The Brushless Dc Motor, By Lawal Adedayo Kehinde

The Brushless Dc Motor, By Lawal Adedayo Kehinde
TERM PAPER ON THE BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR BY LAWAL ADEDAYO KEHINDE Abstract: The
brushless DC motor also called the electronically commutated motor (ECM) drive are synchronous motors that
are powered by a DC electric source through an integrated inverter/ switching power supply, which produces
an AC electric signal to drive the motor. They make operations more reliable, efficient and less noisy. In terms
of weight, they are lighter than the brushless DC motors with the same power output. It has helped a great deal
in solving the challenges encountered with the brushed DC motors which wear out ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To control commutation timing, rotor position is sensed and used for timing the switching of the output
transistors to control the motor in the motor windings. The Brushless DC motor is a rotating electric motor
consisting of stator armature winding and rotor permanent magnets. . They have three phase windings that are
wound in star or delta connection and need a three phase inverter bridge for electric commutation. It has
permanent magnet which makes it have a high ratio between torque and motor size and also suitable for
applications where space and weight are critical for example, in satellite applications. The brushless DC
motors are becoming more popular in low and medium power applications due to the characteristics they have
such as better speed versus torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency, noiseless operation
and higher torque to weight ratio. They also have a long life span. With rapid development in power
electronics, semiconductor and manufacturing technology for high performance magnetic materials, the
brushless DC motors have been used for energy savings applications such as air conditioners, refrigerators, air
pumps, kitchen appliances and electric vehicles. II. HISTORY OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR The brushless
DC MOTOR is developed on the groundwork of the brushed DC motors. The modern machine theory was
established when Faraday discovered the electromagnetism induction phenomenon in 1831. The first DC
motor was made in the
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Synchronous Generators
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 MATLAB SIMULATION 4 DISCUSSION 8 REFERENCE 10
INTRODUCTION Synchronous generators or alternators are synchronous machines used to convert
mechanical power to ac electric power. Nowadays, an isolated synchronous generator supplying its own load
independently of other generators is very rare. Such a situation is found in only a few out–of–the–way
applications such as emergency generators. For all usual generator applications, there is more than one
generator operating in parallel to supply the power demanded by the loads. There are several major advantages
to synchronous generators that operated in parallel. * Several generators can supply a bigger load than one
machine by itself * ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is to ensure the phase angles of oncoming generator changing slowly due to the running system's phase
angles. There are a lot of advantages of operating synchronous generators in parallel. One of them is the other
generators can supply bigger loads than the one machine. Secondly, paralleling synchronous generators can
make these machines operate at high efficiency. One generator technically not operating at full load thus, it is
not efficient. Besides, by paralleling many generators can increase the reliability of the system. In real
situation, if one generator is breaking down, it will not affect the whole system greatly because of the power
loss to the load. Lastly, if one generator is breaking down, it can be removed for maintenance without affect
the system. CONCLUSION During paralleling two synchronous generators, some conditions are needed to be
fulfilled. Each of the three phases must have exactly the same voltage magnitude and phase angle as the
conductor to which it is connected. To achieve this match, the following conditions must be met. * The rms
voltages of the two generators must be equal. * The two generators must have the same phase sequence. * The
phase angles of the two a phase must be equal. * The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming
generator,

Chapter Two: Literature Review. 2.1 Introduction . In This
Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, an overview of the state of the art system of
an induction motor is carried out. It looks at various induction motor control methodologies utilizing current
and voltage control to control the flux and the torque of the dynamic system. Highlight of the current and
future challenges of induction motor drives are presented. To do that, a general principle of induction motor
drives is discussed first follow by phase controlled of induction motor drives, frequency controlled of
induction motor, and vector controlled of induction motor. 2.2 The Concept of an Induction Motor Drives In
the past decade, electric machines evolves slowly however it sustained its evolution over the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
When operating an induction motor and at the start position, the stator and motor inductance of both rotor and
the stator has to be kept at low level. This will help in minimizing jerking during start up. However, a higher
value of rotor resistance makes the jerks to be small irrespective of the steady state time. Dynamic modelling
of an induction motor is used to analyze the transients' effect in relation to the induction motor performance.
For a three phase dynamic induction motor, the three phase is transformed into two phase induction motor
using various transformation techniques [20]. This can be done using [21] P_i=3/2 R_s i_s+2/P ω_s I_m [i_s
λ_s ]+3/2 Re[i_s 〖d/dt λ〗_s] 2.1 where R_s is the stator resistance, i_s is the stator current, λ_s is the
complex conjugate of the stator flux linkage phase, and ω_s is the stator frequency. For a given induction
motor, the flux linkage can be controlled using the stator current which indirectly control the electromagnetic
torque. Also for a steady state, this rate of change of magnetic energy is zero. However, it has a finite
magnitude value during the transient state. 2.3 Induction Motor Phase Control Induction motor phase control is
one of the ordinary and uninterested method of electronic AC power control [22]. This method is presented in
Fig 2.2 [18, 23]. At the start position of the motor and during the first half cycle operation of the AC sine wave,
the switch in the electronic circuit becomes opened

Electrical Energy Into Mechanical Energy
Efficiency of any machine is how well it can convert one form of energy to another. Induction motors
transform electrical energy into mechanical energy. The induction motor receives power from the provision
mains through the stator coil windings. The input power is electric power. The power from the stator coil
winding is transferred to rotor, via air gap by induction principle. The output power is a mechanical power. The
mechanical power is obtained at the shaft of the motor to perform mechanical work. Then the efficiency is
established by knowing the input power and the output power.
Efficiency of any machine is the quantitative relation of output power and input power. The efficiency of
induction motor is determined using the equation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its energy can be generated for both low and high voltage purposes, ranging from 12V for domestic uses to up
to 240V for industrial applications. This quality empowers it to significantly decrease waste in electric power.
Durability: another major advantage an induction motor has is that it is extremely rugged. This makes it the
optimal machine for a number of uses. Induction motors are cost effective, low cost of maintenance and as a
result these motor can run for years with relatively no cost or maintenance as they do not contain brushes,
commutators, and slip rings. Induction motor can be operated in toxic environments as they don't contain
brushes that can cause sparks (Advantages of electric induction motors. n.d.).
4.3 Negatives
Speed Control: the main disadvantage of AC motors, is that their speed is difficult to control. AC motors can
be operated with variable frequency drives that provides smooth turning torque, at low speeds and get control
over the speed of the motor up to its suggested value. Variable frequency drives enhance speed control, but
create losses with low power quality.
Control Complexity: another significant disadvantage is that an AC motor controller must convert AC
electricity to DC, and back again to an adjustable frequency and voltage output to the AC motor.
Power and Torque: the major drawback of using an induction motor has been that they develop less power, or
less torque. The motor efficiency drops at low loads because

