It Is A Branded World

It Is A Branded World
2.1 IT IS A BRANDED WORLD If you have a look around and observe closely, you will find that
everything around us is branded. From the clothes we wear, to the water we drink; even our
platforms of communication – everything is branded. However, consider this; can you recognise and
name all the brands you see? Why are some brands distinct, and what makes them identifiable?
Lastly, why do you choose certain brands? "A power brand is characterized by the distinctive nature
of its brand personality, by the appeal and relevance of its image, by the consistency of its
communication, by the integrity of its identity and by the fact that it has stood the test of time" Paul
Stobart quoted in 'Sell the brand first' by Dan Stiff (2006). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to most experts, exploiting the digital platforms is the most effective and efficient way to
reach the consumer. Technology has developed completely new markets, where the consumers
currently exist, and has restructured the traditional ones (Ryan, 2014). Our society has shifted and so
did the market. Brands' existence on digital platforms then, guarantees a broader exposure in the
market, and at the same time creates extended brand communications via direct interactivity with
the targeted group of people (Young, 2010). Nowadays, consumers may be more "powerful" than
ever, but technology also offers vast benefits for marketers. Cheaper exposure and direct interaction
with audiences are two important developments, but it is the rise of Big Data that is perhaps the
most revolutionary advancement. The ability to dissect vast amounts of information and reach
relevant conclusions suggests that Big Data offers detailed consumer profiling and behaviour
insights, (Taparia, 2014) thus leading to a better understanding of consumer preferences and
enhanced decision–making by marketers (Lohr, 2011). Technology has undoubtedly transformed
marketing strategies in their most effective form, but the key to successful branding is more than just
being digitally intelligent. This chapter will be reviewing experts' opinions on how brand exposure
and communications improve by exploiting the digital channels and Big Data's treasures, but also,
provide
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The Breakfast Club : A Perfect Source For The Study Of...
The film, "The Breakfast Club" is a perfect source for the study of communication theory. It
possesses the potential for numerous conversations regarding theories that even the most basic
scholar of communication could discuss. For example, there are countless displays of symbolic
convergence, symbolic interactionism, relational dialectics, cathartic scenes, identification, and
social comparison. When viewing this movie it is hard to ignore these theories being put into
practice. They constitute the framework of the relations within the film and serve to facilitate the
underlying plot. While these theories each encompass separate meanings, they interweave with one
another to create the final product; what the viewer sees and can subsequently dissect using common
communication theory. While these theories will be addressed separately, it is crucial to recall the
significance that these theories are only able to produce when intertwined with one another. One of
the most egregious communication theories displayed heavily throughout the film is the idea of
symbolic convergence. The very root of this theory rests on the idea that humans connect with one
another through shared meaning of an event, object, or otherwise stated "thing". There are countless
displays of this theory throughout the film, both for the characters in the movie and the viewers on
the outside alike. For the characters within the movie, symbolic convergence happens when they are
dancing. Even though these

Small Group Communication : An Effective Communication
Khalid Alanazi
June 12, 2015
COMM 2110
Small Group Analysis Paper
1. Small Group Communication
The small group communication is an interpersonal communication within groups between thirty to
twenty individuals. It is very important to have a quality communication such as information–
sharing behavior and helping attitude among the members of group. The positive attitude and
productive relationship between the group members help in increasing the performance of group.
For quality communication, all the group members are required to identify with the group and they
must participate in interaction and must have strong commitment with the team members.
2. Theories or Concepts of Small Group Communication
Theories influence individuals in many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Henceforth correspondence can be considering a powerful in light of the fact that by the
correspondence objectives in gathering can be accomplished by gathering individuals. By useful
observation, analysts are anxious with perceiving structure and parts of gathering correspondence
that create the craved results of gathering (Hug, Beebe, & Masterson, 2004).
2.2 Symbolic Convergence Theory
Symbolic Convergence Theory is a general communication theory which explains the motives,
values, emotions and meaning for action are in the language and words that are created by the
individuals in order to make sense of their experience (Cragan, Wright, & Kasch, 2008).
The SCT explains how small groups come to create a unique symbolic identity that is a source of
motivation among group members and group pride. The unique symbol of a group also brings the
members close and they feel sense of oneness. In this theory, spoken and nonverbal messages are
considered as symbolic and meaning and shared understanding are referred to as convergence
(Larson, 2009).
2.3 Structuration Theory
The structuration theory distinguishes between systems such as norms, rules, policies, procedures,
practices, structures, small groups and other resources that system uses to function and sustain it.
According to structuration theory, small groups are like systems and they are either made by
structures or they produce structure.

Symbolic Convergence in Gossip Girl: The Fantasy of the...
From high school girls desperately trying to be one of cool kids in school to corporate warriors
rubbing elbows for that next promotion, nearly everyone has fantasized about being a part of the "in
crowd". What is it that makes the bonds and barriers of "in crowd" so unbreakable? Through sharing
stories and reaching conclusions through discussion of those stories, members of small groups
develop a common bond that shapes their social reality. An example of this bond is prominent in the
CW's hit show, Gossip Girl, which focuses on the world of high society elite at a private high school
on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York. Circumstances in Gossip Girl show how concepts
in symbolic convergence describe the formation of group bonds ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
28). The stories which create the fantasy typically consist of "common or related content", known as
a fantasy theme (Beebe & Masterson, 2009, p. 44). As members of a small group share stories or
experiences with other group members, adherence to the fantasy theme creates "a string of
connected stories that revolve around a common theme." Bormann calls this set of stories a fantasy
chain (Beebe & Masterson, 2009, p.42–44). As a fantasy theme develops, is repeated, and flourishes
it changes the group members' social reality. Bormann describes such a change as a rhetorical
vision. It is important to note that a group may have more than one rhetorical vision and they can be
reinforced through recurring media messages or other influences outside the context of the small
group itself (Griffin, 2009, p. 27–29).
Simply put, symbolic convergence occurs in groups through the sharing of stories. Group members
interpret these stories through a common fantasy. Stories with a similar topic are said to make up the
fantasy theme. A fantasy theme appears when group members respond to, rather than dismiss, a
fantasy creating a fantasy chain reaction. Use of the fantasy by group members to explain, justify, or
understand situations outside the group shows the group's rhetorical vision.
Summary of Gossip Girl
Based on Stephanie Savage's book series of the same title, Gossip Girl follows the "in–crowd" at an
elite

