Essay Exploring Autism In Children

Essay Exploring Autism in Children
Exploring Autism in Children
Susan was a normal, happy, active infant. Her parents were so relieved that all her checkups at the
pediatrician's office indicated that her growth and development were above average. At 6 months
she could sit up and crawl and at 10 months she was walking. She seemed to babble more than her
older brother did at the same age and was talking at 16 months. All the milestones in her early
development were ahead of schedule.
One day when she was 18 months old, her mother found her sitting alone in the yard spinning the
wheels of her wagon with such persistence that her mom joked with her friends that maybe Susan
would be an engineer when she grew up. Susan's mother began to notice many unusual behaviors ...
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Susan's parents decided to take her to the doctor. She went through many tests and she was
eventually diagnosed with Autism. By the time she was three, there was no language or interaction.
After years of physical therapy, behavioral therapy and speech/ language therapy, Susan is now 15
and enrolled in residential boarding school, where she receives 24–hour supervision and care. This
program is more expensive then a regular school based setting, but has benefited Susan. She has
aides to help her with her daily living skills. Susan is able to hold a job at a sheltered workshop
under the supervision of her aide (Neuwirth & Segal).
Autism affects one out of every 500 births and over one million people have Autism in the United
States. Autism is four times more common in boys than girls. If a girl is Autistic, the symptoms are
usually much more severe. Girls tend to have more of the symptoms and lower intelligence.
The following paper will describe the Autism Spectrum Disorder, specifically as it relates to young
children with Autism. It will also identify different types of Autism and accompanying disorders. It
will describe the history, known causes, characteristics and the hope for the future.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines Autism as "A developmental
disability significantly affecting verbal and non–verbal communication and social interaction,
generally evident before age three that adversely affects
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Autism Essay
Garrett Green
Mr. Van Boening
English 12 Block 8
6 October 2014
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with
autism are not capable of using words, and have a hard time communicating in general by any
means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldn't
normally bother a child that wasn't autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it,
as it is the fastest growing developmental disease in the United States.
Autism affects 1 in 150 children in the United States alone, as well as children all over the world.
The rate at which the disease is growing is the fastest ever recorded. Rising at a ... Show more
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population every minute. Autism can also cause Tuberous Sclerosis; a disease that causes non–
cancerous tumors to grow in the brain and other organs. One to four percent of children with autism
have this disease, which is approximately anywhere from 31,903 to 127,612 children. Autism really
is the fastest growing disease due to the increasing population numbers and the children that already
have the disease. ("Facts & Statistics", par. 2,4,5,6)
Early diagnosis and treatment helps young children with autism develop to their full potential. The
primary goal of treatment is to improve the overall ability of the child to function.
Symptoms and behaviors of autism can combine in many ways and vary in severity. Also, individual
symptoms and behaviors often change over time. For these reasons, treatment strategies fit to
individual needs and family resources. But children in general with autism respond best to highly
structured and specialized treatment. A program that addresses helping parents and improving
communication, social, behavioral, adaptive, and learning aspects of a child 's life will be most
successful. ("ASD Treatment & Management, par. 1, 2)
While there is no actual cure for ASD, doctors can prescribe medicine and recommend a number of
classes to take to help cope. One of those classes being, Behavioral Training & Management.
Behavioral training and management uses positive reinforcement, self–help, and social skills
training to improve behavior

Coping Mechanism of Families with Autistic Children
CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background
Introduction
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that affects the brain's development of social and
communication skills and said to be a behaviorally–defined condition. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) a
person with autism has to deal with great consequences due to the different adjustments they have to
follow. Along with the stress felt by the autistic person, their families are the ones who should
handle the responsibilities in raising their autistic children. Since they have to raise the children with
a disability, a big burden corresponds to the adjustment they have to initiate to their autistic child
and for the whole family as well. Their responsibility is even more difficult since there are ... Show
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With these two principles constantly followed, the family functions well and accordingly and
benefits the whole family and each member. But raising a child with autism can create great
emotional stress and can fully affect the family's system and interaction because of the problems
related to autism. For the family to form their organized family life cycle they must go through
different adjustments and adaptation for the family's development, applying the third principle that
says that any system functions as an organized whole.
Research Paradigm
Raising a child who has been diagnosed with autism can be a very challenging role for any family.
Since they are the ones who are primarily responsible for dealing with the needs of the child with a
disability, they also have to deal with great stress regarding the autistic child. The presence of a
child with a disability may involve some difficult adjustments for the rest of the family.
Different effects are implied to the whole family, changes in family roles are highly affected and
because of this they have to reorganize the family's functioning and activities. Autism affects the
enormously, they are challenged physically, mentally, emotionally and financially as well. Everyday
things have to be carefully planned and executed. Families are somehow put into

Education Of Autistic And Related Communication...
Abstract
Autism is a developmental disorder that is having a great effect on our nation. Something must be
done to slow the rising instances of cases of autism. Treatments and interventions must be
implemented into a child with autisms life. Without these interventions the level of autism in a child
will increase (Francis, 2005). The Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication
Handicapped Children (TEACCH) method and Early Intensive Behavior Interventions (EIBI)
method are two well–known methods that help decrease the severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD) in a child (Francis, 2005). The two interventions differ in the age that they are implemented
(MacDonald, Parry–Cruwys, Dupere, & Ahearn, 2014). TEACCH ... Show more content on
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The two most useful and known interventions are the TEACCH method of intervention, which
stands for the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped
Children (Francis, 2005). The other treatment method is the EIBI, Early Intensive Behavior
Interventions. Both of these methods are known for decreasing the effects but neither are foolproof
methods (MacDonald, Parry–Cruwys, Dupere, & Ahearn, 2014). Limiting the effects that Autism
has on the body and limiting the effects that Autism has on the individuals social life, are the main
focus for many doctors and therapists (Francis, 2005). The two methods differ drastically in the age
group that the focus on. This is where controversy is known to exist. The TEACCH method focuses
on the intervention of school age children, elementary through high school (Francis, 2005). The
EIBI method focuses on intervention in the toddler age (2–3) (Matson & Konst, 2013). The two
interventions show major aid to decreasing the effects that ASD has on the body and has shown the
change the lives of children with autism throughout the world (Francis, 2005).
Methods
The TEACCH method is based on a Psychoeducational approach (Francis, 2005). The method is
focused on the culture of autism, how people think, learn, experience the world with ASD (Francis,
2005). The main

