Dr Steinberg Amicus Brief Analysis

Dr Steinberg Amicus Brief Analysis
According to the textbook, Dr. Steinberg and his colleagues wrote an "amicus brief" regarding the American Psychological Association's stance on the
psychological maturity of adolescents. The amicus brief states that adolescents' have the right to seek an abortion without any parental consent. The
APA believes that adolescents are as mature as adults. Steinberg and his colleagues also believe this to be true. They think adolescents have the skills
when it comes to getting an abortion, but when it comes to criminal responsibility adolescents are immature. Do you believe this to be true? Well, in
my opinion, I do agree with Steinberg when he says adolescents are immature when it comes to criminal responsibility. However, I do have to disagree
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I know that there are so many issues that can influence the adolescent's ability to partake in the decision making process such as age, knowledge, and
development. If you compare an adult to an adolescent, the adult brain is already developed and capable of making rational, careful decisions. For
example, if an adult were to make a decision on abortion, they would carefully weigh all their options, talk about it with close family, friends, and
decide what to do next. Where as an adolescent, their brain is still "premature, "which can effect their decision on abortion. The prefrontal cortex is
located in the adolescent's brain, and it is the area of the brain that's not fully developed. This part of the brain controls reasoning, impulses, emotions,
forms judgments, and helps people think before they act. Therefore, it plays a huge role for people, especially when having to make such crucial
decisions. More often than not, adolescents are less likely to think before they act, and they normally don't consider the consequences of their decision.
Whole –heartedly, I believe that adolescents are not mentally prepared to make a decision on getting an
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Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Structures and Function of the Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe contains two key structures that have a great impact on mood, behavior and judgment. These structures are located in the outer area of
the cerebrum towards the front of the skull (Carlson, 2013). This paper will discuss the function and structure of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
(including the orbitofrontal cortex) and the Dorsolateral Cortex.
The Function of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Many studies have concluded that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (or vmPFC) appears to provide the inhibition of emotional responses (Carlson,
2013). This region of the brain provides the mind with the faculties of self–restraint or self–control.
Behavior Affected by Damage to the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a study conducted by the University of Iowa College of Medicine found that when this portion of the brain is damaged, individuals were
more susceptible to believing misleading advertising, thereby triggering the person to make a purchase (Asp et al., 2012). Another study from the
University of Iowa found that damage to the vmPFC seems to be connected with patients who suffer from drug or gambling additions (Bechara, 2003).
Neurotransmitters Associated with the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Glutamate and Gamma–aminobutyric acid (or GABA) are the main neurotransmitters associated with this part of the brain. Through the use of
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) researchers have been able to measure these particular neurotransmitters in order to predict human behavior
when it comes to value guided decision making (Jocham, Hunt, Near, & Behrens, 2012).
Connections Made to the Ventromedial Prefrontal

Cognitive Aging Through A Variety Of Theories
Research has attempted to explain cognitive aging through a variety of theories. Each of these theories believes that it can encapsulate all the changes
that occur in cognition as individual's age. Some of these cognitive aging theories include executive function, speed of processing, inhibition and frontal
lobe theory. This paper will examine each theory along with the supporting research. Furthermore this paper will attempt to draw a conclusion on which
theory or explanation best explains cognitive aging.
The first theory that aims to explain cognitive aging is executive functioning or executive control. Executive functioning tends to become entangled
with speed of processing across the literature. However, it should be noted that executive function encompasses many complex tasks and cognitive
facets. A study done by C.T Albinet et al. (2012) tried to identify the key elements of executive functioning thus allowing it to stand
–alone. Albinet et al.
(2012) identified that executive functioning is the ability to create goals, "planning, action sequences & monitoring, mental flexibility, inhibition &
updating working memory" (Albinet et al, 2012, pg.2). Essentially executive functioning is higher level everyday functioning. A study done by
Cepeda, Blackwell & Munakata (2013) suggests that executive function is needed behind many tasks that may be considered part of speed of
processing. An example the study (Cepeda, Blackwell, Munakata, 2013) provided was in young children

The Negative Effects Of Technology On Our Generation Of...
Ashlyn Howard
Enc 1101
Professor Janus
29 November 2017
What technology is doing to our generation of children
As we all know, technology is changing, evolving and improving every day. Schools are incorporating technology into learning more and more
everyday. Every month there is a new phone, tablet, television, laptop and even thousands of websites. While these devices come into handy and can
be very helpful, they almost are taking over the world. Almost everyone has a cellular device; many being androids or iphones. Which surprisingly, the
majority of these users are children. The apps they have on their phones being: Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, and more. Younger
children have some of those and many games. There are a few questions that come with this use of technology and children: 1.) How much is enough?
2.) What's acceptable? 3.) What are the effects?
The problem with technology and children is there are some benefits and some disadvantages. They both weigh out depending on the child and how
they use the technology. Children's learning and habits are very critical to their development and learning skills. Especially at young ages like birth to
6 years old, new pathways in their brain are being produced every day and their frontal lobes are active and starting to develop , working memory,
attachments,emotions, and perception. And the prefrontal cortex is the last to develop, which explains why children and teenagers have a hard time
with decision making and controlling their impulses. So using technology while children's brains are in these stages can be beneficial if used the right
way, but also have a negative effect if not used the right way and with limits.
As said before many schools are using technology in their education plans. Most test are taken online, studying for these test are online and are either
homework or classwork assignments for children. Many children are intrigued and interested by technology and it is an easy way to keep children
interested with all the animations and rewarding things. My sister is in the 2nd grade and they use a website called Iready and this prepares them for
those standardized test and for homework. She actually enjoys it. Every time they

Neural Systems Controlling Emotions Have Influence On...
Research Objectives
The research completed by Shiv et al (2004), was to identify whether or not dysfunctions in neural systems controlling emotions could influence and
promote individual's gambling abilities. Emotions can be either beneficial or detrimental to one's behaviour; it depends on what task is on hand and the
individual differences. As previous research in neuroscience has highlighted the positive roles of emotions in everyday decision making, Shiv et al
(2004) wanted to test out if individuals with dysfunctional emotional reactions could actually make better decisions than normal individuals. A specific
scenario that brought curiosity to the researchers was how a patient with ventromedial prefrontal damage, an area responsible for fear, responded
accurately to hazardous road conditions. Instead of becoming fearful and stepping on the breaks during icy roads, this individual lacked fear so the
patient assessed the situation and responded properly. This patient with ventromedialprefrontal cortex damage handled the hazardous situation logically
rather than emotionally, allowed him to react properly. Shiv et al (2004) are specifically looking at how dysfunctions in neural systems controlling
emotions could affect gambling abilities. As normal individuals usually display a myopic loss aversion, high levels of risk aversion towards gambling,
this study wants to detect if individuals with injuries with emotional brain circuitry systems would also have myopic loss