The Avengers Research Paper
YISHI FU
DR. Veluscek
COM 230
1. What makes the superheroes from The Avengers a team and not just a group, according to your
textbook (Chapter 1)? Use examples from the film. (1–2 paragraph explanation)
The superheroes from the Avengers are a team and not just a group because they have a common
purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group and exert influence on one another. The team
comprises of superheroes possessing unique abilities, diverse personalities and motivation. The team
consists of Ironman a billionaire, anger management failure The Hulk, all–American guy Captain
America, the sassy spy Black Widow, the expert marksman Hawkeye and the S.H.I.E.L.D agency
leader Nick Fury. All the superheroes have unique abilities and passions ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They had a commitment to the team and the nation as the superheroes of the nation. They made a
decision to communicate openly, avoid conflicts and do away with an ego to prevent social loafing
(Chapter 3).
4. What roles did each main character exhibit (Chapter 5)? How did those roles change throughout
the film? (3–4 paragraph explanation)
Each main character had a particular strength and hence a particular role at the beginning of the
film. Thor was the brave one, Hawkeye the observer, Captain America the leader, Ironman the
creative and funny one, Black Widow had emotional control while Bruce Banner had control.
The roles of each of the character evolved as teamwork became necessary. Thor escorts Loci back to
the alien planet after defeat showing his capacity as a peacemaker and his maintenance function.
The Incredible Hulk comes to rescue Tony when the airship he is travelling in perishes.
In this scenario, the audience would expect the iron man to be the one to save Tony. Tony and
Pepper come together to work as a team after saving the New York City showing that Tony has
developed partnership skills to become the creative one and plays an individual role (Chapter

Political Symbolism : Politics And Culture Section
Luca Bonvini "Political Symbolism" Politics and Culture Section 01 October 12, 2014 Paper 1, Fall
2014 Dr. Rossi After reading Crafting Democracy How Novgord has Coped with Rapid Social
Change and understanding of the notes and lectures during class, political symbolism has become
clear to me as an efficient form of understanding culture. There are four merits of political
symbolism. One of its first merits is it has far greater dynamics of understanding culture,
particularly during a "crisis of authority" (Class notes, 10/6). During a crisis of authority, you can
see what the symbol means to a culture. An example of this would be a statue being removed, street
signs being changed, churches being destroyed and so forth (Video notes Spring 2014). The reason
you can understand culture better than social capital and social character is because you get a
broader understanding of culture. Next, there is a convergence of the "two faces of culture" (Class
notes, 10/6). Political symbolism is a balance of the two faces of culture, unlike the other theories
(Video notes Spring 2014). Political symbolism links the two faces, culture as a system and culture
as a practice, through the symbol (Video notes Spring 2014). For example the cross is culture as
practice because it has meanings and beliefs attached to it, and because of those meanings and
beliefs it became culture as practice because of the religious worship (Class notes 9/10). In Petro's
reading David Latin gives his

Social Factors That Affected Hunger In The United States
1) Over the last decade, our government spent billions and billions of dollars in preventable
diseases, yet the results are still not promising. Unlike the United States, countries where they value
environmental factors are most likely to have higher longevity and better health standards overall.
One could say that the things that truly add to longevity and truly lower our chances of getting a
chronic disease depends on many factors, not just diet, exercise and supplements. When it comes to
long–term strategies, diet simply doesn't work. Over the years, there have been many projects that
are focused on improve people's life expectancy, however only projects that didn't rely on individual
responsibility prove to be the most successful. As Dan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through Marc Parent's view, we get to see the tiny bits of the Child Welfare System of New York
City and understand how it works and how it doesn't. From living in a small town in Wisconsin,
where children are happy and enjoy their life every day, Marc Parent ventured to New York City
with the sole purpose of helping kids who were neglected and abused by their parents. During his
four years tenure at the New York's Emergency Children's Services, he had to make the call as to
whether or not children should be taken from their living situations. It was during this time that Mar
Parent had to witness the horror of child abuse that would haunt him for years. The things he saw
and experienced over the years took their toll on him and in return causing him to doubt his own
motives and abilities. As he puts it, his time at NYECS allowed him to witness the ''darkness
basement of human behavior, where parents become perpetrators and children lie still on the floor''
(Parents, 2001). However, he realized that making a difference in the life of just one child on any
given night is enough for him to keep going. Even though the system is flawed as it doesn't save
every child, but making a difference, one child at a time, shows why the system serves an important,
vital purpose in our

The Difference Between Sociology And Social Anthropology
Sociology is the study of society, it uses its methods in systematic way, and are usually empirical.
Since it is the study of scientific society, human social life, more than aggregate of individuals. In
order to understand any issue related to sociology such as race, gender, caste, culture and marriage
etc. We need to understand its three main perspectives, functionalist perspective, conflict theory and
symbolic interactionism. Functionalist Perspective is all about progress in the society through
harmony, because society has a system which is interconnected Therefore, we need to maintain a
state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott
Parsons and Robert Merton have largely contributed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They both are very closely linked to each other, related to each other and dependent on each other.
In order to understand the relationship between both the disciplines we have to analyse the inter–
relationship and mutual dependency. By inter–relationship and mutual dependency we mean some
sociological terms or theories cannot be understood without psychology and some psychological
terms or theories cannot be understood without sociology. Sociology deals with social phenomena, it
is also known for collective behaviour. It basically studies how humans interact or behave when they
are in groups, institutions etc. However, psychology deals with human mind or how people interact
at times. Psychology is more analysing on attitudes, emotions, perception, process of learning and it
values individuals and also deals with the process of personality formation in society. Social
Anthropologists like Radcliffe–Brown thinks or argues that sociology and psychology has no
relation because sociology is study social system while psychology is study of mental system, so
they both have no connection. Psychologists like Freud and others have enhanced sociology in many
aspects.They expressed that the whole social problems and social phenomenon must have a
psychological basis. This combination of of sociology and psychology

Symbolic Convergence Theory Of Communication
Communication theory is where people create messages that provokes a response and it is a set of
hunches because we are not sure we have the answers. Communication is an essential part of
mankind and the American Culture. Understanding theories will help individuals to further their
knowledge of communication with individuals in their life. This paper explores the definition of
symbolic convergence theory, the aspects that make up the theory, and how this theory relates to the
everyday life.
Symbolic convergence theory is a theory in which groups that share fantasies create symbols to
converge their ideas together. This essentially means, members in groups are sharing certain ideas,
which seem unrealistic and then they are using these ideas to come together to create one idea that
symbolizes the whole. According to an article by Daniels, "SCT is based on two assumptions:
communication creates reality and symbols create reality, and meanings for symbols can merge to
form a shared reality." (Daniels, 2016) On the theory scale, symbolic convergence theory is right in
the middle. In the book A First Look at Communication Theory, it states that the symbolic
convergence theory is neither objective or interpretive. This theory falls under group and public
communication because it deals with members who are involved in group communication.
According to an article by Zanin, "Symbolic convergence theory is one of the primary, general
theories used to study group communication"

Technology and Social Change in Healthcare
Technology and Social Change in Healthcare Today there are many technologies that have provided
change in our social environments. For example, we have access to laptop/computers, the Internet,
cell phones, and android pads. This is beneficial because we can use the Internet to obtain
information almost instantly to assist in research and education as well as staying in communication
with friends and family. I believe that every household should have access to these technologies but
due to socioeconomic conditions that is not possible. I feel that the technology today has evolved
from landline telephones and going to the library to being able to make calls anytime from anywhere
and find information at the touch of our fingertips. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The digital divide is defined by the interaction between people and computers. Assumptions are
made on a daily basis that everyone has equal access to computers, the Internet and the most
upgraded technology and software. This assumption is not true; the digital divide speaks to the fact
that not everyone has the same access. The sociological perspective known as conflict best
represents the digital divide. Conflict is molded by the competition that society generates through
individuals and groups in an effort to determine how power will be distributed. Clearly, if all people
do not have the same access to technology due to social status there will be conflict in defining what
is fair regarding education, employment and even social status. Cultural lag is described where
changes or advancements in technology in our society happen quicker than our culture can maintain,
therefore, producing new and different social norms. The sociological perspective symbolic best
represents cultural lag. Symbolic is the sociological perspective that helps give meaning and
structure to our life experiences. We tend to put importance on the symbols and languages in our
lives. We will change the way we act based on our social interactions. What others think