A Difficult Challenge For Caregivers Of Young Children...
Facing a difficult challenge for caregivers of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
isn 't easy, yet it 's hard due to the fact of deciding on the proper treatment plan for the child.
Programs emphasizing usage of structured settings, tight stimulus control, and adult–directed
instruction are labeled as current evidence that supports the early educational interventions which is
based on the developmental and applied behavioral–analytic principles leading to the models that
focus on opportunities of naturalistic delivery of learning within child–led routines. Nevertheless,
calibration with intervention gains of treatment approaches from substantial to modest and resulting
in treatment approaches to be variable. Limitation is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing the effect of every possible combination of evidence–based interventions and every possible
factor that might be related to outcomes is logistically unfeasible. Therefore, a research program
informed by theory–driven hypotheses is crucial for facilitating a rational use of research resources
in these areas (Vivanti, 2017, p.114–115). The ASD is an early intervention field due to having a
relevant obstacle in the research agenda at a "pre–paradigmatic" stage (Kuhn, 1962)–which is a
stage where practices are informed by competing meta–theoretical orientations (e.g., behavioral
theory, cognitive theory, and developmental theory) operate in consonance with disparate
vocabularies and criteria used for appraising evidence (Ingersoll, 2010; Smith, 2014). Different
treatments of individualization and combination have to generate testable prognosis, current
frameworks of "pre–paradigmatic" should be developed into full–fledged scientific theories which
utilize parameters and constraints to formulate treatment targets and therapeutic change of
hypothesized nature. In this research, the hypothesis of treatment used will oblige the reformulation
of rationales treatment in four sets of explicit terms of explanatory/predictive statements which are
(1) logical coherence, (2) falsifiability, (3)

Autism: The Role Of Communication In Children
Communication is a highly defined word that includes "talking" or "words". That being the key
component of talking, is a key component of communication. Communication is the use of both
nonverbal and verbal behaviors to be able to tell others what you want, to express feeling, to share
ideas and to solve problems big and small. Communication begins long before we learn to talk. In
the first few months of life, babies show their interest in communicating by listening to the sound of
the human voice. Being able to communicate will not only send clear messages, but be able to
understand others message's as well. The most intensive period of speech and language development
is during the first three years of life, a period where the brain is ... Show more content on
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It will not always be easy or obvious as to why the child is behaving in that particular way, and can
be hard to control the situation without knowing what lies behind it, what strategies to use, and how
to communicate with the child. Since there is limited verbal communication of the child, the child
may for example not be able to express their feeling of frustration except in the outburst of
unwanted behavior. In many occasions, when children with autism act out, its often because the
other person is not picking up on there nonverbal cues, and throwing a tantrum might be the only
way of communicating their frustration. Communicating with the child in situations like this can be
challenging, but you do not need to talk with the child in order to communicate with them. You can
communicate by simply by the way you look at the child, the way you touch him, and by the tone of
your voice and body language.
Some children with autism communicate well to drama and role play activities to help them learn
greetings, turn talking in conversations and watching for cues in social groups. Role playing in the
classroom gives the child opportunities to observe acceptable social interactions. In a mainstream
setting, it is important for the child to work on his pragmatics. An example could be: pairing up the
student with a peer to help with social skills and in other settings such as the cafeteria or

Irving Independent School District V. Tatro Case Study
Special education programs and services are available in many school and are fast growing. In a
high school, a principal named Debbie Young has been presented with a situation with the parents of
a special education student. Mrs. Young has been a special education teacher and assistant principal
in a progressive and affluent school district in the South. Mrs. Young was approached by the parents
of Jonathan a severely disabled tenth grader whose parents want him to attend one of the schools in
the district. He is profoundly mentally disabled, has spastic quadriplegia, and has a seizure disorder.
Mrs. Young refuses his parent's request because of the huge expenses and the school is not an
appropriate place for Jonathan. Board of Education v. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Garrett F. (1999), is a case presented to argue that Debbie Young's decision to refuse Jonathan to
attend one of the schools in the district is wrong. In the case of Cedar Rapids Independent School
District v. Garrett F. (1999), Garrett is a student who is quadriplegic and is ventilator dependent,
therefore, he requires an individual nearby to attend to certain physical needs while he is in school.
His parents provided nursing services at school until he entered fifth grade. They then requested that
the school district to provide the services. The school district declined. The parents filed a suit
against the school district. In the end, the court agreed with the parents. It was granted that nursing
services were not related services, instead excluded medical services. Meaning that the student
needed these services to attend school. This case would help Jonathan's parents to prove that Mrs.
Youngs refusal of Jonathan was not right. Students with special needs have rights and protections
under IDEA which means that there must be some services provided to for them if its needed for
them to attend school. In their IEP, that is prepared for each student to receive special education
services, a school must provide these services to help the students attend school and receive an
appropriate

The Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )
The neurodevelopmental disorders, according to the DSM 5, are a group of conditions with onset in
the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the
child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments
of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is
newly classified as such; it was once classified as "Asperger's Syndrome." ASD is a severe
neurodevelopmental impairment. The disorder limits the functioning capabilities of children and
their capacity to communicate as well as interact with others. ASD effects how children perceive the
world around them; socializing with others happens to be the most vital piece of development.
Onset for ASD can occur as early as infancy, some children, however, may develop normal and then
begin to suddenly withdraw and become unusually aggressive with those around them, they also
begin to lose vocabulary and language skills they've once had. Other medical conditions may be
comorbid with ASD; for example, epilepsy, intellectual and structural language disorders, mental
disorders, sleep disorders, and avoidant–restrictive food intake disorders, (DSM 5, pg. 59).
The history of ASD; the word "Autism" was first used by a Swiss psychiatrist by the name of Eugen
Bleuler. He began using the term to describe one group of symptoms for schizophrenia patients,
(Wolff, 2004). "Autism" is a Greek word that comes from

Pervasive Development or Autistic Spectrum Disorders Essay
Definition of Pervasive Development Disorder:
Any of a group of disorders of infancy, childhood, or adolescence that are characterized by
distortions in the development of the basic psychological functions such as language, social skills,
attention, perception, reality testing, and movement.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder
Pervasive developmental disorder was first used in the 1980's to describe this class of neurological
disorders that can impair social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors. PDD itself is not
actually a disorder. It's a description. It is somewhat of an umbrella of multiple disorders that can
spread throughout a number of impairments in social interactions as well as ... Show more content
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None of the above pragmatic dysfunctions are measured on traditional language assessment
instruments because traditional tests focus mostly on linguistic structure and meaning rather than on
pragmatic language use (Anderson, Lord, & Heinz, 2005; Bishop, 1998; Bishop & Baird, 2001;
Young et al., 2005). Thus, when a high–functioning child with ASD demonstrates intelligence
scores in the normal range and obtains scores within normal limits on traditional language measures,
it is difficult for parents and professionals to document the need for intervention even though the
child's dysfunctional social language skills are evident in conversation and place him or her in
jeopardy for full participation in school and community environments (Kamhi, 1998; Young et al.,
2005). Children and adults with any spectrum of autism have many struggles with pragmatics of
language. Social interactions have proven to be very difficult for someone not understanding how to
respond while having conversation with another peer.
Most children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have delays in language development relative
to their nonverbal mental age (Stevens et al., 2000; Tager–Flushberg, 1988; Tager–Flusberg &
Sullivan, 1998) and approximately half of young children with autism fail to acquire speech as their
primary mode of communication (Prizant, 1996).

