1 EHST 3900 Introduction to Occupational Health .docx

1
EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health
-related morbidity and
mortality data among young workers
exposures of young workers
laws addressing young worker safety
-related morbidity and mortality data
among young workers
illnesses
alth and safety hazard

exposures among young workers
workers
orked by the time they
finish high school.
(13% of the workforce) (NIOSH, 2011)
ment of self-confidence and self-esteem
Employed Persons 16-24 Years of Age by Industry and Class of
Worker
Industry and Class of Worker July 2011 July 2012

Total employed 18,632 19,461
Agriculture and related industries 382 419
Nonagricultural industries 18,251 19,043
Private wage and salary workers
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 76 128
Construction 744 771
Manufacturing 1,106 1,278
Wholesale trade 342 319
Retail trade 3,869 3,772
Transportation and utilities 360 440
Information 329 340
Financial activities 716 696
Professional and business services 1,326 1,380
Education and health services 1,936 2,231
Leisure and hospitality 4,770 5,092
Government 1,382 1,298
Self-employed, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers 397
427

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/youth.t03.htm
-
related injuries
years of age
-2007: Nonfatal injury data
treated in U.S. hospital injury departments
-treated
occupational injuries: 2x higher in young workers
than among worker
2

inappropriate for youth under 18
labor laws
youth (NIOSH, 2011)
– 38%
– 21%
obs (e.g. landscaping)

http://www.osha.gov/youngworkers
http://www.osha.gov/youngworkers/hazards.html
explosives, pesticides, paint and thinners
products or
medical wastes

Runyan CW, Vladutiu CJ, Rauscher KJ and Schulman M (2008).
Teen workers’ exposures to occupational hazards and
use of personal protective equipment. American Journal of
Industrial Medicine 51: 735-740.
emergency care
• Hayes-Lundy C., Ward R.S., Saffle J.R., Reddy R., Warden
G.D. and Schnebly W.A. (1991). Grease burns at fast-food
restaurants: adolescents at risk.
Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation 12: 203-208.
• National Research Council. Committee on the Health, Safety
Implications of Child Labor (1998). Protecting Youth at Work:
Hea lth, Safety and
Development of Working Children and Adolescents in the
United States. Washington, DC: National Academy Press,

Institute of Medicine.
3
objects
http://www.osha.gov/youngworkers/hazards.html h
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http://www.osha.gov/dcsp/products/topics/cleaningindustry/inde
x.html

sticides
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/teenworkers/landscaping/index.html
x.html
x.html
4

asbestos
-by hazards
posure
insects
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/teenworkers/residentialconstruction/
index.html

Ergonomic hazards
tractors)
chemicals (e.g.
pesticides)
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/agriculture/index.html
-2002: 113 youth <20 years of age die
annually from farm-related injuries.
-19

years of age
U.S. farms
- machinery (e.g. tractors)
- motor vehicles (e.g. ATVs)
- drowning
injured on farms
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/
recognized hazards and follow all OSHA safety
and health standards
required safety personal protective equipment
safety or health questions and what to do if they

get hurt on the job
have medical services or first aid supplies
available
federal and state child labor laws
raining to
recognize hazards and are competent in safe work
practices
or buddy system
tasks or procedures that are unclear or not
understood
workers is both legal and safe for them to use, and
equipment that young workers are not allowed to
operate is properly labeled
Be safe!
5

individuals <age of 18
and recordkeeping
zardous occupations
healthful work environment to workers,
regardless of their age
http://www.youthrules.dol.gov/law-library/labor-laws-in-
us/index.htm

per on
motor vehicles
-driven woodworking machines
-driven hoisting apparatus
-driven metal-forming, punching and shearing
machines
-driven meat-processing machines, slaughtering,
meat and poultry
packing, processing, or rendering
-driven bakery machines
d power-driven paper-products
machines
-driven circular saws, band saws, guillotine
shears, chain saws,
reciprocating saws, wood chippers, and abrasive cutting discs

ng, demolition, and ship-breaking
operations
http://www.osha.gov/youngworkersc;
http://www.youthrules.dol.gov/know-the-
limits/hazards/index.htm
PTO horsepower or connecting or
disconnecting its implements
grain
combine, hay mower, forage harvester, hay baler, potato
digger…
ing
equipment, fork
lift, power-driven circular, band, or chain saw
stud horse
maintained for breeding purposes, a sow with suckling pigs, or
a cow with
a newborn calf
ling, skidding, loading, or unloading timber with
a butt

diameter of more than 6 inches
riding on a
tractor as a passenger or helper
retain an
oxygen-deficient or toxic atmosphere, and other types of
confined space
by the words
"danger," "poison," or "warning" or a skull and crossbones on
the label
http://www.osha.gov/youngworkersc
ining
in a language that can be understood

understand instructions or if
something seems unsafe
personal protective equipment
rights without retaliation or
discrimination
OSHA if they believe there is a
serious hazard or that your employer
is not following OSHA standards
ob
safety training and education
equipment (PPE)
proper PPE use

workers and their coworkers and
supervisors
6
leader or supervisor
job.