Application Logs: Coordinated Management Of Meaning Theory
Application Logs Symbolic Interactionism Symbolic Interactionism is described in the book as the
ongoing use of languages and gestures in anticipation of how the other will react. Basically this
theory is how we use every day verbal and nonverbal language to interact with others and create
meanings. These interactions can bring different meanings depend on the relationship and how the
sender uses the symbols. It can also mean different things based on the culture and the society. A
moment I can recall where I experienced symbolic interaction was when I first seen my girlfriend.
She signaled to me asking for help by interlocking her fingers and holding them under her chin. She
was about to get tossed in a pool at a party we were and if I didn 't recognize her sign for help she
would have gotten soaked that day. Coordinated Management of Meaning theory Coordinated
Management of Meaning theory(CMM) is a theory that explains how we all create meanings or
words and symbols during a conversation. Creating meaning in conversation is a mutual
responsibility. Both sender and receiver are capable of doing so, and should exercise equal
responsibility. Majority of the time the sender and receiver are in the same society or culture and
should be able to coordinate the meaning of their conversations successfully. For example, when me
and m teammates communicate during practice we have our own slang to judge each other 's
performances. We say "foo" for a bad jump and we say things like

Symbolic Convergence Theory Of Public Health
Convergence Theory
Communication provides sustainable information to everyone throughout the world, whether it is
through signs, pictures, objects or just simply words. Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT), simply
known as Convergence Theory, accentuates the importance of mutual agreement, mutual
understanding and information sharing through various groups and community's actions that will
ultimately bring social change for the better of Earth and its' community (Figueroa, Kincaid, Rani,
and Lewis, 2002, p. 4). The purpose of this theory in the field of public health is to explain the
general tendencies of humans in a "crowd" situation so that studiers may obtain a clear
understanding of why and how individuals allow themselves to act and behave ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because this theory obtains the criteria of the Evolution Theory, the primary strengths for the
Convergence Theory clearly are: scope, appropriateness, heuristic value, validity, parsimony and
openness. With these six components one can understand how this makes the convergence theory a
"good" theory. In addition, the weakness for this theory is as simple as this: because almost all
decisions of the Convergence Theory happen to be subconscious decisions, criticism can occur even
though the individuals are not aware of it. With this, the influential aspect of this theory can be
highly limited due to the notion that this theory just happens without anyone being consciously

The Media And Television Influences People 's View Of Reality
The theory that suggests the media and television influences people's view of reality. George
Gerbner and Larry Gross and a few other associates developed cultivation theory in 1976.
"Cultivation Theory postulates that as individuals are exposed to more of a certain kind of television
programs, each exposure plants sees that grow into a perspective that is largely influenced by the
themes presented in the programs," (Gerbner p.15). There are different assumptions regarding the
Cultivation Theory and why it is believed accurate. One being, television is technically different
from other forms of media because it tends to be more influential, or that television shapes ones
beliefs as well as attitude about other people and society itself, and that television does not show
reality, but tends to create an alternate reality. Cultivation theory focuses mainly on television and
not on other aspects of media because television is related to almost all ages and has been around
longer than other mediums. Television is a primary source of socialization as well everyday
information. It is a centralized system of storytelling via news, dramas, commercials, and much
more. The difference in the level of cultivation between various television viewers is known as
cultivation differential. The different types of televisions viewers are heavy and light. Heavy
viewers tend to watch an average of four or more hours of television per day. A light viewer watches
an average of two or less hours

The Symbolic Convergence Theory Rhetorical Analysis
The Symbolic Convergence Theory was developed by University of Minnesota Professor Ernest
Bormann in 1972, along with his colleagues John Cragan and Donald Shields. It emerged from
studies conducted in small–group communication, and is a message–centred theory that explores
symbolic facts in communication (Shields, 2008). This theory was also based upon previous work
from social psychologist Robert Bales, who established the concept of small–group fantasies and
shared symbolic themes (Vaughan, 2009, 944). The University of Minnesota researchers saw a
theme emerge in group communication of a shared symbolic consciousness through common
meanings, values, emotions and experiences (Shields, 2008). Based on these empirical findings, as
well as the work of Robert Bales, Bormann established a theory of rhetorical analysis called The
Symbolic Convergence Theory (Vaughan, 2009, 944). The Symbolic Convergence Theory is a
three–faceted theory. Firstly, it handles the discovery of these recurring communicative forms and
patterns. It then describes the factors and events in a group that explain the emergence of a group
consciousness. This addresses the 'how' of the theory. And finally, the question of 'why'. Why do
these patterns emerge in group communication; why do people share fantasies (Bormann, 1996, p.88
). This theory works upon the assumptions that reality is created by communication, as well as that
individuals can share symbolic meanings and realities (Vaughan, 2008). To the

Andy Warhol & Jean-Michel Basquiat
Julia Gutman Z3415928 In the mid 1980's iconic pop artists Andy Warhol & Jean–Michel Basquiat
teamed up on a series of highly influential untitled paintings. Situating this body of work within Neil
Brown's model as adressed in "Paradox and Imputation," (Brown) can provide a comprehensive
consideration of this series of collaborations, placing the pieces within a wider historical & socio–
political context. In considering this body of work, it is important to situate it within the broader
practice of each artist, in order to note the trajectory towards this series. These two painters cross–
identification is a testament to the revolutionary capabilities of collaboration, particularly between
icons of different cultural standing and eras for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To him, Andy personified what it meant to be a successful artist. He was his hero, & the gatekeeper
to an exclusive, white, New York scene. Before Basquiat's work began to gain critical attention, the
80's art world imaged the white–bias of wider media culture. There were no black Pop–artists, and
scarce Black subjects. Those African American's who were represented in works were imaged as
racial stereotypes, embedded with no sense of irony or critique. Even Andy's works showed
outdated modes of considering ethnicity, his drag queens & 'American Indian' portraits weren't
exactly what one would consider as culturally sensitive. His works drew on and regurgitated the
racist iconography of a chauvinist America. Methodology & innovative design practice Both
Basquiat & Warhol's practices rely heavily on the process of disidentification, a methodology
proposed by theorist Jose Esteban Munoz with which those outside the racial or sexual authority/
norm address popular culture, via transforming exclusionary works in order to serve a new cultural
purpose.

