
physical research necessary for achieving the scientific results needed.
Data
 Advancements seen in the Paper and Pulp industry
 Initially, paper is said to be invented in China in A.D 105. Ts'ai Lun receives credit for inventing
paper.

Hemp to Save Our Trees
BY: Lillian Richard
Hemp to Save Our Trees
Worldwide we are seeing a devastation of our forests due to paper production. Consumption of
wood products has risen 64% since 1961. Globally, pulp for paper, has risen from 40% in 1998, to
an expected 60% over the next 50 years. The industry expects that demand to double by 2050. The
U.S. consumes 200,000,000 tons of wood products annually, increasing by 4% every year. U.S.
paper producers consume 1 billion trees each year (735 pounds of paper for every American). U.S.
at 5% of world population consumes 30% of world's paper. Only 5% of virgin forests remain in the
U.S.
The pulp and paper industry is the 3rd largest industrial polluter – 220 million pounds of toxic
pollution into air and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, these claims went unchallenged and Congress outlawed hemp in 1937. Millions of
Americans still believe the lies spread about hemp.
Hemp fiber and hurds should be used to make paper in the U.S. to reduce deforestation, reduce
toxins in our waterways, and aid family farms. Hemp products are nontoxic, biodegradable and
renewable. No tree or plant species on the planet has the commercial, economic, and environmental
potential of hemp. With over 50,000 non–smoking products which can be produced from hemp why
not start by saving our trees!
Lillian Richard
SCI 204 Q
D00772586
Hemp to Save Our Trees Footnotes 1. Walker, David W., Ph.D., "Can Hemp Save Our Planet?",
Citing St. Angelo A.J., E.J Conkereton, J.M. Dechary, and A.m> Altschul, 1966, Biochimica et
Biphysica Acta, vol. 121 pp. 181; St. Angelo, A., L.Y. Yatsu and A.M. Altschul 1968, Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 124, pp. 199–205; Stockwell, D.M., J.M. Dechary, and A.M.
Altschul, 1964, Biochimica Biophysica Acta, Vol. 82 pp. 221. 2. Morroson, R.t., Organic Chemistry,
1960; Kimber, Gray, Stackpole, Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology 1943. 3. World Hunger
Project, Save the Children, EST. Forum. 4. Frazier, Jack, The Marijuana Farmers, Solar Age Press,
New Orleans,

Case Study
Accounting 3411 Case Study #1:
Forest Hill Paper Company
By Thomas L. Albright
Forest Hill Paper Company (FHPC) is a closely–held paperboard manufacturer that has been
struggling with a number of strategic issues facing a capital–intensive, mature industry. Their
product costing system was inadequate to provide management with relevant information for
decision making. Therefore, the board of directors has approved your consulting company's proposal
to conduct a cost system pilot study. Besides showing an analysis of FHPC's product cost, your
report to the board of directors is to include strategic recommendations based on your findings.
INSTRUCTOR NOTE: I recommend viewing the following video before reading the rest of the case
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After debarking, chippers reduce the logs into one–inch cubes.
The second step in the process is termed "digesting". Wood chips are cooked at 325 degrees
Fahrenheit to break down the glue–like material bonding the wood fibers. Chemicals used in the
digester are reclaimed and used in future pulp production. Following the digesting process, only
brown fibers remain which are washed and screened.
A bleaching process is used to convert brown pulp into white pulp.
The paperboard manufacturing process begins by mixing pulp with water and chemicals in the first
stage, or headbox, of a paper machine. The mixture is applied to a porous wire mesh; and formation
of paper actually occurs within this step. The wire mesh travels through a press that forces the pulp
mixture against the wire to eliminate water within the mixture and to form the desired paper
thickness. The material then proceeds to a drying section where it travels across numerous
cylindrical dryers that are heated with steam. In the final section of the paper machine, long sections
of paperboard are rolled up into parent rolls and are removed from the machine. The parent roll is
further processed by FHPC 's customers to make various types of paperboard containers.
Sometimes customers require additional processes to be performed on parent rolls. For example,
food