Child Diagnosis
Child Diagnosis The author of this paper is asked to diagnose a child's condition based on a series of
symptoms. The author is also asked to provide treatment options and an overall treatment plan for
the disordered diagnosed. The child in question is almost certainly autistic based on the totality of
symptoms that exist and the author of this paper will justify this diagnosis and what should be done
in response to the disorder being present. Diagnosis There are a number of tell–tale signs that point
to this child having autism. First, Asperger's should be disqualified because children with Asperger's
are generally blabby and will not shut up and that is not an issue that this child has. That being said,
Asperger's patients generally dislike any break in routine or structure that the child is accustomed to
and this is definitely true of the patient in this case but Asperger's is simply a milder form of autism
and it is clear that this child's case is much more advanced (WebMD, 2012). Two facet of this child's
behavior that screams autism is the habit of being in his own world and hating it when anyone
disrupts it as well as lining up his blocks and other toys in very distinct rows and patterns and this is
something he does over and over again. This is a telltale sign of autism. His attachment to certain
items is a huge red flag as is his general lack of engagement with children around him in social
situations. Granted, a two–year old will only have progressed so

Autistic Children in Mainstream Schools
"The current prevalence rates of Autism Spectrum Disorders range from 0.5 to 6.7 per 1,000 among
children ages 3 through 10 years" (Shtayermman 88). With this dramatic change in the frequency of
autism comes the development of special education schools and, in turn, a rise in the presence of
autistic children in a general classroom setting. While many think that a child with Autism Spectrum
Disorder, or ASD, in attendance at a regular school would be beneficial to the child in question,
there are instances where it would be unwise to place them in such an environment. Considering the
characteristics of children with ASD, the victimization they go through in a regular classroom, and
the lack of knowledge amongst teachers, the experiences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since they have difficulty in understanding the rules of conversation when they are speaking, there
is an inability to link phrases together, sometimes repeating words or expressions out of context.
Along with communication with others, children with ASD find it difficult to understand group
interactions. This is often the reason why many of them are without friends; there is a preference of
remaining aloof in the mind of a child with autism. The quality of life for a child with autism in
mainstream schools is definitely at odds with how the school itself is structured. Due to changes in
educational policies over the last decade, there are increasing numbers of children with ASD that are
being educated in a regular classroom setting. Many may deem this inclusion as being positive for
those students, but there are faults that accompany these types of circumstances, the reason being
that many schools do not have the capacity to keep pace with such changes in order to include
children with ASD. Many teachers find it tough to merge the academic talents of students with
autism with their often severe difficulties in interacting with others socially. Those who have been
diagnosed with ASD have a preference for routine, consistency and low sensory stimulation, making
tough seeing that they would be expected to deal with the noisy, busy and chaotic environment of
mainstream schools (Humphrey, Symes 80).

Autism Spectrum Disorder : A Lifelong Neurodevelopmental...
Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental mental health disorder. Most autistic
patients show some of the symptoms at a very early age. Around 1 in 68 children in the world are
autistic and it is more frequent in males than females. ("Facts About ASDs", 2016) Those who have
autism spectrum disorder mostly have restricted hobbies or activities, repetitive behaviours and lack
of imagination; many of them have shown signs of low intelligence. Also, they do not understand
social cues, sarcasm, others' emotions, intentions and have difficulties in socializing and
communicating. (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV, 2013) At present, there is
no cure for autism spectrum disorder. However, due to the uniqueness of this illness, where the
symptoms and severity of each patient can vary tremendously, treatments have to be tailored to the
needs of each individual with care. There are now different kinds of methods strategically targeting
different types of needs in order to lower the impact of symptoms and aid autistic individuals at
different ages in adapting to the "outside world". Interventions can differ in terms of involvement
and commitment of parents and caregivers; cost of time (how many hours of training a week); the
theoretical background; and some even require a change in patient 's' dietary habits. (SEIDA et al.,
2009) "Despite the different method of the interventions, it tend to incorporate a mix of behavioural,
developmental, and

Development Of Elementary Aged ( Children. Ryan Smith
Ecological Development of Elementary Aged ASD Children
Ryan Smith
SWRK / 501
October 5, 2014
Allen Lipscomb
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that starts effecting children at a
young age. ASD is often misdiagnosed as pediatric bipolar disorder because they share similar
symptoms. As these children with ASD become teenagers they are faced with having to deal with
the normal hormones of puberty but lack the communication skills to verbalize their concerns. There
is no known cure for ASD but it is treatable and the children can progress with early intervention
being key (National Autism Association, 2014). Interventions such as Applied Behavior Analysis
(ABA), Developmental Intervention Model (DIM), and Treatment and Education of Autistic and
Related Communication of Handicapped Children (TEACCH) are a few interventions that help
these children progress in life.
ASD is a neurological disorder, and children who are diagnosed as autistic are often considered to
have a severe disability, but the range of ability within this syndrome is broad (Westling & Fox,
2000). ASD affects one in sixty–eight children and boys are four times more likely than girls to have
this disorder. Characteristics of this disorder can vary from mild to severe and may include the
following characteristics: communication problems, for example, with the use or comprehension of
language, difficulty relating to people, things, and

Martial Arts
Nick Souvannalay
Mr. Kite
Junior research
April 2, 2012
Martial Art A Way To A Better Life
Most people think that martial arts is all about kicking, punching and screaming really loud. Then
those people will usually perform the stereotypically karate pose, the crane stance. But martial arts
is not all about kicking, punching, screaming really loud, making unusual sounds or beating people
up. Instead martial arts focuses on the well–being of people. Martial arts can be broken up into five
very important terms; discipline, respect, confidence, self–esteem and belief. "It teaches you so
many things patience, discipline, anger management, responsibility, self–control." (Edythe
Abduallah, president of FCCJ's downtown campus, source 8, page ... Show more content on
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They exhibited better balance and motor coordination, eye contact improved and play skills were
further developed. Greater self–esteem was also reported, with the added bonus of these kids being
able to defend themselves, if needed." (University of Wisconsin, source 1, page 36, paragraph 1.)
Martial arts assist children on the autism spectrum because friend ships are formed around a shared
activity and that sense of belonging can be the greatest reward of all for them. Martial arts also help
children on the autism spectrum because the release of energy in a safe and ritualized environment
can bring a child to a new sense of calm. Also martial arts assist children on the autism spectrum
with the ability to concentrate and focus their attention in a consistent and highly structured
environment. Additionally, parents find that new skills carry over in to home and at school.
Spending time assessing each student to determine what is uniquely motivating

Emotional Therapy
When a child is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the parents face numerous
questions about what that means for their child's life. With a growing prevalence rate of ASD, many
parents face the similar struggle in determining what type of treatment will provide the best
outcomes for their child. Two popular treatment choices are applied behavioral analysis (ABA) and
skills training. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2017), ASD is a group of
developmental disorders that impacts 1 in 68 children and includes "a spectrum" of symptoms,
skills, and levels of disability. Individuals with ASD may face challenges with social skills,
repetitive behaviors, language and communication, and learn differently than ... Show more content
They hypothesized that the behavioral treatment group would have better outcomes after one year
when compared to those in an equally intensive, eclectic special education treatment group. The
study consisted of 25 children age four to seven who had a diagnosis of childhood autism from both
the Autism Diagnostic Interview and an independent child clinical psychologist within six months
of the start of the study. All participants had an IQ at or above 50 on the Wechsler Preschool and
Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised (WPPSI–R) and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development–
Revised (BSID–R). A person in the field of ASD research, who was independent of the study, then
assigned the children to either the behavioral treatment or eclectic treatment. Both groups received
treatment in public elementary schools and were assigned to a special education teacher and at least
one aide. The groups averaged 28.52 hours per week of treatment at school. The children assigned
to the behavioral treatment had an emphasis on the "implementation of experimentally validated
teaching approaches based on operant conditioning principles such as shaping, chaining,
discrimination training, and contingency management," (Eikeseth et al., 2002). In the eclectic
treatment, children received individualized intervention that utilized