The aim of this paper is, firstly, to recall the basic...
The aim of this paper is, firstly, to recall the basic concepts of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) systems, and how Scada plays an important role in the field of power system. for the study of
electrical power distribution system we need general set–up of automated power distribution laboratory in
which we need the set–up of one generator panel, one transmission line panel, one receiving end panel and one
Simatic s7 300 PLC System. a versatile distribution system simulator is developed which replicates the
behavior of a distribution network as viewed from a computer based control centre. Keywords: Simatic s7 300
PLC System, SCADA and electrical power distribution system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SCADA receive the signal from PLC output. if some part in the power system are unhealthy the SCADA gives
signal to PLC for recovery of damage. 3. STUDY OF PANEL/EQUIPMENT 3.1 Grid Source Panel 440 VOLT
3phase input is to be connected on connector provided on left side of unit.HRC fuse is provided in each phase
at input. Four pole MCB is provided on panel to isolate the system from mains Source A and Source B are two
three phase 440V/5Amp supplies acting as Generator. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology eISSN: 2319–1163 | pISSN: 2321–7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr–2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 2 Grid source panel displays Voltage Vry,
Vyb and Vbr and three phase current Ir, Iy and Ib on respective meters for both source A and source B. Also for
source A sending end power factor is displayed on power factor meter. voltage selector switch is to be used to
display Vry,Vyb and Vbr voltage. Power line Sensors: For source A voltage sensors for Vry, Vyb and Vbr, three
current sensors for Ir,Iy and Ib and one 3P/3E/4W–trms power factor sensor is provided on sending end. also
for source B three current sensors is provided on sending end. 3.2 Busbar with Simulated Transmission Line
Two parallel Bus Bar A and B with 5A rating. Each BusBar is having three sections. BUSBAR WITH
SIMULATED

Virtual Electrical Panel For Ultra Modern Buildings And...
www.ijird.com June, 2015 Vol 4 Issue 6
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 199
A Novel Virtual Electrical Panel for Ultra Modern Buildings and Industries
1. Introduction
Now a days, the measurement of power quality components and electrical protection are becoming more
complex and costly also. As the rate of different equipments used in modern building and industries are getting
costlier. So very efficient and low cost electrical panel system is required which can give continuous
monitoring and measurement of power and also it can protect the whole electrical system. As LabVIEW being
worlds number one virtual programming software, this type of electrical panel can be designed which will not
only show different parameters but will also protect the electrical system. The main components which are
essential to show on electrical panel are as follows:[1],[2], [3]
i. Voltage ii. Current iii. Energy consumed iv. Active and reactive power
v. Power factor vi. Different types of fault like over voltage, short circuit etc. vii. Alarming and indicating
system for different types of fault
2. Tools and Softwares Used
2.1. LabVIEW with Electrical Power Toolkit
LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment used by millions of engineers and scientists to develop
sophisticated measurement, test, and control systems using intuitive graphical icons and wires that resemble a
flowchart. It offers unrivalled integration with thousands of hardware devices and provides

Power Quality Issues Of A Grid Connected Micro Grid
POWER QUALITY ISSUES OF A GRID CONNECTED MICRO GRID
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Zeeshan Ahmed Mohammed
CWID – 11612268
MASTERS OF SCIENCE in Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Oklahoma State University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
LIST OF TABLES 3
LIST OF FIGURES 3
ABSTRACT 4
INTRODUCTION 4
SECTION 1 – General Description of the Grid 5
SECTION 2– Challenges of Micro Grid 6
SECTION 3 – Line and Block diagram of Proposed Model 7
SECTION 4 – Equations for Modeling 9
SECTION 5 – Simulation Diagram and Analysis 10 5.1– Working Algorithm 11 5.2– Use of ... Show more
If the power quality is poor, it will have drastic effect on the appliances associated with the power distribution
network. A micro grid is a local grid that has the ability to operate by itself even when it gets disconnected
from the main grid. It provides backup in case of emergencies that render the main grid nonfunctional. This
paper provides a detailed study of the changes in power quality for a grid connected micro grid in the various
scenarios. MATLAB/Simulink is used to integrate the power sources with the loads. The variable nature of
power with distributed generators is examined.
Key words – Micro grid, Photovoltaic, Distributed generators, Wind Turbine, Capacitor bank, Inverter.
INTRODUCTION:
The process of maintaining sinusoidal power, and voltage at rated magnitude and frequency is called power
quality. The imbalance in voltage and harmonic

Tips On Building A Home
Tips on Building a Home in Perth Western Australia Article 1 Choosing a Builder and Siteworks. On deciding
to build a home on your ideal block there are a number of things that have to be taken into account from the
very start. 1. The Right Builder – Choosing the right Builder. This is a tricky business, on one hand if you look
at builders Display Homes you may choose your builder based on the design of the home you have seen. This
is not ideal as the builder may not be to your liking but the design you like is tied to the builder therefore you
cannot take his design to another builder. The other option is to choose a builder based on friends and or
relatives experience, then try to find a design of home that the builder has that will suit your needs. This can be
an easy process as most builders have many designs to choose from. Quality and Specifications of the builder
and their Range can vary vastly from Builder to Builder. One Builder may include Special Finished Bench–
tops where another might have the Standard Laminate for the bench–tops. Obviously this will end in a
different price for the home. So all may not be as it seems with any price difference you need to compare
Apples with Apples. 2. Warranty Considerations – Most builders in Perth have a standard warranty period of 6
years. This time frame has been set by an Act of Parliament and cannot be reduced. Some builders however,
give a lifetime guarantee this is a good incentive to go with that builder. It is

Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
History
Electromagnetism
Originally electricity and magnetism were thought of as two separate forces. This view changed, however, with
the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in which the interactions
of positive and negative charges were shown to be regulated by one force. There are four main effects resulting
from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments: 1. Electric charges attract
or repel one another with a force inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them: unlike
charges attract, like ones repel. 2. Magnetic poles (or states of polarization at individual points) attract or repel
one another in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 2: Electric field lines of a positive charge
Power and Magnetic Fields
An electricity and magnetism phenomenon apparently unrelated to power are electrical magnetic fields. We are
familiar with these forces through the interaction of compasses with the earth's magnetic field, or through
fridge magnets or magnets on children's toys. Magnetic forces are explained in terms very similar to those used
for electric forces: * There are two types of magnetic poles, conventionally called North and South * Like
poles repel, and opposite poles attract
However, this attraction differs from electric power in one important aspect: * Unlike electric charges,
magnetic poles always occur in North–South pairs; there are nomagnetic monopoles.
Later on we will see at the atomic level why this is so.
As in the case of electric charges, it is convenient to introduce the concept of a magnetic field in describing the
action of magnetic forces. Magnetic field lines for a bar magnet are pictured below.
Figure 3: Magnetic field lines of a bar magnet
One can interpret these lines as indicating the direction that a compass needle will point if placed at that
position.
The strength of magnetic fields is measured in units of Teslas (T). One tesla is actually a relatively strong field
– the earth's magnetic field is of the order of 0.0001 T.
Magnetic Forces On Moving Charges
One basic feature is that, in the vicinity of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Dc Drive System
3.1 Variable Speed Drive System This chapter deals with the classification and basic operation of electric
variable speed drive system and scope, merits and demerits of DC and AC drives. Then AC induction motor
drive is selected for complete description. Here AC drive system is presented with its components like
inverters, position sensors and current controller.
Figure 3.1: Classification of Electric Drive System Above fig. 3.1 shows the complete classification of Modern
Electric Drive system. The rings in the above fig. 3.1 show the type of motor and type of converter chosen for
doing thesis work. In every industry there are industrial processes of some form that require adjustment for
normal operation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three–phase induction motor of wound rotor type is commonly used in adjustable–speed drives. According to
the type of winding on rotor, there are two common types of induction machines namely, squirrel–cage
induction motor and wound–rotor induction motor. Squirrel–cage induction motors are mostly used in
industrial drives which have cylindrical rotor with short–circuited rotor windings with the voltage supplied to
stator windings. The rotor does not have a brushes and commutator but consists of conducting bars that are
placed into the rotor slots. These bars are short circuited by the shorting rings. Whereas wound rotor induction
motors have wye–connected rotor windings. In addition to the voltage that is applied to the stator windings, the
phase voltages can be supplied to the rotor winding using brushes and slip rings. However, wound–rotor
induction motors have not been widely used because their efficiency and maximum angular velocity are lower
compared to squirrel–cage. On the other hand, squirrel–cage motors have been tremendously used in high–
performance electric drives and electromechanical systems. Therefore, in this thesis, only three phase squirrel–
cage induction motor drive is taken and performance analysis has been done using