Arauco Analysis
Esc Rennes | | Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion? | | Costa Agustina | 31/03/2011 |
[Escriba aquí una descripción breve del documento. Una descripción breve es un resumen corto del
contenido del documento. Escriba aquí una descripción breve del documento. Una descripción breve
es un resumen corto del contenido del documento.] |
Arauco: Forward Integration or Horizontal Expansion?
Introduction:
Arauco was formed through a merger between Industrias Arauco and Celulosa Constitución in 1979.
With the pass of the years the company become one of the largest timber plantation owner in Latin
American and Chile`s largest exporter of timber ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second phase of the project includes constructing a pulp mill and will cost US$1 billion.
Today (2004) Pérez main problem is that he has to decide whether the company should go through a
horizontal expansion or a forward integration. In others words, if the company should continue with
the second phase of The Nueva Aldea project becoming the largest market pulp producer in the
world and having the possibility of foregoing other large projects in the next decade or to take
advantage of their low costs in pulp production by forward integrating into paper manufacturing.
Evaluation of the two alternatives:
As regards the horizontal expansion, there are several points that must be taken into account as they
demonstrate that this option will be the correct one: * This expansion will grow the company market
share because they have a cost advantage. * For a company is better and easier to grow in a sector
that they are presently functioning. * The market seems to be moving in favor. * As a result of a
horizontal expansion the company can achieve economies of scale and reduce significantly their
costs. * Pulp is Arauco´s main industrial activity, generating up 52% of EBITDA * Pulp production
is the core competency of Arauco. * Becoming the market leader will allow them to control supply
and demand of the market of pulp. * They have young forests. * Arauco is one of the world´s
premier forestry enterprises

Total Environmental Assessment for Pulp and Paper Industry...
Total Environmental Assessment for Pulp and Paper Industry in the Philippines
Emil Adrian V. Fernandez
M.S. Industrial Engineering Student
Industrial Engineering Department, De La Salle University – Manila fernandeze@dlsu.edu.ph
ABSTRACT
Among current environmental issues, pollution is of major importance in terms of the impact on
people's health and their living and working conditions regardless of the origin or source of
pollutants. The indiscriminate discharge of untreated wastewater, improper disposal of solid waste
and air pollution pose great risks to public health and cause significant welfare losses. The
Philippine Pulp and Paper Industry though played a major role in the economic recovery program is
one of the major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common sources of pulp include mixed tropical hardwood and various planted tree species
such as falcate, eucalyptus, gmelina, acacia and pinus. The most common pulp produced is kraft
pulp (DBP, 1999). In the Philippines, kraft pulp is exclusively produced by PICOP. Kraft pulp is
either bleached or unbleached. Bleached kraft pulp (BKP) is mainly used in newsprint, printing
writing, and tissue paper manufacture. While Unbleached kraft pulp (UKP) is used for linerboard,
sack paper, wrapping papers and board (DBP, 1999). 1.2.1.2 Secondary Fiber Secondary fiber is
produced by repulping waste paper, It is the most dominant source of fiber in the country. Usually,
secondary fiber is combined at a predetermined ratio with virgin pulp to regulate the quality of
finished paper. The reason thy secondary fiber is still the most popular in usage is its lower price
compared to virgin fiber. Processing of secondary fiber also generates less pollution compared to the
other sources of pulp (DBP, 1999). 1.2.1.3 Non–wood Pulp The only type of non–wood pulp now
being produced in the Philippines is abaca pulp. There used to be two producers of pulp from
bagasse, the Central Azucarera de Bais and United Pulp and Paper Corporation but have stopped
production because of the negative environmental impacts