Social Communication And Rehabilitation Of Adolescents...
Social Communication and Rehabilitation of Adolescents with Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction Adolescence, the time between puberty and adulthood, is marked by a shift toward greater reliance on the peer group that the family,
resulting in a greater need for more complex social communication. It is also the age group which reports the highest incidents of traumatic brain injury
(Turkstra, 2004). One could surmise the many reasons for this – increased risk taking or increased participation in contact and/or extreme sports, for
example. Because the adolescent brain is still developing cognitive skills which support later–developing communication skills such as figurative
language, complex pragmatic functions , and receptive and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
297). Those cognitive processes include executive functions such as initiation, problem solving, inhibition of behaviors, and planning as well as
encoding and retrieval of semantic memory (Siddiqui, 2008). It therefore stands to reason that "behavioral studies on tasks including inhibitory control,
processing speed, working memory and decision–making continues to develop during adolescence... [and] developments in performance are linked to
the pruning and myelination processes occurring ... in the frontal cortex (Blakemore, 2006, p. 301). The prefrontal cortex, which covers the anterior
portion of the frontal lobe, has been associated with both awareness and theory of mind, which are two very important functions that are necessary for
effective social communication (Blakemore, 2006). Additionally, the surge of hormones during adolescence, the increased time spent with peers and
the continued development of emotion processing contribute to the rapid development and proliferation of social communication at that age.
Assessment Just as with adults, the impact that a traumatic brain injury has on the communication skills and their underlying cognitive processes of an
adolescent depends greatly on the nature, specifically location, and severity of the insult. Closed brain injuries in adolescents tend to damage the
prefrontal regions. As a result,

Social Emotional And Executive Function Defects
Through the decades, researchers have tried to solve the mystery of the enigmatic prefrontal cortex. Along with the famous case of Phineas Gage
(Harlow,1848), many studies have attempted to answer the burning question of either or not lesions to the prefrontal cortex lead to an antisocial
behavior. The PFC, which is found in the frontal lobe and has an executive function, helps us have an appropriate response to social situations. Why
is it important to study this matter? Because we are social creatures and knowing how to act in society is one of our basic needs. The studies which
will be presented show that there is an obvious link between dysfunction of the PFC and an antisocial way of acting.
In the developmental neuropsychology literature, it has been proved that social–emotional and executive function defects are associated with early
damage to the PFC. Piaget (1968) claimed that children learn from experience and this is the way in which they obtain adaptive characteristics.
Therefore, studying patients such as children can give a lot of information about the effect of brain maturation and social development.
The study conducted by Eslinger(2004) reveals 10 cases of patients suffering from early prefrontal cortex damage highlighting "one of the most
informative cases available in the literature on human prefrontal lobe damage", the case of Acherly and Benton(1948). JP, the person who was being
studied, is particularly important because he was observed for a long

Depression's Upside By Jonah Lehrer
"Depression 's Upside" a New York Times article written by Jonah Lehrer takes a different approach when looking at depression. He notes that Charles
Darwin 's depression allowed Darwin to concentrate on his work and therefore accelerated his research. The article looks at how depression changes the
way someone thinks and processes their environment on an evolutionary standpoint. This article focuses on research by psychiatrist Andy Thomson
and psychologist Paul Andrews, who took a special interest in evolutionary psychology. They wanted to concentrate on the evolutionary root of
depression, thus began the outlook of rumination; the thought processes that surrounds depression. Thomson and Andrews formed the
analytical–rumination hypothesis which states, the rumination thoughts forces an individual to over think and become very analytical and
hyper–focus on their own flaws causing their depression. Many studies show that the constant negative thoughts lead to depression, however
Thomson and Andrews were more concerned with the evolutionary purpose of rumination, if there is one? They explained the purpose as a fever that
sends white blood cells into overdrive in order to fight off infections, depression might be the fever that fights off one 's affliction. Rumination often
starts because of a psychological blow, leading to a cycle of negativity which can be hard to get out of, if the psychological blow continues to affect an
individual, they tend to fixate on the problem and

The Effect Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation On...
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Plasticity and Learning
Noam Katz
California State University, Long Beach
Abstract
Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS andbrain
plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff
about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity
/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning, etc. Write stuff about tDCS and brain plasticity/learning,... Show more content on
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The present study examines past research that looks at the effect of tDCS on learning and memory, specifically the differences in novice compared to
experienced learning.
Researchers Coffman, Trumbo, Flores, Garcia, Merwe, Wasserman, and Clark (2012) looked at how tDCS affects performance when placed over the
right inferior frontal cortex, and at different current strengths. Differential effects in responses to stimuli were looked at which included varying by
repetition and target presence, differences related to expectancy, and individual differences in skin stimulation and mood. Participants received training
for 1 hour in a complex virtual environment with the task of detecting hidden objects. Anodal tDCS was applied over the right inferior frontal cortex at
either 0.1 mA or 2.0 mA for the first 30 minutes of training, and participants were tested before, immediately after, and 1 hour after training. It was
found that participants who received the higher current of tDCS had increased performance for all of the test stimuli, but performance was greatest for
repeated test stimuli with the presence of hidden targets. This study was replicated with a second set of participants and the findings showed that the
enhancement performance with tDCS is

Consequences Of Underage Drinking
Underage drinking has been a growing concern among the public. As society idolizes the party life style, adolescence seem to be more encouraged to
join the movement. Because the youth of todays generations are not aware of the responsibilities that come along with drinking, they are ignorant to
the fact that there are ramification that come along with underage drinking. Though there are factors that play along with the juvenile party trend, as a
community, we must come together and be aware of the poor results these actions can cause. Underage drinking has become an outrage; its use among
teenagers has consequences such as brain damage, addictiveness, and safety risks. Teenagers can tend to view alcohol as a conversation starter,
helping them loosen up around people; but it can cause harsh brain damage. In spite the reality that alcohol can affect several parts of the brain while
drinking underage, the Hippocampus and the Prefrontal Lobe, are especially susceptible to alcohol damage. Hippocampus is in control of memory and
learning, "Studies of adolescents show that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As though the youth don't already make inferior choices without alcohol, with it, the results can be fatalistic. "...about 1155 persons under 21 die every
year in car crashes involving underage drinking." (Consumer Information, 2013). This is proof of how alcohol is poison to the youth, dominating their
behavior, and becoming the cause to such young deaths. With the help of alcohol, teens awareness is being altered. "In 2008, almost 40,000 youth ages
15–20 were admitted to hospitals due to alcohol problems." (Consumer Information, 2013). The numbers review the risks put in place by teens
consuming alcohol. If the damage done is not lethal, it very well can still be life changing. From broken bones, to possibly killing or injuring someone
else, everything can change in one