Voltage Limits and Currents on Power Systems Essay example
The various nonlinear loads like Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD's), bulk rectifiers, furnaces, computer supplies,
etc. draw non sinusoidal currents containing harmonics from the supply which in turn causes voltage
harmonics. Current harmonic causes increased power system losses, excessive heating in rotating machinery,
interference with nearby communication circuits and control circuits, etc. It has become a vital importance to
maintain the sinusoidal nature of voltage and currents in the power system. Various international agencies like
IEEE and IEC have issued standards, which put limits on various current and voltage harmonics. The limits for
various current and voltage harmonics specified by IEEE–519 for various frequencies are given ... Show more
For reverse voltage blocking a diode is used in series with the self–commutating device (IGBT) . However,
GTO–based configurations have restricted frequency of switching they do not need the series diode. They are
considered sufficiently reliable, but have higher losses and require higher values of parallel ac power
capacitors. Moreover, they cannot be used in multilevel or multistep versions to improve performance in
higher ratings. The other converter used is a voltage–fed type Active filter structure, as shown in Fig 2.2. It is
having a self–supporting dc voltage bus with a large dc capacitor. It has become very much dominant, since it
is lighter, cheaper, and expandable to multilevel and multistep modes, with lower switching frequencies to
improve the performance . It is more popular in UPS–based applications, because in the presence of mains, the
same Inverter bridge can be used as an Active Filter to eliminate harmonics of critical nonlinear loads. 2.2.2
Topology based Classification Based on the topology used the AF's can be classified as series or shunt filters,
and use a combination of both called unified power quality conditioners. Combinations of active series and
passive shunt filtering are known as hybrid filters. Fig 2.3 is an example of an shunt –type AF, which is most
widely used to eliminate current harmonics, reactive power compensation (also known as STATCON), and
balancing unbalanced currents. It is mainly used at the load end, because

Control System And Performance Of Dc Micro Grid Under...
Control System and Performance of DC Micro grid under Various Loads
Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3
Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University,
Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar
1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com
2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com
3zclinn@gmain.com
Ph No: +95 95070091
Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of renewable
energy resources. The dc distribution system is connected to AC grid, Photovoltaic system and synchronous
generator. Moreover, the power is transmitted through dc distribution line and is converted to required AC or
DC voltages by load side converters. Those converters do not require transformers by choosing proper DC
distribution voltage. The DC power line is 400V. This distributed design of load side converters also
contributes to provide supplying high quality power. In this research, the configuration of DC microgrid
system, control methods of distributed generation will be presented. Moreover, stand–alone system and grid
connected system of DC microgrid will also be expressed. The model of DC microgrid system will be
constructed with MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results will be described.
Keywords: DC Microgrid, Distributed Generation, High Quality Power, Converters
Introduction: Myanmar has abundant renewable energy resources. Among these resources, hydropower is
being developed and utilized on a commercial

Essay On Three Phase Inverter
Project objectives This project is aim to study the principle of pwm, single–phase inverter, three–phase inverter
which leading to design a three–phase inverter(DC–AC) by using the mbed to control switch. This inverter will
be intended to drive an induction motor which may need to drive. The work will involve simulation study of
PWM generators, induction motors and device selected from. Introduction, motivation and problem statement.
Introduction Nowadays, some electric cars which use induction motor with inverters instead of use DC motor
that can be powered directly from their DC batteries. For example, tesla cars use ac motor instead of dc motor.
In the world, there are three main types of motors which be used in electric cars, Brush DC motor, Brushless
DC motor and induction motor. However, when companies design all the electric vehicles, they will think
about some parameters and these can be divided into 6 parts. Firstly, in the efficiency part, when use dc
controller with Brush DC motor, the efficiency of it is 94%. However, when Brushless DC motor and
induction motor use inverters, the efficiency of them are about 97%. Secondly, in the wear/service part,
Brushes are subject to wear and require periodic replacement and Brushless DC motor and induction motor are
lifetime. Thirdly, in the specific cost which includes cost of inverter part, the Brush DC motor is very low,
because motor and controller are generally inexpensive. The cost of Brushless DC motor is very

Chapter 9 Review Questions Essay
Fred Bear MAIR 1449.02 3–24–11 R.Q. Unit 9 (E.B.) 1. What is magnetism? When two pieces of iron are
attracted to each other by physical means or electrical means. 2. Torque is A. Strength that a motor produces by
turning. 3. A magnetic field is D. All the above. 4. True or False: A permanent magnet is a piece of material
that has been magnetized and can hold its magnetic strength for a reasonable length of time. True. 5. How is an
electromagnet produced? Through electricity. 6. Which of the following produces the best electromagnet? B.
soft iron 7. Unlike poles of a magnet repel each other and like poles attract each other. 8. What part does
polarity play in the operation of an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The method of splitting the phase of incoming power to produce a second phase of power, giving the motor
enough displacement to start. 20. What removes the starting winding from the electrical circuit of an open type
split phase motor once it reaches 75% of its operating speed? Centrifugal switch. 21. What are the three
probable areas of trouble in a split phase motor? The bearings, windings, and the centrifugal switch.
22. What is the unit of measurement for the strength of a capacitor? C. microfarad.
23. What is the purpose of the capacitor? To boost the starting torque or running efficiency of a single phase
motor.
24. What is the difference between a running and a starting capacitor? Starting capacitors are usually made of
plastic and used to assist a single phase motor in starting. A running capacitor has an oil filled case and is
mainly used to increase a motor's running efficiency.
25. List the five capacitor replacement rules. 1. The voltage of any capacitor used for replacement must be
equal or greater than that of the one being replaced. 2. The strength of the starting capacitor replacement must
be at least equal to but not more than 20% greater than the one being replaced. 3. The strength of the running
capacitor replacement may vary by plus or minus 10% of the strength of the one being replaced. 4. If
capacitors are installed in parallel, the