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation
Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other
uses. According to the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 18 million acres of
forest land is lost each year attributed to deforestation alone. Deforestation happens in most parts of
the world, though tropical rainforests are usually severely affected. Deforestation has been practiced
throughout history although it has increased enormously over the past 50 years. There are many
cause of deforestation. Firstly, Trees are being cut down for business purposes. This includes timber
harvesting to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes. In paper industries,
harvested raw wood are first turned into watery "soup" called wood pulp containing lignin, wood
fibers, water and the chemicals used for pulping process. Paper industries then bleach pulp to the
color they desire depending on the type of paper needed by using a variety of chemicals. When the
pulp is ready, large machines spray the pulp mixture onto moving mesh screens to make a layered
mat. The mat of pulp then goes through several processes to remove water and dry it out. The mat is
finally heated through rollers to remove any remaining water and to compress into on roll of paper
which is usually very wide. This paper is then coated with special chemicals to give it a special
texture, and extra strength. Lastly, the paper rolls are cut to desired size and then packaged for
shipping to other facilities for additional processing to manipulate it into all types of specialized
papers. In home, forest products are known to form magnificent building materials. Therefore trees
are commonly used to make timber which serves as a raw material for building. Timbers of various
sizes, weight and shapes are designed to fit the desire of the house needed. Some house designs my
require large bulk of timber while others requires small amount to be completed Secondly tress are
being cut down to make more land available for housing and urbanization. Rapid global population
growth, urbanization, rising incomes and resource scarcity are exerting excess pressure on land and
water resources used by agriculture and forests, which are critical to

Application Of Cellulases On Juice Recovery
Application of Cellulases on Juice Recovery
Introduction
Cellulose is the most abundant compound produced from stalks, leaves, and stems (Shankar, 2011).
The use of enzymes in the food industry provides safer and higher quality products. Cellulases are
enzymes which break down the sugar cellulose. Cellulase enzymes are produced by fungi, animals,
plants, and bacteria. (Zhang 2013) The cellulase enzyme has been used for various industry
applications such as the textile industry, paper industry, and juice industry. Cellulases link beta, 1,4
linkages in the cellulose chains (Zhang 2013). There are three types of cellulase enzymes:
endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and beta–glucosidases. Exoglucanases act on the reducing or non–
reducing ends of cellulose (Zhang, 2013). Endoglucanases cut the nonreducing ends of cellulose or
the beta–1,4–bonds. Endoglucanases are also produced by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals
(Zhang,2013). Lastly, beta–glucosidases are produced by archaea, bacteria, fungi, plants, and
animals and are known for degrading cellobiose (Zhang, 2013). All three forms of cellulases are
produced from animals, bacteria, and plants. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss mainly the
cellulase enzyme and its effect on the juice industry in addition to other applications of cellulase,
and how cellulase behaves in combination with other enzymes such as pectinase and xylanase.
1. Beverage Industry
Fruit contains a cell wall which consists of 10% proteins and 90%

Bounty Paper Towel Analysis
Bounty Paper Towels:
Bounty Paper Towels, known as the "The quicker picker upper" started in 1957 in Green Bay,
Wisconsin. They are known as the quicker picker upper because they are so absorbent because of
the pattern they have and also because they are 2–ply which makes them thicker and more
absorbent. At the time, other brands were promoting how strong they were and how soft they were
but did not really ever say much about how absorbent they were. After research they discovered that
really all customers cared about was how much they absorbed, so that is what they started
promoting. In 1965, they came out with a two–ply paper towel that was thicker and softer than any
other paper towel on the market at that time. Bounty Paper Towels are made

ISSN 1940–204X
Thomas L. Albright University of Alabama
IntroductIon
Forest Hill Paper Company (FHPC) is a small, closely–held paperboard manufacturer that produces
a broad line of paperboard in large reels, termed parent rolls. These parent rolls are sold to
converters who further process them into containers used for a diverse line of consumer products,
such as packaging for microwavable meals. The owners of FHPC have long pursued the strategy of
producing a full range of products. As a small company competing against large companies in a
commodity market, management believes Forest Hill must offer a full range of both products and
services. Thus, Forest Hill's strategy is to create a niche based on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Chemicals used in the digestor are reclaimed and reused in future pulp production. Following the
digesting process, the naturally brown fibers are washed and screened. A bleaching process converts
brown pulp into white pulp. The paperboard manufacturing process begins by mixing pulp with
water and chemicals in the first stage, or headbox, of a paper machine. The mixture is applied to a
porous wire mesh; formation of paper actually occurs within this step. The wire mesh travels
through a press that forces the pulp mixture against the wire to eliminate water within the mixture
and to form the desired paper thickness. The material then proceeds to a drying section where it
travels across numerous cylindrical dryers that are heated with steam. In the final section of the
paper machine, long sections of paperboard (approximately five miles long and weighing ten tons)
are rolled up into parent rolls and are removed from the machine. The parent roll is further
processed by FHPC's customers to make various types of paperboard containers. Sometimes
customers require additional processing on parent rolls. For example, food processors often require
widths of 18 inches, rather than the standard width of a reel (approximately 12 feet). Thus, reels are
loaded onto a rewinder slitter to produce eight reels 18 inches wide from one 12–foot–wide reel. For
convenience, Forest Hill had always combined labor and machine costs of the rewinder slitter with