Video Games Persuasive Speech
Persuasive Speech
Michael Jordan once said according to (brainyquote), "Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships." This is true for
different activities like video games. If you want to win championships you need teamwork and intelligence, thanks to video games you can it helps
teamwork and social life, it helps with certain parts of your brain, and improve decision making. For those three reasons, video games are good for you.
Most parents say to their children stop playing video games and go socialize? Well, that isn't completely true, there are many online multiplayer games
that people play, for example, Call of Duty, Halo, Fortnite, and many many more. These games involve teamwork and are often played in groups,...
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A study was conducted at the University of Rochester, New York, where they had two groups of non
–gamers. One played a fast–paced action game for
50–hours, while the other play a slow strategy game for 50 hours. To test out the results they had a bunch of white dots moving either right or left. The
second test was that they wore a headset and had a sound come out of either the right or left. The result was that the non–gamers who played the fast
action game were able to press the "button faster and just as accurate" Green says. This is because action games help you learn to convert "what you
are seeing or hearing into correct probability," he says. This also proves that video games help you have faster reflexes as they were able to press the
button faster. When I play Fifa and want to get a player for as cheap as possible you need fast reflexes to be able to buy the player before the other
person. This skill is useful for many jobs like Youtubers who want to sniper/buy a player for as cheap as possible. For sports players who need to make
the right decision and act quickly so they don't lose the ball and score, it also helps in many other jobs where you need decision–making skills and quick

The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury Essay
I. Introduction The focus of this study was to examine the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children and adolescents on prospective memory.
The purpose of the study was to add to the scant research on the effects of TBI on prospective memory in children and adolescents. The authors were
also interested in adding support to the existing theory that the prefrontal areas of the brain meditate prospective memory. (Ward et al., 2005) The
authors were, for the purposes of this study, assuming that the brain's prefrontal regions are involved in prospective memory. The authors theorized that
younger children, with or without TBI, whose prefrontal regions are not fully developed, should perform poorly on prospective tasks. It was also ...
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The participants responded by pressing a green key for a response to a word, or a red key for a nonword. The lower level demand version of the task
used longer words, and the higher level version used shorter words. The participants were also shown italic letters, 12 total, within some of the words
and non–words presented to them, which are the prospective memory cues. Participants were told to press the 6th key, in a row of grey keys, when
they saw an italic letter appear. The participants were also tested with the following tasks to observe executive functioning capabilities: Self Ordered
Pointing Task (SOPT), Stroop Color Word Inference Task, and Tower of London (TOL). Responses were collected and data was created on each of
the four groups (children and adolescents with and without TBI), showing correct responses for both the high and low cognitive demand levels of the
task. The results of the study showed several outcomes. First, that in both groups lexical–decision accuracies were higher in low demand cognitive
conditions than in the high conditions. Overall, those with TBI had lower overall prospective memory scores than the participants in the control
groups. In addition to this, adolescents performed better than the children. However, as the cognitive demand of the tasks increased, there was a larger
gap in performance between

What Are Children Considered Adults
The topic of when children and teenagers should be considered adults is very controversial, and has always been. However, the answer seems to be
clear when you look at how the human body develops and the changes it goes through; one is an adult once the body, especially the brain, is
finished going through the major developments of puberty and early years. Some may say that people could be considered adults when they're just
16 years old, or sometimes younger than that. However, during that time, a child will likely still be going through puberty, which causes the entire
body to change and grow. Sexual organs will develop, the child will grow larger, and hormones like testosterone will be released into the body. There
is an area in the brain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The brain is a fascinating and intricate organ; however, it is fragile. Putting someone who is still developing under too much pressure can cause
mental disorders, such as depression or anxiety. Put enough stress and pressure on one, and they can develop suicidal thoughts or actions. Society
needs to slow down for a moment. Give people time. Parents should not rush their own, dear children to get a job or home until the child is
biologically ready to handle that amount of stress. Teachers should not bury students in school work, stating that having four projects, five essays, and
two tests due in the same week is "preparing them for adulthood," when the child should be eased into adulthood at their own pace, not have the
workload that a thirty year old could handle at the age of just fifteen. Slow down. Let a child develop and mature at their own body's

The Brain And Its Effect On Brain Development
Teenagers are susceptible to engaging in risky behaviors such as, unprotected sex, drug abuse, and unhealthy lifestyles because of the natural sequence
of our brain development. Myelination and maturation of the neurons in the brain work from the back of the brain towards the front. This is important
because the prefrontal cortex is located at the front of the brain and is responsible for problem solving, processing complex thoughts, a decision making.
The limbic system is at the base of the brain and is responsible for emotions such as fear and anxiety. Therefore, the limbic system matures and is
myelinated before the prefrontal cortex. The connections in the emotional center of the brain are stronger and more efficient than the part of the brain
that allows higher levels of problem solving and the ability to regulate those powerful emotions. Once adolescence is reached, hormones also play an
important role in development by directly affecting the amygdala, which in turn, results in a more active part of the brain. This development of the
brain isn't fully completed until years after the teenage stage of life. Consequently, teenagers are emotional because they are extra sensitive to
neurotransmitters like dopamine, the rewarding pleasure chemicals. Due to this, decisions are often not well regulated by caution, refection, or
planning. It isn't until after a decision has been made that the negative effects are taken into consideration. So, engaging in risky behaviors excites

Meditation: The Balance of Life Essay
All throughout history Buddhist monks and the eastern religion have been performing meditation, but recently anyone has been trying it. Meditation is
a practice that someone may train their mind to be in a state of consciousness that benefits their mind and body. Meditation is about paying attention,
focusing and being very calm. It sharpens creativity and performance while enhancing relationships. Meditators find when they stop taking things in
life so seriously, the self drops away. They are more direct and absorb life easier. (Ellison 3&6)Meditation has been around for thousands of years. In
every religion, the instructions for meditating are the same, only the words differ. There are two major types of meditation that may... Show more
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Brain activity associated with meditation has been pinpointed to the left prefrontal cortex, the area behind the left forehead. Mental practice is having
an effect on the brain the same way a sport can enhance performance. The brain is capable of being trained or changed. (Kaufman 1) Even
Neuroscience is encouraging this new way of thinking. They have provided evidence that the brain is a plastic, with the capacity to reorganize itself
with new experiences. It's like you are flexing a muscle in the brain. Meditation strengthens and stabilizes neural networks in the medial prefrontal
cortex, the control center involved with attention. The effort is to balance awareness between dullness and distraction. To do so, fine tune your
concentration, you'll notice the chaos will gradually calm. You can be aware of your thoughts instead. (Ellison 2&3)
There are two main types of meditation, Mantra and Vipassana meditation. Mantra meditation consists of concentrating on one word or phrase. The
meditator focuses or thinks one word over and over. They place all thought on that word trying to keep all distractions out ofmind. Thoughts may arise,
and your attention may be distracted. Attention is just put back to the mantra. (Roach 5) Vipassana meditation focuses on mindfulness. Take slow,
gentle deep breaths at a natural pace. It's observing what your body's doing, calming your mind and body. Both types of meditation have the same
outcomes; they