Essay about The Rise of Autism
Autism has become one of the top disabilities in California's developmental system. Today, the rise
of autism is increasing by 10 – 17 percent each year. (Madeleine 3) "The disease was first identified
by child psychologist Leo Kanner in 1943 at Johns Hopkins University" (Little 2). Autism is a
disorder that is usually detected within the first three years. According to the Autism Society of
America, 1 in 166 individuals are diagnosed with autism, making it more common than the pediatric
cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined. Boys are four times more likely to have it than girls. People
with autism have a hard time communicating verbally and physically. They have special ways of
gathering and reacting to information presented to them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This program is available in two forms: home–based and school–based. Both of these programs
offer help with speech, physical or occupational therapy. Autistic people from the age of 3 through
the age of 21 can receive a free educational program. This program addresses a wide range of skill
development, such as: language, behavioral issues, academics, self–help skills, social skills, and
leisure skills. (Pericak 5) Many treatment approaches have developed different ways of dealing with
the challenges of autism. First, there is the theory of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), which
consists of giving a child a specific task, which teaches skills from basic ones to more complex
ones, such as social interaction. Children taking this approach, work 30–40 hours a week with a
trained professional. (West 66) It may be emotionally difficult for the child, and his/her parents to
dedicate so much time, yet it is worth it. However, it has been proven that ABA methods have
shown consistent results in teaching new skills and behaviors to children with autism. (West 68)
Second, there is a program called, Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication
Handicapped Children (TEACCH) that uses a teaching approach to instill the idea that the
environment should be adapted to the child; not the other way around. "The child's learning abilities
are assessed through the Psycho Educational Profile (PEP), and teaching strategies are

Autism Case Study Psychology
One in every forty–five children in the United States battle day–to–day with the grueling traits of
having autism spectrum disorders (Autism Speaks 2015). Autism is an extremely broad behavioral
disorder that affects a person's social and communication skills. Each person who has autism battles
with different aspects. Each case of autism is contrasting, and that person needs specialized help to
make it possible for them to excel in life. Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) cause a daily
struggle, it is immensely possible for a person with autism to live an ordinary life. My first cousin
Dawson has struggled with autism since he was three years old. However, he was not correctly
diagnosed with autism until he was seven years of age. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He would do whatever he could to escape the loud noise. His family had to quit going to church,
and they had to stop going out in public because he would go crazy if anyone talked to him. Dawson
would walk out of class if it began to get noisy, and his mother was continually having to pick him
up from school. He began to have horrible anxiety issues which led to three lockdowns at school
because he would try to leave. Dawson has a calming method called "stimming." Stimming is a
method that an autistic person uses to calm themselves down by physical movement. Dawson's
method is always pacing and skipping. When he gets nervous or is concentrating really hard, he
paces. When Dawson is happy, he skips. He has gone through an excess amount of occupational
therapy that has helped him control his pacing while at school. In order to make sure Dawson stays
as calm as possible at school, he has an individual education plan (IEP). In Dawson's personal IEP,
behavioral accommodations are included that must be met to keep him calm and productive. This
list allows him to do specific things not normally allowed by the teachers. In class, he has a
designated area in the back of the

Structured Work System
The research involved a primary and a secondary aim which were evaluated in two studies. The
primary aim of the study focused on structured teaching and its effects on 4 child behaviors
including, engagement, task completion, stereotypic behavior, and escape attempts in preschoolers
with disabilities. The secondary aim was to evaluate how graduated guidance was used in teaching
the children to use the structured work systems. There were a total of three preschool–age
participants with developmental disabilities involved. In the first study two participants engaged in
three tasks in both a withdrawal design and in a structured work system. In the second study one
participant engaged in three interlocking puzzles in both a multiple baseline ... Show more content
They mentioned the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication handicapped
CHildren program (TEACCH) and its model. It is stated that most of the TEACCH model has been
explored as a comprehensive program and some of its practices and individual components have
undergone little research. The two components that have been experimentally tested are visual
activity schedules and structured work systems. The authors build a research foundation by
introducing previous research on structured teaching. In a study conducted by MacDuff, Krantz, and
McClannahan in 1993 on structured work systems, demonstrated increased engagement and
decreased disruptive behaviors when utilizing visual schedules. The authors mention that several
investigators have received similar, positive results when testing the advantages of structured
learning. A study conducted by Hume and Odom in 2007 was detailed as well. Hume and Odom's
study used a withdrawal design to examine the effects of individual work systems on on–task
behaviors, task completion, number of play materials used, and reduction of teacher prompts. They
concluded that individuals with autism could benefit from individual work systems. Finally, the
authors state their purpose of replicating Hume and Odoms's study in hopes of expanding what is
known of structured work systems and

Etiological Factors
Etiological Factors Every one in one–hundred and fifty children in the United States are affected by
a disorder which has no known etiology and no cure (Ryan, Hughes, Katsiyannis, McDaniel &
Sprinkle, 2014). This disorder is known as Autism Spectrum Disorder and it has become the "fastest
growing disability in the United States" (Ryan et al., 2014, p.94). Autism Spectrum Disorder is a
neurodevelopment disorder characterized by "sensory processing problems and social and language
difficulties" (Steurnagel, 2005, p. 138). Autism Spectrum Disorder has a significant impact on many
areas of functioning and the degree of impairment differs from person–to–person, which is why the
diagnosis is considered to be on a spectrum (Bradford, 2010). Current ... Show more content on
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Research into the prognosis, outcomes and effective interventions for adults is very limited (Howlin
& Moss, 2012). Research has shown that as adults, "many people with ASD, including those of
normal IQ, are significantly disadvantaged regarding employment, social relationships, physical and
mental health, and quality of life" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Among adults living with ASD studied,
fewer than twenty percent were living independently or semi–independently, less than half are
engaged in some form of work or educational program and an average of fourteen percent were
rated as being married or being in a long–term intimate relationship (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Early
language development and IQ are reliable indicators in determining positive outcomes for adults
living with ASD, however many individuals with "high IQ or language ability still do poorly in
adulthood" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). Research has shown one of the greatest indicators of positive
outcomes for adults living with ASD is their level of support. A "high level of community support"
has shown to influence prognosis for adults with ASD and those who experience this were "more
likely to be employed, to have formed close relationships and to rate their outcomes as good or very
good" (Howlin & Moss, 2012). There is a significant need for additional ongoing research into the
lives of those diagnosed, as well as research into effective