Primary Heating Water Circuit At The Generators
Primary Cooling Water Circuit In The Generators :
The treated water used for cooling of the stator winding, phase connectors and bushings is designated as
primary water in order to distinguish it from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.). The primary
water is circulated in a closed circuit and dissipates the absorbed heat to the secondary cooling in the primary
water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler. The pump is supplied with in the primary
water tank and delivers the water to the generator via the following flow paths:
Flow path I :
Flow path I cools the stator winding. This flow path passes through water manifold on the exciter end of the
generator and from there to the stator bars via insulated bar is connected to the manifold by a separate hose.
Inside the bars the cooling water flows through hollow strands. At the turbine end, the water is passed through
the similar hoses to another water manifold and then return to the primary water tank. Since a single pass water
flow through the stator is used, only a minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the coolant and the bars.
Relatively movements due to the different thermal expansions between the top and the bottom bars are thus
minimized.
Flow Path II :
Flow path II cools the phase connectors and the bushings. The bushing and the phase connectors consist of the
thick walled copper tubes through which the cooling water is circulated. The six bushings and phase
connectors arranged

Variable Speed Control Techniques For Single Phase Ac...
ABSTRACT
This work presents a variable speed control techniques for single phase ac motor. A pulse–width–modulation
(PWM) AC chopper changes the value of the supply voltage applied to a single–phase motor. The variable
supply voltage gives better speed control of motor. Harmonics generated by unit of speed control are filtered
by an input filter circuit. Experimental results would be in 230V and speed control of single–phase motor
shows that PWM AC Chopper is simple and cost effective control method compared to better control method
to other methods in terms of simplicity and input harmonic content. In this harmonics reduction techniques for
designing a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC voltage controller is required. So that Total current
Harmonics Distortion (THDi), obtained for to be minimized. In the Main Circuit we have used Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) or MOSFET to obtain output waveform as we shown theory of AC voltage
controller with PWM techniques. We will be used at the end of project with Microcontroller are presented. We
obtained results by the analysis of the AC single phase motor and PWM AC chopper is derived and its
behavior of the system is studied by simulation using MATLAB and PROTEUS. The Mains power factor,
motor speed, and current are analyzed for different conditions as using many circuits via op–amp, IC 555,
optocoupler and ARDUINO. Harmonics analysis of the motor voltage and current are given and compared
with phase control techniques.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Voltage-Source Inverter
Abstract– The Z–Source Inverter (ZSI) overcomes the disadvantages of the traditional Voltage–Source Inverter
(VSI) and Current–Source Inverter (CSI), it can buck and boost its output voltage by utilizing the shoot–
through state which is forbidden in traditional VSI. Different PWM techniques are available for the control of
Z–Source Inverters. In the traditional PWM technique equal shoot–through time interval is considered for the
three phase legs. Hence, the realization of the shoot–through state is easy, but the main drawback of this
modulation method is big inductor ripple and a large inductor when the output frequency is low. In this paper,
a novel Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique to reduce the inductor current ripple ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to equation (14), the eight switching vectors, output line to neutral voltage (phase voltage), and
output line–to–line voltages in terms of input DC voltage Vdc, are given in Table1
Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) refers to a special switching sequence of the upper three power transistors of a
three–phase power inverter. It has been shown to generate less harmonic distortion in the output voltages and
or currents applied to the phases of an AC motor and to provide more efficient use of supply voltage compared
with sinusoidal modulation technique. The biggest difference from other PWM methods is that the SVPWM
uses a vector as a reference. This gives the advantage of a better overview of the system.
Out of the 8 possible switching states, two are zero switching states and six are active switching states. These
are represented by active (V1–V6) and zero (V0) vectors. Six nonzero vectors (V1 – V6) shape the axes of a
hexagonal and feed electric power to the load. The angle between any adjacent two non–zero vectors is 60
degrees. Meanwhile, two zero vectors (V0 and V7) are placed at the origin and apply zero voltage to the load.
This is shown in Fig.

What Is The Performance Of The Proposed Control Algorithm...
This section investigates the performance of the proposed control algorithm of DSTATCOM by means of
computer simulations in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Tracking and harmonic decomposition capability of
the proposed AANF are evaluated in this section, and the performance of the whole system for load balancing,
the harmonic compensation, the neutral current compensation, and the power factor correction will be
investigated in Section 5.
4.1 Initiatory performance
Consider the input signal of the proposed AANF as: y(t)=sin⁡
(ω_0 t+φ_1 )+0.2 sin⁡
(5ω_0 t+φ_5 )+0.3 sin⁡
(7ω_0
t+φ_7 )+0.3 sin⁡
(30ω_0 t+φ_30) (21) where〖 ω〗_0=100 π rad/s and the initial phase angles φ_i's are selected
randomly between zero and 2π rad. The response of the system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8.
DSTATCOM Simulation Results
The performance of the four–leg DSTATCOM using AANF–based control algorithm is demonstrated for
power factor correction and voltage regulation along with harmonic reduction, load balancing, and neutral
current compensation. The model is analyzed for linear and non–linear loads under non–ideal supply
conditions.
The three–phase unbalanced distorted source voltages consisting of the negative–sequence component and
harmonic voltage components are expressed in (23).
{█(V_a=〖250 sin〗⁡
(ωt)+25 sin⁡
(ωt)+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6 sin⁡
(5ωt–〖120〗^° ) @+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt)+3.1
sin⁡
(11ωt–〖120〗^° ) 〗 @V_b=〖250 sin〗⁡
(ωt–〖120〗^° )+25 sin⁡
(ωt+〖120〗^° )+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6
sin⁡
(5ωt) @+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt–〖120〗^° )+3.1 sin⁡
〖(11ωt)〗〗 @V_c=〖250 sin〗⁡
(ωt+〖120〗^° )+25
sin⁡
(ωt–〖120〗^° )+3.7 sin⁡
(3ωt)+18.6 sin⁡
(5ωt+〖120〗^° )@+4.5 sin⁡
〖(7ωt+〖120〗^° )+3.1 sin⁡
〖(11ωt–
〖120〗^°)〗〗 )┤ (23)
5.1 PFC operation of DSTATCOM under linear lagging power factor load condition (Case A)
The power factor correction and load balancing simulation results for the proposed AANF–based control
algorithm of the four–leg DSTATCOM under unbalanced distorted supply voltages is discussed here. At t= 0.4
s, phase 'A' and at t= 0.5s phase 'B' are disconnected, respectively, and at t= 0.7 s and t= 0.8 s phases 'A' and 'B'
are applied again. Fig.