Group Communication In The Walking Dead
When chaos, violence, death, and zombies rule the world, only those who can "drive them out"
survive. The Walking Dead takes this idea of driving the enemies of survival out, runs with it, and
turns it into a television series. The Walking Dead is created from a comic book series written by
Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard with Frank Darabont developing the television
series' six seasons; this paper will analyze will be in the sixteenth episode of the third season. The
show centers on a group of survivors lead and guided by Rick Grimes, a Georgian sheriff who was
shot during his duties as a police officer, and awakes from the coma the shot induced to find a
completely devastated world. Encountering old enemies, new foes, and countless ... Show more
The theory tries to prescribe and describe how a group should communicate and be lead to be the
most effective. According to the theory as put forth by Hirokawa and Gouran, groups are able to
effectively make decisions and solve problems when group members fulfill five prerequisites. The
first of these prerequisites is that the group members must understand the problem that needs to be
solved. Second, they must determine the qualities of an acceptable solution to the problem. Third,
group members must brainstorm any and all relevant and realistic solutions to the given problem.
Next, each of the solutions should be compared to the qualities the group members previously set
forth and agreed upon. Finally, the group members should select the solution that most closely
reflects the desired characteristics. In addition to fulfilling these criteria, "Group members employ
appropriate interventions for overcoming cognitive, affiliative, and egocentric constraints that are
interfering with the satisfaction of fundamental task requirements (Gouran & Hirokawa, 2003, p.
29)" (Wittenbaum, et al., 2004, p.

Symbolic Severgence Theory
Zanin, Hoelscher, and Kramer (2016) utilized a unique methodological framework to examine a life
enrichment group or a non–controlling volunteer organization to better understand symbolic
convergence theory. Symbolic convergence theory focuses on dramatic messages that result in
rhetorical visions. Messages that are reiterated emerge as a fantasy chain. Fantasy chains that
continue shape fantasy themes; similar fantasy themes shape fantasy types. Fantasy types that are
created develop a rhetorical vision for the group that allows the members to have a broader sense of
the purpose and direction of the group. The researchers posited three questions in regards to what
would chain, what would contribute or inhibit, and how tensions could change ... Show more
The author did not operate in a traditional theoretical framework, but rather operated under the
assumptions that fantasy games meet real world interaction needs and that the best fantasy games
are role–playing games. The literature review section deals more with justifying the need of
studying these types of games than it does on explaining any theoretical background or history. The
author talks about the differences between individuals that tend to play these games and the general
population in an attempt to suggest that need effects will be more prevalent in this study. The author
examined one group that played this game over a three–year campaign. The study included nine
participants of whom the age ranged from 15–28 and eight self–identified as White with one
identifying as Asian. There was a mixture of sexual orientations as five participants identified as
straight and four as gay. In the conclusion, the author states that two participants were married, two
were dating, and the others were family members. The author utilized fantasy theme analysis to
examine two sets of archived documents. One was posts in the groups Facebook page and the other
was the adventure log that the dungeon master kept as a record of what happened in the game. The
researcher simply asked what themes would emerge in this setting as the sole research question. The

Mass Media, Communication Technology and Semiology
Take home exam Table of Contents Question 1: List and describe the four main mass media
industries, as described in the course. Why is ownership of these industries generally seen as
important? 3 Question 2: Semiotic theory tells us that every sign is polysemic: ie, it has different
meanings for different people, but that they acquire a denotative meaning. Define denotation and
using a carefully chosen example, explain how a sign acquires a denotative meaning. 4 Question 3:
It was contended in the course that both media industries and social change were driven by
technological change. Give two examples of changes driven by the invention of the printing press,
and two examples of changes driven by the invention of the telegraph. Speculate on two possible
changes driven by the invention of the Internet. 5 Question 4: Benjamin Anderson talks of nations
being 'imagined communities' created in and through the media. List and describe the three ways
that nations can be considered 'imagined'. 6 Question 5: Thussu argues that developing /third world
countries have frequently tried to develop their own indigenous national media industries. Using
material from the course, explain why this was, and explain why it typically has not been successful.
7 Question 6: Thussu defines a range of different theories used to analyse and understand
international communication, which in the lectures were grouped into six main approaches. List and
briefly define these six main approaches

Modernism, Symbolic-Interpretive, Postmodernism Analyzing...
Understanding organization:
Modernism, symbolic–interpretive, postmodernism analyzing about McDonald
1– Introduction:
The task of this report is to analyze McDonalds using the modernist analysis tools to describe the
organization. McDonalds is a large Multinational fast food franchise originating from USA.
McDonald's main product which they produce is burgers but it now has a wide range of products
available for a wider choice of customers. The reason for a wider range of products is due to the fact
that it has grown so much to other parts of the world McDonalds has grown to become one of the
largest fast food franchises in the world, almost every country in the world has a McDonalds at the
moment due to its large spread ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As manager of MacDonald Said, McDonald has undertaken the coffee business then become a direct
concurrent of Starbucks in the coffee business. But MacDonald has put in place a strong slogan
anti–Starbucks, which is "have great coffee drink but without all the smarmy hipper–than–thou
trappings of you know who". That shown that McDonald went for a clear market of costumers who
enjoy high end coffee based drinks. Another social structure in McDonald in the modernist theory is
specialization and decentralization. Specialization which is to specialize employee at something
inside the organization so they only that specific task inside the organization. In McDonald they use
specialization to make the worker become good at what they are doing; make their production more
efficient and little training need. For example as seen inside MacDonald you can see that task are
divide some are just making the burger some labor are just delivery(MacDonald, 2011).
Centralization is the concentration of management and decision–making power at the top of an
organization's hierarchy. Therefore we can see that McDonald management is functioning with
decentralization theory because in MacDonald at all the level there is specific management for that
department (McDonald, 2011). 2.3– Technology:
Technology inside the organization is defining as the means of converting raw materials into
finished outputs. It consist of objects, tasks, and

What Is The Contribution Of The Functionalist, Conflict...
Sociology is the study of society, it uses its methods in systematic way, and are usually empirical.
Since it is the study of scientific society, human social life, more than aggregate of individuals. In
order to understand any issue related to sociology such as race, gender, caste, culture and marriage
etc. We need to understand its three main perspectives, functionalist perspective, conflict theory and
symbolic interactionism. Functionalist Perspective is all about progress in the society through
harmony, because society has a system which is interconnected Therefore, we need to maintain a
state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott
Parsons and Robert Merton have largely contributed to functionalism. Conflict Theory views life as
competition, distribution of limited resources, power. Its main criteria is to maintain social order by
dominance and power instead of harmony. Karl Marx is the one to put forward the conflict theory.
Unlike conflict theory and functionalist perspective, symbolic interactionism neither deals with
harmony in the society nor with the society with dominance or power. In fact it deals with the
interaction that includes gestural communication. Max Weber contributed for the symbolic
interactionism. Sociology was first coined in 1780 in France. Then, it was again independently
defined by the one of the founding fathers of sociology, Auguste Comte. Comte was successful in
bringing scientific

