Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nsme Techniques

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nsme Techniques
1.5 Advantages of SHM as compared with the current techniques Because of the risk with
hydrostatic testing of further damaging the pipeline, there is a clear advantage of non–destructive
techniques over destructive ones. The advantages of NDE techniques are obvious. Most importantly,
there is very little risk of the structure incurring damage during a particular test. In addition, the
various NDE techniques typically yield very detailed results regarding the status of the structure.
Although NDE techniques have several advantages over destructive testing methods, there are still
some key disadvantages to these techniques. The primary disadvantage with forms of NDE
involving pipelines is that the sensing mechanism used is typically only temporarily ... Show more
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This aspect of the testing increases the potential cost of NDE techniques. The most common NDE
techniques implement a sensing mechanism which is sent down the interior of the pipeline. With oil
pipelines, the contents of the pipeline provide coupling between the transducer and the pipe
material, so the contents need not be removed. With natural gas pipelines, however, the gas provides
poor coupling, which may require that the pipeline be filled with a coupling material, such as water.
Because of this rather expensive complication, NDE techniques are not commonly used with natural
gas pipelines. In addition, geometry of the pipeline limits the ability to use certain NDE techniques.
The sensing mechanism is limited by the size in which it can be efficiently packaged, meaning that
the techniques can only be used with pipes with a diameter larger than approximately 3–in (8–cm).
The geometry of pipe bends and fittings can also limit the compatibility of these techniques. The
geometry of the pipeline prevented the implementation of internal NDE techniques, forcing the
operator to use less reliable techniques. Therefore, the corrosion went undetected and resulted in the
eventual failure and explosion of the natural gas
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The Natural Gas Production Of The United States Essay
This case examines Range Resources, one of the top natural gas production companies in the United
Sates. Their core values and corporate culture, have helped pave the way for them to be leaders in
their industry. Range Resources has been praised for their economic and social benefits to the
company's surrounding communities. Additionally, safety and concern for the natural environment is
one of the company's top priorities. The company's president and CEO Jeffrey Ventura is credited
with the decision to drill the Marcellus Shale which turned out to be a huge pay off, and put them at
the top of their field. Although Range Resources is a leader in the natural gas industry, there are still
some who resist natural gas production for both safety and environmental concerns. Range
Resources was originally started in 1976 as Lomak Petroleum Incorporated. In 1998 the name of the
company changed to Range Resources. In 2004, Range Resources drilled the first successful vertical
well in the Marcellus Shale. By 2007, they had five consecutive successful horizontal wells, and
have become one of the most active drillers on Marcellus Shale to date. This horizontal drilling
method was a groundbreaking innovation and a win–win for the company. Horizontal drilling means
more gas is released with less wells drilled. In 2009, Range Resources once again led the field in
innovation by finding a way to recycle 100 percent of the water it used in the drilling process. In
2010, they became the

South Sudan And The Civil Conflict
The country we are going to be focusing on is South Sudan. It is located in east–central Africa, north
of Uganda and Kenya, and in the west of Ethiopia. It is also south of Sudan, where it originated
from. South Sudan and Sudan obviously used to be one country but South Sudan recently gained
independance. When the government broke certain promises, a prolonged mutiny began which even
resulted in death. On January 2011, a referendum was held, and most of the citizens voted for
secession. As a result, Sudan split into Sudan and South Sudan. Although South Sudan has abundant
oil reserves, it still struggles with good governance and deteriorating economic conditions. The
ongoing civil conflict is also tearing up the social and economic aspects of South Sudan. The
population is 11.91 million and the poverty line is 50.6%. This shows that South Sudan has some
serious issues with poverty considering over half their population is struggling.. The national debt of
South Sudan stands at $972 million and is currently on the rise. As for resources, South Sudan is the
most oil–dependent country in the world. They have an abundance of oil available which leads to
98% of their exports being oil. Overall, South Sudan is a new country that has both struggles and
strengths. Our goal is to improve pipelines which will help in every aspect including economy and
environment. (Suvas) South Sudan is currently facing many problems. Its economic problem is of
utmost importance because its economy is

The First Nations On The Proposed Windy Energy Project
Introduction
In this report I will outline my recommendation on how to approach the Metlakatla First Nations on
the proposed Windy Energy Project. Through my research I believe a promising opportunity is
present in pursuing business negotiations with this community. With our mutual goals of providing
sustainable project developments I believe the Metlakatla community will make strong business
partners. In order to establish a respectful and welcoming negotiation process, Windy Power must
strongly understand their values, cultural sensitivities and organizational structure.
Background Information
The Metlakatla First Nation is based on the north coast of British Columbia, north of Prince Rupert.
The community is quite small and remote ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As indicated in appendix A, the Metlakatla territory spans roughly 20,000 square kilometers
including twenty–one reserves, ten of which are Metlakatla only (Leighton, 2012). The Metlakatla
traditional language is Sm'algyax, but due to the close proximity to Prince Rupert and an aging elder
population very few members fluently speak the language (Metlakatla Governing Council, 2015).
Thus there are no significant language barriers that would be of concern when communicating with
the community.
Metlakatla is a signatory to a number of agreements including (Treaty, n.d.): Ongoing: Treaty
Negotiations, Marine use Planning Dec 10, 2009: Reconciliation Protocol: Official recognition of
Metlakatla's Aboriginal Rights and Title
Oct 18, 2007: Protected Area Collaborative Management Agreement
June 07, 2006: Strategic Land Use Planning Agreement
2006: Land and Resource Protocol Agreement
Currently the Metlakatla First Nations are at Stage 4 in negotiating a treaty intended to provide use
and management of land and resources, set out First Nations self–government, and create viable
First Nations economies (Treaty, n.d.). The outcome of the treaty process will strongly influence the
viability of the project and should be followed closely for any changes that should be made in the
assessment process.
Land Management:
The Federal Government currently has

Case Analysis Of Hoa Sen Group
1.Introduction
1.1. Reasons for choosing Hoa Sen Group
Hoa Sen Group is one of the largest companies that supply products of steel industry in Vietnam. Up
to this day, Hoa Sen Group has built manufacturing plants with the largest closed scale in Southeast
Asia, which apply modern technologies in the industry and promote programs to affirm one of the
leading brands of steel industry.
Hoa Sen Group is not only a leading in industrial products of steel sheet but also a leading company
in the implementation of the marketing strategy of large–scale goals, to increase brand recognition
through customer appreciation programs, events, public relations and sponsorship for social
activities in Vietnam.
Because of these advantages, "Hoa Sen Group has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Khi đưa vào sản xuất, nhà máy có doanh thu ước tính 2.000 tỉ đồng/năm, lợi nhuận khoảng 75 tỉ
đồng/năm. As a result, Average of revenue consumption increased about 30% per year. With its own
direction, HSG will be serious competitor to other companies in the industry.
The competitive advantage of Hoa Sen considering this unit is strong distribution network and
expanding. In particular, the involvement in the production and distribution lines increased price
competition as well as leading the market more efficient. This is our advantage that Hoa Sen
maintaining growth or holding steady consumption in the context of limited growth industry.
Therefore, the ability to decrease the share of these businesses can be continued performance,
strengthen the position of Hoa Sen in this product