Principle of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of...
PRINCIPLE OF GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF HIGH AC VOLTAGES
INTRODUCTION
The potential benefits of electrical energy supplied to a number of consumers from a common generating
system were recognized shortly after the development of the 'dynamo', commonly known as the generator. The
first public power station was put into service in 1882 in London (Holborn). Soon a number of other public
supplies for electricity followed in other developed countries. The early systems produced direct current at
low–voltage, but their service was limited to highly localized areas and was used mainly for electric lighting.
The limitations of d.c. transmission at low voltage became readily apparent. By 1890 the art in the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The secondary distribution system contains overhead lines or underground cables supplying the consumers
directly (houses, light industry, shops, etc.) by single– or three–phase power. Separate, dedicated primary
feeders supply industrial customers requiring several megawatts of power. The sub transmission system
directly supplies large factories consuming over 50 MW.
Primary Distribution System
The most frequently used voltages and wiring in the primary distribution system are listed in Table 1. Primary
distribution, in low load density areas, is a radial system. This is economical but yields low reliability. In large
cities, where the load density is very high, a primary cable network is used. The distribution substations are
interconnected by the feeders (lines or cables). Circuit breakers (CBs) are installed at both ends of the feeder
for short–circuit protection. The loads are connected directly to the feeders through fuses. The connection is
similar to the one–line diagram of the high–voltage network shown in Fig. 1. The high cost of the network
limits its application. A more economical and fairly reliable arrangement is the loop connection, when the main
feeder is supplied from two independent distribution substations. These stations share the load. The problem
with this connection is the circulating current that occurs when the two supply station voltages are different.
The loop arrangement

Measure The Similarity Of Each Two Successive Cycles For...
To measure the similarity of each two successive cycles for the same electrical signal (current/voltage/power),
the author proposes to apply the correlation concept [21–24]. The correlation coefficient (r) is computed
between a window with a certain number of samples (m) in a signal (X) and another window with the same
number of samples in the same signal but shifted from each other by a time interval of hΔt, where m is the
number of samples per window, h is the number of samples between the two windows which are shifted from
each other and Δt is the sampling interval time. Equation (1) shows the correlation coefficient (r) for signal X.
When hΔt = 0, then h =0 and the correlation function (r) calculated between the two same windows of signal
Xk is unity. Our proposed technique uses two windows in the same signal shifted from each other by one cycle
time, this means the time interval hΔt = Ns Δt = 20 m Sec (for power system frequency = 50 Hz), where h =
Ns = 50 samples (the number of samples per cycle used in the simulation), Δt is the sampling interval time =
0.4 m Sec. The number of samples per window (m) is an adjustable value for controlling the window size and
the relay speed. m 1 m m [ xk xk ht   xk  xk ht ] r  k 1 m k 1 k 1 (1) m 1 m m 1 m [ (
xk ) 2  ( xk ) 2 ] [  ( xk ht ) 2  ( xk ht ) 2 ] m m k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 Where, r: The
correlation

One application of magnetic fields in household appliances.
One thing that uses magnetic fields is the electric motor, which is used in many household appliances, such as
electric fans, microwave ovens, and other small appliances. In this instance the electric motor has an electric
current, giving it also this magnetic field. An electric motor converts electricity into mechanical motion. Most
electric motors work by electromagnetism, but motors based on electrostatic forces also exist. The overarching
concept is that a force is generated when a current–carrying element is subjected to a magnetic field. In a
cylindrical motor, the rotor rotates because a torque is developed when this force is applied at a given distance
from the axis of the rotor. Most electromagnetic motors are rotary, but ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The fundamental principle upon which electromagnetic motors are based is that there is a mechanical force on
any wire when it is conducting electricity while contained within a magnetic field. The force is described by
the Lorentz force law and is perpendicular to both the wire and the magnetic field. In a rotary motor, there is a
rotating element, the rotor. The rotor rotates because the wires and magnetic field are arranged so that a torque
is developed about the rotor's axis. In physics, magnetism is a phenomenon by which materials exert an
attractive or repulsive force on other materials. ... An electrostatic motor or capacitor motor is a type of electric
motor based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. ... Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain
crystals to produce a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. ... In physics, the Lorentz force is the force
exerted on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field. ... Most magnetic motors are rotary, but linear types
also exist. In a rotary motor, the rotating part (usually on the inside) is called the rotor, and the stationary part
is called the stator. The motor contains electromagnets that are wound on a frame. Though this frame is often
called the armature, that term is often erroneously applied. Correctly, the armature is that part of

Electric Motors And The Future Of Electric Motors
Flick the switch and the lights usually comes on. This involves a but ton of electricity. Our past ancestors
would love to have these electric motors that we have today. You will find these motors from everything to
electric trains and remote controlled cars. As an example we will use a computer. They usually have two but
the biggest ones can have up to 12. They usually are used from the fan to cool it down and the hard drive.
These motors are in everything we use these days. From the fans we use to the hair dryers to dry our hair.
Without these we would still have horses and buggies. It's sad that we use these things everyday and take them
for granted. These little motors have six parts: Armature or rotor, commutator, brushes, axle, field magnet, and
DC power supply of some sort. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric
motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force. In certain applications, such as in regenerative
braking with traction motors in the transportation industry, electric motors can also be used in reverse as
generators to convert mechanical energy into electric power. Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans,
blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be
powered by direct current sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current
sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches.
General–purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient
mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline
compression and pumped–storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be
classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.
Thomas Davenport developed the first real electric motor although Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday created
early motion devices using electromagnetic fields. The early motor created spinning disks or levers that rocked
back and forth. These devices could not do any work for humankind but were

Gas Turbines' Sensitivity to Critical Speeds
Gas turbines are very sensitive to critical speeds affecting their low pressure blades. These critical speeds may
be close to the rated operating speed leaving a small margin on the allowed frequency range before reaching a
protective Changeover. Typically a protective instantaneous low–speed Changeover on gas turbines may be set
at 96% of the nominal system frequency. Furthermore, system generation and stability are at risk as the
frequency drops. This is specially the case for a thermal generation plant where power output mostly depends
on motor–driven auxiliary loads, such as boiler feed water pumps, coal pulverizing, and draft fans. The drop in
system frequency instigates a rapid fall of power output to the auxiliary loads, causing further reduction of the
energy input to the turbine generator. This sequence of events further deteriorates the system frequency
endangering the entire plant stability. To halt the drop in frequency, it is necessary to intentionally, and
automatically disconnect a portion of the load equal to or greater than the generation deficiency in order to
achieve balanced power economics while maintaining system stability. Automated load shedding systems are
necessary for industrial power systems since sudden disturbances can plunge a system into a hazardous state
much faster than an operator can react. These automated schemes must be designed and implemented to
possess in–depth knowledge of system operating parameters and must rely on time sensitive