A Second Or Foreign Language Learner Needs For Gain Knowledge
2.0 Introduction A second or foreign language learner needs to gain knowledge in and about the
target language. In order to do that , one needs to know how to build morphemes into words and
words into sentences (linguistic or grammatical competence). Yet, this knowledge is not the end of
learning a language. While grammatical competence may be the essence of learning a new language;
on its own, it is not enough. A learner also needs to know how to use that knowledge appropriately
in a social context. One needs to know about speech act,(e.g., requesting, suggesting, arguing, etc.)
and politeness (sociolinguistic or pragmatic competence). In addition to these competencies, other
components are also required. A learner needs to know how to produce a largely cohesive and
coherent text, either in writing or in speaking (discourse competence). As a learner might not
understand the total underlying system of a language, s/he needs to know how to repair the
breakdown of a conversation (strategic competence). In this chapter, I will define the term
communicative competence, explain the difference between competence and performance, and shed
light on four theories of communicative competence, –i.e., Chomsky 's theory, Hymes 's theory ,
Widdowson 's theory, and Halliday 's theory. In the second section, five frameworks of
communicative competence will be focused on, i.e., Canale and Swain 's model, Bachman and
Palmer 's model, Celce–Murcia 's framework, the common European framework

Fantasy Theme Analysis Essay
A supporting argument that the fantasy theme analysis and the convergence theory are appropriate
perspectives for my artifact is Ernest Bormann's use of both perspectives in several articles to
answer questions that are similar to mine. For instance, in his "fantasy and rhetorical vision: ten
years later" article, Ernest address the foundation of fantasy theme analysis as a humanistic method
of rhetorical criticism. He answers how effective and useful the approach is and examines the work
that has been done under its auspices. Also, the article illustrates a relationship between sharing
fantasies in a small group, which is one of my primary concurs in this paper. Another great article
which is called "Why do people share fantasies? An empirical investigation of a basic tenet of the
symbolic communication theory" by Bormann, Ernest G and Knutson, Roxann L answer the same
question as mine that is already posed in the title of the article "why do people share fantasies?".
Here, Borman and Knutson explores an individual's desire for dramatized narratives which result in
shared fantasies. In order to answer the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Duncan, Mary B. Lee, David G. Porter, Laurinda W demonstrates audience perceptions of Jimmy
Carter's personality during his 1976 U.S presidential campaign. In order to understand perceptions
of Jimmy Carter's personality and to analyze presidential campaigns, they used the fantasy theme
approach. In the essay they answered to important questions such as; how do audience members
perceive the themes and visions of the Carter persona in Campaign 1976? Also, identify the major
dramatic themes by which the Carter persona was presented to the public. The question that they
answered in the essay, will lead me to the right direction which helps me to answer my question
"why and how do employees perceive the

Integrated Theories of Criminal Justice Essay example
Integrated Theories of Criminal Justice Abstract Two theorist and theories that have been recognized
by many involved in the criminal justice field are Ross L. Matsueda's Theory of Differential Social
Control, and, Charles R. Tittle's Control Balance Theory. Matsueda's theory, (1) identifies a broader
range of individual–level mechanisms of social control, (2) specifying group and organizational
processes for controlling delinquency, (3) conceptualizing classical criminological theories as
special cases of a general interactionist framework, and (4) testing the interactionist model
empirically against specific hypotheses drawn from competing theories. Tittle's theory believes
deviance results from the convergence of four variables: (1) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another theoretical trend integrates traditional theories, such as anomie, disorganization, social
control, labeling, differential association, and social learning theories, to increase explanatory power
or link levels of explanation (Elliott, Ageton, and Canter 1979; Elliott, Huizinga, and Ageton 1985;
Pearson and Weiner 1985; Thornberry 1987). Which leads us to two theorist that have been
recognized by many involved in the criminal justice field. One being, Ross L. Matsueda's Theory of
Differential Social Control, and the other, Charles R. Tittle's Control Balance Theory. Matsueda
takes a different avenue and specifies a theory of delinquency based on unified framework of
symbolic interactionist view of the self as a reflection of the appraisals of others. He (1) identifies a
broader range of individual–level mechanisms of social control, (2) specifying group and
organizational processes for controlling delinquency, (3) conceptualizing classical criminological
theories as special cases of a general interactionist framework, and (4) testing the interactionist
model empirically against specific hypotheses drawn from competing theories. Ross Matsueda uses
symbolic interactionism to show how the social control of delinquency lies in an interactionist
conception of the self. He bases his explanation on Mead's (1934) thesis that the self arises in
problematic situations when an individual takes the role of

The Pros And Cons Of Social Penetration
Introduction
This community is sick of the government, how it governs the country, how it takes the issues and
problems for granted, how the opportunist politicians take away people's penny, and there's a lot
more. Some express their dismay, disgust, and supplications through huge signs and shouts in front
of government offices, some through articles and blogs, and some are through songs. "Upuan " sang
by Aristotle Pollisco also known as Gloc 9 , one of the most successful hip–hop artists in the
Philippines, featuring Jeazell Grutas, female vocalist of the rock band Zelle , shows the true status of
the society.
The lyrics on the first part are describing the deaf and blind politicians to pay attention, to see and
hear the people's plea.
The rap part of the song tells about how comfortable and envying lives of the politicians are
compare to the status of most of the people in the society.
On the other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Social Penetration according to the book of Em Griffin is the process of developing deeper intimacy
with another person through mutual self–disclosure and other forms of vulnerability. Moreover,
self–disclosure is the voluntary sharing of personal history, preference, attitudes, feelings, values,
secrets with another person. It can also be defined as transparency.Social Psychologists Irwin
Altman and Dalmas Taylor propounded the Social Penetration Theory that explains how to develop
a relational closeness to another person.
Using this theory to critique the music video of our group using the song upuan, in order for those
who are seated on the Upuan or the politicians as well as the hands or people outside the power of
the chair would end up with a mutualistic relationship. Those who are seating should understand the
complexity of the ordinary people, vice versa and they should both engage in a "gradual and orderly
fashion form superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of both immediate and forecast

Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory Essay
Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory
Ernest Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory offers a promising method of looking at small
group interaction and cohesiveness. When individuals who are not familiar with each other come
together for the sake of achieving a common goal, be it a group in an organization or students
working on a school project, the symbolic convergence theory presents an understandable and
generally accurate stance on how cohesiveness within the group is attained.
The symbolic convergence theory is praised and even considered a bit unusual, because it meets the
criteria for both scientific and humanistic standards. Symbolic Convergence Theory is credible
because it fulfills the "twin objectives of scientific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fantasies do not include any communication that focuses on what is going on inside of the group.,
For example, Bob is a member of a team in an advertising agency and brings up an idea for a
possible advertisement. Bob is not expressing a fantasy, because he is discussing the work at hand.
However, if Bob admits he is going shopping after work to buy his son a bike for his seventh
birthday, then he has expressed a fantasy.
A fantasy chain reaction is a positive and energetic response to the initial fantasy. When Bob
mentions his son's birthday, several other group members add how they must attend their son's
soccer game after work, The atmosphere in the work environment has gone from serious to
comfortable and even energetic. When Bob mentions his son's birthday, a fantasy chain reaction has
been ignited. Other fantasies emerge about children, soccer games, and birthdays. Once the fantasy
chain reaction begins, common ground is established between group members and a cohesion, no
matter how slight, has formed.
Cohesion within a group is not an immediate form of action. A single fantasy chain event will not
bring about complete cohesion. In the example above, it is possible that a group member or
members do not have children and thus would not engage in the conversation. Their fantasies have
not been expressed at that point, so common ground has not been established between all members
of the group.