How Did Lijphart's Failure To Gain Peace In Sudan?
In 2005, the Civil War in Sudan which has been going on for two decades has finally resolved
through the signing of the "Comprehensive Peace Agreement" (CPA). The placement of the CPA
was to reform the government into a democracy, also to unify North and South Sudan and to bring
peace to Sudan. Unfortunately, the CPA didn't bring any of those things to Sudan. The failures of the
CPA relates back to the oil pipelines, because North Sudan and South Sudan need one another to
produce profit from the oil in the country. So if the country isn't unified the country will remain
unstable.
To begin with, the CPA has failed to restore peace in Sudan because the like before the governments
on both sides of Sudan cannot agree:
Lijphart argued that countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parts of Sudan that choose to join the power–sharing arrangements which is supposed to bring the
country together, but parties have use it to try to overthrow other government parties. Which will
spark even more chaos in Sudan because one part of Sudan wishes to completely destroy Sudan
rather than trying to rebuild it. This relates to the oil pipeline because parts of Sudan has began have
violent outbreaks around the oil in the Western Upper Nile. These violent outbreaks has caused the
National Congress Party to not want the peace and unity in Sudan because of the lack of trust in the
nation. "Smaller skirmishes continued following the official cessation of hostilities, particularly in
areas around the oil fields in the Western Upper Nile. A serious side effect of these armed
confrontations was that the partners did not trust each other's commitment and motivations for
making peace."

Company Analysis : The Company Kinder Morgan
The company Kinder Morgan was first established in February of 1997 when a group of investors
led by Richard Kinder and William Morgan acquired the general partner of a small, publicly traded
pipeline limited partnership (Enron Liquids Pipeline). Which is Located in Huston, KMP began with
very little assets, which consisted of 175 workers and a business value which was roughly $325
million.Morgan and kinder had a goal to build a completely new type of energy company by making
use of the master limited partnership (MLP) financial structure as a growth vehicle, something that
had never been attempted before. The idea was a success and KMP became the largest publicly
traded pipeline limited partnership in America based on business value. In early times KMP grew
mostly through buying companies and merging them in to one, CO2 production fields and
transportation pipelines, purchasing assets such as refined petroleum pipelines, liquids terminals,
intrastate natural gas pipelines and bulk.
As time went on, the majority of KMP 's growth came through expansions and new building
projects. So in recent times having recorded major success in its country of origin the United state of
America, Kinder Morgan has expanded into Canada and has Through its subsidiary (Trans
Mountain) applied to build a new pipeline from Edmonton to Burnaby. This pipeline would run
adjacent to the already existing Trans Mountain pipeline and the whole purpose of it is to increase
the transportation of oil from

Argumentative Essay: Out On Standing Rock Reservation
As many may know there is a huge news story brewing in North Dakota. Out on Standing Rock
reservation there is a a protest going on about an oil pipeline line that is trying to be placed on the
property. The native people of the land are against and have strong arguments against. They hope
there arguments will open the eyes of the big wigs of the oil company. They plan to prove exactly
what is going to happen to there land by placing this pipe line directly underneath the Missouri
River.
They have one very strong fight and that is the pipe line will poison the water they use for drinking
water and will ruin there land. This is there main fight against the installation of the pipe line. They
have been protesting for weeks on end a law enforcement from the state along with the National
Guard has been on scene trying to keep it under control. Yet the only thing it has done is intensified
the protest being done by the natives of the land. Now during the ... Show more content on
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They were approved for 10 million dollars at the beginning of this adventure for emergency
purposes. Sense then they only needed a little more help asking for just another 7 million dollars
recently. Morton County alone has spent an additional amount of pocket change around 8 million
dollars. Now they believe they can be reimbursed by the state for there spending because currently
they can afford it easily.
Now as if the issue wasn't bad enough we are now pulling law enforcement from surrounding states
and different agencies. In hopes of cooling the engulfing issue and calming the protesters down. We
brought officers from Minnesota and the boarder patrol agency which was a huge step in pouring
gas on the fire. As arrests broke 530 during the course of this treatment period and hopeful defusing
of the situation. Everything they are doing to solve the conflict at hand was clearly working in the
purpose of pouring water on the

Keystone Pipeline
In February 9, 2005, the TransCanada proposed a pipeline system that would be able to transport
crude oil from Canada into the United States. The pipeline was given the name the Keystone
Pipeline System. Originally, the pipeline was to run from Alberta, Canada to refineries in Illinois.
However, in 2008 another proposition was raised in order to extend the pipeline even further to
down to Texas. The proposition is known as the Keystone XL. The possible construction of the
pipeline is a controversial topic. Entrepreneurs believe that such a pipeline will stimulate the nation's
economy and lead to an increase in the amount of jobs. On the other side, environmentalists believe
that the pipeline will be detrimental for the environment as the ... Show more content on
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Firstly, Canada itself is a foreign nation. In the attempt to close our doors to foreign dependency on
oil, we are actually becoming even more dependent on solely one foreign nation. The amount of oil
we will receive from Canada is a substantial amount since it will replace overseas imports on
foreign oil. Instead of being more reliant on our own oil, we are only shifting focus to rely on
another nation that is not in economic or political turmoil. Secondly, the Keystone Pipeline itself is
an export pipeline. Canada will be using the pipeline in order to transport crude oil to refineries in
the Gulf Coast. Once the crude oil reaches the Gulf Coast, refineries will refine the crude oil into
diesel and export it to Europe and Latin America. We will not be dependent on these countries
anymore for their oil, but we will be involved in the importing and exporting of oil. In fact, this will
actually pull the U.S. into a greater involvement with these nations. According to Oil Change
International, the only way that we can actually reduce our dependency on foreign oil is to reduce
our dependency on all oil as a whole. Throughout history, our energy sources have been constantly
changing, from steam, to coal, and now to oil. We are in need of a new energy source and one that is
actually reliable. Once we attain it, we will no longer be dependent on oil.
The construction of the Keystone XL is a