Understanding Spesific Needs in Health and Social Care
Introduction
The aim of this essay is to analyse the concepts of health, disability, illness and behaviour and also
investigate how health and social care services and systems support individuals with specific needs
and look at different approaches and intervention strategies available to support individuals with
specific needs, lastly will explain what challenging behaviour is and explain strategies available for
those working with people with specific needs
LO1.1
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1974). During the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion in
1986, the World Health Organisation said that health is "a source for everyday ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Early part of the 20th century epilepsy was linked with insanity; people believed that the Holy Spirit
was working them. In Third World cultures epilepsy continue to be defined in super natural terms.
Recently a community study in Nigeria found that after heredity, witch craft was the cause of
epilepsy amongst the lay populace (Awaritefe et al, 1985). Danesi (1984) has revealed that most
Nigerians with epilepsy experience it as highly stigmatizing and something to be hidden from others
but through medical discoveries and medical advances we know that epilepsy is caused by abnormal
neurological activity that occurs as a result of damage or result to the brain. Epilepsy is now
controlled by carbamazepine tablets and sodium valproate which controls the seizures however,
what we all know is subject to reinterpretation. At any time new technological advances, new
medical discoveries, new ways of looking at the structure and functioning of the body or brain could
replace the current orthodoxy and epilepsy could come to be seen in a completely different light.
Department of Health (1999) launched a strategy to ensure that doctors and nurses have the skills
they need to use to make the best use of new technology introduced into the NHS.
The right to freedom from discriminations for people with a range of disabilities, including those
with a learning disability, has been enshrined in the 1995 Disability Discrimination Act which says
employers

Causes And Effects Of Autism
When someone mentions electric shock therapy what comes to your mind? Is there a connection
somewhere in your family tree to 'Fragile X'? Are there toxins in the air that are more dangerous
than we think? Can watching too much television while you are pregnant actually be harmful to
your unborn baby? What could all of these questions possibly have in common? The answer is
Autism.
Imagine the overwhelming joy of holding your healthy newborn child and counting ten perfect
fingers and toes. It is hard to believe, when you look at his big blue eyes and dimples, that he could
ever be anything less than perfect. But two years later, you hear the words "your child has autism",
and can't help wondering if you are responsible in some way.
Thesis Statement
There is growing evidence that the rapid rise in reported cases of autism is caused, and influenced
equally, by genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include a broad range of
influences as varied as parental age, birth complications and maternal nutrition at conception,
vaccines and exposure to pollution during early brain development. Most genetic factors are
considered in combination with environmental ones. It is believed that over time genetic changes
brought on by the environment are passed on to future generations predisposing them to disorders as
autism. While thousands of dollars and countless studies claim to have found a concrete link
between environmental and genetic factors and the new

Essay on Programs for the Treatment of Autism
Programs for the Treatment of Autism
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder first termed by a man by the name of Kanner in 1943.
He described a group of children as having severe language, behavior, and social interaction
difficulties. These descriptors are what have come to be the core elements of autism today. Autism is
characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.) by a continuum of abnormal
development in social interaction and communication combined with a restricted repertoire of
activities and interests. Children with autism are typically diagnosed by the age of two, with the
prognosis generally being poor. The American Psychiatric Association's 1994 estimated prevalence
is about 1 per 1,000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both children in the experimental group and control 1 received intensive one–to–one treatment
beginning at average ages of 34.6 and 40.9 months respectively and continuing for two or more
years. Children in the experimental group received at least 40 hours of treatment per week, whereas
children in control 1 received 10 hours or less per week. Children in control 2 were not treated by
the YAP personnel, but were given an unspecified form of treatment (Gresham et al., 1999). At the
end of the project, 47% of the children in the experimental group were reported as having
"recovered." This indicating that their IQ scores were in the normal range (M=7, Range=94–120),
they had passed the first grade in a regular education classroom, and they showed continuing
increases in social, emotional, and educational functioning. Lovaas also reported that the school
staff described these children as indistinguishable from their normal peers. No children from control
1 and only one child from control 2 reached this point of "recovery" (Gresham et al., 1999).
Although the YAP appears to have been successful, there are many methodological issues to be
considered. Most importantly is the lack of random selection, being a threat to both internal and
external validity. For example, we cannot prove that the improvements were a direct cause of the
treatment and had nothing to do with the children being from the same area. This study has not been
able to be

Deafness And Autism Essay
Deafness and Autism, two distinctively different disorders and disabilities; however common in
nature. With Deafness and Autism come challenges and obstacles that have to be faced and ought
for to ensure an overall quality of life for the individual. When these two attributes are combined
within one individual communication and social interaction can be altered. Understanding the
difference between the two disabilities and learning how to equip the individual with the proper
tools for communication will result in the manifestation of an enjoyable life; however, it will take
time a diligence and the help of family and professionals to accomplish.
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Autism Spectrum Disorder) have noticeable ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Deafness and Autism share similar characteristics; however, can be confused with each other if not
diagnosed correctly and in a timely manner. The most important of issue is knowing if the child has
a hearing loss or not because I can potentially mask the signs of Autism and a child can be
misdiagnosed (Syzmanski & Brice 2008). For example, if a child is not responding it could because
of their hearing loss not Autism. This can lead to isolated play, especially if they do not have sign–
language developed. Moreover, if sign language is not developed then this can lead to a decrease in
social interaction with any individuals leading to a greater isolation. Deafness and Autism are
usually both diagnosed within the first two to three years of age. Since they are diagnosed around
the same time that is where confusion can set in. The symptoms can be similar; however, it is
differentiating between whether the child is deaf or has autism or both. Some deaf children are
misdiagnosed with Autism because a hearing screening was not given until later in years which
showed hearing loss. Additionally, there is not a plethora amount of research to discuss when it
comes to deaf individuals with autism. According to Szymanski, Patrick (2008) and the Gallaudet
Research Institute (2005):
"In the survey for 2006– 2007, researchers reported that there were

Does Janie Should Be Diagnosed As Asperger 's Syndrome Essay
Case Study
According to the extensive amount of information provided in this case study about 6 year–old
Janie, I have come to the conclusion that Janie should be diagnosed as having a mild form of
Autistic Spectrum Disorder formerly known as Asperger's syndrome. Under the Autistic Spectrum
Disorder Asperger's syndrome is one of four pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) that all fall
under the Autistic spectrum. (Dombeck, 2008).ASD is a neural development disorder that is rarely
diagnosed before the age of three (Roddick, 2014).ASD causes impairments in social skills and
communication in different levels (Roddick, 2014).Those with ASD that are able to function at a
normal level usually fall towards the end of the autism spectrum near the disorder known as a
milder form of autism, Asperger's. Janie displays a number of symptoms that are specifically
common to ASD. One of the main symptoms being that Janie shows delays in motor developments
such as walking and toilet training, however she has shown no language deficits or cognitive
problems so far. This is extremely common in children with ASD (Asperger's syndrome). They
often take longer to reach physical developmental milestones, but children with this syndrome
usually are of average intelligence or in some cases, above intelligence. (Silberman, 2001).This
discovery of cases with children having normal or above average IQ's led to the phrase that
Asperger's is basically a "high–functioning" form of autism, because