It doesn’t hurt to
speak up.
a.gov/youngworkers/index.h
tml
protected]: Talking
Safety North Carolina (160-page
booklet)
/entireNC.pdf
-min video
ml
employment but may be exposed to
workplace health and safety hazards.
risk to injuries and illness.

young workers.
the hours worked and types of job done by
workers <18 years of age.
safe and healthy at work.
http://www.osha.gov/youngworkers/index.html
http://www.youthrules.dol.gov/
http://www.youthrules.dol.gov/
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/talkingsafety/states/nc/entireNC.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/talkingsafety/video.html
DUE ON LAST DAY OF CLASS
COPY/PAST THIS UNDER WEEK #4 ASSIGNMENT AND
THEN SUBMIT TO THE WEEK 4 DROPBOX
Extra Credit
Worth Up to 12 Points

Note: There are three overall questions with sub-questions, and
each overall question is worth up to4 points.
Overview
Given the current economy, where employees are asked to do
more with less, job stress is at an all time high. An
organization wished to determine what factors in the work
environment were causing the most job stress.
A six-item survey was administered to sample 202 employees.
The survey was measured on the following scale:
Scale
Code
Strongly Agree
5
Agree
4
Neutral
3
Dis- Agree
2
Strongly Disagree
1
The higher the number, the more favorable.
Below is each question. Employees rated each one using the
scale above.
Q1.
I have the resources I need (e.g., tools, equipment, supplies,
personnel) to do my job effectively. (RESOURCES)
Q2.
Policies and programs help me balance my work and personal
commitments. (WORKLIFE)
Q3.
I am satisfied with my involvement in decisions that affect me.
(INVOLVEMENT)
Q4.

I have the opportunities to learn and grow in my job. (LEARN)
Q5.
I am satisfied with my total compensation (pay, benefits).
(REWARDS)
Q6.
The amount of stress I experience on the job is reasonable.
(STRESS)
1. Below is computer output from SPSS, the package used in
the text. The table below has descriptive statistics for each
variable measured the 5-point scale, with 5 being “Strongly
Agree” and 1 being “Strongly Disagree” (Favorable = “SA or
A”
1a. Which variable is has the most favorable rating? (1 pt)
b. Which variable has the most variation in the response? (1
pt)
c. Below is a frequency distribution of the stress variable.
STRESS
Frequency
Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
1.00
37
18.3
18.3
2.00
20
9.9
28.2

3.00
45
22.3
50.5
4.00
45
22.3
72.8
5.00
55
27.2
100.0
Total
202
100.0
What percentage of respondents “Strongly Agree/Agree” with
their stress level being reasonable? (One number) (1 pt)
What percentage of respondents “Strongly Disagree/ Disagree”
with their stress level being reasonable? (One number) (1 pt)
2. In addition to the survey items, respondents were asked to
report their age as follows:
My generation is (AGE)
Generation Y (Born 1981-2000)
1
Generation X (Born 1965-1980)
2

Baby Boomers (1946-1964)
3
Veterans (Born 1922-1945)
4
Below is output from an ANOVA to test if there are differences
in stress levels between age groups.
What was is the null hypothesis?
What is the alternative hypothesis?
Below are summary statistics for
STRESS
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
1.00
83
4.1325
1.39486

.15311
3.8280
4.4371
1.00
11.00
2.00
45
3.0444
1.39733
.20830
2.6246
3.4642
1.00
5.00
3.00
37
2.4595
2.06283
.33913
1.7717
3.1472
1.00
11.00
4.00
37
3.1351
1.00449
.16514
2.8002
3.4701
1.00
5.00
Total
202
3.4010
1.60924

.11323
3.1777
3.6243
1.00
11.00
Which group has the lowest stress level? (1 pt)
Which group has the highest stress level? (1 pt)
Which group has the most variation in stress level? (1 pt)
Below is the ANOVA output.
ANOVA
STRESS
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig. (P-value)
Between Groups
91.680
3
30.560
4.339
.041
Within Groups
322.899
198
1.631
Total
414.579
201

Are the results significant? Write a 2-3 sentence summary of
your findings. (1 pt)
Multiple Regression – Will Cover in Week #4
3. The organization that surveyed the employees wanted to
know what factors influenced STRESS so they could take
action. To do that a multiple regression analysis was run that
regressed the all the items against the STRESS measure to see
which ones had the most impact on stress. Below are the
findings:
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.742(a)
.55
.53
1.39776
a Predictors: (Constant), REWARDS, LEARN, WORKLIFE,
RESOURCES, INVOLVEMENT
ANOVA(b)
Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square

F
Sig.
1
Regression
30.233
5
6.047
3.095
.015(a)
Residual
357.533
183
1.954
Total
387.766
188
a Predictors: (Constant), REWARDS, LEARN, WORKLIFE,
RESOURCES, INVOLVEMENT
b Dependent Variable: STRESS
Coefficients(a)
Model
Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
B
Std. Error
1
(Constant)
1.992
.560
3.558
.000
RESOURCES
.158
.123
.117
1.287
.200
WORKLIFE
.148
.125
.104
2.131
.039
INVOLVEMENT
.292
.136
.200

2.147
.033
LEARN
.110
.112
.076
.978
.329
REWARDS
.179
.134
.124
1.330
.185
a Dependent Variable: STRESS
What is the R-square and what does it mean? (1 pt)
Was the overall multiple regression significant? (1 pt)
Looking at each regression coefficient, which one(s), if any, are
statistically significant? (1 pt)
Summarize the results in 2-3 sentences. (1 pt)
Statistics
202
202
201
196
194
202
0
0
1
6
8

0
3.9901
4.1782
3.7264
3.8673
3.6907
3.4010
5.0000
5.0000
3.0000
3.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
1.06032
1.00641
.98476
.99370
.99596
1.60924
-.284
-.483
.446
.270
.399
.687
.171
.171
.172
.174
.175

.171
-1.264
-1.482
-1.484
-1.947
-1.224
3.280
.341
.341
.341
.346
.347
.341
Valid
Missing
N
Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
RESOURCES
WORKLIFE
INVOLVE
MENT
LEARN
REWARDS
STRESS
1

EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health
mortality data in agriculture
agriculture
agriculture
injuries among agricultural workers
agriculture
and seasonal farm workers
iculture

are also at risk for injuries, illness, and death
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agriculturaloperations/
Farmworkers are at high
risk for fatal and nonfatal
injuries, work-related
lung diseases, noise-
induced hearing loss, skin
diseases, and certain
cancers associated with
chemical use and
prolonged sun exposure.
-2009: 9,003 farmworkers and laborers
died from work-related injuries in the U.S.

