The Holy Of The Roman Empire

The Holy Of The Roman Empire
The Libyan born Presbyter and theologian, Arius (d. 336), believed that Jesus was created by god and therefore not eternal. He taught many things in
his church in Alexandria and he attempted to address complexities such as the divinity of Christ in relation to God according to monotheism. Perhaps
God had a reason for the work of Arius in the Empire. Until now the church hadn't resolved an issue of this magnitude and Arius brought it to the main
stage. Perhaps Arius was meant to argue for the sake of change within the church according to God's ultimate design, saving the dissolution of the
Roman Empire. In this paper I will describe the beliefs held by Arius on eternity and the divinity of Jesus, as well as the issue of Monotheism in both
points of view and the controversy that enveloped. I will then talk about the views and response of the church to Arius' teachings and the reasoning
behind the formation of the Council of Nicaea, as well as attempt to prove that Arius was wrong in his belief. Lastly I will discuss the influence of
Emperor Constantine in the formation of the council and the politics within the church in regards to the growing issue that Arius started, as well as
explain the role of argumentation that Arius had (knowingly or unknowingly) in the preservation of the church according to God's ultimate plan for
Christianity. Politics aside Arius is an interesting man. A presbyter from the north Egyptian city of Alexandria, "he was described as a learned and
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Mary Mackillop: The First Australian Saint
The influence of Mary Mackillop as the first Australian saint has developed catholicism through important events and issues. Mary was born on the
15th January, 1842 and was the eldest of eight children. Throughout her early life she experienced several challenges that influenced her pathway to
catholicism. With the guidance and inspiration of church figures, Mary soon followed her vocation. Significant events associated with her life continued
to shape her upbringing. Through the influence of teaching and her religious calling Mary developed catholicism throughout Australia. Certain issues
throughout her journey contributed towards her life decisions. These challenges influenced Mary's morals and willingness to follow God. Through
heart ache and pain, she always discovered that God was the answer. As the first Australian saint Mary has... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her undying passion and faith in God contributed towards her vocation which inspired others. From birth till death Mary has been a significant figure
in the church's history.
Mary Mackillop's early life has influenced her pathway to catholicism. As the eldest of eight children to Alexander Mackillop and Flora MacDonald,
she was well educated. However, with a lack of financial support she was forced to earn a living at 16 which she greatly supported her family with.
Mary met Father Julian Tension Woods whilst working as a governess for her uncle's children, he offered her a position to help in the religious
education of children in the outback. Unfortunately, with the reliance of her income towards her family Mary could not follow her vocation. Luckily,
in 1866 through the inspiration and encouragement of Father Woods, Mary established the first Saint Joseph's School in a disused stable in Penola. The
Congregation of the Sisters of St Joseph resulted after a year of its

Social Class In The Middle Ages
The Middle Ages was a society based on well–structured and well–defined classes. Once you were born into one class of the society, you belonged to
that class for the rest of your life and there was little no chances of improving your status. These classes in order from high to low were King, Nobles,
Clergy and Peasants. The Clergy were the religious people in the middle ages and the peasants were mainly farmers to the land owned by the lord.
Clergy ranked up with the higher classes while the peasants were the lowest class. Clergy, though they weren't considered part of one of the social
classes, were an important part and had and influential role in society, and they did have a hierarchy of their own (Newman). The class of the
peasants included Freemen who were inclined to a few rights and land, serfs were given no rights, and slaves were bought and sold. The clergy were
the religious people and the rulings of the clergy affected everyone during the Middle Ages. Following thepope, in order of rank, there were bishops,
priests, monks and nuns. The bishops were accepted in court and normally they were given the same luxurious the nobles had. The nobles were the
highest rank in the middle ages. The priest was not as rich as the bishops but they were generally the head of the church. Monks were often scholarly
and could read and write in Latin. Monks were clean–shaven, but often they shaved a bald spot on the top of their head as a symbol of humility called
a "tonsure". Nuns

Gregory The City Of God Essay
Benedictine Rule – Benedictine Rule were the rules in place for the monks to follow. They were important because they set the rules to keep monks
safe and they displayed the views of the monks.
Augustine (Hippo) – Augustine was a Latin father who wrote the Confessions and the City of God. He was important because he was a Bishop of Hippo
and he wrote two famous works of literature.
The City of God – Christian beliefs of government and history written by Augustine. He talked about the relationship between the government and
history of the society.
Jerome – Jerome was a Latin father who liked literary studies. He was important because he translated the bible into Latin so that more people could
read it.
Latin vulgate – Latin vulgate is the common text of scriptures. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was important because he established the Papal States and was known as a great pope for his numerous writings.
Papal States – The Papal States were an administrative unit that was put into place by Gregory the Great. They were important because they provided
protection for Rome, fed the people, and established a government for Rome.
Asceticism – Asceticism, also known as celibacy, is the abstinence of all sexual activity and all indulgences in order to pursue god. It was important
because it brought all the Christian people together and it was a way to be holy.
Benedict of Nursia – Benedict of Nursia was the author of the Benedictine Rules and he founded a monastic house. He is important because he wrote
the fundamentals to be a monk. Benedict set all of the rules that monks were to follow.
Monks, abbots and nuns – Nuns were women who left society to join a religious community, monks were men who left society to dedicate themselves
to god, and abbots were the heads of the monasteries. They were all important because they gave everything that they had to the poor and pursued their

Christianity, The World 's Largest Religion
Christianity consists of a lot more then what most people perceive of it. Not only is Christianity the world's largest religion, but also includes more
than 25,000 different denominational groups. The three branches of Christianity are Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant. Each of these
branches have numerous denominations within them. For instance, Protestantism includes Lutherans, Baptist, Methodists, Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Pentecostals, and Evangelicals. Ongoing conflicts about beliefs and practices caused the creation of these denominations. In 1504, the
first division of Christianity into branches occurred with the creation of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. They separated due to the
difference in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All Christians believe that all humans are sinful and in need of grace, and that only Jesus Christ makes it possible for us to have a relationship with
God through his death and resurrection. They also believe that the Bible tells us who God is, how we can have a relationship with him, and how we
can extend God's love to other people. The branches of Christianity differ in heads of the church, how church is conducted, the importance of saints,
and many other minor differences.
Roman Catholics believe in a hierarchy with the Pope (Bishop of Rome) at the top. The Pope is the "Vicar of Christ" (Christ on Earth) and acts in his
place to lead the Church in determining what is right and proper for all Catholics. He exercises authority over the 3,250 Bishops in the Roman Catholic
Church and speaks on issues pertaining to faith and morals. Roman Catholic tradition of the Pope is based on the apostle Peter being ordained the
first "pope" when Jesus declared, "And I say also unto thee, that thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall
not prevail against it" (King James Bible Matthew 16:18). Cardinals, who have the right to