Autism Spectrum Disorder Case Study
According to the CDC, one in sixty–eight children are identified as being affected with autism
spectrum disorder also referred to as ASD. It is non– discriminatory in that it occurs in all racial,
ethnic and socioeconomic groups. It does, however, occur more often in boys than it does in girls.
The statistics are 1 in 42 for boys, whereas the occurrence is 1 in 189 when concerning girls. Dental
professionals need to be able to recognize and accommodate the immediate needs of the autistic
community as effectively and safely as possible, but in order to do this, awareness of barriers that
may be present and the unmet needs of the child when they come in the office as well as how to
handle these situations when they are presented must be understood. ... Show more content on
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A child with ASD may have impaired executive function problems, attention problems, aggression
towards the hygienist and the team as well as difficulties in communication and language
disabilities/barriers. These may pose a problem with oral healthcare both at the dental office and at
the patient's home. It is essential that the importance of effective oral hygiene is reinforced to the
caregiver as well because dental professionals only see the patient once every six months.
Ultimately, a lot of the weight of proper oral healthcare for the patient is resting on the caregiver's
shoulders. A Caregiver's education level on the importance of oral hygiene as well as their oral
hygiene habits are also a potential barrier for the patient with ASD. If the caregiver has strong oral
hygiene habits, it can most likely be assumed that the patient that is in their charge will also.
Conversely, if the caregiver places little importance on their oral health, it will most likely be
evident in the patient's oral

Autism And Its Effects On Children Essay
In the United States 1 in 68 births results in an Autism diagnosis (Autism Society). In this time
period, at the moment, there are new medical discoveries every day. These breakthroughs range
from new diseases prevention methods, to new cures for previously "terminal" illnesses. So, because
our society is constantly changing, evolving, and improving, it is absolutely necessary to keep up
with the awareness of these new discoveries. One disorder that has existed for years, but has
recently gained a lot of awareness is Autism. Autism is defined as "a disorder in brain development
that ultimately affects its victims' everyday social interaction" (Autismspeaks.org) . Signs and
symptoms of Autism are usually shown in early childhood, and are easily detected by parents, if
they are aware. However, if a parent or guardian notices any signs, they should take action
immediately. How fast they take action in this situation could make or break the future of their
child. Many symptoms have been connected to autism, and they are seen the best in these areas;
behavior, social skills, and speech. A child's guardian can observe these symptoms in these areas to
further increase the accuracy of the diagnosis. The average adult lacks the professional training that
psychologists and behaviourists have, so they may only be able to zero in on high frequency
behavior (Zwaigenbaum 2008). Children with autism tend to act out more than their peers in school
or daycare and are more prone to frequent

Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Essay
Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism has been on the rise in the past 20 years, and is
getting dangerously close to reaching epidemic proportions (Zelan, 1). Statistically, Autism rates
have been rising in the United States with Autism now effecting 1 in every 150 children ages 10 and
younger (Zelan, 1). Autism can occur in any race and does not gender discriminate, though boys are
four times more likely to have Autism than girls (Castrogiovanni). The causes, symptoms,
diagnosis, and treatment of Autism are the main aspects that most interest researchers today. If
studies continue to have good results, the quality of life for Autistics could improve exponentially.
Autism is a developmental disorder that has baffled researchers for ... Show more content on
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There is no current test to determine if anyone in the family has the autistic "gene", but studies are
still underway (Fredericks, 33). An excess of testosterone in utero may be a link to or cause of
Autism. The child would, in theory, be "too male". Babies with too much testosterone during
development may have a higher risk of developing Autism (Fredericks, 38). At one point, Autism
was thought to be caused by the live vaccines given in childhood, such as MMR. The idea was that
the multiple, live vaccines triggered Autism in children who may have a genetic "predisposition" for
it. The case was closed several years ago due to a lack of usable information (Fredericks, 39).
Though there is no noted cause, Autism has several marking symptoms. An extreme lack of social
skills is usually the biggest and most apparent marker of Autism. The lack of social skills can be as
severe as no speech whatsoever, but can be as mild as awkwardness in social situation and failure to
develop relationships (Autism, Communication). Babies with Autism do not seem to want human
contact or interaction. They may cry when they are picked up, refuse cuddling, or they may not lift
arms indicating wanting to be held (Fredericks, 16). Obsessing or being hyper focused on an object
or subject can also be an obvious social marker of Autism. Sensory

Autism Is A Complex Disability Essay
Autism is a complex disability, as the way it manifests in each child differs in severity across
numerous characteristics. Children diagnosed with autism qualify to receive special services and a
"free, appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment" under the federal legislation,
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 15). Autism was added to
IDEA in 1990 as a new disability category. The legislation defines autism as "a developmental
disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction,
generally evident before age 3 that adversely affects a child's educational performance" (Hunt &
Marshall, 2012, p. 301). The "Rules for the Provision of Special Education" from the State
Superintendent of Public Instruction of Washington state also outlines eligibility and individualized
education programs for children diagnosed with autism (Rules for the Provision of Special
Education, p. 11 & 46). Furthermore, the DSM diagnoses autism when a child shows "qualitative
impairments" in social interaction, communication, and "restricted repetitive and stereotyped
patterns of behavior, interests and activities" (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 302).
In 2011, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention found that on average, 1 in 10 children each
year are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (Hunt & Marshall, 2012, p. 304). However, the
number of children diagnosed with autism in recent years is

Essay about The Signs and Effects of Autism
The Signs and Effects of Autism
Autism is a rare disease that has been noticed for centuries. The purest form of autism (high IQ and
almost normal behavior yet still self–contained) occurs in about "one in 2,000 people". When the
many other forms of autism are added in, the ratio is "one in 750". Autism is found in every race,
ethnic group, nation, and social standing, although "males outnumber females by four or five times"
("Autistic Disorder" – 2). Autism is a broad range of disorders that stretch from mild to severe.
There are many theories on the cause of autism, but no definite solution. Because of the broadness
of the disease, there are many types and categories. The effects of autism are frustrating, and hard to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evidence that genetics is an important, but not exclusive cause, of so–called primary autism
includes a three to eight percent risk of recurrence in families with one affected child" (Rapin,
Isabelle – 100). Autism isn't just one disease but a category of complicated syndromes. Three of the
most definable syndromes are Rett's, Asperger's, and Landua–Kleffner. Rett's syndrome is only
found in females and most are retarded. This syndrome develops between the ages of six months to
eighteen months. Rett's begins with a normal state of development, then the victim regresses in
skills such as speech, hand movements, and social skills, along with other signs of central nervous
system dysfunction. Females with Rett's are most prone to having seizures. Asperger's syndrome is
affective in both males and females. After the first few years of life, victims will lose everything
they have learned, but will eventually progress again. People with Asperger's appear to have more
verbal and recognition skills. They also usually show strong interest in subway, bus, and train
schedules and maps.
Asperger's syndrome is probably the closest to "primary autism". Landua–Kleffner syndrome is also
found in males and females. Victims with this
–2–
disorder appear normal until between the ages of three to seven, which is when regression is
noticeable. They lose the ability to talk and show

