19Th Century London Innovations

19th Century London Innovations
In 1863, one of the greatest innovations was opened in London, this innovation created a way for
tens of thousands to travel into the city of London and surrounding Burroughs. This Innovation was
called the Tubes or Underground Railroad. Prior to this the streets of London were overcrowded and
was becoming dismal. People struggled to find adequate living areas, and access to clean running
water and working sewage. But with this marvelous innovation that created a society that began to
thrive and that is now one of this biggest tourist destinations and governmental epicenters. Prior to
the Tubes being built the city was designed around the government. And so everything began to be
very compact, housing was tight, the conditions in the area were slowly becoming dismal. London
roads were anguished from overcrowding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tubes during World War I were used as shelter from bomb raids, originally the tubes were
shutoff to those who were looking to take shelter in the tubes. But once people started purchasing
tickets to travel and then camping out on the platform it ultimately became a safe zone. Because it
was underground people used it because the structure was stable enough to hold up against an air
raid. "The Second World War saw thousands of Londoners take shelter in tube stations during
bombing. The Underground continues to operate throughout the war, and is also used for war
production, safe storage of artworks and military control centers such as anti–aircraft command."
The tubes served as an underground system for army personal to stealth fully travel throughout the
country. Also at some new stations, different developments have popped up, in one area an
apartment complex was built right above the station. In another station a popular shopping center
was built around the stop so that individuals could come off the railway and
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The Problem Of Living In London In The 19th Century
Living in London in 1854 was quite possibly terribly horrific. There had been a massive increase in
the population in recent years and as a result there was an increase in the amount of waste produced.
This waste was, for a while, managed properly, but in the middle of the 19th century the Soho
neighborhood became quarters for the cholera bacterium. The disease puzzled many but it was
through the workings of John Snow and Henry Whitehead that resulted in a realization of the causes
of the outbreak. Their methods of research were the start of greater concern over public health.
Living in London in the 1800s was living in one of the most populous cities in the world. There was
a massive growth of population during this time and this resulted in a sequential increase in waste
produced. This was a problem. Unlike the Romans who had very efficient systems for the removal
of waste , the people of London had improper ways of emptying the waste, merely discarding it into
gutters in the streets. These gutters were typically emptied at night, however the task became
especially difficult as the population grew, and keeping up with the amount of waste became
similarly problematic. Often these drains would overflow and eventually the decision was made to
dump the excess waste into the nearby river, the Thames . Combined, these factors led up to the
Broad Street outbreak of cholera in 1854 London. This epidemic was massive, ending in over 500
people dead and few houses on that street

The Cholera Spread In London In The 19th Century
The cholera has been the most terrifying disease spreading in London in the middle of nineteenth
century, which is an infection caused by strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. In the summertime
of 1854 London was known as one of the most advanced and fashionable cities in the world with
almost 2.5 million people living there. Because of the overpopulation, the city was having a difficult
time to provide basic needs for the residents. According to Johnson (2006) the biggest existing
problem within the city at that time was its lack of waste removal system. The human trash was
piling up from the houses to the rivers and drinking water, which has led to the perfect conditions
for a number of diseases and more precisely that is when the cholera ... Show more content on
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After interviewing more people who had relatives died, Snow find out that many people drank water
from Broad Street Pump on their way to work or school. Johnson (2006) says, "Many Soho
residents who lived closer to other pumps – one on Rupert Street and another on Little Marlborough
– opted to walk an extra few blocks for the refreshing taste of Broad Street`s water. It was colder
than the water found at the rival pumps; it had a pleasant hint of carbonation" (p.30). He also
discovered that there was not a single death recorded among the workers at Lion Brewery on Broad
Street. They were rarely seen to drink water from the pump because of the liquor they received as a
part of their wages (Johnson, 2006, p.142). Another important observation Snow has made is about
the death of the widow Susanna Eley who used to live in Broad Street, but after a while she moved
to Hampstead (Johnson, 2006, p.143). By asking her sons Snow found out that she drank the Broad
Street water as she loved it taste and even more, she had it delivered to the new house. After
collecting all this information Snow had strong evidence that the source of the cholera outbreak was
exactly the Broad Street pump. He came up with a plan how to deal with the cholera outbreak and
went to the Board of St. James Parish where he convinced the local officials that the pump