The Roman Catholic Church : Unlimited Power In Medieval...
Unlimited Power One of the largest defining features of Medieval Europe was the Roman Catholic Church. The far–reaching and penetrating influence
it had over most of the Western world far exceeded that of any secular rulers of the time. It influenced the personal lives of ordinary people through its
religious laws, and it affected the political climate having "divine authority" over even kings. Because people feared the pope and ultimately the divine
authority he represented, there was little rebellion against the church itself, even if there were revolts against local political leaders. That being said, we
cannot neglect the instances in which the authority of the papal office was challenged. On occasions where the pope did not have the approval of
secular rulers (i.e. the Holy Roman Emperor), the church's power was slightly limited. But as long as those in authority throughout Christendom
honored the authority of the pope, the Catholic Church had "unlimited power" (McCallum et. al.). On the very deepest levels, the Catholic Church had
authority; even when it came to how people lived their personal lives. Most people within Christian–controlled areas (with the exception of a few
Muslim and Jewish populations) believed in the Christian God and believed that the church was the authority on his words; God's mouthpiece so to
speak. For fear of being deemed a heretic, people listened to the Catholic Church almost unquestioningly. As explained in Canon 3 of the Fourth

The Schism Between The East And The West
The Great Schism There were many issues that created the Great Schism between the East and the West, both before 1054 CE and after. However, it
would appear from the documentation that the East had more issues with how the West conducted religion and ran their church. The issues that
occurred with how the West conducted religion and ran their church happened prior to 1054 CE. Furthermore, the ambassadors from thePope
excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople around 1054 CE. The following day, the Patriarch excommunicated the Pope. Then the official
Schism between the Latin Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Catholic church began. 1054 CE is considered the official date of the start of the
schism, but there were tensions before ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Traditions of the Latin Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, the Latin (Roman) Catholics and Eastern Orthodox are compared by geographic
areas, secular authority, chief religious authority, role of the general church council, typical style of government, married priests, and divorce. Latin
Catholics were located in Western and Northern Europe, parts of Central also Southern Europe and the secular authority is that the church is
separate from the secular political authority. The chief religious authority is the Pope as head of the church, and the general church council was ran
as a Council to advise the popes. The typical style of government was a "Monarchy", and priests were not allowed to marry. Divorce was forbidden
and never considered. (Document 4). However, the issues the Roman Catholics had after 1054 CE were well written by Robert de Clari, a French
knight who participated in the attack on Constantinople, in his own chronicles recounting the Crusade in 1204 CE. (Document 1) In addition, there is
the letter to Henry, who was a German Holy Roman Emporer from Robert Guiscard the King of Sicily in 1076 CE (Document 9). Robert de Clari
stated that "all the Crusaders and Venetians should go and hear the Sermon on Sunday morning." The bishops preached to them about how the Greeks
were bad and the war was righteous and the Bishops said that they would forgive them. The Bishops then made the Pilgrims confess their sins and
receive communion.

The Rise Of The Papacy Essay
The Rise of the Papacy There many Roman Catholics worldwide, who looks up to the Pope's authority. The great question is, what is the foundation
of the Papacy? The rise of the papacy came at a very important time in history, after the fall of Rome. In 380 CE, Emperor Theodosius I, made Nicene
Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. After this establishment, and the church was the top religion in Rome, order was a must. The head
of the church normally known as the bishop, now known as the pope. What does pope mean? "The word pope simply means "father", and in early
times was used to refer to any important and respected Bishop." The Bishop of Rome was looked upon as the chief judge similar to the Supreme
Court. This position was suited to keep order in the church. "The first rise of the Papacy is undoubtedly to be sought for in the corruption of
human nature." Catholics believes that the papacy began with one of Jesus' disciple, Peter. They hang this concept on one verse of scripture in the
Bible. The Bible declares, "I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church: and the gates of Hades will not
overpower it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and what every you
loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven." Since, Christ have put this charge on Peter many believe the papacy started with him. "While some
claim that Clement was

greek orthodox Essay
The Greek Orthodox Church is one of the three major branches of Christianity, which "stands in today's society as one of the communities created
by the apostles of Jesus in the region of the eastern Mediterranean, and which spread by missionary activity throughout Eastern Europe" .The
word orthodox comes from Greek, this means right–believing. Currently, the orthodox religion has more than 174 million followers throughout the
world.
The Greek Orthodox church is autocephalous, which means governed by its own head bishop. The head bishops of this autocephalous church may be
called patriarch, metropolitan, or archbishop. These clergymen are much like the Pope; they decide church doctrine and generally make important
decisions on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The doctrine of seven sacraments is accepted in the Greek Orthodox church, although no supreme authority has ever limited the sacraments to that
number. The central sacrament is the Eucharist; the others are baptism, normally by immersion;confirmation, which follows baptism immediately in the
form of anointment with chrism; penance; Holy Orders; marriage; and anointment of the sick. The Greek Orthodox church admits married men to the
priesthood. Bishops, however, are elected from among celibate or widowed clergy.
The Greek Orthodox religion differs for many other religions in that they express prayers and worship with pictures. This central function of religious
images, called icons, received its full definition following the end of the iconoclastic movement in Byzantium (843). The iconoclasts were looked upon
as sacrilegious in that they resemble idols, which were prohibited in the old testament . "The Orthodox theologians, on the other hand, based their
arguments on the specifically Christian doctrine of the incarnation: God is indeed invisible and indescribable in his essence, but when the Son of God
became man, he voluntarily assumed all the characteristics of created nature, including describability"(Meyendorff 21).
Although there are many differences between the Eastern and Western Churches, there is always the possibility of the two

Catholic Beliefs Of Ecumenism
Catholicism is the world's largest denomination which is part of the apostolic church. The catholic origin and way of life was established by Jesus
Christ during the 33 A.D time period. During Jesus's lifetime, he and his twelve disciples spent their time, nurturing and developing the faith of
catholicism, through their rites, beliefs and practices. Today there are over 1.2 billion catholics following the church's beliefs and practices under the
head of the catholic church Pope Francis who is recognised as the 'successor of St Peter'.
Under the guidance of Jesus Christ, the catholic faith and other christian denominations attempt to unite together through a process called Ecumenism.
During Jesus's lifetime he preached one main message which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Catholicism teaches catholics to worship their lord by following the seven sacraments. The seven sacraments include; Baptism, Confirmation,
Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. The Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of
Christian initiation. Baptism is the act of sprinkling water onto a person's forehead or immersing them in water. Confirmation is done to seal the
gift of the Holy Spirit and to strengthen someone's christian life. During conformation, a bishop anoints a person by using oil of Chrism to make
the sign of the cross on their forehead. The sacrament of Penance (also known as Reconciliation) is the first sacrament of healing. During Penance
catholics confess any sins they have committed after baptism, to a priest. There priest follows the four steps of forgiveness and forgives them for
their sins. Anointing of the sick is the second sacrament of healing. It involves anointing those who are extremely sick and are highly likely to die.
It is a rite that is performed to convey God's grace to the recipient, through the power of the Holy Spirit. It is also likely to be the last sacrament that
an individual's receives in their life. Holy Orders is the sacrament where a man is made a bishop, a priest, or a deacon, and carries out the image of
Christ. Matrimony, or Marriage