-related
injuries.
n crop and animal
production (24.7 deaths per 100,000) was 7x higher
than that for all workers in private industry (3.5
deaths per 100,000).
higher that for all farmworkers
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agriculturaloperations/
work-related injury.
workers
2

https://www.trupointe.com/content/documents/ASHCA-Fact-
Sheet.pdf
workers suffer lost-work time injuries.
permanent impairment.
workers was 20% higher than the rate
for all workers.
workers
Sheet.pdf
Sheet.pdf

-related incidents are the most
prevalent causes of acute injuries.
animals in enclosed spaces
During feeding, cleaning or
milking
an animal
3
fuel heating units or high-pressure washers
ng of exposed women

retarded mental development
-time workers on others’ farms
may be migrant or seasonal workers
years of age resided on farms.
farms
adolescents were hired to work on U.S.
farms.
20 are exposed to farm-related safety
hazards.

killed, injured or permanently disabled on
farms in the U.S.
y water (i.e. farm ponds)
increasing.
retire (way of life).

4
productivity in agriculture
– those required to travel
more than 75 miles and stay away from their home
– those performing
agricultural work of a seasonal/temporary nature,
who are not required to be away overnight from
home
Hispanic.
required training of workers in a language
and vocabulary workers can understand.
http://www.planetmattersandmore.com/sustainable-agriculture-
2/migrant-farm-workers-and-unfair-labor-practices/

5
ularemia
Direct Means of
Transmission:
• Live animals
• Carcasses or by-
products
Indirect Means of
Transmission:

• Environment
• Arthropod vectors
Hazardous Agricultural Aerosol Exposures: Substances and
their Sources
Animals Plants Insects Microbes &
Metabolites
Pesticides Infectious Agents Feed
Additives
Gases &
Fumes
Dander
Broken bits
of hair
Dried fecal
materials
Grain dust
Plant
particles

Tannins
Glucans
Feces of
mites,
roaches
Insect
parts
Bacteria &
endotoxins
Fungi glucans
&
mycotoxins
Residue on
crops
Fumigants
(methyl
bromide,
phosphine,

formadehyde,
carbon
tetrachloride
Rickettsia
(ornithosis, Q
fever)
Bacteria
(tularemia,
anthrax)
Fungi
(histoplasmosis,
blastomycosis)
Virus (avian,
swine flu,
Hantavirus)
Antibiotics Anhydrous
ammonia
fertilizer

Ammonia
from animal
wastes
Hydrogen
sulfide from
animal
waste
Nitrogen
oxides from
silo gas
Welding
fumes
Diesel
exhaust
Skin diseases

-mediated illnesses (i.e. extrinsic asthma)
ases
-induced dermatitis
-induced dermatitis

Basal cell carcinomaFungal infection Actinic keratosis
6
and hand
arthritis
10 Leading Causes of Cancer Mortality in the Agricultural
Health Study, Iowa and North Carolina (U.S.)
Cancer Type Percentage of Total Cancers
in This Group
Lung 25-37%
Colon 11-20%

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 6-7%
Brain 7%
Prostate 4-7%
Pancreas 6%
Kidney 6%
Melanoma 3-5%
Leukemia 3-5%
Stomach 2%
well understood today.
lung and skin cancer
carcinoma non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
igh risk for fatal and
nonfatal injuries.

and nonfatal injuries on farms and ranches.
47%
9%
9%
7%
5%
5%
3%
3%
2% 2%
1%
7%
Deaths from Non-transport Unintentional
Injuries on U.S. Farms, 1987-1997 (N = 8338)

Machinery
Struck by object
Drowning
Falls
Firearms
Animals
Suffocation
Electric current
Fires, burns
Poisoning
Lightning
Other/Unknown
51%
26%
4%
19%
Tractor Fatalities by Event, U.S., 1988-1998
(Source: NSC Injury Facts)
Overturns

Runovers
Power Take-off
Other
7
between 1992 and 2009 was tractor
overturns, accounting for over 90 deaths
annually.
overturn deaths is the use of Roll-Over
Protective Structures (ROPs).
the US were equipped with these devices.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjkQoFKJQ1U
standards apply to any
employer engaged in a

business that affects
commerce.
employer who has one or
more full or part-time
employee.
several Occupational Safety and Health
standards including
e or more persons
has the legal responsibility to assure safe and
healthful working conditions.

from spending any funds to issue or enforce
any regulations that apply to any person who
farms and employs 10 or fewer employees.
requirement that an employer comply with
the act.
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_t
able=DIRECTIVES&p_id=1519
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjkQoFKJQ1U
8
rally, members of a
farmer's immediate
family are not regarded
as employees and are
not covered by the
OSHA standards.
http://www.osha.gov/dep/index.html

http://pic.tv/harvest/
http://video.unctv.org/video/2268914359/
the most dangerous
industries in the U.S., with farmers at high
risk to fatal and nonfatal injuries.
youth, elderly and migrant/seasonal workers.
hazards at work, resulting to certain
agricultural diseases and injuries.
for agriculture involving employers with <10
workers and with family member workers.
Medicine: Occupational and Environmental
Health for the Health Professions. Ames,
Iowa: Blackwell Publishing.