Celulosa Arauco Essay
Introduction
The Pulp industry is a promising industry with profit margins as high as 31%. Pulp is a commodity
product which is frequently traded. Demand for pulp is expected to increase world over in the
coming years.
Key Environmental, structural, competitive and market forces affecting Pulp industry (See Exhibit
1)
The pulp industry has been marked by a flat growth over the past few years. Though, it is expected
to pick up with demand increasing in the emerging economies such as China. The pulp producers
have been known for controlling inventories releasing products to marketplace at a targeted price.
But the overall market trend is changing from a supply driven market to a demand driven market.
The Chilean government and free trade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Recommendation for Horizontal Integration (See Exhibit 4)
I would support and recommend Perez to make investments to increase capacity and expand
horizontally. The greatest competitive advantage of Celulosa Arauco is cost. I believe that Celulosa
Arauco can take advantage of its low cost effectiveness and become a low cost leader in pulp. If
Celulosa Arauco is consistently able to price their pulp lower, it will be increasingly difficult for
vertically integrated companies to produce their own pulp in–house. In a commodity market it is
critical to keep costs low by maintaining high production efficiencies. I would also recommend
Perez to invest further in Research and Development, Forest Management and Genetics to improve
the overall quality and life of plantations. Generating electricity from surpluses at the pulp mills will
help it to reduce costs further. Concentrating a large amount of revenues from a single source (pulp)
carries a lot of risk. Hence, I would recommend Perez to diversify into as many by–products as
possible. The panels, timber and wood products market can create a buffer to maintain their margins
when the pulp prices are volatile. Celulosa Arauco has an established distribution network including
ports that plays an important role to reduce transportation costs. Integrating vertically into paper
manufacturing will require different sets of skills and resources. Unlike pulp, paper is

The Benefits Of Jackfruit
According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, Jackfruit is a large tropical Asian fruit that is related to a
breadfruit that yields a fine–grained yellow wood and immense fruits which contains an edible pulp
and has nutritious seeds. It is believed to be originated in the Southwestern rain forests of the
Western Ghats in the Indian Subcontinent. It is well suited to tropical lowlands. Jackfruit is the
largest tree–borne fruit, it can reach as much as 35 kg in weight, 90 cm in length and 50 cm in
diameter. A Jackfruit tree can produce about 100 to 200 fruits in a year. It is widely cultivated and
popular throughout the tropical regions. The Jackfruit peel is a waste and has no economic use. We
think that we can use it to make something new that is useful to people and can help our
environment. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, Paper is a thin sheet material that is used in
writing or printing. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As of 2012, the local paper industry directly employs about 6,000 personnel, mostly skilled workers
and technical professionals, and contribute value to the economy by sustaining the livelihood
opportunities of about 1.2 million workers in the wastepaper collection, sorting, and hauling sub–
sectors.
Current socio–economic conditions in the country are profitable for businesses in the pulp and paper
industry. While paper and paperboard consumption in the Philippines is still low at 19 kg per capita,
total annual demand is growing at 2.5% per year, with packaging and tissue grades experiencing
high growth rates. Moreover, total paper and board demand in the Philippines is projected to surpass
2 million tons within five years, or an additional of 0.3 million tons per year at current consumption