The PFC, Executive Function, and Dysfunction Essay
The PFC, Executive Function, and Dysfunction
Goldberg (2009) purports, that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) interconnects with every area associated with specialized functions in the brain and is the
only structure in the brain, which is so connected. He proposes that this unique anatomical presentation of the PFC provides it with the opportunity and
ability to gather information stored within those associated areas and to apply appropriate responses to environmental stimulus. These processes of
assimilating and applying refer to executive function (EF) and compare to the role of a conductor or CEO of a large company. When PFC
malfunctions, due to the onset of brain injury, disease, or congenital defect it is unable to perform its function as ... Show more content on
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The most prevalent of all the fissures is the longitudinal fissure, which separates the two hemispheres. The hemispheres further divides into the central
fissure and lateral fissure, which create the landmarks known as the four lobes and include the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and the occipital
lobe. The prefrontal cortex or PFC is located in the frontal lobe, which is located at the foremost anterior region of the cerebral hemisphere. Goldberg
(2009) describes how the PFC contains interconnections throughout the brain. He mentions how the PFC connects to the posterior association cortex,
which is associated with perceptual integration, and associates with the premotor cortex, the cerebellum, and basal ganglia, all which help, regulate
movement and motor control. The PFC additionally connects to those structures, which are critical for memory and include the thalamus, and
hippocampus. Furthermore, the PFC connects to the hypothalamus, which regulates homeostasis, with the amygdala, which regulates human relations.
Finally, the PFC is reciprocates with brain stem nuclei responsible for arousal and activation. The interconnections of the PFC uniquely positioned for
directing and assimilating the work of all the brain structures but are fragile and leave the PFC susceptible to injury and disease.
Wood and Grafman (2003) break the PFC further down into two major regions

Antisocial Personality Disorder ( Aspd )
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), opposition defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) are three distinct disorders based upon their
respective diagnostic criteria in the DSM–5. If ODD and CD were mild forms of ASPD, then there would need to be causal relationship between the
childhood manifestations of ODD and CD and the adult manifestation of ASPD. There is evidence of comorbidity between ODD and CD, and
also evidence to suggest that children diagnosed with these disorders may go on to develop ASPD later in life; however, correlation does not equal
causation. The three disorders have subtle but important differences in their associated behaviors, underlying causes, treatment outcomes, and
neurological signs. To an untrained observer, ODD may appear as the mildest form of the three disorders; however, this misunderstanding is based
on observations of a limited set of behaviors that are characteristic of ASPD which do not apply to ODD. ODD is an early onset disorder, and as
such, the behaviors characteristic of the disorder are characteristic of children: angry or irritable moods, argumentative or defiant behavior, and
vindictiveness. These behaviors are not present in ASPD or CD. In fact, the defining characteristic that separates the behaviors observed in ODD and
CD disorders is that the behaviors observed in CD impedes the basic rights of others or violate the major age–appropriate societal norms but ODD
exhibit internalized behaviors that may simply annoy

Article Summary Observation
In this experiment, Eisenberger, Master, Inagaki, Taylor, Shirinyan, Lieberman, and Naliboff further research the hypothesis that attachment figures
may act as safety signal to an individual during a threatening experience observing changes in neural mechanism to support this theory, specifically the
ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the neural region involved in signalling safety and reducing stress and threat. The researchers inflicted painful stimuli
upon female participants who were involved in a long term romantic relationships and observed activity in the participants' respective ventromedial
prefrontal cortex as the participants were shown control images and images of their loved ones. The results to this experiment were that the participants
themselves reported less pain while viewing partner pictures, reduction in pain related neural activity and increased activity in the ventromedial
prefrontal cortex, the VMPFC Activation is associated with reduced pain ratings and reduced pain–related neural activity. The researchers note that the
greater the VMPFC activity, the longer the relationship length and the greater the trust in the partner's support which supports the theory that the
VMPFC responds ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From personal experience I have noticed that being hurt by someone I trust, especially while staring at their face as they hurt me is actually more
painful than watching someone hurt me that I do not trust as much. This article has left me wondering as to why there is a discrepancy with my
personal experience and the results of this experiment. Does the reduction of pain when viewing attachment figures as proven in this experiment only
apply to fear and physical pain and not emotional pain? Stating which kind of pain would have been helpful for the reader with a history of abuse
understand the article on a deeper level

Why Do Romeo And Juliet Allow Their Children Looking To Date
From Shakespearean time to present day, the dating and marrying of certain people has been put in the hands of teenagers. In the 14 to 1500's parents
always had a say in who their son or daughter was to marry. Things today aren't like that, but in some cases parents don't allow their children to date
certain people. Some parents restrict who their teens date, and others want to allow their children freedom and to have their own independence in
preparation for becoming an adult. Different parenting styles have a major impact on their teen's future. Parent's today should have the right to prohibit
who their children date. Seeing beyond looks is difficult for many teens looking to date. As soon as they see someone attractive they instantly fall in
love. Romeo and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the beginning of the play Romeo is beyond upset when he finds that his love for Rosaline is not mutual. Romeo even moves into a depressed,
mopey state, in which he locks himself in his room and cries constantly. (Act I, scene 1) Romeo moves on quickly and falls in love with Juliet
based off of her astounding beauty at the Capulet party. (Act I, scene 5) The love between the two was shared and after only one night in the
Capulet orchard they had fallen in love and agreed to marry the following morning. (Act II) Before Romeo, Juliet was a very independent woman
and objected to marriage. Lady and Lord Capulet knew Paris was a good person and Juliet didn't even consider giving him a chance at the party. (Act
I, scene 3) Juliet also didn't know anything about Paris. If she would have given him a chance and actually gotten to know him, she could have fallen
in love with him rather than basing love off looks with Romeo. Romeo wasn't a bad person, but he did lead Juliet to do and say things she wouldn't
normally say, like threatening to kill herself through desperation throughout the play and disobeying her parents. Parents who take the time to