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inverter
Abstract: Nowadays an Inverter is most commonly used device in almost every field. An inverter gives ac
square wave output. The objective of this paper is to obtain a three–phase ac voltage output of 3–phase inverter
in Simulation. An inverter receives dc supply as input and generates an ac output. The dc input of 3–phase
inverter is obtained by constant dc source. The inverter circuit consists of six IGBTs which are used for
conversion of dc to ac supply. Simulation of 3–phase inverter is done in MATLAB software.
Keywords: 3 phase inverter, constant dc source, MATLAB software, simulink, THD.
Introduction: An inverter is a DC to AC converter, used to convert a dc input voltage into a symmetrical ac
output voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. The waveshape of output ac voltage of inverter should be
sinusoidal. However, practical inverters give output voltage that are non–sinusoidal and contain harmonics.
The waveshapes of output voltage are square, quasi–square or distorted sinusoidal. Inverters used in low and
medium power applications normally give square or quasi–square wave output. However, in high–power
applications sinusoidal waveform is required, so inverters are carefully designed to give sinusoidal output with
low distortion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically inverters are divided into two types – Voltage Source Converter (VSI) and Current Source Converter

Generators Primary Heating Water Circuit Functioning
Generators–Primary Cooling Water Circuit functioning :
In order to distinguish the treated water from the secondary coolant (raw water, condensator etc.) it is named as
primary water because it is used for cooling stator winding, phase connectors and bushings . The secondary
cooling absorbs the heat from the primary cooler when water is circulated in a closed circuit by the primary
water cooler. The pump is supplied with in primary water cooler. Water is supplied to the flow paths of the
generator by supplying it to the primary water tank i.e by supplying it to tht primary water cooler through the
pump.
Flow path I :
Stator winding is cooled by Flow path I . This flow path passes through the stator bars via insulated barbefor
this it passes through the water manifold on the exciter end of the generator which is connected to thestatus
bars by a separate hose.Cooling water flows through hollow strands inside the bars. At the turbine end, the
water return to the primary water tank which comes from another water manifold which in turn comes from the
similar hoses.Minimum temperature rise is obtained for both the bars and the coolers because the water folw is
single pass through the stator. Movements are relatively minimised which are caused due to the different
thermal expansions between the bottom and the top bars.
Flow Path II :
Phase connectors and the Bushings are cooled by Flow Path II . The cooling water is circulated through the
thick walled copper tubes of the

A Single Phase Smart Grid Zero Steady State Error Connected
A SINGLE PHASE SMART GRID ZERO STEADY STATE ERROR CONNECTED IN DC/AC INVERTER
WITH HERIC CONVERTORS S.Ayappan1, K.Arulprabha2, D.Priyanka3, Assistant Professor1, PG Scholar2,
3,, Dept. of EEE, Jayshriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur1, 2, 3, , ayyappan.yes@gmail.com,
arulprabhakalimuthu@gmail.com, priyanghaa3e@gmail.com. Abstract: Feed forward control is a reliable for
rejecting fast and dynamic voltage disturbances in the phase grid. Mainly in this scheme implemented in phase
voltages of the Wyes connected configuration. Under this unbalanced and distorted grid conditions, the online
conversion of line – to – line values into the phase value is unworkable. In order to an exploit full advantages
of feed forward controller is a most appropriate modulator is needed. In this article the feed forward of grid
line–to–line voltages is used in phase voltages. The introduced feed forward method is implemented in Implicit
Zero Sequence Discontinuous Pulse Width Modulation (IZDPWM) technique that is compatible for grid
connected inverters. Regarding in the IZDPWM grid topologies distorted the harmonics of the grid voltages.
Hence, a sinusoidal current is injected to the grid. Moreover, the measuring grid line–to–line voltages two
sensors are required; hence an overall system costs is reduced and control system reliability is increased. The
time–domain simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results from a Hardware based laboratory
prototypes are in good agreements,

Control System And Performance Of Dc Microgrid Under...
Control System and Performance of DC Microgrid under Various Loads
Ya Min Soe#1, Soe Soe Ei Aung#2, Zarchi Linn#3
Ph.D Student, Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Yangon Technological University,
Yangon Technological University, InseinTownship, Yangon, Myanmar
1yaminsoe.lpt@gmail.com
2soesoeeiaung@gmail.com
3zclinn@gmain.com
Ph No: +95 95070091
Abstract: DC microgrid is the high quality electric power system focused on the development of renewable
energy resources. The dc distribution system is connected to AC grid, Photovoltaic system and synchronous
generator. Moreover, the power is transmitted through dc distribution line and is converted to required AC or
DC voltages by load side converters. Those converters do not require transformers by choosing proper DC
distribution voltage. The DC power line is 400V. This distributed design of load side converters also
contributes to provide supplying high quality power. In this research, the configuration of DC microgrid
system, control methods of distributed generation will be presented. Moreover, stand–alone system and grid
connected system of DC microgrid will also be expressed. The model of DC microgrid system will be
constructed with MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results will be described.
Keywords: DC Microgrid, Distributed Generation, High Quality Power, Converters
Introduction: Myanmar has abundant renewable energy resources. Among these resources, hydropower is
being developed and utilized on a commercial

Mixed Session: Case Study
Mixed Session 5
1.
My town is arranged with Westfield in the center of the town, with housing surrounding the Westfield
shopping Centre. The town is a 3km by 3km town, with Westfield located relative to the center of the town.
Near the outskirts of the town, there is less housing and more main roads and freeways which exit the town.
Also at the edge of the town a substation is located where power for the town is distributed.
2. Electricity will need to be generated from primary energy which is found in nature. This energy comprises
consists of raw fuels and other forms of energy which can be both renewable and non–renewable. Examples of
this energy can be oil, coil (both non–renewable) and solar and wind energy (which are both renewable). ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the three phase power hits the transformer, it is then transformed to two phase power which is carried out
to each individual consumer who is in a 250m) before we drop below 2000 amps in power, but at that stage we
would be starting off with 4000 amps and losing 2000 amps in the process at our max range (if we wanted to
stay above 2000 amps at all times). This would be useful to us if we had the purpose of having only a
maximum of 2000 amps at our destination but we'd rather have the maximum of 4000 amps at our ,
Westfield2013.sustainability–report.com.au, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://westfield2013.sustainability–
report.com.au/sustainability–priorities/environment/energy–emissions. [Accessed: 26– Sep–

Electric Power Transmission
Electric power transmission
"Electric transmission" redirects here. For vehicle transmissions, see diesel–electric transmission.
[pic]
[pic]
400 kV high–tension transmission lines near Madrid
Electric power transmission or "high–voltage electric transmission" is the bulk transfer of electrical energy,
from generating power plants to substations located near population centers. This is distinct from the local
wiring between high–voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electric power
distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high–voltage transmission
networks. In the US, these are typically referred to as "power grids" or just "the grid", while in the UK the
network is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High–voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly always an
aluminium alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands. Copper was sometimes
used for overhead transmission but aluminium is lower in weight for only marginally reduced performance,
and much lower in cost. Overhead conductors are a commodity supplied by several companies worldwide.
Improved conductor material and shapes are regularly used to allow increased capacity and modernize
transmission circuits. Conductor sizes range from 12 mm2 (#6 American wire gauge) to 750 mm2 (1,590,000
circular mils area), with varying resistance and current–carrying capacity. Thicker wires would lead to a
relatively small increase in capacity due to the skin effect, that causes most of the current to flow close to the
surface of the wire.
Today, transmission–level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages such as 66
kV and 33 kV are usually considered