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Biomass
In order to answer this question I have to carry out an experiment. This experiment will be
compared with past studies of the conversion of biomass to biofuel.
Biomass is a term defined as plant based material. Biomass energy is derived from five energy
sources: garbage, wood, waste, landfill gases, and alcohol fuels. Forest residues such as dead trees,
branches and tree stumps, yard clippings, wood chips and garbage are often used. It can be used for
energy production through combustion or direct burning. Raw plant and tree materials can also be
refined in order to create what are called biofuels. One example of a potential biofuel would be
wood. Wood contains a lot of potential energy but in order to create the biofuel wood energy is
derived both from the direct use of harvested wood as a fuel and from wood waste streams. The
largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor, a waste product from the industrial processes
of the pulp, paper and paperboard industry.
Industrial scale biomass production is now readily being grown after an increased popularity for
biofuels. Biomass is now being grown from numerous types of plants sources, including sugarcane,
grasses, switchgrass, hemp, corn, pine, bluegum, poplar, willow, and sorghum. There is little
difference in the source that the energy is extracted from.
Biomass is a foundation which can be converted to energy (biofuel), it is potentially able to power
everything from cars to airplanes. Biomass can be converted to

Canadian Economic Problems
To meet the needs of Canadian people, three fundamental economic questions need to be answered:
What should we produce?
How should we produce it?
For whom should we produce it?
Although every country will answer the what, how and for whom questions differently, every
country will be confronted with the same fundamental problems: resource allocation and scarcity.
Resources are all the ingredients needed for production. The factors of production include
land(natural resources, labor (workers for the production process) entrepreneur (business owners),
and capital (technology and machinery/tools of production).
Scarcity refers to the fact that people's wants or desires are going to be higher than the resources
available to achieve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The above is what Canadian industry produces but what is it that we produce, the goods and
services. The largest category of goods is motor vehicles and parts which slightly bypassed energy
products such as oil, bitumen and natural gas. The third product Canada produces is metals &
minerals followed by consumer goods.
2. Provide a timeline of major exports (what the nation used to heavily produce, what they are
known for producing now, future trends) (Julie)
1600's
Canada's Economy is based mostly on natural resources such as fur trade, farming, fishing, forestry,
and mining. The history of Canada's economy goes back to the 16th century when the French and
British came to Canada and traded iron tools, weapon and other good with the First Nations people
for fur, beaver mostly. The fur where exported back to Europe and Canadian Codfish was dried and
salted and sent to Europe as well.
1800's
1890 to 1914 – Canada had a rapid growth of mining and manufacturing. In Aug of 1896, the was
the "Klondike Gold Rush," a large mining of gold. The gold rush was hot news that spread quickly
and produced a pull factor, drawing the attention of many immigrants and explorers.
1900's
By the 1900's some industries such as carriage making and blacksmithing declined and were
replaced with new modern industries such as electrical equipment. Also, now factories were built,

and the demand for workers increased.
1890 to 1914 – Pulp and Paper high in demand

Sappi And Sustainability : Sappi North America
Sappi and Sustainability
Sappi North America owns a paper mill in Skowhegan, Maine and another in Westbrook. The article
I read was predominantly about the Skowhegan Sappi Mill, which has been ranked among the worst
polluters in the state of Maine. Sappi North America came out with their sustainability report for
2015 back in May after a tax agreement was completed with the town of Skowhegan. I live in
Madison, which is the next town over from Skowhegan, and our paper mill stopped production of is
paper this past May soon after Sappi released their sustainability report. The issue of taxes is
something the town of Madison is still dealing with and something Skowhegan hopes they will not
have to deal with. This, however, seems inevitable as evaluations continue to drop the value of mills
in the state, forcing towns to find money somewhere else.
There are three major issues Sappi must deal with. The first problem is the closing of other paper
mills in the area. The Madison Mill, along with four other paper mills in Maine, have shut down
over the past couple of years (Harlow, 2016). This is a result of better technology including laptops,
tablets, email, instant messaging, and online shopping. People do not need paper for writing letters,
printing assignments, or looking through catalogs anymore, causing the demand for paper to drop.
Companies that still use paper for catalogs and magazines have start to buy paper from mills in other
countries, such as Canada, which off