Department of Labor, Occupational Safety ad
Health Administration. Found at:
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agricultura
loperations.
Safety and Health Topics, CDC,
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury.
http://pic.tv/harvest/
http://video.unctv.org/video/2268914359/
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/agriculturaloperations
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury
Worker’s Compensation and Recordkeeping
EHST 3900 1
EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health
compensation

of worker’s
compensation
compensation claims
rates
requirements
pose of WC laws
-insured
victims of workplace accidents

workers to collect for work-related injuries
compensation law for all German workers
compensation law in the U.S.
accidents by forcing the employer to pay
the workers money for their injuries and
time lost
be at risk of being injured.
employee’s relatives and neighbors
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Bundesarchiv_
Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Bundesarchiv_
Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg

EHST 3900 2
following defenses:
-servant rule
accepted the risks
they were facing
when they accepted
the job.
ing so, they
gave up any right to
collect
compensation for
injuries

injuries, regardless of how little, the
employees are not permitted to recover
compensation for their injuries.
not at fault because the
accident was the fault of another
employee or other employees.
had to waive their rights to sue.
previous been unable to do so
employees
1948: Every state had
passed WC laws.
Workmen’s
compensation laws
Workers’

compensation laws
EHST 3900 3
employers are prohibited by most
states except for deliberate assaults and
conditions
lawsuits against the employer by using the
exemption as loopholes in the law
or
money already received.
– 14 days
retroactively to the 1st day of lost work and
wages.

500 per month or more
maximum amount of money
litigation appears to be an option.
-wage benefit
al
to perform all duties of the job due to the
injury

substantial duties on the job.
ack injury
recover.
of the injury from now on.
EHST 3900 4

may have specific injuries
injured in pursuing additional education or
training
offered to employees who are eligible for
permanent total disability benefits.
yees killed in industrial
accidents may be entitled to their benefits.
required to carry WC insurance for their
workers.

financial resources may self-insure.
unlawfully employed, in the service of an employer.
volunteer ambulance
service, fire, or police department.
trainee of the civil defense corps.
in the course of the trade,
business, profession, or occupation of an employer at the time
of injury.
the street or to customers at their homes or places of
business.
iness, whether or not employing any other
person to perform a service for hire.
private home.
consecutive work days in or about the private
home of the employer.

or sustenance only, received from any religious
or charitable organization.
in a voluntary vanpool or carpool program while
that person is on the way to or from his place of
employment.
elects not to be covered.
collect benefits
reduced benefits
EHST 3900 5
given Standard Industrial Classification

(SIC) code
– statistical classification used by
the federal government to categorize
businesses
be higher risk (e.g. higher number of
ose
in lower classifications or categories
activity of their specific business
downward as claims activity changes
s into account the past 3 years
workers’ compensation board satisfactory
proof of their financial ability to directly pay

the compensation
indemnity, or bond
essential in providing info for the OHS
program
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EHST 3900 6
employer’s record
- U.S. DOL, 1991
http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshsum.htm
http://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/osh_10202011.pdf
-Related Injuries
and Illnesses
-A: Summary of Work-Related
Injuries and Illnesses
01 form: Injury and Illness Incident
Report
http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_ta
ble=STANDARDS&p_id=12805

health program
ness of your program by
comparing it with past records or records of
other similar plans
by relating them to particular exposures or
processes
legal and insurance requirements
injuries and illnesses as they occur
EHST 3900 7
Any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain or

amputation that results from a work-related
accident or from exposure involving a single
incident in the work environment
than one resulting from an occupational
injury, caused by the exposure to
environmental factors associated with
employment
may be caused by inhalation, absorption,
ingestion, or direct contact with toxic
substances or harmful agents
results in the following:

physician or other licensed
health care professional
able=STANDARDS&p_id=9638
-ray, blood tests
-the-counter med's at over-the-counter strength
butterfly bandages and Steri-strips
-rigid support such as ace, non-rigid back belts, etc.
-ungual hematoma

swab
-diagnosed injury or illnesses
exposure
which cases are to be recorded.
nonfatal occupational illness
involves

EHST 3900 8
1. Determine whether a case occurred.
2. Establish that the case is work-related.
3. Establish that the case is a new case.
4. Decide whether the case is an injury or an
illness.
5. Decide if it is recordable based on a finding
of
Medical treatment

provide a win/win situation for both
employer and employee in case of work-
related injury or illness by paying
compensation for lost time and wages.
occupational injuries and illnesses by
employers with more than 10 employees are
required under the OSH Act.
on a 5-step process.
Occupational Safety and Health, 2nd ed. USA:
Government Institutes, 2001.
Administration (OSHA). 29 CFR 1904,
Recordkeeping.
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch

.search_form?p_doc_type=STANDARDS&p_toc
_level=1&p_keyvalue=1904
https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owasrch.search_form?p_doc
_type=STANDARDS&p_toc_level=1&p_keyvalue=1904
1
nfined spaces

EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health
communication in a workplace safety and
health program

of a hazard communication program
Workplace
Requirements for Hazard Communication
No adequate information about hazards
Impossible for OH professionals to design or
implement an appropriate protective program
for exposed employees
Effective hazard communication is
a cornerstone of a comprehensive
safety and health management.
2
Providing information to
employees and OHS

professionals
Empowerment of employees
to be active participants in an
employer’s safety and health
program
Information about the
chemicals in their workplaces
Actions of informed
employers and employees
Reducing the potential for illnesses and
injuries
Accomplishing the underlying purpose of
the federal hazard communication
standard (HCS)
nsiderable amount of
time spent researching the hazards of the
chemicals in the workplaces

transmitted information about their products
through labels and material safety data
sheets.
S professionals had to obtain
the most basic information about products of
concern (e.g. proprietary mixtures).
-to-know movement
state and federal government authorities.
rkers: apprised of their potential
hazards and appropriate precautionary
measures
of improving overall protection
with notes regarding chemical properties and

safety considerations.
accepted business practice in the chemical
industry for many years
made MSDSs available.
Prior to 1960s: Providing information about
hazardous chemicals were voluntary on the
part of manufacturers.
adopted requirements for MSDSs in the
maritime industries.
opted by OSHA
-page format (OSHA Form
20) that was used for many years to provide
MSDS information in the maritime
industries

MSDS
3
-specific
standard addressing toxic substances
provisions
appropriate forms of warning as are
necessary to insure that employees are
apprised of all hazards to which they are
exposed, relevant symptoms and
appropriate emergency treatment, and
proper conditions and precautions of safe
use.”

rulemaking authority for the agency. Under
Section 6(b)(7) OSHA was required to include
in any substance-specific standard addressing
toxic substances provisions to prescribe “the
use of labels or other appropriate forms of
warning as are necessary to insure that

employees are apprised of all hazards to
which they are exposed, relevant symptoms
and appropriate emergency treatment, and
proper conditions and precautions of safe
use.”
-formed Standards Advisory
Committee completed their report
classifying chemicals as to their hazards,
labels, MSDSs, and training
with similar recommendations: a standard
including

proposed rulemaking to elicit public
comments
standard titled Hazards Identification
(Carter administration)
recommendations
labeling
objected to many of the proposed
requirements
the proposal for further consideration of
regulatory alternatives.
rds covered:

Employee representatives
lobbying state governments for
standards
Requirements for shipping
chemicals around the US
roduced a new proposed
standard.
issuing a final standard.
of
the standard to cover all employers.
comply with this order.

minor modifications was published.
4
http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html
http://www.epa.gov/epahome/r2k.htm h
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Program
ets

Harmonized System of Classification and
Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
more unified international
harmonized system of standards to:
their workplace and other environments
pictograms that are more universally
understood
5
communication, providing:
chemical hazards

and safety data sheets
sting systems around the
world (e.g. OSHA's Hazard Communication
Standard)
are responsible for evaluating the hazards
of the chemicals they produce or import.
f the product
chemical manufacturers and importers.
physical hazards

• Health hazard
• Physical hazard
• *Environmental hazard
following hazardous effects
n corrosion or irritation
following hazardous effects:

-reactive
-heating
er emit flammable gas
activities in the workplace and ensure that they
are addressed in a comprehensive and consistent
manner
ponsible for the various components?

Employers with hazardous chemicals in
their workplaces are required to
develop, implement, and maintain a
written hazard communication program.
6
1. Labels
2. Safety data sheets (SDSs)
3. Employee training
importers, and distributors to ensure that
shipped containers of hazardous chemicals
are labeled with the
nufacturer,
importer, or other responsible party
chemical and the appropriate hazard warning
information

provide
border, background pattern, color) intended
to both alert people to and convey specific
information about the hazards of the
chemical
with a red square frame set on a point

Pyrophorics
-heating
-reactives
7
n corrosion/ burns

(fatal or toxic)
-reactives
-mandatory
the label to alert
people to the relative level of severity of the
hazard
category that describes the nature of the
hazard(s) of a chemical, including, where
appropriate, the degree of the hazard

8
measures to be taken to minimize or prevent
adverse effects resulting from
hazardous chemical
Pictogram
Signal words
Hazard
statement
Precautionary
statement
Health Hazard Physical Hazard Environmental
Hazard
– Hazards Not Otherwise Classified

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Chemical manufacturers
Chemical importers
Chemical distributors
Employers
Significant information regarding the
hazard of a chemical
Required to revise the label for the
chemical within 6 months of becoming
aware of the new information
information due to space considerations.
less likely it is that people will read and act
on it.
ll in most situations

as the only source of information.
9
information about hazards.
SDSs.
reinforced by training.
CS allows alternative forms of warning to
suffice in lieu of an actual label for
stationary process containers.
accessible and clearly identifies the
containers to which it applies.
cards, batch tickets, and
similar means of conveying the information
in writing

pertinent information on a chemical, its
characteristics, and ways to handle it safely
yees when they
need additional information
OHS professionals who provide services to
the employee and the employer
occupational health nurses, safety engineers,
and industrial hygienists to perform their
work
primarily responsible for the development
and dissemination of SDSs
hazardous chemical in the workplace

Producers of
the chemical
Distributors
Ultimate user
sections that must
be completed.
1. Identification
2. Hazard(s) identification
3. Composition / information on ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Fire-fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/ personal protection
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity

11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information (including date of preparation or last
revision)
10
for necessary information at any time during
the workday.
there is no barrier to obtaining the
information.
SDSs are to be readily accessible to
employees when they are in their
work areas during the work shift.

information via labels and SDSs
to them in written form
information if necessary
-oriented
delivery (e.g. lecture, interactive
computer, or videotape)
chased program + site-specific info
document individual employee
participation in training
1. Simple presentation of information

(passive)
2. Training (active)
1. Simple presentation of information
work areas
hazard communication program
2. Training
active process designed to
ensure that the employee knows and
understands the information being
transmitted
11
2. Training

hazardous chemicals in their workplace
physical and health hazards of the
chemicals
themselves
communication program
1, 2013
be withheld if it is a bona fide trade secret.
characteristics that qualify a hazardous
chemical identity as a trade secret
velopmental processes

were required to discover the product or its uses
keep the identity secret
wishing to reverse engineer the product and
determine the secret
meets the tests for establishing a trade
secret
ultimate concern even for a trade secret.
there is an occupational health need for the
information.
requester to sign a confidentiality
agreement.