Theme Of Patriotism In King Henry V
Throughout the play Shakespeare explores the theme of patriotism and warfare through the character of Henry V. King Henry V is the main
character in the play. For Shakespeare, Henry V was the perfect portrait of a warrior and king and his war decisions was the best for England and its
people. Shakespeare shows in the play his highly political admiration for Henry V, who leaps from success to successes. Henry V has completed the
transformation from the young prince into a responsible one. As the play opens, the Bishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Ely discuss how much
King Henry V has changed:
"Canterbury: The King is full of grace and fair regard.
Ely: And a true lover of the holy church.
Canterbury: The courses of his youth promised it not. The breath no sooner left his father's body, but that this wildness, mortified in him, seemed to
die too. Yea, at the very moment consideration Like an angel, came, and whipped the offending Adam out of him, leaving his body as a paradise" (I,
I,22–30)
Henry V became a great leader and outdoes in his duties:
"Canterbury: Hear him debate of commonwealth affairs, you would say it hath been all in all his study. The list he discourages of war, and you shall
hear a fearful battle rendered you in music. Turn him to any cause of policy, the Gordian knot of it he will unloose." (I,i,38–52).
Although Henry V is charismatic, knowledge and professional, Henry V has become merciless that when he confronts his old friends and they confess

The Schism Between The East And The West
The Great Schism There were many issues that created the Great Schism between the East and the West, both before 1054 CE and after. However it
would appear from the documentation that the East had more issues with how the West conducted religion and ran their church. The issues that
occurred with how the West conducted religion and ran their church happened prior to 1054 CE. Furthermore the ambassadors from thePope
excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople around 1054 CE. The following day, the Patriarch excommunicated the Pope. Then the official
Schism between the Latin Roman Catholic church and the Orthodox Catholic church began. 1054 CE is considered the official date of the start of
the schism, but there were tensions before that date. The schism still lasts until this day. Issues that the Roman Catholics had prior to 1054 CE
were well written by Pope John VIII in the letter to the Greek Patriarch Photius in 861 CE, and also the Traditions of the Latin Catholics and
Eastern Orthodox around 1000 C.E. Pope John VIII wrote his letter to Photius saying that he wished for his Bulgarian diocese be restored by them
as soon as possible and they forbid any ordinations to be performed by the heads the church in Constantinople. In addition He states "It is our will that
our Bulgarian diocese, which converted to Christianity through the efforts of my predecessor, Pope Nicholas, and which was assigned to the
jurisdiction of Rome by Pope Hadrian, be restored as soon as

Hierarchical Structure Of Religion Chapter 3 Summary
Chapter Three: On the Hierarchical Structure of The Church and In Particular On the Episcopate
Christ created different ministries within His Church to benefit the Church and the ministers have sacred powers and served the people in an orderly
way, so that all may obtain salvation. This council declares that Jesus set forth his Apostles and established His Church and willed the Bishops, who
were the successors of the Apostles, to shepherd his people until the end of the world. He put Peter in charge and established a foundation of unity
for the succession of the apostles and the succession of Peter as the representative of Christ. Jesus called the disciples and put Peter in charge and
before he was crucified he sent them to Israel and to the rest of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also gave them helpers and ensured that the ministry would continue after their death. The bishops, priests, and deacons serve the Church and
shepherd the flock as teachers and just like the office given to Peter is permanent, the office of the Bishops is permanent. The council says that the
bishops are like the Apostles and whoever hears the words of the bishops, are hearing Christ, and whoever rejects their words, also rejects Christ.
Through the Bishops, Christ is preaching the word of God to all nations and is constantly administrating the sacraments to the believers. The bishops
chosen are the shepherds of the flock. The original Apostles passed on the gift of the Holy Spirit to their successors through the laying on of hands.
The sacred council teaches that this is the sacrament of holy orders. This episcopal consecration confers the office of governing and teaching. This is
how bishops admit members into the episcopal body through the sacrament of holy orders. And just like Peter and the Apostles had an apostolic
college, the Pope, the successor of Peter and the Bishops, the successor of apostles are joined as one body of unity. However the body of Bishops has
no authority unless it is in union

How Did The Roman Catholic Church Contribute To The...
Although the Roman Catholic church enjoyed a time of growth and increased power before the Renaissance, the Roman Catholic church's reign was
diminished greatly during the
Renaissance. During the Renaissance the Catholic church began to lose its power as the officials could not agree and there were multiple popes. Thus,
the cultural change of the Renaissance challenged the Roman Catholic church's power and ushered in a time where arguments were made that definitive
measures be taken in order ensure religious inclusivity and fairness. Wycliff first challenged the Catholic church inspiring and sparking religious reform
brought on my
Martin Luther.
For 1,000 years the Catholic church was the only denomination, therefore it existed above reproach, and this operation of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An Englishman by the name of John Wycliffe was one of the early challengers of the Roman Catholic church. Wycliffe argued that the church should
not collect taxes while there were many who wanted to attend church but feared judgment from the wealthy church attendants (Byrne, Joseph P.)
During this time, Rome found itself requiring financial aid from England because Rome as a nation was struggling to raise money to resist any
possible French attacks (Emmons, Jim Tschen.). Wycliffe argued to parliament that this should not be so. However, in truth, the church would be the
largest beneficiary of that aid. Wycliffe claimed that the church was already too wealthy. He added that the Lord called his disciples to poverty, not
wealth and that they the church should not ignore the needs of those on poverty
(Stacey, John). In addition, he argued that the only beneficiaries of any financial aid from
England should be local English authorities. In support of this view, Proverbs 22:22–23 says "Do not exploit the poor because they are poor and do not
crush the needy in court, for the Lord

The Importance of the Clergy during the Middle Ages
Rough Draft For The Clergy
What was the middle ages like? What were the religions they believed in? What was the* Medieval Feudalism like? What was Medieval
Feudalism? These questions will all be answered and a more that you might ask. In these pages you will learn about the Middle ages and mostly
about the Clergy, one of the most important and busiest parts of Medieval Feudalism.*First, what was Medieval Feudalism? Medieval Feudalism was
when the King was the most powerful person who also controlled all the land. But he couldn't have controlled it all by himself right? The answer
is...no, he actually had many barons working underneath him to watch the king*s land and make sure there is no commotion and rebellion against the
king and crop growth and harvesting as well as taxes. What are the Clergy and why are they so important in the Middle Ages? In the clergy there were
many ranks and the most powerful was the pope. The pope was the most powerful since the villagers and everybody else looked up to him to ask
God for forgiveness for their sins. In the Roman Empire, when the emperor was absent for different reasons the pope basically took the emperors
place and is the most powerful person in the empire. The role of the pope is to be the churches spiritual leader and administrator. Once the pope is
elected he is the pope until the day he dies. The pope is also the legislator so he is the guy who gives out the laws and everything. He was* the only
one who could give out