Understanding the Brain: The Case of Phineas Cage Essay...
What impairments would you expect to see following lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex? Compare and contrast with lesions affecting the
dorsolateral prefontal cortex.
In 1948 Phineas Gage, an American railroad construction foreman, was involved in a terrible accident during which a tamping iron was explosively
forced upwards through his left cheek and exiting the top of his head (Harlow, 1948). He stunned his colleagues by not only surviving the event and
swiftly regaining consciousness but by also by walking to a nearby cart. Gage regained many of his physical and mental abilities but remained altered
in his personality to the extent that he was considered "gross, profane, coarse and vulgar" (Bigelow, 1851), having previously ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, results of studies with animals with focal lesions have been extrapolated to provide insight into the functioning of the human brain.
The results of these studies have helped to generate a number of theories regarding the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in human thought and
behaviour. Broadly, the PFC is the area responsible for 'executive function' and is involved in complex planning, moderation of social behaviour,
expression of personality and decision–making. A key role is the integration of information from other areas of the brain in order to ensure behaviour
that is consistent with internal goals. To explain how the PFC functions, Miller and Cohen (2001) propose the Guided Activation Theory, which
suggests that the PFC modulates activity flow along pathways in more posterior parts of the brain, particularly enhancing flow along task–relevant
pathways.
Some authors have argued strongly for localisation of function within areas of the PFC. For example, Stuss (2007) argues that four dissociable
functions pertaining to specific areas exist; 1) executive cognitive linked the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), 2) behavioural–emotional self–regulatory
linked to the ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC), 3) energisation linked to the superior medial frontal area and metacognitive processes

##ciousness And Savagery In William Golding's Lord Of The...
Lord of the Flies Civilized thoughts and morals are the outcome of a highly complex neural circuit producing chemicals such as serotonin located in
the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, the parietal lobe and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of the brain (Morality Work in the Brain). The mix of
adrenaline and the inaccurate quantity of serotonin influences the respectable opinions of humans into vile feelings and actions (The Moral Brain).
In agonizing and traumatic situations, the behavioral ethics of the person alter and savagery and barbarity occur. In most cases, humans changing
their behavioral viewpoint does not occur in modern day civilization. On the other hand, it does appear in detailed novels. A prime example of this
category is Lord of the Flies composed by William Golding. The author explicitly describes the evolution of the characters' decivilization using
precise imagery. In Chapter Eight of Golding's novel Lord of the Flies, the use of sensory imagery, diction, and dialogue exemplifies the viciousness
and savagery in the horrid scene. Initially in Chapter Eight, the boys pursue a herd of pigs for nourishment on the island. The pigs are "sensuously
enjoying the shadows under the trees. There was no wind and they were unsuspicious" (Golding Chapter Eight). Based on this phrase, the pigs in the
novel symbolize the innocence that is embedded on the island because of their benevolent manner. Be that as it may, Jack's obsession revolving around

Impulse Buying
Running head: CAUSES OF IMPULSE BUYING Impulse Buying EN1320 ITT Technical Institute Impulse Buying Everyone does it from time to
time. I'm talking about acting upon impulse. In some cases, impulsive actions can be harmless or even rewarding. This is usually not the case though
when it comes to making impulsive purchases. Studies have shown that on average, between 50 and 65 percent of items purchased while shopping
we're not on their lists, and we're bought out of impulse. The question at hand is why, and this is what I am going to try and answer. Impulse buying
begins a downward spiral that, if not corrected, ends with owning up to unexpected and undesired consequences that can be very detrimental and life
changing. As defined... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the study mentioned above by Spool (2011), a major driver of impulse purchases is the use of the category links on the website. Certain designs
led shoppers to find products through category links rather than the sites search engines. When shoppers used these categories, they were far more
likely to make impulse purchases than when they used the search engines. In the study, 87% of the dollars spent on impulse purchases resulted
from users navigating the site by the category links. Users spent the remaining 13% of the money after navigating via the sites search engines. If a
visitor sees a "popular products" section or a "clearance" banner on a site, those are the things they are most likely going to click. Even if they
went to the site looking for a particular product, this strategy is usually taken advantage of. Many retailers put a "may we suggest" section on each
and every product page with items that are relevant to what the customer was looking for, and this is also very enticing. Other ways online pages
encourage impulsive purchases is with the use of things such as time sensitive sales. This can be sales such as Memorial Day sales, deal of the day, or
just random clearance sales. It doesn't matter what the occasion is, making a banner that says something like "Sale ends at Midnight!" will encourage
people to click the link, venture further into the store, and

Mindfulness Meditation and The Reduction of Anxiety
Mindfulness Meditation and The Reduction of Anxiety
Mindfulness meditation is a form of meditation that has been prevalent for thousands of years, and is only becoming increasingly more popular. "Over
the past decade, neuroscientists like myself have become increasingly interested in studying how meditation affects the brain and body. The number of
studies conducted per year in this new field of contemplative science is rising exponentially, with more than 200 studies published last year alone,"
(Hasenkamp). It's a form of meditation in which a person builds a practice of awareness, intentionally focuses their attention on the present moment,
and accepts whatever the present moment brings, without any judgment.
New research presents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The majority of study participants reported decreases in anxiety. Researchers found that meditation reduced anxiety ratings by as much as 39 percent."
(Beck and Davis)
The direct effect that focusing the mind on the present moment has on reducing anxiety and its symptoms are largely important. The idea of not
controlling one's thoughts, but redirecting them to the present moment is a fairly hard concept for most people to fully understand. Redirecting one's
thoughts to the present moment distracts the mind from any worry–some or anxiety inducing thoughts or feelings, without giving attention to them.
The redirection of thoughts essentially keeps the mind occupied, which means the mind has less time to spend worrying or cultivating anxiety inducing
scenarios in one's mind.
In relation to the redirection of thoughts being effective in reducing anxiety, it also has been proven to reduce physical symptoms of anxiety or
discomfort. By reverting attention away from pre–existing physical discomforts, these same discomforts are given time to subside, which they typically
do immensely, solely because it isn't the focus of one's attention. "Some experts believe that mindfulness works, in part, by helping people to accept
their experiences– including painful emotions– rather than react to them with aversion and

The Subconscious Analysis That Shapes Our Lives
Running Head: INTUITION
Intuition:
The Subconscious Analysis That Shapes Our Lives
Shannon Moran
Bridges High School
INTUITION
Abstract
Intuition has rarely been given the credit it deserves, even when numerous experiments over the past decades has shown it to be a complex and detailed
subconscious process, rather than the pseudo–science many still believe it to be. Despite the success of intuition as a decision maker, the ideology that
we should trust logic first and hunches second often wins out. While intuition has been known to lead to mistakes, known as Warren–Harding Errors,
it's often more reliable than logical, thought out problem solving. Ignorance as to the true nature of intuition has led to a societal ideology that values
the conscious over the subconscious, and regards intuition as a lesser emotion that isn't to be trusted. However, there is, in fact, science to support the
reliability of intuition. Gut feelings are a result of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, located directly behind the nose, which sorts and prioritizes
information, and runs all relevant information through the subconscious, which uses an analyzation of past events and calculates the best course of
action. This process manifests as intuition.
keywords: intuition, decision–making, logic, clinical intuition
Intuition: The Subconscious Analysis That Shapes Our Lives
Throughout history, intuition has been regarded with scientific speculation, or as a sort of sixth–sense,