Institutional Model Of An Organization Essay
1. Institutional Model According to Hanh, this is the traditional, "classical" approach. On a state
level, the focus is on the structures, organization, duties and functions of governmental institutions.
Policies are sometimes described, but never evaluated (unknown). This model is applied through the
use of organization charts and is most times uninteresting to audiences. Organization charts have the
advantage of addressing basic questions that anyone who wishes to be politically influential needs to
answer: What unit of government or agency is responsible for what? What are the lines of authority
and accountability? (Hahn, 2015). It is conceivable when all foundations are considered completely
and the connections each shares with different associations furthermore in a developing society
where one association gives governing administrations another association then it gets to be hard to
isolate and duplication happens misusing finances and assets of the citizens (Boundless, 2015). 2.
Systems Model Systems theory focuses on the environment of political systems, input and outputs,
generally in the form of demands and support on the one hand and public policies on the other and
the feedback. This theory is widely used, but often indirectly. It can be helpful in stopping the
tendency to describe or analyze political systems as if they were self–contained. The Mistake of
doing so is clearest at the local level, but may prove most costly nationally (Hahn, unknown).
Though

Rhetorical Approach: The Symbolic Convergence Theory
Jada Arrington
Professor Drew Keane
English 1101 Section HZ
27 October 2017
PROPOSAL
RHETORICAL APPROACH
The Symbolic Convergence Theory is a communication theory developed by Ernest Bormann with a
fantasy theme analysis. Through world known fantasies, and collections of individuals an urge to
form theories that are used to make sense of the world are therefore created. This theory also gives
off a persuasive sense, which is related to the rhetoric. Rhetorical vision follows very closely to this
theory by definition which is, a shared body of stories used to interpret the world. Better explained
by Bormann as:
The relationship between a rhetorical vision and a specific fantasy theme within a message explains
why so much "persuasive" communication simply repeats what the audience already knows. Yet
many strikingly successful speakers have not created dissonances but rather given a voice to what
the listener already knows and accepts. (Bormann, 1972, p. 399) The theory consists of four
concepts that can be broken down thoroughly. The first concept is shared symbolic meaning which
Bormann describes as, "Group fantasizing correlates with individuals fantasizing and extrapolates to
speaker audience fantasizing and to the dream merchants of the mass media." (p. 396) This could be
described by a statement such as 'the United States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The song is also controversial, which adds the element of what does it truly mean. When analyzing
controversial topics, especially due to race, the feeling a reviewer has in deciphers the right meaning
is yearned for. "Alright" influences the emotions of viewers through imagery by making the entire
video in black and white. This simply shows that not only does the song have symbols, but the
artifact in its entirety has a deeper

Symbolic-Convergence Theory
Maria Lugo 4–20–11 Comm.1302 Symbolic–Convergence Theory When a group of individuals
have similar thoughts about a certain topic in a group conversation, they can relate to similar issues,
experiences, and situations. This phenomenon has a term called symbolic convergence theory,
developed by Ernest Bormann, John Cragan, and Donald Shields This theory has different levels of
communication, which enhance the relationships between people. The symbolic–convergence theory
is also known as the fantasy–theme analysis, which can be created in small groups or interaction
between two people, thus creating a similar perspective. This theory states that individuals tend to
believe certain things or think a certain way because their point of view has ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The triggers are the small pieces of stories that do no need to be told from the beginning and will
help the other person understand what they are trying to say. Another example would be a group of
friends singing the chorus of a song and another random person walking by and singing the rest of
the song. This illustrates how they all become close together without starting from the beginning of
the song. A combination of fantasy themes that create high familiarity and consistency are also
known as fantasy types. When these stories are being told repeatedly, they can relate to
achievements within a community, group, or person, thus taking form of a saga. An example of saga
within a family is the story of "La Llorona," a Mexican myth. This story has been told for a lifetime
to children and continues to be told to the next generation. The myth is about a lady that had
children and her husband cheated on her and decided to drown her children. When she passed away
she comes back as a ghost and cries for her children. This story takes a form of a saga because it is
retold over and over again and it also involves characters that people know in their certain culture.
Sagas are not only within the family but also the work organization. Coworkers can tell stories about
previous employees and their good working effort and how they made the company successful. Last
but not least, national and societal sagas are

Social Learning Theory : Theory Of Reward And Punishment...
Social Learning Theory:
Albert Bandura (1977), a psychologist, proposed social learning theory to integrate the behaviorism
with the cognitive theory to explain why people behave in a certain way, irrespective of the type of
environment they are in. Bandura tried to integrate the behavior, cognition, and the environment to
postulate the social learning theory. Many academicians have seen Bandura as the neo–behaviorist
theorist (positivist) despite the fact that he believed in self–help, self–regulation, and self–reflection.
Albert Bandura goes beyond the behaviorist tradition of reward and punishment of behavioral
reinforcement. He said that people learn not only by direct experiences, but also by vicarious
learning (by observing), symbolic functioning (learning through conceptualization), and self–
regulatory process (learning through self–direction such as rewarding oneself for certain behaviors),
which is absent in ANT. He believed, unlike the network theorists, that most external influences
affect behavior through the intermediary cognitive process. Social learning theory is helpful in
understanding childhood development and human behavior in the cyber environment and
"sociotechnical" environment of ANT and human ghosting. Social learning theory can also help in
understanding impacts of technological developments on human beings. People learn from each
other how to behave in a new environment. Social learning theory explains many childhood social,
moral, and cognitive

Essay Rhetorical Visions in the Film, American History X
Rhetorical Visions in the Film, American History X
"Hate is baggage. Life's too short to be pissed off all the time". This is a quote from the film
American History X. This film sends out a powerful message about hate groups such as skinheads
and Neo–Nazis. The vision of this movie is to make others aware of the complex life of a skinhead.
Through different symbolism we see how society views this group. We also are made aware of the
continuous cycle of violence that continues to exist even after a powerful leader changes his view.
American History X is important to analyze because it shows how one man's rhetorical vision
changes through life experiences. This film depicts the lifestyles of skinheads and how one person
with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bormann's Symbolic Convergence Theory will also be explained and how his theory relates to the
fantasy theme of the paper and the rhetorical visions of the characters.
The second part of my paper will be the analysis of the film. I will focus on how hate groups such as
the one portrayed in the movie develop and grow when someone uses the right rhetoric on the right
people. Setting, actions, and character development will also be discussed in detail in this section.
This film has several scenes that show the fantasy theme unfold and develop. I will analyze each
scene for any visions, fantasy types, or symbolism that occurs.
Literary Review:
One way for information to spread is through a medium, such as the internet. There are many
websites on hate groups that can easily be accessed by anyone with a computer. Any hate group is
included, not just the KKK. Groups such as the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam have a big
following throughout the world. According to Margaret Duffy's fantasy theme analysis on hate
groups on line, "using the internet is an easy way to spread ones vision by reaching disenfranchised
people" (Duffy 292). Duffy's main focus is how and why the message is sent through the internet.
It's easier to spread a message and make a group grow by allowing easy access to websites (Duffy
292). She shows this by examining the websites of white supremacists groups such as the