The Life of the Catholic Church in the US
The Catholic Church During Colonial Period between 1565–1783. The life of the Catholic Church in US. Began with the Spanish conquerors, who
founded the parish of St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. In 1598 the Spanish Franciscans they were evangelizing the peoples of New Mexico, but in
1680 the Hopi Indians rose up in arms, killed the priests, and prevented the restoration of the missions. Other missionaries who have come from
Mexico christianized Arizona in the XVII century and Texas and California in the eighteenth century. Two of these priests deserve to be quoted in
particular: the jesuit Eusebio Kino (v.) and the Franciscan junipero Serra. Kino in 1687 established the first mission in Arizona and in 1700 built
San Xavier del Bac, missionary center for the next century. On the basis of their own explorations and with maps by the facts, projected form two
chains of missions: the first from the Baja California to Monterrey in the Alta California, the second covering from Arizona. When the Jesuits were
on the verge of completing the draft of Kino, were expelled from the Spanish territory (1767), giving his missions to the Franciscans. Fray junipero is
who, since 1768, directs the Franciscan missions, year in which the Spaniards have already settled in the Alta California. In 1769 establishes its first
mission in San Diego and in 1770 its central missionary in San Carlos Bor'Romeo, in Monterrey. (Shea, 9) The North of US. States and Louisiana were

What Caused The Great Schism Of 1054
To understand what caused The Great Schism of 1054, it is important to first have a background knowledge of who was involved. The divide occurred
among the land, with a west side and an east side. The western side was inhabited by Romans and spanned from current Portugal over to Hungary, also
including the more northern countries from Ireland to Sweden. These borders were frequently changed throughout history, although their principal area
was always that of the German states. This area was referred to as the Holy Roman Empire. The Eastern area, on the other hand, were inhabited by
Greeks and the area was often referred to as the Byzantium Empire. The empire included current Russia and Bulgaria. These countries together formed
the Eastern Slavic Principalities, with their capital based out of Constantinople. Apart from the geological differences, there were also political and
lingual differences between the East and West. Communication was difficult between the Greek–speaking East and the Latin–speaking West, as the
church and other leaders no longer read, let alone spoke the language of the other half of the Christian world. The language barrier separated the
civilizations greatly. Apart from lingual differences, there were also political differences within both the church and the empires. Both sides had
differing views on who should hold power in the church. On the eastern side, the Byzantine emperor was also the leader in the church. His name was
Michael Cerularius,

Catholic Churches In The Middle Ages
Every king, queen, knight, serf, and soldier lived and died under the influence of the Catholic faith. The Catholic Churches in Rome played a huge part
in the Middle Ages because Catholic Churches were the only churches in Europe during that period of time, they had large amounts of help from the
Popes, Bishops, Saints, and the Cardinals, as well as the formal structure of the church.
The Bishops and Archbishops were crucial part of the church. They were church leaders and they sat on the king's council to make important decisions
for their empire. The Bishops and Archbishops were next only to the Cardinals, who would assist the Pope with a variety of needs. They were the sole
caretakers of everything related to the Roman Catholic Church. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joan of Arc was a young woman who was also known as The Maid of Orleans and La Pucelle. Joan was famous for rising against the English during
their Hundred Years of War. Thomas Becket was the Archbishop of Canterbury whose quarrels with King Henry of England which also lead to his
death in 1170. Fra Angelico was an artist of the Medieval Florentine and also specialised in pietistic painting. Finally, Albertus Magnus was a
German philosopher, a Theologian, and a scientist. All of these Saints assisted their king in someway and were devoted to their Catholic Church. The
order of the church was Pope, Cardinals, bishops, and then finally abbots. The leader of the church was the Pope. He was there to help and guide
anyone who needed guidance. The Pope was also there to help the king of desperate needs. During the Middle Ages, people from all walks of land
would travel just to speak to the Pope and see him. When the Pope would speak to the fanatics he would talk to them about the sins that they committed
and how they would be forgiven for what they did. Catholic churches soon became the collective of religious institution which weakened the Pope's

Research Paper On Catholic Faith
Criterion A: Rationale and Preliminary Research
The biggest living figure in the Catholic Faith is the Pope, who leads us everyday by spreading and giving God's word. The Pope brings us closer to
God in many different spiritual ways. The topic I have chosen to pursue is, how someone can become the Pope. One of the main reasons I have chosen
this topic is because I am a very dedicated catholic and have been practicing my religion since I could ever remember. Our current Pope right now is
a inspiration to me and it really makes me interested in what it takes to become Pope because when I listen to him speak I can see how confident he
is and how much courage he has, and that is what strong leaders are made of. My main motivation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are about 1.2 billion Catholics worldwide that make up almost sixteen percent of the total world Population. (BBC News) That is a tremendous
amount of people. The Pope rules over all of those people in the organization known as " The Catholic Church." Becoming Pope is no simple task by
any means. Even when it seems that someone is very close to becoming the next Pope, the percentage of them actually becoming Pope is very slim. In
fact, just the odds of becoming Pope of someone is a cardinal is less then one percent, and you must become a cardinal to be elected Pope. The odds
are not in anybody' favor as they are 1,000 to 1(Kristi Barlette, Times Union, 12 Feb, 2013). Although. There are few steps to becoming Pope; each
step is a long, difficult practice. First, a person must be a male and he must eventually become Catholic. The next step is to get an education, for
religious studies and other academic subjects as well. Then, the person must become a priest. He must do a good job in his parish and connect with
the community. After the person has spent some time and earned a great deal of respect from other people, he will be addressed as "Monsignor". He
will then be put in for a promotion where he will prove if he is worthy to continue to the next step of the process, becoming a Bishop. The Bishop will
continue to do exceptional work,

The Christian Church In The Middle Ages
Some Catholic writers justified their rights to papal supremacy by way of forging political alliances with influential political entities. While instituting
for itself, prominence amongst the churches, the establishing of the Bishops status within the community as well as his position in political affairs
were realized. As the conflicts amongst the Christian communities of the eastern and western sphere continued, the isolation and dislocation of these
communities fueled the weakening of unity amongst European civilization. From here, the Roman Catholic Church established its intricate hierarchy
with the pope as the head of the churches in the west, placing the possession of supreme power into his hands.
The Middle Ages were full of innovations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of these that of the priests is the more weighty, since they have to render an account for even the kings of men in the divine judgment. You are also
aware, dear son, that while you are permitted honorably to rule over human kind, yet in things divine you bow your head humbly before the leaders
of the clergy and await from their hands the means of your salvation. In the reception and proper disposition of the heavenly mysteries you recognize
that you should be subordinate rather than superior to the religious order, and that in these matters you depend on their judgment rather than wish to
force them to follow your will." (Placher, 1988, Pg. 123). This seemed to be an attempt to outline the limits of royal power and the ecclesiastical
authority concerning the prominent position of the emperors in affairs of the state and Church. The emperor was to be an example of God on earth.
Furthermore, it was critical that he lead the people to God in caring for the secular needs as well as for their spiritual