elements and SDSs format
5
employers must comply with all modified provisions of
the final rule.
labeled by the chemical manufacturer or importer with a
revised hazcom label.
and hazard communication programs as necessary, and
provide additional employee training for newly identified
physical or health hazards.
ly implemented hazard communication
program can form the basis for a comprehensive
safety and health program in the workplace.
appropriate protective measures.
s in the

workplace must have a written hazard
communication program.
be available for each hazardous chemical in the
workplace, and employees must be trained
about the hazards and how to obtain and use the
hazard information.
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 1
� IAQ – health and comfort
� Sources of hazardous agents in buildings
� Occupants
� Building components
� Contamination of building components
� Outdoor air/ other sources
� BRD vs SBS
� BRD – objective clinical findings

� SBS – subjective symptoms
� BRD
� Hypersensitivity diseases
� Infectious diseases
� Toxic syndromes
� Elements involved in IAQ issues
� Thermal comfort
� Relative humidity
� Odor
� HVAC systems
� Control IAQ
� Sources of pollutants
� Pollutant categories
� Chemical agents
� Biological agents
EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health

� To define confined spaces
� To distinguish between types of confined
spaces
� To discuss confined-space hazards
� To evaluate confined-space hazards
� To assess appropriate methods for
elimination and control of confined-space
hazards
� Identification and classification of confined
spaces
� Hazards associated with confined spaces
� Confined space programs
� Rescue in confined spaces
� Hazard control in confined spaces
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 2
� Meets all three of the following criteria:

1. It is large enough and so configured that an
employee can bodily enter the space and
perform her/his assigned work.
2. It has limited or restricted means for entry
or exit.
3. It is not designed for continuous human
occupancy.
� Confined spaces that do not contain, or do
not have the potential to contain, any hazard
capable of causing death or serious physical
harm
� Examples
� Areas above dropped ceilings
� Vented electrical vaults
� Limited or restricted means of entry and exit
may make rescue difficult in the event of an
injury or sudden illness
� Work in confined spaces frequently amplifies

hazards associated with similar work in the open
Welding in confined space Welding in open space
� Requires one to determine whether there are
health or safety hazards either
1. Present in the space or
2. Associated with the work to be conducted
in the confined space
� Identified and listed in the OSHA General
Industry regulation
1. Contains a hazardous atmosphere or may
have the reasonable potential to contain a
hazardous atmosphere
2. Contains a material that may engulf an
entrant
3. Has an internal configuration with inwardly
sloping walls or a tapering cross-section
that may allow the entrant to become
trapped or asphyxiated.

4. Contains any other serious health or safety
hazard
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 3
� Presence of hazards may be difficult, if not
impossible, to detect by simple observation
prior to entry
� Difficulty in using normal human senses to
identify confined-space hazards
� Hazards may not develop (at least to the
same extent) every time a space is entered.
� Confined spaces that exhibit any of the
hazardous characteristics
� Storage tanks
� Process vessels
� Silos
� Boilers/fire boxes

� Open surface tanks
� Storm drains
� Pits beneath equipment
� Storage drums
� Manholes
� Cooking vessels
� Railroad tank cars
� Furnaces
Storage tank
Process vessel
Boiler
Storage drums
Storm drainsSilo
Manholes
Railroad tanks
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 4
� A permit may not be required to enter a

confined space if hazards are absent.
Welding in confined spaces
� NOTE: Tasks to be
performed in the
confined space must
be carefully
evaluated to
ascertain whether
they may create any
of these hazards in
the confined space.
1. Atmospheric hazards
2. Possible engulfment
3. Possible entrapment or asphyxiation
4. Other serious health or safety hazards
� Oxygen deficiency
� Oxygen enrichment
� Use of inert gases

� Flammable gases, vapors, mists, fibers, or dusts
� Presence of toxic gases, vapors, mists, smoke,
fibers, or dusts
� Most common atmospheric hazards associated
with confined space entry
� Adverse effects of oxygen deficiency can occur
with astonishing rapidity
Oxygen
conc (%)
Health effects
<16% Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, some
decrease in coordination, increased breathing volume,
impaired attention, and impaired thought processes
<14% Abnormal fatigue on exertion, emotional upset, faulty
coordination, impaired judgment
<10% Nausea,vomiting, lethargy, inability to perform vigorous
movements, possible unconsciousness followed by death
<6% Convulsions, shortness of breath, cardiac standstill,
spasmodic breathing, death in minutes

<4% Unconsciousness within 1 or 2 breaths followed by death
� Less common than oxygen deficiency
� May be found in deep mines or when working
in caissons
� May also develop in confined spaces if a
welding torch is allowed to leak oxygen into
the workplace atmosphere
� Health effects
� Respiratory irritation
� Throat irritation
� Tracheal irritation
� Tingling of fingers and toes
� Visual impairment
� Hallucinations
� Other central nervous system disorders
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 5