Lenzing Ag Case
Lenzing AG: Expanding in Indonesia
Case Review
Summary
Lenzing AG is one of the worlds largest rayon fiber manufacturers, originating in Lenzing, Austria.
In 1938 Lenzing AG was founded, starting pulp and viscose fiber production.
Up until the 1980's, Lenzing was a company that held its production and management in the same
country and town where the company had originated. Until one day , the Chairman of Lenzing had
agreed to go into a joint partnership with an international investor. The joint venture was with an
Indian entrepreneur by the name of Ashok Birla, who saw opportunity in Indonesia for Lenzing and
the rayon industry within. Lenzing viewed this as an opportunity to break out of their domestic
Austrian market, and tap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a producer of rayon, Lenzing's most important fundamental constituent is dissolving grade pulp.
This is a rather uncommon form of pulp, in which they have been purchasing from Brazil to their
production plant in Indonesia. This would be viewed as a weakness, as in Indonesia there are 14
pulp producers, none with the technology to create the dissolving grade pulp, but pulp none the less.
I believe that Lenzing has an opportunity to create an agreement with one or more of these local
pulp producers, to enable them to produce the necessary grade of pulp.
As rayon requires a large amount of pulp for its production, they have purchased a percentage of a
company in Brazil to meet their pulp needs. For Lenzing, this was a valuable purchase and has made
it possible for them to continue the production of rayon in Indonesia. Although, I believe that there
is an opportunity locally that would satisfy their need for pulp. Indonesia has 14 producers of pulp,
none of them with the technology to create the required grade that is needed in the production of
rayon. Rather than purchasing a percentage of the pulp company in brazil, and having to ship the
pulp time after time internationally, it could have been a more economical transaction with the
Indonesian pulp companies. There could have been an opportunity to

Should Marijuana Be Illegal?
Getting to know Cannabis as a Whole Marijuana as you know is illegal in more than half of the
United States. You would think marijuana was illegal because of some harmful effects but that 's
where you 're wrong. The reasons why Marijuana was made illegal were because the the public were
never informed about the real uses of Marijuana. Marijuana also known as Hemp is often used as
source to make materials such as paper. Before 1883 about seventy–five to ninety percent of the
world 's paper was manufactured from hemp bast fiber. The United States first proposed making
paper from hemp pulp in the early 1930s. Although at the moment there was no machine that could
be used to help mass produce hemp in a fast and cheap way. Meanwhile, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The only knowledge about hemp that the public knew about was stories and rumors that gave
Cannabis a bad name like "the killer weed with roots in hell", because of the supposedly harmful
effects that it had on the human body and brain, Nowadays with our more advanced technology has
proven that Marijuana Has more positive effects than bad ones. Little did people know that the first
Levi 's blue jeans were made from the hemp plant. In my research Paper I will include basic
information on Hemp, Products made from Hemp, How Hemp can help us save paper and the
environment, How hemp can fit into our daily lives, and basic info on different parts of the Hemp
plant.
First of all, hemp has been used way before any of us knew it as cannabis. Industrial hemp is known
as those parts of the cannabis sativa plant which contains less than one percent
tetrahydrocannabinols also referred to as THC. THC is the psychoactive chemical found in cannabis
sativa that gives you the "high" feeling. Marijuana comes from the flowers of the cannabis sativa
plant and often contain more than 1.00 percent THC. Industrial hemp has no psychoactive
properties, which means when consumed you will not experience its side effects. Industrial hemp
can be grown as a profitable, high–quality fiber crop without producing marijuana. Different seed
varieties produce different levels of THC. Farmers in the Europe have been growing hemp for over
twenty years without any problems