Comparative Essay on Uniformitarianism and Catasophism
The Rise of Papacy
The rise of the papacy came at a time when the Roman Empire collapsed and there was chaos as it related to the bishops who held office in Rome and
what religion would be at the forefront of the representation of the west or east of Rome since its demise. The term "papacy" (papatus), meant to
distinguish the Roman bishop's office from all bishoprics (episcopatus), and The Head of the Roman Catholic Church the pope is considered the
successor of Peter and the vicar of Christ (Elwell, p. 888). The "pope" is a terms of endearment which means "father" and this was the title of the most
important and influential bishops in the early church. The church at Rome nevertheless enjoyed and wanted to preserve the original ... Show more
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He used the income from various estates to pay the barbarians and he gave the churches, hospitals and schools. Pope Gregory I actively intervened
in the affairs of other bishops by settling disputes which help elevate the Church of Rome back into the divine order and prestige of Papacy as the
ruler of the city Rome. Pope Gregory had a heart of humility because he saw so Barbarian slaves in the Roman market and he sent Augustine Hippo
to England to help them from bondage. By him sending Augustine it broke the chains and traditions of most popes in office and this was another way
that the Papacy's authority had increased in power and direct authority over missionaries and their territories. He is counted as one of the Church
Fathers like Jerome, Augustine, an Ambrose. He has written books and a Gregorian chant. He is the epitome of what leadership in Rome and abroad
looks like.
Charlemagne and the Carolingians inherited land that retained some of the attributes of Roman administration, specifically laws and systems of
taxation. The Frankish culture was not urban and as a result in the early Middle Ages we see a general decline of urban life.
The reign of Charlemagne (742–814) was that of a transition from classical to medieval civilization. Charlemagne ruled the Frankish kingdom from
771–814 which is and was a forty years span because of the European expansion and the growth of people living in this area. His stability had staying
power because he

The Issue Of The Council Essay
The council was delayed many times due to the plague, the threat of war and politics. In total the Council of Trent discussed and debated these issues
for 5 years and 1 month. Many different people came to each of these sessions to discuss the matters. The first period, was between 1545–1549,
sessions one through to eight. 30–70 prelates showed up per session. Approximately 100 members had a recognised, deliberate vote. There were 5
cardinals, 76 bishops, 12 archbishops, 3 abbots, and 6 generals of the religious order. Most were Italian, some were Spanish, and there were a few
who came from other Catholic lands. The second period, was between 1551–1552, sessions nine through to 14. 44 and 51 prelates came, with a total of
about 59 prelates. 13 German bishops were represented. Electoral archbishops of Trier, Cologne and Mainz came to the meetings and delegations were
sent by the Lutheran states. In the third period was between 1562–1564 ,sessions 15 through to 25. 270 bishops in total attended the meetings, make it
the most attended period out of the three. 187 of the bishops were Italian, 31 were Spanish, 26 were French, and bishops from other Catholic lands
also attended. 255 prelates and procurators signed the final decree, after just over five years in all of sitting at the table to discuss the Church's issues.
Below show what a Cardinal, abbot,archbishop and a general from a religious order looks like. Martin Luther The reformation was initiated and
shaped by one

Bede: A Brief Summary And Analysis
The relationship between kings and bishops involved a power deficiency in that bishops held more power than Kings. So much so, the absence of an
archbishop implied a deficiency in a province and the kings stressed the attainment of an archbishop. Bishops had obtained a level of power in which
the kings were required to answer to the Bishops. Bishops were devout christians and they were often fluent in latin. Bede expresses his thoughts on
episcopal authority by detailing historical events such as the consecration of Theodore as archbishop of Canterbury. In addition to that, Bede explicates
Cuthbert's consecration as bishop of Lindisfarne. These events show that, in fact, episcopal authority in Anglo–Saxon is superior to royal authority. In ...
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In order to become bishop, Cuthbert had to abandon his previous life of being a hermit. According to Bede, Cuthbert was a very captivating man.
He was "so skillful a speaker, and had such a light in his angelic face, and such a love for proclaiming his message." In layman's terms, Beded is
saying that Cuthbert is a very influential person and he would serve the role of archbishop well. Cuthbert's charisma often lead to people wanting
to confess to him and follow the word of God that Cuthbert was preaching. Not only was Cuthbert able to get others to confess to him, but he was
also able to have buildings built which is a true indication of power. Normally, A king or an emperor can only initiate the construction of buildings.
In the case of Cuthbert, he was able to order things such as a communal shelter, an oratory, wheat. These are just examples of things that Cuthbert
had access to because he was so well like. Because Cuthbert was such a public figure, members of the clergy and the royal family wanted him to be the
new archbishop. Since the role of archbishop is a powerful one, Cuthbert would be a perfect fit as archbishop because he is already well–liked.
However, Cuthbert had already dedicated himself to a life of being a

Meaning Of Papacy By Salza
What Papacy means? In according to Salza, "The word "papacy" comes from the Italian word papa (or pope) which means, "Father". Salza also states
that it describe the Catholic Church's supreme teaching office, established by Jesus Christ for Peter and his successors. The Papacy has played an
important paper in our human society. Currently the Papacy has a big influence in things around us. Things like religious and political world. The story
states that the Papacy became influential and powerful during the collapse of the Western Rome Empire. During the time of 380 A.D., Emperor
Theodosius established Christianity to be the official religion of the Roman Empire. But what is exactly a Pope or how the Pope name occurred? By that
time, the bishop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1080–1150. Some historians stated, as positive, that Western Europe owes its survival to the RomanCatholic Church. They also made mention that the
Church influenced the government and steered them to guarantee faith transform the government and life. Intellectuals mention that monastic ideal
and the impact it had help the rise of papacy. Now when it comes to the negative aspect, historians alluded to the crusades. The mention that even
thought is some way was negative due to they were deadly, the crusades brought strength and wealth to the

Success of the Council of Trent in the years 1545-1563 in...
Success of the Council of Trent in the years 1545–1563 in Tackling the Problems Confronting the Catholic Church
The council met over a period of eighteen years, in this time there were three distinct periods in which there were a total of 25 sessions. There were
several problems with the Catholic Church which needed to be sorted out, this including doctrine and discipline. The council met to sort out this
problem which had persisted over a number of years. There were several popes in these three periods.
The council took so long to confront the problems within the church for two reasons. One of which is that in the first period, Paul III was Pope and he
wanted to move the council to Bologna, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At Trent the Catholics argued there view successfully, they said that God's messages were communicated in other ways then the Bible. However
Protestants felt that any word not in the Bible could be that of the devils. The Catholics also didn't want the Bible to be in any other language, but they
were unsuccessful in banning this. The official language of the Bible is Vulgate; however the translating had been done very poorly. Catholic doctrine
is based on the Vulgate version of the Bible, because this was the earliest translation.
Another doctrinal issue is that of how salvation is to be attained. The catholic view was that it could be attained in a number of ways. Including
pilgrimages, charitable deeds, indulgences and repenting from sin. The Protestants believed in Justification by faith, God would know if you had done
wrong. At Trent they accepted the catholic view of sin and rejected the Protestant view. If the protestant view had been accepted then there would have
been a direct threat on the Catholic Church, as no sacraments would have been needed.
The final major doctrinal issue was that of the Sacraments. The Catholics believing there were seven sacraments; baptism, Eucharist, penance,
confirmation, matrimony, extreme unction and ordination. The Protestants only had two sacraments, they were baptism and Eucharist. However there
was a