Ways Of Knowing Are A Check On Instinctive Judgements
To respond to the statement, "Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments," this essay will address the extent of the effect ways of
knowing have on our instinctive judgement. Ways of knowing are taken as boundaries, or means of confirmation for instinctive judgements. In
Malcolm Gladwell's Blink, he said that instinctive judgement is, in one critical respect, no different from our conscious thinking: in both, we are able
to develop our rapid decision making with training and experience (Gladwell, 2005). This suggests that the concept that instinctive judgement is
trainable, then raises the knowledge question, "To what extent do ways of knowing affect instinctive judgements?". Ways of knowing shape, reinforce,
and work as checks to our instinctive judgements to a large extent. However ways of knowing tend to be subconsciously drawn together with intuition
by limiting those judgements which then can extensively affect our instinctive judgement. I will tackle the given title... Show more content on
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It can be concluded that ways of knowing such as reason and emotion affect instinctive judgements to a large extent. However these ways of knowing
will be drawn together with intuition subconsciously which then undermines their contribution in making instinctive judgements. In relation to the title
that questions the extent of ways of knowing as a check in instinctive judgement, based on the analysis, ways of knowing does work as a check in
instinctive judgement to a large extent due to fact that there's a large effect caused by the absence of a way of knowing in making moral instinctive
judgement. Nonetheless, ways of knowing such as reason and emotion have limitations when it comes to making instinctive judgements instantly, as
these ways of knowing need consideration and clear

The Causes of Sleep Deprivation
In Western cultures, the biggest cause of sleep deprivation is stress mostly as a result of being sick, overworking and shift working, drugs, or
examinations (Pinel, 2014). Sleep loss can lead to impairment in decision–making. Two studies have been conducted that look at twenty–four hours of
sleep deprivation and focus on the effect it has on making complex decisions. Essentially, what is the effect of totalsleep deprivation in
decision–making? In 2009, David Schyner and his colleagues had the opportunity to subject fifteen participants to a total of twenty–four hours of sleep
deprivation. They set up their experiment by asking participants to make a decision between two choices and then again between three choices after
a day of sleep loss. Researchers found that participants had a decreased ability to make integrative decisions between two choices, and the three
choice tasks were significantly harder to make more so than the two choice task. MRIs of the participants showed an overall decrease in five regions
of the brain in of task–specific activity versus a full night's rest. Affected brain areas were the superior parietal lobe, which functions in spatial
orientation; the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, which function in self–awareness in coordination with senses and processing higher
information, respectively; the orbital frontal, the cognitive aspect of processing decision–making; and the inferior and medial polar frontal, which
operates in

Psychopathy And The Physiological Etiology Of Psychopathy
Psychopathy is a topic that receives more than its fair share of attention in the media. The very concept of psychopathy simultaneously fascinates and
terrifies people as they attempt to understand the motivation of people who they deem to be very different than themselves. However, people rarely
stop to consider the physiological differences in individuals with psychopathy, focusing instead on outward displays of sensational aggression. In order
to assess the physiological components of psychopathy, it is necessary to consider theories on the physiological etiology of psychopathy, the ways in
which the prefrontal cortex and amygdala work together to enhance psychopathic symptomology, and the ways in which lesions on the prefrontal cortex
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Much like the University of Pennsylvania study, results indicated that reduced functioning in parts of the brain involved in moral decision making and
the expression of emotion may help to explain psychopathy (Glenn et al, 2009; Marsh et al., 2011). Another theory of the physiological etiology of
psychopathy focuses on the role of serotonergic functionality. As serotonin functions to maintain mood balance, deficits in the functionality of
serotonin have the potential to be hugely detrimental. A study published in Motivation and Emotion analyzed the role of serotonin in high levels of
aggression, a key component of the expression of psychopathy. Researchers also proposed a connection between high levels of testosterone and low
levels serotonin working together to increase both aggression and impulsivity (Montoya et al., 2012). These findings complement those in a study
conducted by researchers at Radboud University, which consisted of a between groups comparison between psychopathy and sociopathy in terms of
dysfunction in emotional processing, HPA–axis functioning, and serotonergic profiles, as well as polymorphisms in serotonergic genes and behavioral
endophenotypes (Yildirim & Derksen, 2013). Yildirim and Derksen found that issues

The Causes Of Pathological Gambling
Pathological Gambling Rolling dice once and suddenly winning a huge amount of money. Only, that person knows the satisfaction because almost
everyone enjoys becoming a bit richer, but he would have no idea about when this satisfaction will lead him to addiction? The thinking "I am sure I
will be winning this time" never allows that person to realize the amount of time and money he had spent on gambling. National surveys in 1995 and
1998 found that 61% to 63% of Americans gambled at least once a year (National research council staff). Pathological gambling is different from
normal recreational gambling. Normal gambling is viewed as a source of entertainment. Pathological gambling, on the other hand, is the inability of
a person to resist impulses to gamble which may turn out to be evil for self, family, and society. "When the gambler enters the desperate phase and
begins to chase his losses", Sanger said "he is ready to sell his daughter's graduation dress or steal from his mother's retirement fund to get money to
gamble" (Breo, Losing Streaks). Pathological gambling is more common in adult men than any other age groups. According to current research,
among 120 million adult Americans who gamble, approximately 11 million will end up being pathological gamblers (Paul and Townsend 1998).
People will often point out their social or economic problems to be the main reasons for gambling. However, research shows that people gamble not
only for excitement but also with the hope of

Decision-Making Model Analysis Essay example
Decision–Making Model Analysis
Decisions! Decisions! Decisions! How do you make decisions? Have you ever asked yourself, "How did I make that decision?" Whether big or small,
important or not so important, decision making is a process. Some people way the pros and cons while others may just flip a coin. Are decisions based
on feelings, outcomes or information? Often times if we just go with our gut feeling will be miss out on important information that should be included
in our decision.
Decision–making can be a cognitive process of selecting a course of action form various options. Some of us are logical. Some of us are risk taking.
Either way such characteristics play a role in our decisions. In my experience decision–making can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Step One is to identify the decision to be made. In my case, the decision was whether to take a new job opportunity or remain in my existing position.
Step Two is to do a self assessment. At this point, I began to consider my needs and wants. Would the new opportunity really be something I would
enjoy? Would it be challenging? This particular new opportunity was an office position. I am accustomed to working in the field. So I had to ask
myself how will I adapt to the everyday office environment.
Step Three is to identify the options. I began to gather information about other potential opportunities that may soon be an option. Should I settle for
this opportunity or what for one more suitable for me, is a question I proposed to myself.
Step Four is to gather information and data. I reviewed the salary potential of the job opportunity. I considered the current salary and potential future
salary increase.
Step Five is to evaluate options that will solve the problem. In trying to make my decision, I listed the pros and cons. I thought about the potential
disadvantages of leaving my current position.
Step Six is to select on of the options. At this point, Roberts believes you should have enough information to choose an option. In my decision, I had all
the information I needed to make my decision. While, the new opportunity offered a higher salary, the responsibilities where not tasks of interest.