Feasibility Of Preventive Maintenance On The Oil Pipelines
ABSTRACT Oil spills have devastating effects wherever it occurs like damage to aquatic, aerial and
terrestrial life. Most of NNPC's oil spillage is largely due to pipeline corrosion. This paper will
explore the feasibility of preventive maintenance on the oil pipelines which will aid in the
prevention and early detection of oil leakages. The major causes of pipeline spillages are corrosion,
stress, etc. Preventive maintenance practices on the oil pipelines consists of actions that will
improve the conditions of the pipeline systems for optimized performance and aversion of unwanted
system failure. A preventive maintenance system will be developed using the FMEA approach as
methodology. Keywords: Oil spillage, NNPC, pipelines, preventive ... Show more content on
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Consistent oil spills from these pipelines constitute health hazards. Problem statement Currently
majority of NNPC's pipelines are poorly maintained and this is causing oil spillage as the pipelines
tend to rupture or leak when oil is being transported to the refineries. A ruptured or leaking pipeline
is very hazardous to the environment and leads to production loss for NNPC. From the most current
data released, NNPC lose 600,000 barrels of crude oil, which is about 28% of the 2.1 million barrels
produced daily with total worth of about $160 million annually (NNPC annual report). In a study
conducted on productivity of industries in Nigeria which also applies to NNPC, it was identified that
most of the causes of low productivity were due to lack of manager's unwillingness to maintain the
system effectively (Nwachukwu, 2006). Poorly maintained operation management activities result
in low production quality and quantity, low market share and low growth rate. In the case of NNPC's
pipelines, apart from low productivity, oil is spilled which has disastrous effects on the community.
Thesis statement The emphasis of this praxis will be development of a preventive maintenance
system for NNPC which will drastically reduce or eliminate oil spillage from the pipelines, reduce
adverse consequences of lack of a maintenance system like frequent oil spillage, identify optimal
maintenance practices that will prevent future leakages of oil pipelines and implementation of
standard

Fracking Transportation And Modeling : A Literature Review
Fracking Transportation and Modeling: A Literature Review
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 3
2.0 The impact of fracking on transportation: An overview of national, regional and safety
challenges 4
2. 1 National challenges 4
2.2 Increasing safety Concerns 6
2.2.1 Pipeline safety issues 7
2.2.2 Railroad safety issues 7
2.2.3 Barge safety issues 10
2.2.4 Trucking safety issues 10
2.2.5 Safety concerns and impact on mode split 10
2.2 Regional challenges 11
3.0 Modeling fracking transportation needs: Issues and variables from existing modeling studies 12
3.1 Overview of the modeling studies identified 13
3.2 The Hydraulic Fracturing Supply Chains 13
3.1.1 Inbound movements 14
Fracking equipment and their transportation 15
Other inputs (cement, drilling mud, chemicals, gravel and pipes etc.) 16
(Fresh) water and its transportation modeling 16
Frac sand and its transportation 18
3.1.2 Outbound movements 19
Waste water disposal 19
Drill cuttings 20
Production: oil, natural gas liquids (NGL) and natural gas 21
Natural gas 21
Oil and Natural gas liquids 22
3.1.3 Population growth impact 23
4.0 Supply Chains in the Tuscaloosa Marine Shale Case Study Area 24
4.1 Overview of the TMS play 24
4.2 Challenges and opportunities 25
4.3 Transportation issues 27
4.3.1 Transportation of frac sand 28

4.3.2 Transportation of water and frac waste 28
4.3.3 Beyond the TMS transportation advantage 29
5. Conclusion 30
References 31
Introduction
The U.S. is currently

Sioux Tribe Case Study
The Standing Rock Sioux tribe
This tribe is located in the center of North Dakota near the Missouri river. According to the census,
it is estimated to be about 30,000 members in this tribe. Also, there are other tribes that habitat near
or around them. For example; Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara, the Yanktonai, Sisseton, Wahpeton, and
Hunkpapa. These people live in areas or lands that the government provided them to be their
homeland. A place where they could cultivate their own crops, take care of their domestic animals
and a soil where it was allowed to hunt for food; However, from a time ago the federal government
want to use their lands to process a new project that consisted in build a pipeline across few states.
This is a tremendous riot between Native Americans and the federal government who support this
work. In the meantime, this issue will briefly describe the benefits and consequences of having a
crude oil pipeline on native Americans lands.
At the present time, no social media had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, the Sioux tribe and other are concern that a disaster could occur and damage their
lives, lands, and their daily source. In this case, the pipelines will go across many private lands and
will cross several times across the Missouri river which is the main source not only for natives but
for many other families who give a great use of the river water. One tiny spill of this liquid on land
or water will mean a disaster such contamination of the river water that is used as sustainable water
for these tribes and wildlife. That same water had been used to supply their own needs. Another key
point, even if there is not a spill of this substance, there are other severe consequences that could
mean a disaster such ruining the land by warming it and ruining the productivity of

Exploring Underground Natural Gas Piping Essay
How to Locate Underground Natural Gas Piping From Your Gas Meter
Locating underground natural gas piping takes some prior training and experience. This how to is
the basic skills necessary to locate underground gas piping using a split box locator. It will help new
operators understand the basic principle of locating.
Equipment Needed:
Transmitter and
Receiver
An Operator
Yellow Marking Flags
Ground Rod
Black and Red Connecting Cables
Here are the following instructions in order to successfully locate underground natural gas piping.
Step 1:
Before you can begin locating, you must check your split box locator. It is important to make sure
your split box locator is working correctly. Checking your battery is the first thing you would check,
weak batteries is the most common problem for split box locator not operating correctly. Now after
you have checked your equipment and everything is ready to go, you are ready to hook up the
locator.
Step 2:
Open the split box locator. One half of the box consists of the transmitter and the other half is the
receiver. Once you have opened the box, inside the box you will find a ground rod and black and red
connecting cables. Take those two items out as you will need them to hook up the transmitter. Step
3:
Grab the black and red connecting cables. On the bottom of the transmitter box there is plug in
where you plug the cables into. Plug the cables into the plug in and then connect the red cable to the
yellow tracer located on the gas meter

Analysis Of Flint And The Nation's Aging Pipeline...
Flint's and The Nation's Aging Pipeline Infrastructure
In the wake of Flint's water crisis it was realized that their aging pipeline infrastructure needed an
extreme update. Flint is not the only CIKR catastrophe caused by being too tightly coupled, almost
every community around the country has experienced some type of catastrophic infrastructure
failure that has led to a "large–scale service interruptions, significant property damage, and human
injury" as a result of being tightly coupled (Van Leuven, 2011, pp.40). A lot of the nation's aging
pipeline infrastructure is still in need of renovations or replacement because it has exceeded its
planned operating life (Van Leuven, 2011, pp.40).
Matthew Dolan of the Detroit Free Press stated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The city officials were not very competent on the WWS. They believed that they could just save
money by switch over a few things without fully investing the time in actually understanding how
the WWS operates. Over a dozen lawsuits have been filed in local, state and Federal courts
involving Flint residents who were directly impacted by the lead contaminated waters. The plaintiffs
seek monetary compensations in the millions. One victim sought $100 million because they
obtained Legionnaires' disease, which they believed that they received from the contaminated water
(Dixon, 2016). Others are suing an engineering company that was involved with the switching
process of the water from the Detroit water system to the Flint River. It is believed that the
engineering company knew that the water was dangerous without proper anti–corroding agent
(Dixon, 2016). The remaining lawsuits seek everything else, which range from replacing the leaded
pipeline infrastructure, medical and health compensation due to contamination, and also water bills
(Dixon, 2016). The defendants ranged from state, local, and government officials including the
Governor Rick Snyder.
How to address the problem The first thing that needs to be done is to hire competent state officials
and emergency managers. The governor did not know the first thing about water nor did the people
around him know as well. "Catastrophic failures often have resulted when central