The Study On Environemtal Pollution Essay
The Study on ' 'Environemtal pollution" has been accomplished with the useful efforts and
contribution of the group members. Working on this term paper has been very beneficial for us as it
is related to our course 'Businees law". This term paper has given us a big boost to the development
of our bookish knowledge with the help of practical knowledge and group discussions.
We would like to thank our honorable faculty member Fahmida Hasan for giving us the opportunity
to make this term paper.
Then I would like to thank our group members– Istiak. If they were not supportive enough till the
end, this term paper would never have been completed accurately.
We, the group members also want to thank each other. Each of the group members was very helpful
to each other. Every member's participation was very much beneficial, necessary and nobody let
anyone down. The group work was satisfactory for us.
We would like to acknowledge that all the images are collected from websites. Information
presented in this term paper is gathered from and internet web sites & bangladesh poribesh andolon
(BAPA).
2.Objective of the study
In this study, our primary objective is to find out the reasons and facts regarding how environmental
pollution effects in Dhaka city and the basic laws or steps are setup for these situation. To be simple,
our main objective is to know the current thought of people about environmental pollution in dhaka
city.
Our secondary objective is to find out the laws

Mondi: An International Packaging and Paper Group
Contents COMPANY HISTORY 2 SWOT ANALYSIS 2 Strengths 3 Weaknesses 3 Opportunities 4
Threats 4 CURRENT MARKET SITUATION 5 Market State in the World 5 Branches in Other
Countries 5 IT POSITION 6 IT SYSTEM OF THE ORGANISATION 6 System Risks 6 Security 7
Recovery 8 FUTURE STRATEGY 10 CONCLUSION 11 REFERENCES: 12 COMPANY
HISTORY According to Mondi Group website, 2013, Mondi is an international packaging and paper
Group, with production operations across 30 countries and over 25,700 employees. Its key
operations and interests are in central Europe, Russia and South Africa. The roots of the global
business that is now Mondi were first planted in 1967 in South Africa, when their former owners
Anglo American plc built the Merebank ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2011 was a momentous year for a number of reasons. The 'Arab Spring' uprisings in the Middle East
and North Africa and the earthquake and tsunami in Japan in the first half of the year, coupled with
concerns around the US economic recovery, all had a profound effect on the global social, political
and economic landscape. More directly affecting Mondi's trading environment, the second half of
the year was dominated by the ongoing macroeconomic challenges affecting the Eurozone and the
wider European Union, with the threat of sovereign default and the break–up of the Eurozone
creating widespread uncertainty in many of the countries in which they operate. Against this
backdrop, the Group achieved very pleasing results with underlying operating profit increasing by
36% to E622 million and basic earnings per share – alternative measure – increasing by 57% to 71.8
euro cents per share, confirming the validity of their strategy. Branches in Other Countries Mondi
Group's branches are spread throughout the world. They have branches in the areas of Northern
America, Latin America, Africa, Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific. IT POSITION According to
Mondi Group, 2013, In order to deliver maximum performance at optimum cost, Mondi Corrugated
focuses on appropriate designs, materials and printing, which in combination with the relevant
technical functionalities add up to the desired end product. Process

Pulp Company Business Operations
Pulp Company Business Operations
Pulp Company manufacture and sells paper card board, food packaging, and carton boxes to various
industries such as food industries, stationery shops, packaging companies, and electrical &
electronics industries etc. Pulp Co. uses waste paper as raw material for recycling and producing
pulp. The pulp is blown dry and hardens thus forming cardboard which is used for games board,
ring files, and drawing board found in stationery shop. These pulp are also used to produce trays for
holding food such as eggs, dried food products etc. With recycling of waste paper in card board,
carton boxes of various sizes and holding capacity can also be produced and sold to packaging ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This computerized software system is usually known as the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
system. Orders and delivery information should be correctly captured in the system once purchase
orders from customers are received. Finished goods would be delivered to customers through in–
house transport department.
4.1.4 Basic customer handling skills.
Indoor sales usually does not deal much with potential prospects as they only serve confirmed
customers. However it is paramount that they learn how to communicate with customers usually the
purchaser, and convey their requests into proper order fulfillments.
4.1.5 Product knowledge.
Every sales personnel must know what they are selling. Indoor sales clerks must be enable to
identify various services and products produced by their company.
4.2 Outdoor sales training scheme
The outdoor sales executives form the core of profit generation. They are the ones who are
responsible for the livelihood of all the staff including the CEO himself. Lets focus on their training
in Pulp Co.
4.2.1 Sales presentation skills.