How Did The Pope Gregory Papae Dictate Power
Dictatus Papae
The disagreement between pope and emperor has always been an issue of Middle Ages. As soon as 1059 (sixteen years earlier than the Dictatus
Papae) a papal bull was introduced which eliminated the laity from the election of the pope, plus, the role of emperor was further decreased (even if
emperors were practicing the right of veto) in order to accept the decision of Church. Consequently, anti–popes appeared and only a few official popes
were accepted. Then methods were implemented for dissolving the complication of unanimous agreement such as s 'acclamation', 'scrutiny' and
'compromissum' although the conflict of elections still exsisted. Moreover, another significant reduction of sublunary power occurred in 1075 by the
Dictatus Papae, when Pope Gregory VII introduced it in order to gain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More precisely, the disagreement appeared between the pope and emperor since Henry was electing bishops and had a say in priest marriage, in
order to stabilize his royal status, which was not an advantage for the Pope. Consequently, the Dictatus Papae proposed the domination of the pope
over political powers, which meant that Gregory applied the maxims of papal authority in order to succeed the monarch. The Pope had higher
authority referring to his papal reforms, so the Dictatus Papae clearly introduced that papal power is the sole universal power and secular
interference with church is rejected, in addition, pope is the only authority who has the right to appoint, depose or move churchmen. Furthermore,
pope was allowed to invest clergy with the insignia of their office, additionally, clergy was not allowed to accept insignia from secular rulers. Another
rule introduces that only of the popes princes were allowed to kiss the feet, which was an ancient gesture of respect and submission. Moreover, he
established the right for deposing the emperor. In addition, "That he alone can depose or reinstate bishops." clearly reflects the Pope`s will against

Te Pouhere: The Constitution of the Anglican Church in...
"Te Pouhere (1991) is a just response to the Treaty of Waitangi and the Gospel in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia". To answer this question is to
examine the very foundations of the Anglican Church in these lands, to explore the history of people and events that brought us to the moment of Te
Pouhere's ratification and to elicit a sense of the forces that drive us as a church, both then and now. With a view to the vast reality that is entwined with
answering, and with humility in recognizing that we can only scratch the surface of thought in the framework of this assignment, it is the aim of this
essay to discuss and attempt to respond to the question posed. We will achieve this initially through a discussion of the role Church... Show more
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This transformation of MДЃori from a previously solely spoken language into a written form had two major effects. The first was the ability, and so
necessity to write the treaty in a MДЃori form, and secondly that, in order to communicate the concepts laid out in English, familiar conceptual ideas
would have to be used in MДЃori, many of which had, through Luke, taken on a greater level of spiritual significance in regard to Christian thought.
This can be seen in MДЃori conception of te Tiriti as a form of covenant . This notion of the treaty as covenant was an idea further enforced by the
work of missionaries who were deeply involved in MДЃori life and politics, and one which, it is argued, helped to sway many MДЃori chiefs to sign .
With recognition of the Anglican Church as the sending institution of the CMS missionaries who translated and endorsed the treaty to MДЃori chiefs
and the realization of the role that Christian belief and conceptions played in MДЃori understanding of the treaty, it is without doubt that, as a church,
we must take responsibility for te Tiriti and ensure that it is upheld. As such, its prominence and role within the structural framework laid out in Te
Pouhere is a necessary and valid attempt by the Anglican Church in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Essay about History of the Eartly Christian Church
Throughout the early centuries of the church's existence, the Roman government suppressed the spread of Christianity. Many emperors did their
absolute best to try to stop the Christian populace from spreading with none succeeding (demonstrated by the fact that Christianity is still in existence
today). It was not until 322 A.D. when Constantine united all of Europe under his throne that Christianity could be spread without threat of
persecution. Under Constantine, Christianity, in terms of numerically, thrived. Councils were held, doctrine developed, and great strides were taken in
order to have Christianity be one catholic church. However, in the next couple centuries, the church would grow apart and rulers would fall resulting in
mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The eastern half of the empire believed that the center of the church should be located in Constantinople with the emperor, but the western half believed
that Rome should be the center of church life. Rome believed that the church center should be located there because, according to the bishops of Rome,
Peter is claimed to have been the first bishop of Rome. Therefore, since Peter, who was given the keys to the church by Jesus, was the first bishop of
Rome, the Roman Bishop was over the other bishops and was the head of the church at large. Under this "truth," various bishops have risen to power
with eventually taking on the title of "Pope."
The first Roman Bishop to claim direct Apostolic succession from Peter was
Damasus I. Damasus went to great lengths to attempt to convince the other churches and cities of this so–called truth but to no avail. However, his
work was not in vain. The next bishop of Rome, Siricus, held the same stance as Damasus; however, he took the desire for authority from the other
cities farther. Siricus "claimed inherent authority without consideration of the
Scriptures." He believed that because he was Bishop of Rome, he was a direct descendant of Peter (instead of simply having the same position as
Peter), which, according to Siricus, gave him authority over the rest of the church as Peter was supposedly given. In addition to Siricus' belief in his
authority, he also was the first bishop to give himself the title of

The Bishop Orders His Tomb And My Last Duchess
In his poems, "The Bishop Orders His Tomb", "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister", and "My Last Duchess", Browning explores a few sins that link to
Victorian ideas yet continue to be compelling commentary on some of the modernity's biggest contradictions. These characters process the world
according to their own selfish ideologies, filtering into dramatic monologues that challenge and comment on the time's social norms and growing
institutions. The narrator of "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister" is resentful and irrationally petty contrary to the monolithic idea of a monk. In "My Last
Duchess" charm thinly veils the tyrannical nature of a respected Duke. Lastly, the bishop of "The Bishop Orders His Tomb" is sour with greed,
jealousy, vanity, and resentment. These characters act out of their socially–prescribed nature and this, I think, is ultimately a critique of Victorian
ideals of order, structure, poise, domesticity and perfection. These ideas of people and institutions rarely reflect the reality.
In "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister", a Spanish monk monologues about his irrational hatred for a Brother Lawrence. He mocks with disdain, creates
ideas of Brother Lawrence that paint him in an undesirable light, dreams of sabotaging the monk's garden of melons, and even concocts a plan that will
presumably send Brother Lawrence to hell. Such bitterness is punctuated by the idea that this monk would be willing to sell his soul simply for the
pleasure of enacting Brother