� Flammability hazards
� Increased flammability in >23.5% oxygen
� Less thermal energy required for
ignition
� Rate of flame travel is greater
Possible sources:
� Contents of confined spaces used for storage
or processing (i.e. silos)
� Coatings on the internal surfaces of the
space (i.e. paint and insulation)
� Residue from incomplete cleaning of the
internal surfaces of the space (i.e. petroleum
products in corners of tanks)
� Airborne materials evolving from tasks or
procedures taking place inside the space (i.e.
welding gases)
Problems resulting from reduced air movement:
� Increased airborne concentrations of volatile

compounds outgassing from the inner surfaces of
the space or from the contents of the space (e.g.
petroleum tanks)
� Concentration of contaminants generated by
work being performed during the entry (e.g.,
welding)
� Concentration of
contaminants produced by
decomposition or reaction
of materials within the
space (e.g., sewer)
1. Atmospheric hazards
2. Possible engulfment
3. Possible entrapment or asphyxiation
4. Other serious health or safety hazards
� Identification of possible engulfment hazards
may be more readily amenable to visual
examination than atmospheric hazards

� Silos, hoppers, bins, and similar storage
spaces contain materials that can flow (i.e.
grain, damp sand, cement, shredded wood or
bark)
� Engulfment - the surrounding and effective
capture of a person by a liquid or finely
divided solid substance that can exert
enough force on the body to cause death by
strangulation, constriction, or crushing
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 6
� Walking on the surface of formed “bridge” or
air pocket
� Weight may cause the “bridge” to collapse
� Entrants may become engulfed in the
materials and may suffocate
� Internal configuration with inwardly sloping

walls or a tapering cross-section
� Entrants may become wedged in the
tapering, funnel-like, bottoms of cyclones
and storage spaces.
� Has resulted in asphyxiation due to
restriction of the thoracic cavity
� Noise hazards
� Animal hazards
� Insect hazards
� Risk of disease
� Ignition sources
� Skin contact with
irritant or corrosive
agents
� Temperature extremes
� National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
� http://www.nfpa.org/assets/gallery/marketi
ng/html/confinedspaces/story.html?order_sr

c=E125
� Objective: To help identify confined spaces
most commonly found in:
� Industrial
� Agricultural
� Wind energy
� Wastewater
� Shipyards
� Petrochemical
� Breweries/wineries
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/face/In-house/full200409.html
http://www2a.cdc.gov/NIOSH-
FACE/state.asp?state=ALL&Incident_Year=ALL&Category2=0
004&Submit=Submit
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 7
� Questions to ask
� “Must people enter this space?”

� “Are there alternatives to a confined-
space entry?”
� Use of confined-space hazard analysis
form (from Confined Space Entry, An AIHA
Protocol Guide)
� Provide detailed
instructions for
� Preparing a space for
entry
� The health and safety
precautions to be
taken during the
entry
� Should include the control
mechanisms for health
hazards associated with
the:
� Previous contents of the

confined space
� Material to be brought
into the confined space
for repair or maintenance
� Tasks to be performed in
the confined space
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 8
� The means by which operations and
repair/maintenance personnel communicate
with each other to ensure that hazards are
identified and controlled prior to the start of
work
� Developed at the facility by the people who
will use them
� The IH may anticipate a central role in this
aspect of confined-space hazard control

� Inform affected workers of the health hazards
associated with the work
� Educate supervisors: Change the supervisors’
and workers’ perceptions of hazards.
1. The employer shall
provide training so that
all employees whose
work is associated with
confined spaces acquire
the understanding,
knowledge and skills
necessary for safe
performance of those
duties.
2. Training shall be provided to each affected
employee
a) Before the employee is first assigned duties

associated with the confined space
b) Before there is a change in duties
c) Whenever there is a change in the confined
space operations that presents a hazard about
which the employee has not yet been trained
d) Whenever the employer has reason to believe
that there have been changes in, or deviations
from, the confined space procedures
3. Training shall establish employee
proficiency in the duties required of each
affected employee.
4. The employer shall establish and maintain
written certification of the training.
� Primary purpose of confined-space entry
procedures:

� To identify hazards
� To either eliminate or control them for safe
entry
� Employers must
anticipate the potential
for having to rescue
entrants from confined
spaces.
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 9
� For purposes of implementation
1. Self-rescue
2. Non-entry rescue (referred to as retrieval)
3. Entry rescue
� Plan for emergencies
� Plan for effective communication
� Cleaning the confined-space surface to

reduce hazards
� Ventilation to reduce hazards
� To allow periodic entry for inspection,
cleaning, maintenance, and/or repair
� To ensure the air inside a confined space is
breathable before it is entered
� To maintain acceptable air quality inside the
confined space
� Temporary ventilation of confined spaces is
often used to control atmospheric hazards by
removing contaminated air and replacing it
with fresh air.
� For effective ventilation of confined spaces:
mechanical ventilation must be provided by
fans or eductors (often called “air movers”).
� Some hazards cannot be completely eliminated
by using mechanical ventilation alone.
� Atmospheric testing and/or personal air

monitoring is strongly recommended to ensure
that the ventilation application is effective.
� Requirement of respiratory protection in
addition to mechanical ventilation is
determined by the results of atmospheric
testing and/or personal air monitoring for the
contaminants of concern while the work is
progressing in the confined space.
Confined Spaces
EHST 3900 10
� Confined spaces are recognized and
identified by 3 main characteristics.
� Certain hazards are typically associated
with confined space operations.
� Training, permit and rescue are included
in the basic general operating procedures
associated with confined space.