There have been texts written about acts of filial piety....
There have been texts written about acts of filial piety. Some are from long ago and some are very
recent. One of the older texts is by Guo Jujing, a scholar from the Yuan Dynasty, which was a
dynasty from 1272 – 1368 AD. His book, The Twenty–Four Paragons of Filial Piety, contains
multiple stories and situations in which filial piety was present. In the very first story, there is a son
named Shun, who lives in a family that does not get along with each other, but he still treats them
with the greatest respect. The emperor, Emperor Yao, is told about all of Shun's acts of filial piety
and has nine of his own sons go help Shun with the work he has to do everyday. When the emperor
had retired from ruling all of China, he gave the title of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also believed that the actions and choices of the parents affect whether or not their children are
born with one or multiple disabilities. A roller coaster of extreme emotions, an unhealthy diet, or
eating prohibited foods can cause disabilities to the baby when born. These beliefs merely contribute
to the discrimination against disabled people. Yet despite the discrimination these beliefs cause, they
are traditions and are engrained into the minds off all Chinese people who are not disabled. Helen
McCabe writes, in "Parent Advocacy in the Face of Adversity: Autism and Families in the People's
Republic of China", about the lives of autistic children and their families, as well as the educational
and life struggles both the parents and children face because of genetics. She adds even more
discriminatory labels onto the points Walden discusses, arguing that many people refer to autistic
children as "children with mental retardation" (McCabe). Disabled people are merely handicapped
and may not be as capable of as many things as a lot of people are. Calling this particular group
mentally retarded only adds to the challenges imposed on autistic individuals. While many people
are working towards better living situations for autistic children, categorizing them into this very
offensive phrase harms them rather than helps them. The people who say mentally

Understanding Autism Syndrome Disorders Essay
Autism is a behavioral syndrome usually presenting behavior abnormalities before the child is thirty
months of age. These behavioral abnormalities include marked social deficits, specific language
abnormalities and stereotyped, receptive behaviors. Although the exact etiology of autism is not
known it is now believed that it is a dysfunction of one or more unidentified brain systems and not
the result of parental and environmental influences. Variations in symptomology and in prognosis
among autistic persons depend on both the severity and the extent of the underlying brain
dysfunction (Parritz, Troy 136). Several studies have been conducted including neuron anatomic
imaging, microscopic neuroanatomic observations and positron emission ... Show more content on
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It is expected that children with autism will struggle with establishing and maintain compensating
relationships. Only half of children with autism who are in comprehensive classrooms are involved
in the social networks of their classrooms. It's very difficult for children with autism to be in a
classroom with children who don't have a disorder. Children with this sickness can't function just
like everyone else; they need attentive care and affection. Children with autism are more likely to be
isolated across all grade levels because, when they are in a room with too many people it gets
overwhelming to him or her and we as a parent, peer, or teacher have to be understanding about that.
The older he or she becomes with this sickness, the more isolate they become. However difficult
interactions like friendship and relationships can be clear that the child and adolescents desire
connections with others. Sadly there is no cure for autism spectrum disorder but there are multiple
therapies. The most popular therapy is called ABA training. This is the most widely accepted autism
therapy. ABA is based on the idea that people are more likely to repeat behaviors that are rewarded
than behaviors that are not recognized or are ignored. A trained therapist conducts ABA training.
The treatment begins with an assessment by the therapist. The purpose of the assessment is to
determine which skills the child already

Music And Children With Autism
Informative Speech
Topic: Music and Children with Autism
Purpose: To inform audiences about the effect of music to the children with autism
Thesis: Music effect children with autism in a powerful significant way.
Introduction:
Do you know that 1 in every 68 children in the United States has an autism? (Miriam, 2014)
Boys are more likely to have autism than girl.
What is autism means to us? In 1943, according to Dr. Leo Kannar who was the first described
autism as a distinct condition that caused by mother (WebMD, 2014). Lately, autism defined as a
disorder present in childhood. Most of the time children will have different characterized by
difficulty in social skills, communication, lack of relationship with peers or friends and abstract
concepts.
The causes for autism are unknown, but scientists' agreement that autism is caused by abnormalities
in brain development, neurochemistry, and genetic factors.
There do have different kinds of treatment can effective in improving children with autism, such as
Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), Treatment and Education of Autistic Related Communication
Handicapped Children (TEACCH), Sensory integration, Speech Therapy, Occupation Therapy,
Physical Therapy and more.
According to Berge form the book Music therapy, sensory integration and the autistic child.
Publisher from Jessica Kingsley at London, England in 2002 mentioned that music also is a
treatment that utilized brain function, social interaction, and

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Paper
Abstract
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) is a collection of disorders characterized by gross
deficits in many areas of cognitive, emotional, and social development which results from severe
and pervasive impairment of social interaction and communication skills. One out of every ten
children in the U.S. is affected by a PDDSs disorders. (Chad & Raymond, 2013). The purpose of
this paper is to examine the historical background and the neurological basis to the disorder,
providing up–to–date information on the full range neuropsychological assessment, and
Psychological Treatment and finally as the efficacy of the Neuropsychological
Assessment/Treatment and Psychological assessment and treatment available to help children ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Educational treatment of autistic children. In: Rutter ML, editor. Infantile Autism: Concepts,
Characteristics and Treatment. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1971. pp. 258–88.
Shuvabrata Poddar, Noufal T. Hameed, Jyoti Mishra Pandey,1 Sayantanava Mitra,2 and Urbi
Mukherjee. Psychological interventions in pervasive developmental disorder: An overview .Ind
Psychiatry J. 2014 Jul–Dec; 23(2): 94–100.doi: 10.4103/0972–6748.151671 PMCID: PMC4361986
Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health; 1999. New York State Department of Health
Early Intervention Program. Clinical Practice Guideline, Autism/Pervasive Developmental
Disorders: Assessmentand Intervention for Young Children.
Stevens MC, Fein DA, Dunn M, Allen D, Waterhouse LH, Feinstein C, et al. Subgroups of children
with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal examination. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
2000;39:346–52.
Szatmari P, Bartolucci G, Bremner R, Bond S, Rich S. A follow–up study of high–functioning
autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19:213–25
Hauser–Cram P, Warfield ME, Shonkoff JP, Krauss MW, Sayer A, Upshur CC. Children with
disabilities: A longitudinal study of child development and parent well–being. Monogr Soc Res
Child Dev. 2001;66:i–viii.

Argumentative Essay On The Causes Of Autism
There have been many institutes questioned, such as the Institute of Medicine, the Centers for
Disease Control, and the Food and Drug Administration. These agencies have found no linkage
between vaccines and autism. These agencies have conducted thousands of studies and have found
no proof that autism can be blamed on a child's immunizations. Opponents of these studies would
like parents of autistic children to believe that the results have been influenced. Some groups would
like the rest of us to believe that the government and the drug companies are influencing the
outcome of the reports. The Measles Mumps and Rubella vaccine receives the most study, this is
because the link between the vaccine and the onset of many children having autistic symptoms. This
link may be just a coincidence. The time most children receive their measles mumps and rubella
shot is around three or four years of age the same time many parents suggest that their child starts
6
having autistic symptoms or behaviors. People on both sides of the autism and vaccine debate want
a clear answer to the question "WHAT Causes Autism?" Many parents think that medical studies are
not asking the correct questions about autism. In a study, done by phone in 2007, parents were
contacted if they had children between the ages of four and 17. The survey done by Generation
Rescue they compared rates of autism and other neurological disorder in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sadly, there is NO cure for autism. It requires structure, routine, and patience's. Each child that
receives the diagnosis of autism is different and will have different needs that must be met and
understood. With that being said there is no cure all or one–size fits all treatment. Treatment like
autism is very different from one person to the next. No two people with autism will act, look, or
react in the same way. Just like their treatment will differ from person to person. (Ezine