Essay On Keystone Pipeline
What is the keystone pipeline and what does it do? The keystone pipeline is an oil pipeline that was
commissioned in 2010. It runs from Alberta, Canada and then into refineries in Illinois and Texas
and also to an oil pipeline center in Oklahoma. This pipeline is a critical project for the United
States. The Pipeline consists of four phases. The first three phases have already been completed. The
fourth phase failed to receive permits from the United States government in 2015. The project
proposal for Phase IV from 2012 will be new 36–inch pipeline from Alberta and into Montana and
then South Dakota to Nebraska. It will transport 830,000 barrels per day of crude oil to refineries in
the Gulf Coast and other areas.
The Keystone Pipeline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main issues are the risk of oil spills along the pipeline, which would traverse highly sensitive
terrain, and 17% higher greenhouse gas emissions from the extraction of oil sands compared to
extraction of conventional oil. The potential for oil spills could pollute air and critical water supplies
and harm migratory birds and other wildlife. The Ogallala Aquifer spans eight states, providing
drinking water for two million people and supports $20 billion in agriculture. Critics say a major
leak could ruin drinking water and devastate mid–western US economy. Pipeline industry
spokesman have noted that thousands of miles of existing pipelines carrying crude oil have crossed
the Ogallala Aquifer for years in Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma
and Texas. Portions of the pipeline would cross an active seismic zone that had a 4.3 magnitude
earthquake in 2002. TransCanada CEO described the Keystone Pipeline as "routine", noting they
have been building similar pipelines in North America for half a century the that there are 200,000
miles of similar oil pipelines in the US today. The Keystone Pipeline will include 57 improvements
above standard requirements demanded by US regulations, making it the "safest pipeline ever

Chief Seattle, No Dakota Access Pipeline Project
Chief Seattle said, No Dakota Access Pipeline
Actually, Chief Seattle had no idea what is Dakota Access Pipeline. Chief Seattle died in 1866, and
the Dakota Access Pipeline project is a recent year's project. For sure, if Chief Seattle is here, he will
against the pipeline. According to the Chief Seattle's letter, Chief Seattle believed that the earth does
not belong to someone and everyone shares the earth. Moreover, the pipeline has positive effects on
transverse areas. Then, why Seattle would reject the pipeline project. We will know why if we
investigate more deeply about DAPL project. The project has the potential to harm
In the article Dakota Access ' Commitment to Safety, Energy Transfer company, the owner of
Dakota Access Pipeline project, claims that it will do its best to guarantee the safety of the pipeline.
For sure, that is what Energy Transfer will do. However, how long will it do? What if Energy
Transfer company is gone? Contract and treaty could be broken overnight. Business could fail at any
time. But we will live on the earth from generation to generation. If the company closed down one
day, who would guarantee our or later generation's safety? There two examples of oil pipeline leak.
"In September 2010, the rupture and explosion of a natural gas transmission pipeline in San Bruno,
California, killed eight people and destroyed more than 38 homes, damaging many more. The
pipeline was built in1956 (Burns and Hoang)." Also "in March 2013, in Mayflower,

Managing A Large Site Teams On Mega Project Construction
RELEVANT EXPERIENCE General: o Experienced in managing a large construction or fabrication
site, in particular leading large site teams on mega–project construction. o Demonstrated leadership
skills in developing and leading diverse work teams. o Commercially astute individual with a strong
background in contracts management and claims avoidance. o Strong background in industrial
relations, with a previous track record of successfully executing work in unionized worker
environment. o Experienced in stakeholder interfacing and management. o Possesses strong people
skills, with the ability to interact, motivate and lead team members and contractors. o Worked
effectively as a key member of the Company's team within a multi–functional ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
 Manage 'Change Request', 'Change Notice', produce and authorize 'Change Orders', Update and
revise planning and cost, reporting finical progress, follow up deficiency corrections and carry
Project Closeout.  Facilitate weekly coordination meetings and daily oversight with site
contractors; Identify risks, costs associated with the risks and develop plans to reduce risk costs.
Approve the implementation of the risks mitigation plan and ensure a follow–up of this plan,
providing appropriate feedback in a timely manner  Recommend yearly budget for approval, work
with the Business Analyst to secure adequate funding for the operation of the organization. 
Providing technical input into virtually all activities of the project. Allocating tasks for work force
and equipment fleet. Submitting and negotiating claim for the extra works.  Implementing
Environmental, Safety and Health management, ensuring that all employees are fully informed,
orientated, qualified and trained; manage HSE monitoring programs to maintain conformance with
existing Standards, Operating Procedures, and governmental regulatory standards; Review
contractors JSA, recommend improvement and ensure successful implementation.  Developing,
implementing and evaluating new and revised procedures, methods and standards. Providing strong
leadership and direction, clearly defining objectives and motivating employees to accomplish
responsibilities. Decision making skill to

The And Social Structures Of A Hydro Plant Built On Facebook
Human civilization has not existed for a very extended period of time in comparison to the Earth
itself. Yet, I have no fear in saying that no other creature has had such a momentous impact on the
ecological systems here. This paper will cover a modern environmental issue, which has more flows
and social structures involved than a hydro plant built on Facebook. From here I will connect
another long standing pattern within this, and a childhood influence, that never ceases to amaze. I
will also do a cross comparison for what each means for the other, and examine direct flows and
ideas linked to sustainability
At this current time, a large environmentally based protested is happening at the Standing Rock
reservation. Texas–based Energy Transfer Partners LP has been constructing a large oil pipeline
from North Dakota to Illinois. This construction has been almost completed except for a small
segment to be built under a water reservoir near the Standing Rock reservation. This has spawned
one of the largest protest in history. Sean Rossman for USATODAY writes that "The protest started
with just a few people in nearby Cannonball, North Dakota months ago. Now estimates put the
encampment between 1,000 and 3,000 people" (2016). He also writes "Law enforcement agencies
have met protestors with pepper spray, tear gas, dogs, rubber bullets and even water cannons in
below–freezing temperatures" (2016).
Both sides argue that they are in the right, or that at least that the other is

The Balance Between Environmental Risk And Economic Benefit
THE BALANCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT:
TRANSCANADA'S ENERGY EAST PIPELINE
Canada is well–known for having one of the world's largest oil reserves. But did you know that
Canada also has the third largest total length of pipelines (CIA, n.d.)? Why would anyone want to
add on to that already vast network? However, that is what TransCanada and many other pipeline
corporations propose we do. In this essay, I am going to analyze the recent conversation surrounding
the proposed creation of TransCanada's Energy East pipeline. TransCanada's Energy East pipeline
would take crude oil from Alberta's oil sands and transport it across the country to a refinery in Saint
John, New Brunswick. Some of the oil would then be loaded onto marine tankers in Saint John and
shipped overseas to Asian markets. With a construction cost of around $15.7 billion, Energy East
would become North America's largest oil pipeline, capable of carrying 1.1 million barrels of oil per
day (TransCanada, 2016). This would make a significant impact on Canada's economy, as the
pipeline is expected to create thousands of jobs and increase Canada's gross domestic product by
$55 billion (TransCanada, 2016). Furthermore, it may reduce energy prices in Atlantic Canada, as
they would no longer have to pay the premium for foreign resources (Canadian Press, 2016).
However, recently there has been a strong opposition to the pipeline especially in Montreal and the
surrounding region. The mayor of