� Engineering, administrative controls and
PPE are used to eliminate and/or reduce
the risk of confined-space entry.
EHST 3900 1
EHST 3900:
Introduction to
Occupational Health
(IAQ) on health
, ventilating,
and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems
quality

entative Measures and Maintaining
Good IAQ
Safe haven from
inclement weather,
temperature extremes,
and outdoor air
pollutants
artificial environments
d air heating and cooling
systems

productivity are being recognized
transmitted indoors
Consequences of long-term exposure to low
levels of indoor pollutants
-related issues have led to increased
awareness of indoor air quality (IAQ)
ld
EHST 3900 2

as safe as the outdoors
for most individuals
at harmful concentrations as determined by
cognizant authorities and with which a
substantial majority (80% or more) of the people
exposed do not express dissatisfaction”
and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
challenging problems in the
nonindustrial occupational environment

contaminants and their health effects
ing occupants’ concerns and their
sensitivities
practices
1. Occupants (contagious diseases, carriage of
allergens and other agents on clothing,
tobacco smoke)
2. Building components (VOCs, particles, fibers)
3. Contamination of building components
(microbial agents, other allergens, pesticides)
4. Outdoor air and other sources (chemical air
pollutants, microorganisms, other allergens,
radon)
-related illness
-related disease

EHST 3900 3
that have been clearly related to building
occupancy include
amples
called allergic alveolitis)
microorganisms, and some chemicals

hildren to ETS and
through indoor air, especially in crowded
environments
commonly spread from environmental
reservoirs
agents (e.g., carbon monoxide,
pesticides, or microbial toxins)
-term (years) exposure to indoor air
pollutants (i.e. radon and ETS) may result
in increased risk of lung cancer.

chemicals derived from
environment (VOCs)
EHST 3900 4
health and comfort effects that appear to
be linked to time spent in a building, but
no specific illness or cause can be
identified.
http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/sick_building_factsheet.pdf
tion

associated with objective clinical findings
buildings at some time
symptoms and building occupancy
to
Cs)

supplies of outdoor air
Environmentally
caused symptoms
Symptoms created
by suggestion
Symptoms
resulting from on-
the-job or other
stresses
ools

of manufacturing
facilities
EHST 3900 5
New
Construction
Maintenance Renovation
Demolition
Primary objective:
• To prevent health effects
• To ensure comfortable conditions for
people in the building (children, immuno-
compromised patients, or the public)

est source of dissatisfaction with IAQ
–2 °F) can
affect thermal comfort
“Condition of mind
which expresses
satisfaction with the
thermal environment.”
– ASHRAE
trol over temperature settings in
work areas often is a means of increasing
satisfaction

complaints
emitted at greater rates from building
materials and furnishings
EHST 3900 6
fectious
disease

for potent asthma-inducing
Adverse respiratory health effects
(asthma)
apparent is odor.
odor, smell of fresh wood and paint, tobacco
smoke)
SBS
Mechanically ventilated, air-
conditioned buildings
Inadequate amount or distribution

of outdoor (fresh) air
Effluents from human
occupants and their
activities
Effluents from building
materials and other
sources
ating, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) systems
outdoor and indoor air to the occupied space
humidity control
CAUTION!
HVAC systems may act as sources for specific
pollutants including VOCs, fibers and other

particles, and biological pollutants.
intakes
and ductwork
provide mixing in
the occupied
space)
EHST 3900 7
acceptable to a majority of building
occupants

maintenance of HVAC systems
specifications
theoretically over the life of the building
bring contaminated air into occupied spaces.
the source of moisture, mold, or
unexplained contamination of indoor air.
ir may deteriorate.
degree of maintenance and operation of the
system.

unforeseen consequences on the delivery of
ventilation air to building occupants.
ds
Residential Indoor Air Quality
for Air Quality
Fungal Growth in Indoor Environment
ioaerosols: Assessment and
Control
Commercial Buildings
Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation
of Fungi in Indoor Environments
for
Professional Water Damage Restoration

chemical nature may vary
Natural sources (radon)
chemicals generated indoors in buildings
contaminant but is measured
investigations
means of controlling ventilation to
auditoriums or other spaces with variable
occupancy
combustion appliances; ETS

several thousand ppm)
se of health effects
an indicator of inadequate ventilation air
inadequate mixing of air in an occupied area
An odorless, tasteless, colorless gas
petroleum products in internal
combustion engines
by competing with oxygen for binding to the
heme groups

of complaints for building occupants
and particles into the air (changes as it
ages)
-stream smoke
same kinds of toxic and carcinogenic
substances as inhaled smoke
EHST 3900 9

colorless gas produced by the breakdown
of uranium in soil, rock, and water
openings or cracks in the foundation
Uranium
Radon
Radon
daughters
linked to lung cancer
by exposure to radon
-leading cause of lung cancer in
the U.S.

ent IAQ
problems is to design buildings with IAQ in
mind from the beginning.
architects and construction professionals
layout (locating supply air
intakes for HVAC)
-emission building materials
EHST 3900 10
that do not emit excessive VOCs
-odor, nontoxic adhesives,
sealants, and paints
repairs (i.e. roofing, painting and
carpeting) during nonworking hours

regular basis
outine and thorough cleaning and
housekeeping services
leaks as soon as possible
-
industrial working environments.
various sources in a building.
may have subjective or objective-based
symptoms.
during the building design stage.
EHST 3900: Final Exam Study Guide

The final exam will have questions of the following types:
multiple choice, identification, enumeration, true or false, and
short answers. Please review all lecture materials in Weeks 12-
14, specially the topics I mention every “Last Session
Review” and “Session Summary”. Pay extra attention on the
following:
IAQ:
temperature
ources: chemical (CO, CO2),
biological
Confined space:
-permit vs permit
asphyxiation, etc.

entry procedure
Hazard Communication:
employers
loyee
training
hazard
-compliant labels
Worker’s Compensation (WC) and Recordkeeping

ns on recordingkeeping: occupational illness
vs injury
Agricultural worker health and safety:
culture
Young worker health and safety:
Good luck!

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