Essay On Conferences And Conventions
church. If you don't know–hire an attorney who can tell you what those rights are. You should not go to the law on your brother, but wolves in sheep's
clothing are not your brother.
Conferences and Conventions: Religious conferences have been around for a century. It started with camp meetings and Revivals. Twenty to thirty
years ago a major exodus took place from mainline denominational churches, which created independent mega churches. A local assembly is
considered to be a mega church if it boasts of having 2000 or more members. Of course, when it comes to the statistics you can almost be certain that
the math of the head count will be 15 to 25 percent inaccurate leaning to increase of its size(don't understand). It's called ... Show more content on
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(A discussion for another book but have you studied the national statistics of the rate is which pastors drop out of ministry annually in America? It's
astounding!) This is one excellent reason for kingdom people to get the message of the gospel right. People are hurting everywhere. These out of town
conferences must begin to translate back to at home relationships among fellow believers. It's easy to leave home and fraternize with people that you
don't have to see all the time. True kingdom relationships require transparency–something that most people aren't willing to do or don't know how to
be, this is the very purpose of this book. (rephrase this sentence) There must become a synergy among all kingdom people for the purpose of restoring
the breaches in the walls around our communities. Unless these conferences begin to teach New Testament Principles for spiritual gifts and Kingdom
Leadership–it will only be another religious festival.
A list of misused titles in the 21st Century Christian church
In your research you can and probably will find hundreds of religious leaders with titles and positions, but positions and titles do not destroy the yoke of
strife, envy, adultery, witchcraft, fornication and the list is long, but the anointing does. "By their fruit you shall know them." Matthew 7:15. I'm not
suggesting

Catholic Church Research Paper
The congregation of the Catholic Church was showing much more interest in their faith, while the condition of the clergy and churchmen declined. For
the people belonging to the church there was a great attraction to the more 'dramatic' aspects of religion. Popular preachers, such as St. John
CapistranГі, attracted crowds into the thousands. There were also high masses on important feast days, but mass attendance was low otherwise.
Processions also became very popular in the church; for example the Feast of Corpus Christie honoring Christ's presence in the Eucharist. Pilgrimages
to the Holy Land and Rome also became popular, some believers even making the journey on their knees. The congregation also abandoned the idea of
mystical theology,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The parish clergy, churchmen who lived at local churches, often lived near destitution, making their number one concern how to get money out of the
laity, the people attending. There were also wide differences in the moral conduct of the churchmen, making it difficult to decipher who was actually
devoted to God. Absenteeism was also a problem for the churchmen. Mostly affecting the bishops, there were some who were interested in everything
except their duties. There were also bishops who didn't reside in their dioceses, an area of land looked over by a bishop. To make more money, these
bishops would take ownership of more than one diocese, and they couldn't perform all of their duties at once, or even at all. Pluralism also became a
problem, with clergy trying to occupy more than one church office. Priests were repeatedly being told to celebrate mass, at least four times a year,
when it was supposed to be held every day. Ignorance was also a huge problem in the Church. The main cause was no seminaries for the priests to
learn in; they would have an apprenticeship under an equally uneducated priest who could only teach them the basic mass. This became a bigger
problem during the early stages of the Reformation, because there were many smart Protestants around, and without the knowledge to debate with
them, they had no way to stop

Ignatius Letter To The Philadelphians Analysis
The letter to the Philadelphians follows next and like the first few letters continues to emphasise the role of the bishop. I believe even if Ignatius was
not a Bishop himself he would still stress the importance of the bishop in the Church. To Ignatius the bishop is a sacred and important role in keeping
order and spreading the word throughout the Church. In the previous letters Ignatius says that through the bishop you will find unity in the Church, to
the Philadelphians he says through the bishop you will protect yourselves from schism and heresy in the Church. It is also in this letter that Ignatius
warns specifically to not listen to the Jews. This comportment towards the Jews was common in early Christianity and can be seen throughout ... Show
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After talking about the resurrection of Christ, Ignatius instructs the Smyrnaeans to beware of the heretics and not to speak or even meet with
them if possible. He says the only thing they can do for them is to pray for their repentance, even though it will be difficult for them. Only Christ
has the power to redeem the heretics and save them ultimately from themselves. This message to the Smyrnaeans is a very powerful message to
Christianity as a whole and should be at the center piece for how a Christian is to act. With any religion or belief you will have those who are
deemed heretics in the eyes of the believer. The negative way to deal with the heretics is to confront them with anger and harm but the positive way
is really not to confront them at all. Instead of fighting fire with fire or Word against word, as a Christian the only thing you can do is leave it in
God's hands. This idea is just as powerful in 100AD as it is in 2016AD. The letter to the Smyrnaeans goes on to reiterate the message of honoring the
Bishop and not doing anything within the Church without the Bishop. Ignatius says about honoring the Bishop, "He who honours the bishop has been
honoured by God; he who does anything without the knowledge of the bishop, does [in reality] serve the devil."

Pippin Of Aquitaine-Analytical Essay
Jonas wrote this work, as previously stated, for Pippin of Aquitaine. This writing occurred during a time in which Louis the Pious and Pippin quarreled.
The way that Louis handled this argument spoke to Jonas and he congratulated both Louis and Pippin for the way that they resolved the issues. Jonas
constantly, throughout his time as bishop, worked tirelessly to assist Louis with everything he could. One of the many things he constantly relates to
Pippin is that he needs to keep wise counselors. After the death of Benedict of Aniane, Louis the Pious struggled with choosing good helpers in the
running of the kingdom. Jonas saw how this affected the kingdom and did not want the same problems to arise for Pippin. Moreover, this treatise proved
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He, a notable monk and scholar in his native land, felt the call of intellectualism at the court of Louis the Pious which drew him to France. He
joined a colony of Irish teachers in LiГ©ge and became a teacher at St. Lambert. He is noted as a scholar who composed a great many works on
education, but for the purpose of this paper, his work De Rectoribus Christianis holds most importance. Scotus says that the king needs to be just
and clement; not hasty or immoderate in his judgments; not tyrannical or arbitrary; perspicacious in his choice of queen and companions; not
susceptible to flattery; studious in avoiding anger, pride and greed. This is fairly typical and entirely predictable according to Dyson in his
introduction into the works of Sedulius Scotus. The king needs to first be able to rule himself and then he is able to rule others. "It behooves him
to observe a threefold rule, namely terror, order and love. For unless he is loved and feared equally, his ordinance will not in the least be able to
endure " The kingdom is kept safe based on how the king rules, if he proves to rule weakly and unjustly then the kingdom is in