Train Derailment Report
Train derailments are becoming a growing concern in the United States. Oil tankers that derail have
a high probability of puncturing and spilling the oil into nearby streams and rivers. One such
instance happened in La Salle, Colorado. On Friday, May 9th 2014, a Union Pacific train carrying
100 cars derailed just north of the South Platte River. Around 8:00am on the morning of May 9th, a
Union Pacific train derailed just outside of La Salle, Colorado. Six of the cars were flipped onto
their sides. One of the cars, carrying 28,000 gallons of Niobrara crude, formed a leak. The crude was
leaked into a nearby ditch at a rate between 20 and 50 gallons per minute. The crude made its way
into a nearby ditch where clean–up crews were able to contain ... Show more content on
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The rail company came under scrutiny because of this since they did not fix the roadbed the first
time. This is a train wreck that could have been prevented if the company had fixed the ground
under the tracks the correct way after the first accident occurred. The leaking of oil into the
groundwater at the wreck site would have never happened. In order to prevent another problem like
this one, a variety of steps can be taken. The rail track could have been repaired after the first
accident and prevented the oil spill. Also, the tanker cars could be better equipped to take the impact
of rolling

Keystone XL Pipe Line: Is it Worth the Damages? Essay
O Canada! Our home of the Tar sands! True greedy love in thy government's command. With
sinking hearts we'd see it rise, the pipeline though no trees! It's far and wide, O Keystone Pipeline,
we are no match for thee. Our environment's no longer free! O Keystone Pipeline you'll be the death
of me! This shocking parody of the Canadian national anthem, "O Canada", provides a negative but
factual insight of the disastrous effects that the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline would
have on all parties involved. Tar sands oil is the dirtiest type of oil on the planet and if the Keystone
XL Pipeline continues to be constructed like organizations such as TransCanada plan, not only will
the environment suffer, but the people who are being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From Canada down to Texas is an awful large amount of ground for a pipe to cover, but,
organizations such as TransCanada insist that there is a wealth of benefits to be had with the
construction of the pipeline, both during and after construction. TransCanada, when asked about
possible benefits of construction, stated on their website that, "Keystone XL is the definition of
shovel–ready infrastructure project". TransCanada went on to say that over 9000 hard–working
Americans could be put directly to work with good–paying jobs because of the construction of the
KeyStone XL Pipeline. Furthermore, while the pipeline is being created, it was estimated by
TransCanada that "Over Seven million hours of labor and more than 13,000 new jobs for American
workers will be created". TransCanada goes on further, stating that "Pipelines are safe and
environmentally favorable" and that they are committed to minimizing its environmental impact
along the proposed route. But, TransCanada is only making these tantalizing promises in order to
keep currently neutral noses out of the matter in an effort to reduce the number of naysayers of the
project. In truth, the creation of the XL Pipeline is terrible damaging the environment while also
hurting the proposed workers of the project. It has been proven and stated by the Natural Resources
Defense Council (NRDC) that "Tar sands oil is the dirtiest oil on

Advantages Of Remote Corrosion Monitoring
Advantages of remote corrosion monitoring There are a variety of remote corrosion monitoring
systems that enable maintenance personel and plant operators to get accurate measurements of
corrosion activity wirelessly hence delivering significant cost benefits. The remote solutions collect
and transmit the data from remote as well as hazardous locations and does not require running wires
between the control room and the location. Amongs the benefits of remote corrosion are Almost all
types of corrosion can be monitored Saving on time and costs, the remote corrosion monitoring
leads to more productivity, reliability and profitability. Enables the company to obtain and utilize
corroion data from hazadous location, remote locations or other inaccessible areas due to high cost
of wiring. Majority of the systems and transmitters are easy to install and takes only a few minutes,
making it possible to get the information back to the control systems, quickly. The remote
moniroting systems provides a flexible means to monitor corrosion in applications;  Where it is
difficult to reach some of the parts or areas  Remote locations  There is no access to power 
Require frequent reconfiguring  Locations where corrosion monitoring has been previously
performed manually Monitor the effectiveness of the corrosion protection method such as the CP
any time, from anywhere and using either desktop or mobile devices Ability to check, switch, clock,
adjust or configure the

United States Pipeline Industry
Pipeline transportation has been around for many years and is very contributory to the United States
transportation system. According to Pipeline101 (2016d), the use of pipelines for oil transport has
been around since the 19th century (p. 1). The first pipes only went a short distance, and delivered
oil from drill holes directly to tanks or refineries (Pipeline101, 2016d, p.1). As the demand for
products increased, so did the pipeline industry. During the 1860s, pipe material changed from cast
or wrought iron to steel (Pipeline101, 2016d, p.1). In the beginning of the 20th century, the oil
business shift from kerosene lamp oil to gasoline in an effort to keep up with the rise of automobile
production (Pipeline101, 2016b, p. 1). After some successful years of business, the Federal
government felt the need for involvement and passed the Valuation Act in 1913 as their first attempt
in the ratemaking (Pipeline101, 2016b, p. 1). Within twenty years' crude oil pipes were running
across most of the nation (Pipeline101, 2016b, p. 1). Just as things were going well, oil production
declined throughout the lower states and the petroleum supply was mostly derived from Canada and
overseas (Pipeline101, 2016c, p. 1). Companies in the Gulf Coast, California, and the Mid–West,
quickly assisted (Pipeline101, 2016c, p. 1). In 1968 another concern arose, how to transport oil
through the frigid mountains of Alaska. After much research and work, in 1977, the Trans–Alaska
Pipeline was

The Dakota Access Pipeline ( Dapl )
The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) is an underground oil pipeline that is going to transport oil
across several states. Many people are currently protesting the pipeline saying that it will cause
many problems. Due to the fact that many pipelines have already leaked thousands of liters of oil in
previous cases, locals are protesting strongly against the DAPL. The pipeline would be passing right
under Lake Oahe, which they say is the water supply for local Native Americans. What they do not
realize is that the pipeline is one of the safest that has ever been built. Even though DAPL is being
highly protested right now, it would be a great decision to let it pass because it would be one of the
safest pipelines ever built, it would create ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the same time, pipeline safety regulations have become more complete, driven by better
understanding of materials available and better techniques to operate and maintain pipelines" ("Why
Do We Need Pipelines" 1). Since the 1830's pipelines have come a long ways. Now instead of being
made of iron, they are manufactured with very strong steel.
In America, the country needs pipelines to help with many activities in everyday life. Whether the
world knows it or not, pipelines are needed for nearly any kind of transportation that is available.
"They continue to play a major role in the petroleum industry providing safe, reliable and
economical transportation. As the need for more energy increases and population growth continues
to get further away from supply centers, pipelines are needed to continue to bring energy to you"(
Why Do We Need Pipelines" 1). Pipelines can transport several things such as oil, natural gases, and
even biofuels. If not for pipelines, people would not be able to do everyday activities like drive to
work or school, or even to the store to get groceries. Airports also need pipelines for their planes to
operate. Planes are powered by jet fuel, which is transported by pipelines. Many places that do not
have electricity rely on pipelines to get natural gases and oils to help stay warm for whenever it gets
below freezing

Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Network System Essay
Natural gas transmission pipeline network system.
Introduction
One of the most widely used source of energy in world is natural gas (NG) and is due to its
environment friendly characteristics. The distance between the resources and the place where it is
needed is usually far apart. It is more economical to transport natural gas by pipeline compared to
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for short distance. In transmission pipeline network system (TPNS),
gas flow through various devices such as regulators, compressors, and valves. Through TPNS, the
gas pressure reduces result of the friction with pipe wall and heat transfer between the gas and the
surroundings.
Minimizing energy consumption and maximizing flow rate is the main factor for the design and
operation of TPNS. To determine this, TPNS simulation is used for various configurations.
Main parts of TPNS can be divided into pipes and non–pipe elements. The involving of non–pine
elements make the calculation more complex. One of the non–pipe elements is the compressor
station, and is consider the key elements for the analysis. More equations is involved when
considering the non–pipe elements. Figure 1. General procedure for mathematical formulation of
TPNS simulation.
Mathematical Formulations
Pipe flow equation is one of the main equations for the simulations. The principle of flow analysis
of gas is used to derive the equations. Factors such as gas properties, friction factor and geometry of
the pipe is affecting the flow

The Problem Of The Energy Sector
Among the sixteen critical infrastructures within our country, comes the fact that each and every one
of them plays a very important role within keeping our nation up and going. Not only on an
economical aspect but also in a safety aspect. Each of the sectors are equally as important as the
next. The Dam sector is one of my favorites to talk about because I feel as though it is very much
not thought about as a critical part of our infrastructure and I believe that there are many security
holes within that particular sector. Today however, I will focus on the energy sector which I also see
as not having serious constant talk about the threats that are a reality. When one thinks about the
energy sector, many typically think about power lines and how it would cause an issue within a
centralized location. This in fact is not all. Our Energy infrastructure actually involves: electricity,
oil, and natural gas (Energy Sector). In recent years there have been more public acknowledgments
made in regards to the reality and severity of the threats to our electric power grids. Often times this
is being referred to as a "Black Sky Day" (Threats) because it would be devastating. Professor Dr
Daniel Baker, has testified before a couple of subcommittees of the US House of Representatives
Committee last September and he shared the same concerns that were also shared by R. James
Woolsley, who happens to be the chairman for the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. "During
that

Egyptian Oil And Gas Industry
The Egyptian oil and gas industry supplies vitality and key chemicals for homes, commercial
enterprises, and transport, and subsequently assumes a key part in the Egyptian economy. It gives
around 87% of Egypt 's essential vitality and records for around 35% of Egypt 's fare incomes (EIA,
2013). By the by, the amalgamation of considerable increment in local utilization of vitality,
wasteful government appropriations on petroleum items, colossal spending plan deficiency,
omnipresent assaults on gas pipelines and consistent political agitation, implies that Egypt oil and
gas industry is confronting overflowing difficulties which will be felt for quite a long time to come.
Egypt is the 63rd biggest send out economy on the planet and the 68th ... Show more content on
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Its top imports are Refined Petroleum ($6.56B), Wheat ($2.52B), and Crude Petroleum ($1.96B)
Egypt is the biggest oil maker in Africa outside of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) and the second–biggest regular gas maker on the mainland, behind Algeria.
Egypt assumes an essential part in worldwide vitality markets through the operation of the Suez
Canal and the Suez–Mediterranean (SUMED) Pipeline. The late turmoil in Egypt came to the oil
and gas part by means of a progression of assaults on the Arab Gas Pipeline, which had transported
normal gas to Jordan and Israel. Gas fares to both nations were essentially decreased in 2011. By
April 2012, regular gas fares to Israel were completely halted (EIA, 2013). Besides, proceeded with
challenges and distress prompted vitality deficiencies. As per the Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), Egypt
held 4.4 billion barrels of demonstrated oil saves as of January 1, 2015.6 EGPC spots Egypt 's
official oil store evaluate marginally bring down at 4 billion barrels, of which 2.8 billion barrels is
unrefined petroleum and 1.2 billion barrels is condensate. The Arab Gas Pipeline (AGP) starts in
Egypt and join with Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. In 2008, a leg augmentation of the AGP was
fabricated that keeps running submerged from the beginning stage in al–Arish in Egypt to Ashkelon
in Israel. The AGP had been subverted more than twelve times somewhere around 2011 and 2012,
which brought about

Canada's Pipeline System Has An Enviable Safety Record
Natural Resources Canada ("NRC") estimates there are 100,000 Km of large–diameter oil and gas
transmission lines in Canada, about 73,000 Km of which are federally regulated by the National
Energy Board ("NEB"). Canada's pipeline system has an enviable safety record. The NRC reports
that between 2009 and 2013, 99.999% of the crude oil and petroleum products carried by NRC
regulated pipelines were delivered safely and between 2011 and 2013, 100% of products released by
these pipelines were recovered safely. Canada depends heavily on these pipelines to move oil and
gas to ports, refineries, businesses, and homes across the country. Their safe operation is central to
the Canadian way of life. Electronic attacks against pipelines around ... Show more content on
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Natural gas pipelines in British Columbia were bombed six times between October 2008 and July
2009 by unknown perpetrators in acts classified by authorities as environmentally motivated
"domestic terrorism." As alarming as these events are, physical attacks on pipelines are far easier to
predict, prevent, and resolve than cyber–attacks.
Sophisticated hackers have expanded their threat matrix to include cyber–attacks on the computer
systems used to operate the world's pipelines. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
("SCADA") systems are increasingly subject to targeted attacks. Cyber–attacks can be perpetrated
over the Internet from anywhere in the world and are capable of disrupting safe pipeline operation
causing spills, explosions, or fires. The 2008 explosion on the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan oil pipeline in
Turkey was reportedly caused by a cyber–attack.
In 2012, the Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team of the US Department of
Homeland Security identified a series of cyber–attacks on American natural gas pipelines that had
continued for more than a year. The pipeline companies reported targeted phishing attempts and
intrusions into multiple natural gas pipelines "positively identified ... as related to a single
campaign." In 2011, computer security company McAfee reported "coordinated covert and targeted"
cyber–attacks originating in China, against multiple energy companies. The attacks began in 2009
employing