An Interconnection Of Distributed Generations ( Dgs )
A microgrid is an interconnection of distributed generations (DGs), either a set of dispatchable generating
sources such as, gas turbines and fuel cells or non–dispatchable generators such as, wind turbines and
photovoltaic sources, integrated with electrical and thermal energy storage devices to meet the customers' local
energy needs, operating as a single system and small–scale, on low–voltage distribution systems providing
both power and heat. To ensure that the microgrid is operated as a single aggregated system and meets power
quality, reliability and security standards, power electronic interfaces and controls need to be applied [1–2]. A
microgrid should be capable work in two modes, grid–connected or islanded. The DGs are usually power
electronics interfaced and in the grid–connected mode of operation, a microgrid is supported by the main grid's
voltage and frequency. In the island mode, the DG control is responsible for frequency regulation. Moreover,
the control is also responsible for managing the active and reactive power contributions of the DG system,
such that the load power is properly shared amongst the DG systems of the microgrid. Centralized control
approaches, however, require remarkable data transfer capacities and reliable communication links [3], [4] and
[5]. As such, they may be suitable for small–scale microgrid in which the DG systems are close together. For
DG systems that are scattered over a large geographic span, decentralized droop control

Harmonic Analysis : Harmonic Suppression Techniques
Overview of Harmonic Suppression Techniques in an Inverter Induced Harmonics
Abstract– This paper provides an explanation of the various harmonic mitigation techniques available to solve
harmonic problems due to inverter operation in three phase power systems. As number of harmonic mitigation
techniques are now available including active and passive methods, and the selection of the best–suited
technique for a particular case can be a complicated decision–making process. A classification of the various
available harmonic mitigation techniques is presented in this paper aimed at presenting a review of harmonic
mitigation methods to researchers, designers, and engineers dealing with power distribution systems.
Keywords– Reactors for inverter; High power factor converter; Power factor improving capacitor; Transformer
multi–phase operation; AC filter; Active filter
I. INTRODUCTION
A harmonic source can be any type of equipment where a distorted–wave current flows through an application
with a sine–wave commercial–power–supply voltage. The converter circuit (rectifying circuit) of an inverter is
no exception. These do not usually upset the end–user electronic equipment as much as they overload neutral
conductors and transformers and, in general, cause additional losses and reduced power factor [1–5]. Large
industrial converters and variable speed drives on the other hand are capable of generating significant levels of
distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC),

Power Quality Audit In Electrical Utilities. (User Defined
POWER QUALITY AUDIT IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
(User Defined Project)
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Nirav Patel (130990109035)
Kenil Gandhi (130990109009)
Digpal Mahida (130990109020)
Guided by
Mr. Praful P. Chudasama
Head, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
In fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "POWER QUALITY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Chudasama
Head of Dept.
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Head of Department
Dept. of Electrical Engg. Praful P. Chudasama Acknowledgement
"Acknowledgment is an art, one can write glib stanzas
Without meaning a word on the other hand one Can make a simple expression of gratitude."
We convey our heartfelt gratitude to all the respected ones from whom we have got considerable support and

encouragement during the Project work session of semester 7th. It is the matter of appreciating the respected,
highly esteemed and the knowledgeable devoted guides of College.
We would hereby like to express our profound sense of gratitude to Mr. Praful P. Chudasama, Head–
Department of Electrical Engineering, SRICT for being our project internal guide, who guided us through the
project also gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of the part of project in semester 7.
Respected guide helped us to understand the intricate issues involved in project doing besides effectively
presenting it. These intricacies would have been lost otherwise.

Intelligent Spy Robo
INTELLIGENT SPY ROBO–VER–02
INTRODUCTION
This is one of the version of spy robot which we designed in this academic period. Intelligent spy robot project
has been designed for the spying purpose .it is radio controlled and can be operated at a radial distance of 50
yards. Many time our army jawan need to venture into the enemy area just to track their activities. Which is
often a very risky job, it may cost precious life. Such dangerous job could be done using small spy robot all the
developed and advance nations are in the process of making combat robot design, a robot who can fight
against enemy. Our robot us just a step towards similar activity.
This robot is radio operated , self powered , and has all the controls like a normal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The power–down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions
until the next hardware reset.
Pin Configuration
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Pin Description
VCC:
Supply voltage.
GND:
Ground.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8–bit bi–Directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require
external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1),
respectively, of the on–chip precision analog comparator.The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can
drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to
P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal
pull–ups.Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi–irectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard–wired as an
input to the output of the on–chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3
output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups
and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed
below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for

Algebraic and Graphical Method to Find Performance Extreme...
Y.J. Wang S.Y. Huang
J. Electrical Systems x–x (2010): x–xx
JES
Journal of Electrical Systems
Regular paper Determination of the Performance Extreme Values of a Three–phase Induction Machine Using
Algebraic and Graphical Methods
This paper proposes an algebraic and a graphical method for finding all the performance extreme values of a
three–phase induction machine when it operates as a motor or a generator. The performance extreme include
maximum efficiency, maximum power factor, maximum electric power, maximum torque and maximum
mechanical power in both motoring and generating modes. In addition to the algebraic method, this paper
shows how an old graphical method can be used to accurately find the performance extreme values ... Show
1) are derived first by algebraically solving the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2. These extreme values
include maximum torque, maximum mechanical power, maximum power factor, maximum efficiency, and
maximum electric power. It will be shown that the torque and mechanical power extrema can be expressed in
analytical forms while the power factor, efficiency and electric power extrema need to be solved numerically.
It will then be shown that these extrema can also be determined graphically using the circle diagram method.
The circle diagram method is an old method but can still be found in some textbooks (e.g., [3]–[4]). The
research into graphical methods for induction motor analysis is still active (e.g., [5][11]). One may consider
that the circle diagram method is limited to qualitative evaluation because it cannot give accurate results. In
fact, if the circle diagram method is carried out by a modern computer drawing tool that allows the user to
draw geometric diagrams with parameters (i.e., coordinates, lengths, angles, etc.) to the accuracy of four
decimal places, then the circle diagram method is able to give all the aforementioned performance extrema
with required accuracy. Unlike the circle diagram method used in [10] and [11] that is based on the
approximate equivalent circuit of induction machine and is limited to motoring mode of operation, the circle
diagram method used in this paper is based on

Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid...
Solving Electric Power Transmission Line Faults Using Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Modules
Chukwuedozie N. Ezema1, Patrick I. Obi 1 and Chukwuebuka N. Umezinwa 2
1 Department of Electrical /Electronic Engineering, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (COOU),
Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
2 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Imo State Polytechnic Umuagwo, Imo State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This paper examined solving electric power transmission line faults using hybrid artificial neural network
modules. This paper focuses on detecting, classifying and locating faults on electric power transmission lines.
Fault detection, fault classification and fault location have been achieved by using artificial intelligence
(hybrid artificial neural–network modules). To simulate the entire power transmission line model and to obtain
the training data set, MATLAB R2010a has been used along with the Sim Power Systems toolbox in Simulink.
In order to train and analyze the performance of the neural networks, the Artificial Neural Networks Toolbox
has been used extensively. Feed forward networks have been employed along with back propagation algorithm
for each of the three phases in the fault diagnosis process. Analysis on neural networks with varying number of
hidden layers and neurons per hidden layer has been provided to validate the choice of the neural networks in
each step. Simulation results have been provided to demonstrate that artificial neural network based methods
are

Power Systems Of Electric Vehicles
I. INTRODUCTION Since the industrial revolution started, the acceleration of technology development never
stopped. However, with the development of new technologies, environment is suffering the consequences. The
rate of Carbon dioxide is increasing rapidly. To mitigate this pollution, the concept of electric vehicle arose.
The electric vehicles contribute in reducing the carbon dioxide emissions[1]. Thus, the use of electric vehicles
is getting more popular as time goes by. As a result of that, electric vehicles must be integrated to the electric
grid. They will be treated as electric loads, which means that all concepts of power system will be applied on
them. Therefore, when electric vehicles are charged, they will cause voltage drop on the distribution feeders.
Hence, the presence of voltage regulators might change the voltage response of the system. II. VOLTAGE
REGULATION OVERVIEW. In power Systems Distribution, voltage regulation is an important concept. It
deals with ways to maintain a good voltage profile delivered to the customers. The voltage level at the
customer node has to be maintained within a specified range. There are many standards that determine
customer's voltage range. Some standards assume a variation of +10% or –10%. However, it is determined by
the utility based on their circumstances. III. VOLTAGE REGULATION METHODS The concept of voltage
regulation associated with the electrical distribution system is caused by the radial

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Bipolar
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic Introduction Now a days to travel in conventional vehicle is too
costly because of the rising the price of fossil fuel. So Automotive Industry is searching a sustainable
transportation for near future. Therefore are so many alternate option is available for vehicle engine like
hydrogen engine, air pressure engine ,electric engine, bio diesel engine but among them a hybrid and electric
vehicles are going to be popular due to their sustainability, energy saving and zero emission. Electric motors
play significant role in Electrical vehicle. In–wheel motor technology is being used in modern electric vehicles
to improve efficiency, safety controllability and chipper vehicle nowadays. And BLDC motor have ... Show
Ideal Back EMF, Phase Current And, Position Sensor Wave Forms for bipolar Fig–2.4 position sensor and
phase current waveforms for single phase In fig 2.4 waveforms of hall sensors output and phase voltage of
bldc motor for unipolar schmeme A method to drive a BLDC motor at high speed with large starting torque by
utilizing a bipolar–starting and unipolar–running algorithm. It develops a novel inverter circuit to switch from
bipolar to unipolar drive, or vice versa. It also develops a controller –based BLDC motor controller not only to
drive the BLDC motor with bipolar or unipolar method, we can switch from one method to the other at any
speed. 2.2. BLDC Motor Model In this thesis a 3 phases, 2 poles, Y connected trapezoidal back–EMF type
BLDC motor is modelled. Due to mutual inductance between stator and rotor, back–EMF has trapezoidal
shape. Therefore abc phase variable model is more applicable and reliable than d–q axis. With the intention of
simplifying equations and overall model the following assumptions are made. Magnetic circuit saturation is
ignored. All phases Stator resistance, self and mutual inductance are equal and constant. Hysteresis and eddy
current losses are eliminated And

How Fast Charging Is Becoming The Leading Technology
Fast charging is becoming the leading technology used to reenergize electric vehicles in 30 – 60 minutes. With
the ownership of EVs doubling each year, the need to implement efficient, fast charging infrastructure is
progressively increasing. There are two technical approaches to establish fast charging 1. via a high power, 3–
phase AC connection from an AC charging post at the charging station to an on–board high power charger in
the EV or 2. via a high power DC connection from a high power DC charger at the charging station directly to
the terminals of the battery in the EV. In this section, we will review AC level 2, DC/AC level 3 charging
stations to improve our knowledge and the design of our project.
A. Durastation EV Charger
General ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies 22 Kw at rated working voltage 400Vac and rated current of 32 amps to the vehicle charging
system. At those rates, it is capable of fully charging a 24kWh battery in 1 – 2 hours, thus making it
considerably faster than 230 Vac as well as Level 1 charging – which uses 120V AC, supplying 1.9kWh at
max. current of 16 amps, charging the same battery in 12–18 hours. The higher voltage transfer of AC level 2
charging shortens charging time to roughly 60%. The components used in an AC level 2 charging include:
1. The Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), a general term used for any off–board equipment used for
the purpose of delivering energy from the premises wiring to the electric vehicle. The interface between the
EVSE and the Utility 's premises wiring may be a direct "hard–wire" or plug and receptacle interface. EVSE
includes: Vehicle Charge Cord, Charge stands (public or residential), attachment plugs, power outlets, vehicle
connector, miscellaneous infrastructure. The main functions of Electric vehicle supply equipment include:
Providing enclosure and method of attachment to AC mains (plug or direct connect), generation of control
pilot signal, protection from ground faults, switching power to vehicle based on vehicle command, displaying
the presence of AC input.
2. The EV battery located on–board the vehicle.
3. The Inlet, which is considered part of the

Folsom Powerhouse Accomplishments
Perched high above the shore of Lake Natoma, Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park displays the work of
men who were critical to the creation of electric power systems in use today. The Powerhouse, with its original
1895 equipment, illustrates how power systems were constructed in the late 19th century. It is the work of a
General Electric (GE) Corporation team of many brilliant individuals whose contributions were not always
recognized in their lifetimes. Many attempts have been made to describe the significance and stunning
accomplishments of the Folsom Powerhouse. The word "first" is commonly used. This claim is sometimes
incorrectly applied and does not do justice to the GE team that brought together all the advanced technology of
the day to create a showcase hydroelectric power facility. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1884, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer's ruling against the North Bloomfield Mining and Gravel Company (for the
full story, see Malakoff Diggings) ended hydraulic mining and created a base of unemployed workers with
journeyman skills in hydro engineering. Their experience with penstocks and monitor nozzles was invaluable,
and they were eager for work. As mine shafts replaced hydraulic mining, a power source was needed to operate
water pumps, air pumps, stamp mills, lighting, and other machinery. Steam power plants required boilers,
piping, the ongoing costs of coal or wood fuel, and a significant workforce to run the operation. Even with the
cost of building dams, hydroelectricity was a less expensive option. One of the first recorded uses of
hydroelectric power for mining in California was the 1889 DC powerhouse for the Dalmatia mine in El
Dorado County. Mine owners whose facilities were distant from a water source were eager to try the new AC
technology. Those that did began achieving milestone transmission distances. Poly–phase

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