Annotated Bibliography On Symbolic Convergence Theory
Annotated Bibliography One: Symbolic Convergence Theory Jennifer Rosales Vanguard University
Seeding the Vision: Symbolic Convergence Theory and Aimee Semple McPherson Underation
offers research that exhibits how Aimee Semple McPherson, the infamous evangelical female
preacher from the 1920's, started a religious movement that over a period of time, influenced a large
group of people around the nation. McPherson was a female preacher who made prominent waves in
the evangelical community. She held gatherings in tents and was one of the first women in the
nation to license a radio station. While she used stories and images from the Bible, she also provided
her listeners with materials to build the expected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using symbolic convergence theory and fantasy theme analysis, the researcher identified four
fantasy types. The fantasy types include: 1) I am a survivor, 2) I am a dreamer, 3) I am an activist,
and 4) I can do anything. Through these types and teenage–created content, this research used
symbolic convergence theory to assess how photos and stories created an accurate reality for its
readers to relate to. The study mentions how one of its competitors, Seventeen magazine, had stories
that showcased girls insecurities, focused on putting fashion as a priority of a career, and how males
are superior (with its gendered messages about employment). Based from this time era as well, the
study describes that Teen Voice was emerging at a time in the 1990's in which females were
concerned of feminist, gender, and beauty issues that targeted the 12 to 19 year old female
demographic. The study examined and focused on the print version of Teen Magazine during its
publication form 1990 to 2012. The researcher examined ten issues ranging from the years 1996,
2000's–06, and 2011/2012, which included non–fiction stories, poetry, and excluded "Letter from
the Editor" that contained some movie/book

The Marxist Concept Of Hegemony As The Role Of The...
1. The Marxist concept of hegemony as the role of the capitalist culture and ideas greatly influenced
the work of Herbert Marcuse. Marcuse uses this concept to explain how culture, ideas, and politics
are used to manipulate individuals' needs in order to fit them into a totalitarian and technical
coordination of society. However, Marcuse was critical of capitalism and believed that it was not
solely as a source of economic exploitation but rather, as a source of cultural domination. He claims
that contemporary industrial society tends to be totalitarian by way of its technological base.
"Totalitarian is not only a terrorists political coordination of society, but also a non–terroristic
economic–technical coordination which operates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Driven by false needs, imposed by the economy, and the mass media, the individual lacks the
transcendence and awareness to critique the world around him. Thus, the individual withers into a
one–dimension thinker (pg. 3). Marcuse suggests that when an individual incorporates himself into a
society by subscribing to the prescribed (false) needs, he stabilizes the society. Technological society
blinds the individual to his oppression by providing entertainment, opportunities, and mass–
produced items that people from all socioeconomic levels can enjoy. Marcuse argues that the
satisfaction of human needs, apart from biological implications, have always been preconditioned
and are historically based. Such needs can be both true and false needs. Marcuse says that there are a
small number of vital human needs that every society must meet – "nourishment, clothing, lodging
at the attainable level of culture." (pg. 5) The needs beyond food, clothing, and shelter must be
determined by the individual. On the other hand, false needs being those which are superimposed
upon the individual by particular social interests in his suppression. These are the needs that
propagate aggressiveness, misery, and injustice, as well as the needs to relax, to have fun, to behave
in accordance with others, and to like and dislike what others do. False needs are

Aesop The Bundle Of Sticks Analysis
Ancient artifacts and knowledge exists that explains when individuals form into groups and work
together, the benefits can be historical. Consistent to Aesop's Fable, "The Bundle of Sticks," a father
uses sticks to demonstrate to his sons, the importance of them sticking together. However, his sons
are unable to break the sticks when they are bundled together, so the father proceeds by separating
the sticks apart and disperses one each to his sons; enabling them to easily break their individual
sticks. Then the father explains to his sons, "...if you are of one mind, and unite to assist each other,
you will be as this bundle, but if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken as easily as
these sticks" (Aesop, 1867). To summarize the lesson of Aesop's fable, a group whose members
work together shall be strong and supportive, whereas a group whose members work individually
will easily fail. Therefore, students need to work together in various groups to achieve full–
academic excellence. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Learning and working in groups involves shared and/or learned values, resources, and ways of
doing things. Effective groups learn to succeed by combining these factors" (Landsberger) . Thus,
students need to acquire certain skills to work in, effectively participate in, and obtain the full–
benefits of a group. Apply Ernest Bormann's, Symbolic Convergence Theory, to student groups to
determine if a fantasy chain and symbolic convergence of the group members, affect the outcome of
the group. "Fantasies are intersubjectively created stories featuring characters, scenes, and plots that
are used by members of a group to make sense of a common experience" (Gunn, 2003). These
fantasies pertain to anything but, according to Bormann, "the

The Effects Of Digital Media On Society 's Media
It is undeniable that the society is experiencing a mediated culture, where mass media have direct
effects on our society. Newspapers, magazines, radios, and televisions constantly give out messages
to promote products, attitudes, and ideas in an attempt to influence audiences. The effect is further
enhanced when digital media, particularly the Internet, enters the competition for the limited supply
of audience attention. The saturated mass media industry no longer has the benefit of reach it used to
have, especially with millennials, in this attention economy filled with fragmented audiences
(Webster & Ksiazek 2012). More businesses and marketers have turned their efforts to digital media
to influence consumers (Mulhern 2009). Therefore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, digitization of information allows consumers to have the freedom to access news, books,
music, and movies from a huge database anywhere and anytime (Mulhern 2009). Free and paid
online video streaming services like YouTube and NetFlix is able to provide the freedom that
traditional television cannot. The result is an increasing rate of cord cutting, where viewers drop
their cable services (Coffee 2015). Traditional media communication has been blasting messages at
large audiences behind the screen, especially in advertising, instead of trying to establish a
connection. This causes annoyance amongst the audience who wants individual conversations, as
they are increasingly individualized by digital media (Solis & Breakenridge 2009). The audience
who have been on the receiving end of one way communication of mass media can now
communicate bidirectionally on the internet and social media or even become content producers and
transmitters. This decreases the influence of mass media as audiences are increasingly used to the
freedom of choosing what and how to view their media and also the ability to express their opinions
and make their presence felt. More and more people have switched from paid mass media as to
digital media for information or entertainment as it is instant, convenient, accessible and mostly free
or at low cost. Newspaper and magazine publishings are under time constraints, which