Step Seven is to design a course of action to

Compare And Contrast Materialism And Dualism
Neuroscience, Brain Lesion Deficit and Alzheimer's is the best evidence for Materialism. Firstly, I'll explain what materialism is and its opposing
theory, dualism. Then I'll describe the evidence for materialism and respond with how dualists would. I conclude that Materialism is the best mind
theory due to scientific evidence.
Materialism and Dualism are both theories based on where the mind is located. The mind consists of mental states. Mental states can be divided into
three categories: cognitive, conative and affective. Cognitive states are aimed at fitting the world and these include beliefs, knowledge,memories,
understanding and experiences. Conative states are aimed at changing the world through decisions, choices, will and ... Show more content on
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What sense is there in having a third party when everything can just be done in the brain? What stops the soul from having the other functions of the
brain if they are so deeply connected. There's no evidence for the existence of a soul and any missing gaps explaining how the soul and the body
interact are just explained as "it's mysterious."
Alzheimer disease shows using neuroscience and brain lesion deficit that it damages the brain and people with the disease lose many of their mental
states and what makes them an individual. When a person has Alzheimer's their brain is damaged and they develop impaired memory, thinking and
behaviour. Through damages to the brain from the disease and other research scientists can conclude that certain mental states can be attributed to
certain parts of the brain. Such as, that the temporal lobes of the brain process working memory and higher emotions such as empathy, morality and
regret, the limbic system contains our desire and emotions, the hippocampus forms new memories and that the cerebellum stores our muscle memory.
When a person has Alzheimer's the brain cells die and lead to the brain shrinking. The connections within the brain are also damaged so signals cannot
be passed. (Fightdementia.org.au, 2014) If the mind was not in fact within the brain how could Alzheimer's affect a persons mental states that are
located within the soul? The soul would be perfectly intact as would

The Importance Of Pragmatic Language Processing
as Goodman & Stuhlmuller (2013) claim that pragmatic language understanding is a social cognition. Perhaps the complex systems involved in
pragmatic language understanding are modules that specifically process information about social context, and, it is likely that these interpretation.
Perhaps one might start by searching for data suggesting that semantic processing and pragmatic processing involve different parts of the brain.
In a series of experiments, Rabagliati, Pylkkanen & Marcus (2013) tested linguistic ambiguity resolution in children compared to adults. They found
that children processed language differently than adults and that children had trouble integrating contextual cues (Rabagliati et al., 2013, p. 1085). And
they suggested that this may be because children's executive function abilities are not fully developed (Rabagliati et al. p. 1085, 2013). This notion is
in alignment with previous research by Khanna and Boland (2010) who studied lexical ambiguity resolution in 7 to 10 year old's and in adults. They
found that those who had more fully developed executive function abilities also were more sensitive to context in their lexical interpretation (Khanna &
Boland, 2010).
These results are starting to paint a picture that the structures for analyzing and interpreting syntax and semantics may be different than the structures
that are involved in a pragmatic interpretation. One might hypothesize that the modules for strict semantic understanding are in

The Value of Nature to Humans
The Value of Nature Humans project the value of nature because humans are the only beings that are able to produce rational thoughts and are
therefore, the only beings that value. Since humans are the only beings that value, they are inherently the only things that determine the value of other
things. In addition to my main thesis, I will address where the value in nature originates by explaining the disjoint relationship between humans and
non–humans. Expanding on my thesis, I will prove the projection view is correct by showing that all arguments for the recognition view appeal to
projection. Projection, meaning, humans project value on to nature rather than recognition, meaning, humans recognize the intrinsic value of nature.
The value of nature is a contentious issue that not only concerns environmental ethicists, but also everyday people around the world. As our world
becomes more technologically dependent, it seems that we are becoming less concerned with nature. In deciding the future of our planet, it is important
that we explore the value of nature and the consequence of destroying it. I will reference and utilize quotes by Holmes Rolston III from his novel, A
New Environmental Ethics, as I evaluate the Euthyphro Problem as it applies to the value of nature. The recognition view of the value nature
articulates that humans recognize the intrinsic value of nature. Where does the basis for this argument originate? Rolston defends the idea that if an
organism performs

Analysis Of Neil Hughes 's ' The Crucible '
Neil Hughes grew up in Liverpool with his mother and father. He was a cheerful and active child, who was very talkative and appeared to be the
most joyful and comical of all the children in the film 7 Up. Yet after a dramatic turn to which the source is not completely clear, he ended up
homeless by age 21. With an in–depth look at his life considering environmental, biological and psychological factors, it becomes apparent that his
life was not a typical one, veering away from any standard timeline and lacking any amount of stability. From a broad overview, Neil's life appears to
completely disregard the social clock and any standard timeline, however small parts of his life still had a degree of normality. At seven, Neil was very
active... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At age 49 Neil moved to Cambria, and is a member of the local district council. He has his own house in the countryside and seems to be happier
than ever. He is very focused on his religion, something that is typical of late adulthood, when people start searching for a meaning in life
(Santrock, 2015). At 56, when the typical man should be preparing to retire and expecting grandchildren, Neil is just now able to keep his first job,
as a counselor of Cambria. He continued lay ministry and works for a church (Apted & Almond, 2013). Neil strived to make his life normative; he
went to a university for a short time, he tried to find a career, and expressed desire for a relationships. Neil didn't accomplish things in the typical
order of the social clock; and I think this was a huge contributor to his depression. Neil was raised by his parents, whom he believed were responsible
for not addressing real world problems with him while he was young, or not setting enough obstacles in his way (Apted & Almond, 2013). Maybe
Neil's problem was more a lack of the development of coping strategies. Perhaps he never had to deal with any negativity as a child and therefore never
learned to cope with stress. His parents also set high standards for him from a young age and he felt like this pressure gave him a false sense of
confidence and a large ego. He realized he was completely