The Interaction Between Clergy And Laity In Richard IV
The interaction between clergy and laity is also discussed a fair bit in the subtext of the source. William Longchamps, bishop of Ely, and chancellor
in Richard's stead, took castles and titles away from the men who held them and "hand[ed] them over to foreigners and unknown men" (31). This
shows that the hold he has over the land with the king gone (i.e. clergy could have a firm grasp on the government). The only other person to do this
is John (the king's brother), who takes the castles away from the men William assigned and returned them to their rightful castellans. It shows that the
power held by William and John to be about equal, since they both do the same things. Next, the clergy and laity were against "the chancellor who was
hated... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next, monks were not supposed to have (although they did) interactions with the outside world, but as Richard (the chronicler) mentions the monks
"live secluded ... and yet you know everything that is done in the world as soon as it takes places, and sometimes ... in advance (2)". This illustrates
that not all monks or monasteries followed their respective Rule fully. Some might have needed to trade, to confer blessings, or pray in the church that
the laity attend putting them in close proximity to the laity. Monks also elected their "future bishop without the assistance of the secular clergy"(57).
This elucidates that the secular clergy generally got involved in the elections of clergymen, possibly putting in their own men for the position,
demonstrating that the secular clergy had little to no say in the election, even when they were involved. The "secular clergy opposed him [the chosen
bishop], the monks obtained him"(57). Lastly, the bishop of Chester "out of hate for religious orders cast the monks out of Coventry" (69). One must
first ask: Why is this man a part of a religious order if he hates them? and next: What was the outcome of that

Ratigan Case Summary
Background of the Case:
This case is about Rev. Shawn F. Ratigan, a 47–year old catholic priest at Kansas City–St. Joseph diocesan. He was convicted of making child
pornography and was arrested on May 2011 and was imprisoned for 50 years in prison by Kansas City federal judge.
Ratigan's Early Life:
Records says that Ratigan has graduated from Conception Seminary College in Missouri in 2000. He was worried about his graduation because he
joined college after 12 years of completing his high school and later joined the conception board and then graduated from theological studies at
Mundelein Seminary.
On June 4, 2004, he started his career as pastor at St. Thomas and was always actively participating in the events organized by the church. He ... Show
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Ms. Creech along with her supervisor prepared a report to Murphy stating their findings that only a few hundreds of photographs were downloaded
from the internet and rest were taken with his camera. She has also attached the copies of few of the images that she has found in the laptop in her
report. Murphy has contacted the legal counsel outside the Diocese and Kansas City police for an opinion on photographs that were found on Ratigan
laptop and wanted to know whether those images constituted child pornography. The counsel opinion was that the images were not eligible to be
considered as pornographic and the police officer Rick Smith who looked into the issue stated in his report that, he was informed by Murphy that there
was only one nude photograph of a child and that to it belonged to Ratigan's family member which was not a sexual pose. But Murphy denied his
statement and said he doesn't recall saying something like that to the officer.
On December 17, 2010, Ratigan did not report to the church and so the Officials of the church got worried and reported to police. Police found him
unconscious in his garage while his motorcycle was running. Everyone thought that it was an accident but originally, he attempted suicide because his
pornographic photographs came out. Someone has announced during the Sunday mass that Father Ratigan has met with an accident and everyone
should pray for his recovery. When he survived,Bishop Finn has sent him to a psychiatrist

Athanasius: Modern Day Christian Faith
As Christians, it is important to look into the history of the church to examine what the forefathers of the faith have been through in order to bring the
Christian religion to where it is today. It is also important to see how the faith has developed over time and how doctrine was written and rewritten. One
of the figures that have had an impact on the modern day Christian tradition is Athanasius. Not much is known about Athanasius' early life other than
that he was born into a wealthy Christian family in Alexandria somewhere between 293–295 AD which was the time of the Diocletian persecutions
(Rearden 2005, p.33). This era was a very depressing time for Christians as Athanasius witnessed many of his fellow Christians martyred for the faith...
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45–46). He believed that the only way that we can know God is by faith alone and therefore know that the Trinity is Holy and three persons in one
(Edwards 2014, p. 46). He states that even though humans may not understand how or why the world exists, they can still know that it does
through faith just as it is with God (Edwards 2014, p. 46). They cannot understand in total who God is but they can know that He does exist
(Edwards 2014, p. 46). Athanasius did extensive study on the Trinity and came to the conclusion that the Trinity was indeed homoiosius, meaning
that they were all of the same substance, and that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit were the same deity (notes). When someone is baptized, they are
initialized into the Trinity so therefore if a person denies the Trinity they also deny the unity of baptism (Edwards 2014, p.59). It was Athanasius'
mission to prove the Trinity was real which he reflected in many of his letters. He showed how we cannot comprehend every idea in whole but we
can have faith that God's word is true and that in it He reveals the three beings in one (Edwards 2014, p.51) Athanasius refers to the Son as the
Word and states that in the life of grace, the Word gives the Spirit, who is the "living energy of creation" (Edwards 2014, p.60), to live on earth with
God's people and the Father is in the Word (Edwards 2014, p.61). This shows how each part of the Trinity has their own separate role but they are all
one and work in accordance with each other. Athanasius, just like Christians today, is faced with opposition on the idea of the Trinity and just like him,
Christians today should remain strong in the faith and solidify their

Catholic Religious Beliefs
The Catholic Church's current pope, Pope Francis once said, "A good Catholic meddles in politics, offering the best of himself, so that those who
govern can govern. But what is the best that we can offer to those who govern? Prayer!" Catholics are approximately half of the number of Christians,
reaching more than one billion members. This number makes it one of the largest religions in the world. In 2003, the Catholic population in the United
States was 63.4 million (Roman Catholic Church, 2017). The Catholic Church's basic beliefs influence their demographics, party affiliation, stances on
different political issues, and involvement in American politics.
I attended a service at The Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. At this service, politics were not directly mentioned, but Father
Darin Schmidt said a few interesting words. In a message to the congregation he said, "love unconditionally, without limits." Additionally, he also said,
"peace, liberty, and justice for all." I think these quotes are helpful in understanding the Catholic Church's ideologies. During prayer, they mentioned a
few current issues including support for the military, the Las Vegas shooting, refugees, and victims of natural disasters. Besides these few observations,
the cathedral did express any straightforward political statements.
One of the best ways to understand a religion's political views is to understand their basic beliefs and what they feel to be good and moral. The

The Differences Of The Eastern Orthodox And Roman Church
The Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, are two variations of the same religion, that due to some disagreements over certain ideas and religious
teachings leads to the great Schism in 1054 AD. The great schism of 1054 refers to the final separation of the Eastern Orthodox church, led by the
patriarch in Constantinople and the western church, led by Pope Leo IX. The estrangement between the Orthodox and Roman church, happened
gradually over the course of the 5th and much of the 11th century. The reasons of the Schism are attributed to several differences between the two
churches. The religious and doctrinal studies of the East, had roots in Greek philosophy, while the Western studies closely followed Roman law.
Misunderstandings between the two churches then led to two separate ways of defining one doctrine, which would initiate the split. The doctrine in
question, procession of the Holy Spirit, where without consulting the East the Roman churches added "and from the Son" to the Nicene Creed. This
was not the only thing the two churches clashed on. The eastern church resented the forced clerical celibacy, political jealousies and interests only
intensified the disputes. There had been schisms before but not ones that were permanent. While there may have been hopes for a reconciliation, the
eastern Greeks were infuriated by the Latin capture of Constantinople in 1204 A.D. After this, any pleas from the west concerning reunion were
rejected. ("Schism of 1054") The Roman

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