Summary Communication Theory
Introduction to Communication Theory:
Course Summary
Chapter 1: Launching your study
What is a theory? What distinguishes a good theory from a bad theory?
A theory is a set of systematic informed hunches about the way things work. A good theory goes
beyond accepted wisdom and offers explanations and speculations about phenomena. Additionally, a
good theory consists of a system of concepts which means that the theorist were able to make
connections among his ideas. A theory tends to shape our perception of reality and behaviour and
guides us through unknown areas.
Images of theory: 1.) Theories as nets: Theories try to explain phenomena. 2.) Theories as lenses:
our perception is shaped by the way we want to see things. Thus, we ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To be a good interpretive theory of communication, the interpretive theory also has to comply with
five requirements. First, the theory has to provide more information about the causes why people do
what they do. By examining interpersonal interaction, the theorist offers rules for interaction.
Secondly, the theory explains what people value. In addition, the theory must be appealing by
having a comprehensible content and including metaphors and so on. The theory also has to be
appealing among other interpretive theorists who are experienced on the examined field of
communication. The last requirement is that a good interpretive theory induces some kind of change
in a society.
Chapter 5: Symbolic Interactionism
Theory Overview
Humans act toward people, things, and events on the basis of the meanings they assign to them.
Once people define a situation as real, it has very real consequences. Without language there would
be no thought, no sense of self, and no socializing presence of society within the individual. (Socio–
cultural tradition)
Chapter Outline I. Introduction. A. George Herbert Mead was an influential philosophy professor at
the University of Chicago, but he never published his ideas. B. After his death, his students
published his teachings in Mind, Self, and Society. C. Mead's chief disciple, Herbert Blumer, further

developed his theory. 1. Blumer coined the term symbolic interactionism, and claimed that
communication

Film Analysis, the Last Castle Essay
In the film, The Last Castle, I found many aspects and theories that involve organizational
communication throughout the movie. The film is about a US prison where the prisoners have
formally served in the military and have committed crimes while serving their time. The movie
shows how the prisoners come together when a former well–respected general is sent there to
overpower the man that runs the facility. The first theory and probably the most noted theory is the
Adaptive Structuration Theory of Marshall Scott Poole. Poole's theory states, "Members in groups
are creating the group as they act within it A lot of times people in groups build up structures or
arrangements that are very uncomfortable for them, but they don't realize that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The next step of the model is conflict, in which factions disagree on how to approach the problem
and argue against other viewpoints, and members justify their own position. An example of this is
when Aguilar, the stuttering marine, wants to help build the wall the inmates were building. One
other inmate ridicules him and tells him he is doing it all wrong, but Aguilar's father is a mason and
has taught him the correct way to brick a wall. He stands strong and when the group begins to form
he is made the head mason when they rebuild the wall under Irwin's orders. Another example would
be when Aguilar gets in trouble in the beginning of the movie for saluting the General and is
punished by standing out in the rain. When General Irwin tells him he doesn't have to continue out
his punishment he is then punished by Col. Winters for trying to go over what he said even though it
was pointed out that the punishment was illegal.
The third step of the phase model is coalescence, where tensions are reduced through peaceful
negotiation, and members allow others to "save face" by adopting solutions acceptable to all. An
example is when Thumper and the other guy are fighting in the yards and the sirens start to go off.
Thumper refuses to drop down and the consequence was him getting shot with the rubber bullet gun.
When the group starts to form they all want to be a part of it and when the final solution was
adopted the enemies became friends like Thumper and the

Place Attachment Research
To each of us there is a place that when someone says to think of our favorite place, we think of that
specific one. Whether it's a specific chair in a library or the upstairs floor of a house we can all think
of some place that has significant meaning to us. Place attachment is defined as an emotional bond
−usually positive− between person and place which is linked to the theory of meaning of place
which deals with the elements in an interior that have meaning to some but mean nothing to others.
For example, a bedroom can seem like a safe haven for someone, but to someone else it is just
another bedroom. Yi–Fu Tuan, humanistic geographer and environmental psychologist, argues that
what begins as undifferentiated "space" evolves into "place" ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These interactions are usually positive causing a deeper attraction to the place of interaction. If
people's identity and values are indeed informed by places they deem significant, then it follows that
people's bonds with those places will impact their engagement in such places, whether it be to
maintain or improve them, respond to changes within them, or simply to stay in that place (Pretty,
Chipuer, and Bramston 2003). People are more likely to stay in places they have an attachment
rather than places they are indifferent to. The memories they make in said interiors help them to
react to outside forces in a way that is personal to them, and gives them a way to define who they
truly are. Another aspect to this, is being able to be in an interior where expressing oneself is smiled
on instead of suppressed. "Place identity is the extent to which a place becomes a crucial symbolic
component of one's definition of self" (). Sunday nights would roll around and the feeling of
excitement I received from going to my grandma's house to be with family never got old. No matter
how old I got, I always looked forward to the time I could spend in the living room with all my
aunts, uncles, cousins, siblings, and grandparents. There was something special about that place that
made me want to return each week and ultimately never leave. By applying the components of
increased quality of life, sense of belonging, and strengthened personal identity, I am attached to my
grandmother's living

Cuba Rapprochement
US Foreign Policy: Constructivist and Realist Accounts of US–Cuba Rapprochement
Dylan Patel
University of Virginia
PLIR 3400 US Foreign Policy: Constructivist and Realist Accounts of US–Cuba Rapprochement
Introduction
Several interpretations can be made of the announcement by President Barack Obama on December
17, 2014 that the United States would reestablish its long severed diplomatic relations with the
Caribbean island nation of Cuba. Obama's momentous reversal of five decades of animosity and
intense hostility between the two countries not only brings to mind the opening of China by
President Richard Nixon in 1972, but will also be remembered as equally significant, as well. The
main justification for Obama's policy shift ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It must be noted that the America's security interests in the Caribbean include maintaining friendly
states. The realist theory of international relations shows that the new policy takes care of America's
national security interests because it is only through reconsidering its relations with Cuba can the
United States truly keep its southern border free of any hostile military power. Nevertheless, beyond
the rhetoric, the United States can only hope that the Caribbean and Latin America will contribute to
its efforts to encourage Cuba to democratize its governance and modernize its economy. Mexico,
Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Peru are the potential partners in this regard. From the
foregoing, it should be apparent that the resumption of diplomatic relations with Cuba is for the
most part informed by the need to protect America's interests, confirming the realist assumption that
the state serves as the rational sovereign actor in pursuing its self–interest with the goal of ensuring
its security and

The Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories
Introduction Mass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment,
information and acting as the government's overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies
that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example,
Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass
media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication
models entails the meaning of media contents, which include the images and texts and their
influence on the target audience. The perception of the target audience concerning the text and
images in the media are what form the basis of these theories. This essay discusses two hypothetical
frameworks: the political economy and cultural studies theories, including their similarities and
differences, and how they help in understanding the relationship between the media and society.
The Political Economy and Cultural Studies Theories
Similarities
There are major similarities between the two theories, especially regarding their underlying
principles. Both models help understand the relationship between media and the society. The two
theoretical frameworks perceive the media as an agent that promotes hegemony and the ideologies
of the ruling class (Mosco, 2009). The political economy theory stresses on how the elite members
of society use the media as a source of power to control the society. Similarly, popular

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