Depth Look At Autism Spectrum Disorder
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Leydi A. Zapata
Columbia Basin College
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, is a complex developmental disorder which is usually
diagnosed during the first 3 years of life. The disorder is characterized by severe difficulty or
inability in communicating, socializing, forming relationships with others, and responding
appropriately to the environment. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, or DSM–IV, ASD was one of the diagnosis covered under the Persuasive Developmental
Disorders category. The other diagnoses that were part of this category included Rett's Disorder,
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Asperger's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autism has become one of the fastest growing developmental disorder in the recent years. In the
year 2000, the prevalence of ASD was 1 out of 150 school–age children (Schaefer, 2016, pg***).
According to the latest data by the Center of Disease Control, or CDC, it is estimated that the
incidence is now 1 in every 68 children that is diagnosed with autism in the United States. It is also
estimated that autism is approximately 4.5 times more common among boys (1 in 42) than among
girls (1 in 189) (CDC, 2014).
Risks and Predisposing Factors
From the time autism was identified in the 1940s, several theories have tried to explain its etiology.
The earliest theories proposed as origin of autism was framed in the context of the early psychiatric
models in the 1940's, and believed that autism was "an acquired condition associated with children
raised by cold, emotionally–distant mothers" (Schaefer, ***). Another early hypothesis proposed as
being a risk for developing autistic disorder was the use of the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine or
the preservative thimerosal, but this hypothesis has been disproved (Anagnostou, Zwaigenbaum....,
pg 510). It is now known that autism is a condition with a strong genetic basis, with more than 80%
heritability (Meng–chang pg 903), but just like almost every medical condition known to man, it has
several genetic and environmental risk factors. As mentioned earlier, autistic disorder is 4.5 times
more common in males than females, which

Special Education: Article Analysis
Synopsis of Article
This article discusses whether or not special education teachers, as well as general education
teachers, are prepared to teach students with autism. According to the article, autism is ranks at the
sixth most commonly classified disability in the United States. There is a very wide spectrum for
autism which include disorders like Asperger's and pervasive developmental disorders not otherwise
specified (PDD–NOS). 1 out of 150 American children will be born with autism (Autism Society of
America, NDb).
A study was done over a five–year period from 2002–2007, to observe the increase of students with
autism within the Western Suffolk BOCES region in Long Island, New York. Based on these
observations, it was found that the number ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Based on what I have learned from reading this article and what I have learned in my classes, it is
extremely important to be a highly qualified teacher. If being knowledgeable about ABA makes a
teacher highly qualified, then I think more colleges and universities should include these classes into
their curriculum.
The article talks a little about general education teachers and how they rarely receive any training on
ABA. I think that all future educators should be required to take a class that at least discusses ABA
and how to use it in the classroom. General education teachers will have special education students
in their classroom at some point during their career and they will have to co–teach with a special
education teacher so I think it is good for both teachers to be well–informed about ABA. Overall, I
thought that the information provided in this article was informative and it helped me to understand
more about ABA. It is shocking to me than many educators are not taught about ABA when it can be
so useful to not only teach students with autism but also special education students in general. I am
very glad that I have the opportunity to learn about using ABA in the classroom because it will be
very beneficial to me in my future career because I want to teach students with learning behavior
disorders and moderate–severe disabilities at the elementary

Inclusion and Autism in Main Stream Schools
Apart or A Part?
Inclusion and Autism in Main Stream Primary Settings.
The number of pupils with autistic spectrum conditions (ASC) being educated in mainstream
settings is increasing (Humphrey 2008). Inclusion in main stream education can be extremely
beneficial for pupils on the autism spectrum (Great Britain. Department for Children, Schools and
families, 2009), however there is growing concern about the educational experiences of pupils with
ASC. Only 12% of parents with children in an unsupported mainstream primary school are very
satisfied (Barnard et al 2000).
Almost half of the schools staff where pupils with ASC attend feel that a significant number of the
pupils are not getting the specialist support they need and over ... Show more content on
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De Santos and Daly (2008) suggest that parents considered inclusion to be of upmost importance
and that inclusion can work and is happening, however there are still occasions whereby inclusion is
not working and could be improved.
Parents perceived that inclusion offered the best outcomes for children with ASC with realistic
experiences of preparation to live more independently as adults, allow autism to become more
widely recognised, enables children to feel part of a peer group and wider community, inspires
confidence and happiness reducing anxieties and offers fuller opportunities to better education
experiences (Charman, 2011., Wittemeyer, 2012., De santos and Daly, 2008.,Barnard et al, 2000).
When parents were asked what kind of school they would ideally like their children with ASC to
attend neither special, resource bases or mainstream took preference (Batten et al, 2006).
Despite some high profile Inclusion debate relating to the type of setting in which children with
ASC should be educated , it is expertise in autism that is important to parents (Batten et al, 2006).
The continuing trend to greater inclusion is welcomed in principle by teachers. It is widely agreed
by teachers that to exclude certain children from main stream social and academic education can not
only be harmful to the future outcomes of those

Applied Behavioral Analysis
Introduction
Behavior Analysis emphasizes on the values and principles that explain the process of learning
through the development of human beings. Behavior analysis represents scientific approach that
understands behavior within the context of occurrence. One of the principles of how learning occurs
is positive reinforcement. In the process of implementing reward after behavior, there is a possibility
of repetition of the action in the future. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) refers to the application of
these principles to achieve meaningful and positive change in relation to behavior(Johnny et al,
2011).
Objectives
To enhance understanding of applied behavioral analysis in relation to treatment of individuals with
autism
To illustrate why applied behavioral analysis is an effective treatment approach to individuals with
autism
To outline and explain importance of applied behavioral analysis to individuals suffering from
autism
Thesis Statement: Applied Behavioral Analysis is an effective treatment approach to individuals
with autism: ABA is safe, enjoys endorsement from numerous agencies, and offers development or
improvement in communication, social relationships, employment, schools, and self–care.
Main Points of Discussion
Applied Behavioral Analysis is safe and effective
Applied Behavioral Analysis enhances growth and development in communications and social
relationships
How Applied Behavioral

Analysis Of Marion Dadds And Susan Hart
This paper from Doing Practicioner Research Differently, by Marion Dadds and Susan Hart,
explores the way in which a researcher (Joseph Geraci) has entered into the world of several
individuals living with autism, and has spent time observing and working with them in order to gain
a better understanding of what it is like to live with autism, and the reasons behind why autistic
individuals behave in some of the ways that they do.
The underpinning philosophical basis for the methodological approaches the research adopts.
By definition, an underpinning philosophy means the foundation beliefs/the system on which the
research is based around. In the case of Joe Geraci 's research, his main methods of data collection
were those of observation and conversation. In research, observations can either be overt or
disclosed (that is, the participants know they are being studied) or covert/undisclosed (where the
true identity of the researcher is kept secret from the group, a deception)
In general, observations are in fact a relatively cheap method of data collection to carry out, and the
researcher needs few resources. However, what they are is very time consuming for the researcher.
In 1995, Bassey said that the main purpose of research is to 'create new knowledge and
understanding for us, to help us know something we did not previously know ' (Bassey, M – 1995),
which is what Geraci as a researcher is hoping to achieve here by experiencing his subjects '
behavior first–hand in

Essay Exploring Autism In Children

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