The manager will teach the salespeople how to present the product to the potential prospect. There
are 2 methods of sales

History Of International Paper Company
1. History of International Paper Company International Paper Company was incorporated January
31, 1898, upon the merger of 18 pulp and paper mills in the northeastern United States. Its founders
and first two presidents were William Augustus Russell and Hugh J Chisholm. The newly formed
company supplied 60 percent of all newsprint in the country. Through many changes it has become
one of the largest producers of paper and paper products and had facilities in twenty–four countries.
The company now manufactures plastic lids and paper cups for fast–food giants like McDonald 's,
Wendy 's and Subway. They also produce printer and copier paper, envelopes, corrugated packaging
and shipping containers, consumer packaging for cosmetics and home entertainment. International
Paper has made advantageous changes to stay competitive and profitable in the industry and to
reduce their carbon footprint on the environment as times and conditions have changed.
2. The Growing Momentum to Introduce Sustainability to the Modern Corporation. Global leaders
are making a turn toward sustainability and thus lessening their carbon footprint on the environment.
One such company which has joined in the global change toward sustainability is International
Paper Company. Paper companies have long been criticized for the harm done to the environment.
Environmentalists have criticized paper companies for years because of the pollution from their
manufacturing

An Issue For Humans, The Natural World, And The Economy
1) The issue you have explored including why it is an issue for humans, the natural world, and the
economy.
Paper mills have been known to release toxic waste materials into the water and the air in which
they operate. This has not only happened here in Maine, but also in states such as Wisconsin and
Georgia. In Wisconsin, chemicals used in the paper making process have been found in rivers,
gaining concentration in the sediment at the river bottom (Environmental Impacts of the Paper
Industry, 2016). These chemicals are used "to prevent bacterial growth in the pulp and finished
paper products" (Environmental Impacts of the Paper Industry, 2016). Poisons released into the air
in Georgia from the paper industry "include nitrous oxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and
volatile organic chemicals" as well as "mercury", "cellulosic fibers", and "chlorophenolic wood
preservatives and anti–sap stains" (Jackson, Standiford, Smith, Spencer, & Tyler, 2014). Paper
production also involves the use of great amounts of energy, causing some mills to put up their own
energy generators or use large amounts of public power (Environmental Impacts of the Paper
Industry, 2016). To make paper, you must also have pulp, which comes from trees. These trees are
not always responsibly resourced, causing some patches of trees to be cut down completely in places
that have never been cut before, possibly in foreign countries (Environmental Impacts of the Paper
Industry, 2016). If not properly cut,

The Chinese Royal Court
Paper has been around for centuries, dating back as far as 105 A.D., when it was invented by
members of the Chinese royal court. Ever since its innovation, paper has steadily grown to be
extremely important in the daily lives of different societies and cultures across the globe today. Here
in America for example, it can easily be said that the average person consumes some form of paper
every single day. Our society revolves around the consumption of paper. It is involved in many
aspects of daily life, such as our food, our education, our hygiene, to decorate and clean our homes,
our occupations, our recreational activities, art, and even in holiday traditions such as gift wrapping
and cards. Paper is even used as the main form of exchange in our country, and therefore in a sense
it could be said that America runs on paper. Being a current college student, paper is more vital in
my life than it has ever been before. On average, I consume at least 20 sheets of paper most days of
the week, between note taking and printing lecture slides or homework assignments. For this reason,
I decided that sheet paper would be an interesting topic to perform a commodity chain analysis on. I
have always consumed it daily, but I came to realize that I do not know much about what goes into
producing it, and what it takes to get it into my notebooks and printer. Besides using paper for my
education, I too like every other American use paper daily for many other things like money,
hygiene, food,

Maximizing Energy Efficiency at a Paper Mill

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Maximizing Energy Efficiency at a Paper Mill

Similar to Maximizing Energy Efficiency at a Paper Mill (14)

More from Miles Priar

More from Miles Priar (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Maximizing Energy Efficiency at a Paper Mill