Designing A Pipeline Essay
2.1 Introduction
Pipeline is used to transfer fluids liquid or gas from one location to another location. Designing
pipeline refers to Pipe Engineering. It is an application of petroleum, mechanical and chemical
engineering basics, that deals with designing, testing, analysis, inspection and maintenance of
pipeline. Industrially, all pipeline activities are achieved with the acquiescence and guidelines of
international besides to industrial codes and standards as well as the laws, rules and assize eligible
of local authority.
Pipeline System is a network of Pipes or a set of pipelines by using fittings, valves and other
particular components to achieve the required method of transferring fluids (oil or gas) from one
position to another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Designing a gas pipeline requires four aspects, the first aspect determines the length and direction of
pipeline, the second aspect determines the size of pipes and compressors, the third aspect is to
determine pressure and gas flow distribution in the pipeline transmission system .The fourth aspects
considers the chance of demands for growing of gas over time so the capacity of the system may be
needed to be increased by adding other components in parallel or series. (O. A. Almisned, 2002 )
Moreover, in this research a gas pipeline is designed taking into account the fluid type,
transportation distances, diameter, wall thickness, material selection and other properties to
determine the criteria for the pipeline. A computer programming Pipesim simulator is a steady–state,
multiphase flow for designing and badge investigation of gas production systems. in addition to, the
programmer investigates flow line and performance of surface facility to produce full production
system analysis.
The cost of setting up underwater pipelines is an important factor in the utilization of offshore
natural gas economics. A suitable design of those networks can facilitate the costs of new discovered
fields into the gathering system which leads to lower prices to the customer and causes profits. This
study considers three main problems in designing pipeline networks expansion. The first problem is
the selection of pipeline network diameters, the second problem, is

Whatcom Fall Park Gasoline Pipeline Explosion
On June 10th, 1999 a gasoline pipeline ruptured in Whatcom Falls Park. This park is located in
Bellingham, Washington where the pipeline was controlled by the Olympic Pipeline Company. This
break in the gasoline pipeline let over a million liters of gasoline flow into a nearby river in the park.
After about an hour and a half the gasoline in the river ignited and caught on fire. The fire burnt
along the river for one and a half miles. As a result of the gasoline catching on fire, three people
were killed with another eight people injured. It has been estimated that total damages to property
reach as high as 45 million dollars. This pipeline explosion was a horrible disaster that could have
been avoided for a variety of reasons. There are multiple important people and organizations
involved with this gasoline pipeline explosion. The most important would be the Olympic Pipeline
Company itself. The Olympic Pipeline Company is operated by BP Pipelines. BP Pipelines is the
second largest pipeline company in the United States. There were a few important employees
involved in this case that worked for Olympic. There were the inspectors of the gasoline pipeline,
which were to inspect the pipeline's mechanics. Also, there were the employees who were
responsible for installing a pressure relief system that did not work. In addition, the computer
system administrator was very important since this person was working on the software
development of the pipeline's control system during

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Petroleum Industry
Nowadays, petroleum industry is one of the most important industries in the world as it gives many
effects to the economy in some countries. As this happens, many researchers have done a lot of
research to obtain more knowledge about this risky industry. Many of us know that several
processes in oil and gas need a lot of works and thus, many problems arise which give headache to
engineers as they must overcome the problem by carrying out research. One of the main challenges
that give troubles to the engineers especially petroleum engineers is pipeline corrosion. This pipeline
corrosion has been mentioned in the bookwork of the researchers a long time ago since the oil and
gas was first discovered. Petroleum industry has wide usage of pipelines in transporting crude ...
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Pipelines can be built on surface and underwater with some measurements to calculate the suitable
pipelines on how to be used. It is divided by two which are also used to transport two main products
from petroleum drilling process which are gas pipelines for the gas and oil pipelines for the oil. This
is because oil can change form when the temperature and pressure are different. For example, when
all the pipelines are used for a long time, it will corrode because it mixes with some toxic chemical
substances. Besides that, pressure also becomes a big problem in corroding the pipelines. It is
because when the pressure is below the oil vapour pressure, which means the pressure is extremely
low, bubbles from the liquid will form inside it. They may be called bubbles but they are very
harmful to the surfaces of the pipeline that make contacts with them. When the bubbles touch the
surfaces, they will pop and some pressure force will exist. If this happens, the force is enough to
corrode the surfaces. This phenomenon is called cavitation, which some of the researchers in
universities throughout the world are doing experiment to overcome this

Case Study: The Keystone Pipeline System
The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States,
commissioned in 2010.
It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas,
and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma.[8]
Three phases of the project are in operation. They are:
The Keystone Pipeline (Phase I), delivering oil from Hardisty, Alberta, over 3,456 kilometres (2,147
mi) to the junction at Steele City, Nebraska, and on to Wood River Refinery in Roxana, Illinois, and
Patoka Oil Terminal Hub (tank farm) north of Patoka, Illinois, completed in June 2010.[2]
The Keystone–Cushing extension (Phase II), running 468 kilometres (291 mi) from Steele City to
storage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would run through Baker, Montana, where American–produced light crude oil from the Williston
Basin (Bakken formation) of Montana and North Dakota would be added[8] to the Keystone's
current throughput of synthetic crude oil (syncrude) and diluted bitumen (dilbit) from the oil sands
of Canada. However, after more than six years of review, the United States President Barack Obama
announced on November 6, 2015, his administration's rejection of the fourth phase.
The first two phases have the capacity to deliver up to 590,000 barrels per day (94,000 m3/d) of oil
into the Mid–West refineries.[9] Phase III has capacity to deliver up to 700,000 barrels per day
(110,000 m3/d) to the Texas refineries.[11] By comparison, U.S. oil production averaged 9,400,000
barrels per day (1,490,000 m3/d) in first–half 2015, with gross exports of 500,000 barrels per day
(79,000 m3/d) through July

The Effects of Fracking on the Environment Essay
While it is true "fracking", a procedure to obtain natural gas removal from shale formations, it is
also true there have been infrastructure security issues associated with this practice. Furthermore,
there have been ecological considerations from fracking brought to the forefront by countless
environmentalists. Indeed, hydraulic fracturing, as it is referred to, is a process by which shale gas
and oil is uprooted from a depth far below the earth's exterior. The process of extracting shale gas
and oil is employed aggressively while water is forced deep beneath the earth surface through a
geological arrangement. From this arrangement, oil and gas is exerted back to the earth's surface.
Moreover, once the hydraulic fracturing process is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Where this agreement usually ends, however, is with the question of quality control refining
processes from my viewpoint. Anotherwords, what control measures are enforced to ensure all
contaminants are entirely removed to guarantee a high level of quality assurance and security of the
petroleum sectors within the nation's infrastructures? Are there residual contaminants affecting the
quality of fuel supplied to the nation's energy consumers? From a preceding viewpoint, it can be
related to the Colorado Floods that occurred in September 2013. Even the prevailing thought of
hazardous waste introduced to the Colorado geographical landscape does not eliminate the second
and third order affects imposed on the nation's petroleum pipeline infrastructure by way of
corrosion, introducing chemicals into the pipeline arteries through small cracks that may extend
beyond Colorado, an implication that cannot be ruled out. Water contamination prevention–or across
the board programs–from the negative effect of hydraulic fracturing should be an expectation from
petroleum energy producers. Moreover, it reminds us of an infrastructure security vulnerability,
which is not often specified, when hydraulic fracturing is correlated to the role water functions
through the conventional petroleum refining process, along with vast arrays of petroleum pipelines
that exist across the nation's geographical landscapes. These concerns should be brought