Criminal Psychopaths
Psychopaths are social burdens Individuals with psychopathic personality are characterized by a constellation of traits, including
interpersonal–affective features such as superficial charm, manipulation, lack of affect and emotion, and antisocial features such as impulsivity and
aggression. (Gao, 2011). These traits in turn have been linked to a disregard for laws and social mores, a disregard for the right of others, a failure to
feel remorse or guilt and a tendency to display violent behavior (Kennedy, 1954). Furthermore, their interpersonal behavior has been described as
selfish, dominant, manipulative, and superficial; showing a lack of responsibility within relationships; and inability to form long–lasting bonds.
Psychopaths are described... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. These personality changes in these patients are similar to the changes found in psychopaths. Antoni Damasio and his teams highlights this similarity as
they were able to show a 16 percent reduction in the volume of the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Raine, 148–149). This structurel impairment to
the ventral region of the prefrontal cortex is particularly implicated in antisocial, psychopathic behavior (Raine pg 148–149]). Antonio Damasio was
also able to associate this deformation in the ventral prefrontal cortex with an array of deficits in emotion and decision making, lack of guilt, shame and
empathy, poor planning, irresponsibility, and irritability. Experimental studies were able to reveal that both neurological damaged patients and
psychopaths exhibited reduced emotional charged stimuli, defects in economic decision–making skills, deficits in reversal learning and moral
judgment impairment (Koenigs, 2012). Blair's research also supports these findings as he was able to prove his argument that the integrated
functioning of the vmPFC enables the basics of care–based morality and dysfunction within the region in psychopathy means that reinforcement–based
decision making, including moral and economic decision making, are impaired

Everything is not black and white when it comes to proving...
Everything is not black and white when it comes to proving that one is guilty or innocent based on a neurological basis alone when we have to look
at morals, and whether or not one's brain abnormality deems them not responsible for any actions or crimes they may or may not commit. According
to Lambert and Kinsley, it is difficult to distinguish a specific cause for a certain behavior (specifically criminal behavior in this case). Despite these
difficulties, all hope should not be lost, because areas of the brain (i.e. the frontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, orbital frontal cortex, amygdala, etc.) have
been helpful in many cases considering the use of modern brain imaging technology, and studies containing scientific methodology. It must be... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also seen that "vicious" criminals have could most likely be victims of child abuse and brain injury. (p.458)
According to Gazzoniga( 2008), many debate whether or not human beings should be responsible for what they do. The mind is so complex, and
being that the brain is being studied so in hopes of identifying how people think and perceive has opened many doors for law officials looking for
new ways to figure out the truth. In fact, Pardo (2006) believes that the skills to lie and deceive were developed biologically and linguistically; he
continued to say that being able to detect lies is extremely beneficial to the legal system, because it would aide in finding solutions for disputes in a
way that is reliable while trapping liars (people whose stories are inconsistent, contradicting, eventually leading the suspect to confess). A major issue
however, is ethics in terms of the type of questions asked when using as neuroscience based lie–detector test. Would the lie detector tests help the
defendant or work against them?
Lambert and Kinsley (2011) explain that polygraph tests today measure electrodermal activity (skin response), blood pressure, respiration, and heart
rate. In the past there were many unethical ways of trying to detect the truth that were extremely irrational such as seeing if the witched in New
England would sink or not; I assume that if they did not sink they were not the truth. Issues with the lie

Lord Of The Flies Symbolism
MMarlex Iraheta
A Block
9 October 2017 The Dark side of Man
What does it mean to be human? In the novel Lord of The Flies, author William Golding goes in depth and shines some light on a darker side of
man with symbols he portrays throughout his book. In the Lord of The Flies, a group of kids have crashed landed on an island with no civilization,
no adults to take charge, and no one to look after them. Alone, the group of kids slowly lose their grasp of civilization, and one by one they start
giving in to their savagery. In Lord of The Flies William Golding uses the symbols of "the beast," the pig hunts, and the island's scars to portray the
kids' fall from civilization into savagery, also known as the dark side of man.
Topic Sentence needed. Then introduce the quote "It's you... You're the beast... Can't you see what you're doing..."~ Simon's last words. What is the
beast, and what does it represent in LoTF? The beast is the fear that we all have inside of us; the very same fear that led the kids into killing each
other. Fear , it manipulates the mind, kicks all logic out the window and puts your mind in a defensive mechanism. This defense mechanism is known
as the Fight or Flight response , our natural instinct as human where the frontal lobe, or the prefrontal cortex goes offline (meaning you have no control
over your body) and your Limbic system takes control over your body, and kicks starts an adrenaline rush, like a lighter being ignited by a sprayed
can, this

Is Addiction A Brain Disease?
Cognitive Addiction
Addiction is a Brain Associated Disorder that Allows the Body to Become Dependent on a Substance
Oliver Sutton
General Psychology 150–101
Professor Shawn Matthews
30 September 2014
Oliver Sutton
Professor Shawn Matthews
General Psychology 150–101
30 September 2014
Is addiction a brain disease? The definition of disease is a disorder in an organism that produces specific signs/symptoms that affects a specific
location and isn't a direct result of any kind of physical injury. Addiction is a compulsive need for any substance or service that can cause a person
or organism to form a habit, and is a chronic disease of brain reward and causes dysfunctions in the circuits. Addiction is also characterized by the
inability to consistently abstain impairment in behavioral control. The idea that addiction is a brain disease is just about universally accepted among
scientist that focus on addiction (Corrigan,2008). However few believe that addiction is not a brain disease because they claim that neural dysfunction
is not sufficient for disease. (NCBI, 2012). Some agree that addiction occurs in the brain but should not be considered a brain disease or a disease at
all(Lawrence 2013). Substance abuse is the most common addiction that people base their decision upon. These drugs affect the brain and cause
different reactions to the rest of the of the body. The types of drugs include: hallucinogens, opioids, sedatives, stimulants, etc. cause different

Teenage Brain Vs Teen Brain
The brain of the average teen is quite different to that of an adult, which results in many struggles in action and behavior that is special to teens. Most
of the reasons teens act the way they do versus how adults act can be determined by the brain and its development. These large and important
differences between the brains of adults in teens is why teens act so different from adults. The teen brain is different from the adult brain because the
teenage brain is not yet done maturing. This has been proved in the article ("Teen Brain...") where it says that the brain is still growing and maturing in
these year and the amygdala is what develops sooner than the prefrontal cortex ("Teen Brain..,"). So what this means is that "teens actions are guided
more by the emotional, amygdala and less by the thoughtful, and logical prefrontal cortex" ("Teen Brain...").This shows the difference between adult
brain and teen brains because one typically thinks of most adults as logical and rational people and often people think of teens as kind of crazy or off
the rails and irrational. While some of that is simple, the teens personality, a large part is simply biology. Our bodies are meant to survive so it make
sense that we develop the reaction and fear first but unfortunately now, in modern times, we do not need those developments first since humans are not
trying to survive in a harsh, survival of the fittest centered, environment any longer, which results in the typical teen with an

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