Oil And Natural Gas Pipeline
Pipeline transportation is a process which can be used to transport natural gas from discovery areas
or refinery plant to its distribution station, its length is generally from hundreds to thousands of
kilometers. It has already had 130 years history, its development is closely related to the
improvement of oil and gas industry as one of the main way to ship oil and natural gas. Modern
pipeline transport began in the mid–19th century, the first natural gas pipeline around the world has
been built at 1886 in Pennsylvania of American but its further development is beginning in the 20th
century. With the expansion of natural gas industry after World War II, countries in the world have
begun to build considerable natural gas pipelines, the length of global main pipelines have exceed
1,600,000 Kilometer so far. Currently, it has already become an important way to transport a large
quantity of natural gas on land. This essay will show the efficiency of natural gas pipeline
transportation in safety, stability and economy aspects. In addition, pipelines can enable natural gas
transport more secure, stable and economical. Pipelines' safety will be discussed in the first,
following this, the essay will show that pipelines are easier to maintain a stable operating condition.
At last, the economy of pipelines will be given.
There are several ways to transport natural gas in energy industry, such as through vehicles, rails and
ships. However, pipeline transportation could be one of the

Obama Dakota Pipeline Case Study
Alec Benejam Sol Drescher, Ph.D ECON 2013 December 10th 2016 "Chief Obama and the Dakota
Pipeline: A Case Study in Why The US Doesn't Build more infrastructure" Alysia Finley Gordon
Rule Essay #3 Recently in news outlets we've come to hear more about the Dakota Access Pipeline.
As of December 6th, construction was halted, due to the numerous protest in the past couple of
months surrounding the approval of construction. Although alternate routes are currently being
studied, and construction has not taken place, Donald Trump (after the 20th of January when he
takes office) can freely reverse the decision, which would seem likely because according to
Financial Disclosure Forms, he once had around $500,000 invested in said (privately funded)
company. The opinion piece article "Chief Obama and the Dakota Pipeline: A Case Study in Why
The US Doesn't Build more infrastructure" written by Allysia Finley, was written on September of
2016, Three months before the halt. For those who don't know, an infrastructure is any man made
thing needed for society or businesses, examples would include; roads, power plants, buildings and
so forth. Originally when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Wall Street Journal Article, the ACE (Army Corps of Engineers) "bent over
backwards" to contact them. Although I cannot conclude if the Natives really weren't contacted for
permission, it's currently a game of he–said, she–said. Ms. Allysia Finely, did an amazing job at
presenting the economic effects in the pro– argument for the pipe, but what she lacked was real
ecological understanding of the possible negative outcomes this project could have, not just
monetarily wise. Her anti–Obama, anti–democratic attack just comes off as immature, and did
nothing to help her convince her

China Oil And Gas Group Limited
ADITYA MARKAL POTHA
STUDENT ID: 17601399
1.
China Oil and Gas Group Limited is an investment holding company. The Company and its
subsidiaries are principally engaged in investments in natural gas and energy related businesses. It
operates under three segments: sales and distribution of natural gas and other related products, sales
of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and gas pipeline construction and connection. The Company's
subsidiaries include Profaith Group Limited, All Praise Investments Limited, Hong Kong China Oil
And Gas Group Limited, City Natural Gas Co., Ltd. and others. On October 30, 2011, the Company
acquired 100.0% equity interests in a company, which engages in piped city gas business, sales of
compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). On November 9, 2011, the
Company acquired 100.0% equity interests in a company, which engages in pipeline business.
Like a piped location gas vendor, this present as well as product sales amount was 3.66 billion cubic
meters to the year connected with 2012. The particular Party has set up eighty undertaking firms
with age 14 provinces as well as is the owner of greater than 50 location gas team functioning legal
rights. The particular Party has concluded this growth as well as connection connected with 5, 000
miles medium–low strain location gas pipeline systems as well as eight hundred miles high–pressure
branch pipeline that provide stable availability of gas resources to help community house, industrial,

Oil Is A Non Replenishable Source
Since, oil is a non–replenishable source, it's of immense value to Turkey and is also in great demand
there. In Turkey, is among the main energy resources. The economy of this country was one of the
fastest developing economies on the planet at more than 8% every year, and the oil utilization also,
expanded with this monetary development. In year 2003 the demand of oil as energy source, saw an
increase and reached from 637 kb/d (kilo barrel/day) to 670 kb/d in 2012 in Turkey. International
Energy Agency TPES's information states that in 2011 about 28% of the country's total major energy
supply is from petroleum. Turkey 's economy impeded in 2012 and developed at just a little more
than 2% from the preceding year and also, approximate use ... Show more content on
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First of all, what a company needs to pursue business in a particular country is the need or rather
academic, demand of the goods or the product. Focusing on the fact that Turkey consumes a lot
more of oil or liquid fuel than what it requires every year and depends mostly on import of oil, it's
clear that Turkey is in dire need of oil. Secondly, what the organisation needs is a positive business
environment in all the aspects to do business. This positive environment is in abundance due to
several reasons. As mentioned previously in this report, since Turkey is a distinct member of G20
country, OECD, NATO and is a democracy with moderate Islamic party in power; hence the country
follows all the guidelines provided by these reputed organisations and obeys them diligently. Also in
terms of regulations, there has been a new Petroleum Law which got authorization from May 30th,
2013 according to which, the restrictions on maximum acreage holdings for oil fields will not be in
effect, which can prove to be an extremely crucial decision in favor of the investors in the sector.
Subsequently, Turkey is developing at a very fast pace and so its infrastructure. It's another positive
aspect in favour of a company that there is available infrastructure needed for such high–tech based
projects like refining and processing of the crude oil and petroleum. There is also ease of the

Characteristics Of Early Warning Of Equipment Chain Gas...
3.1. Characteristics of early warning of equipment chain in gas pipeline
3.1.1 Characteristics of early warning problem
(1) Time sequence
Early–warning is the process that warning system addresses alarm information to managers in time
before emergency [15, 16]. It is indistinguishable and unexplainable to deal with early warning
signals and complex questions for most methods. Not only does accidents evolvement rely on
current condition, but also on regular historical changes in conditions, because accidents develop in
chronological order.
(2) Uncertainty
The monitoring ability is limited due to the limited number of monitoring points on site, which the
accident phenomenon cannot be detected directly but only express fault message by means of an
indirect way. Therefore, the same accident phenomenon may correspond to a number of different
implied reasons, resulting in failure to judge the inherent cause of problem directly. It is the
uncertainty problem in early–warning system.
(3) Hierarchy
Hierarchy is a vital characteristic of early–warning problem in industrial system. The status of entire
system is reflected on all low–level status. In early–warning system, it can be divided into multi–
levels from low to high, such as monitoring status, equipment status, functional status of subsystem
and system status. In natural gas pipeline system, managers learn what happened on equipment
chain by status of monitoring points as essential data, covering production status and operating

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nsme Techniques

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