Brixton: A Complex History of the Past and Present
Space has a role in defining place in a variety of ways and the people or entities who inhabit that
space. Within these spaces we can see changes by human beings and the natural world, for good or
bad intentions which depends on perspective. Place can be shaped by a variety of factors: historic
events, economic implications, physical changes to the landscape and cultural influences. Brixton is
one of the most complex places within the Greater London area that has changed significantly over a
period of a century. With a long standing history of changes by internal and external forces, Brixton
looks very different from what longstanding denizens remember. As it has gone through economic,
socio–cultural and ethnic change as an inner city area. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the
changes and factors that make Brixton a complex place or landscape. It was interesting to discover
that Electric Avenue was the first street in all of London to run electricity in 1895 and the idea of
shopping changed for years to come as electricity was integrated into everything. The Brixton
market began on Atlantic Road and spread to Brixton road as well as the first department store
which created a popular attraction with all kinds of shoppers (http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/). Large,
expensive houses were built along the main routes of Brixton which attracted middle class folks to
settle and spend their money at the market. Furthermore, the construction of the railways and trams
during 1860's

Late 19th Century Law and Order Essay
Late 19th Century Law and Order
Thick green smog hung in the air and filth ran in the streets. 19th century London was not a nice
place to live. Crime was on the up with burglaries, drunkenness and assault being just some of the
crimes committed. Women got a rough deal. There was no work available to them so many women
turned to prostitution and alcoholism. Surprisingly enough, however, the percentages of violent
deaths was very low, with around 15 murders, and 50 cases of manslaughter a year.
The London police force has been active since 1829, when uniformed officers patrolled the streets.
Named after their founder, Sir Robert Peel, "bobbies" tried to keep order in the streets of London.
They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This form of attack is known as garrotting. In the area of Whitechapel, prostitutes were frequently
mugged for their night's earnings this way. Larceny was also widespread. Criminals would
frequently break into people's houses and steal their belongings, resulting in many people having
locks fitted on their doors. Many people were also pick pocketed, mainly due to the crowded and
busy streets, and coupled with the fact that many people were unsuspecting; the poor had many
victims to choose from and find what they could.
Demonstrations also required a lot of policing. Two of the most famously violent protests were
"black Monday" (8th February 1866) and "bloody Sunday." (13th November 1866). "Bloody
Sunday" happened when the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) organised a meeting for 13th
February, 1887 in Trafalgar Square to protest against the policies of the Conservative Government
headed by the Marques of Salisbury. The government decided to ban the meeting and the police
were given the orders to stop the marchers entering Trafalgar Square. The SDF decided to continue
with their planned meeting and as a result the marchers were attacked by the police. Three people
died and over 200 were injured. "Black Monday" happened on Monday 8 February when two rival
organisations, the London United Workmen's Committee and H.F. Hyndman's

Overcrowding and Urban Planning in Victorian London Essay
Victorian London in Charles Dickens era was a city suffering under the weight of the masses of
people that lived there. In Dickens' time, London was the largest city in the world, both due to its
population increase and the urban sprawl caused by influx of so many people. There were nearly 4
million inhabitants of the 'Great City' at the height of the Victorian age. This number was an increase
of nearly three million people over a period of approximately 30 years, there were many problems
associated with such explosive growth, problems which were most recognizable during Charles
Dickens lifetime.
The migration from rural settings to an urban setting was common throughout the country but
mainly in London, which was prompted by the lack ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
H. J. Dyos writes in his book, Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in urban history, of the Select
Committee of 1838:
'other public benefits might in some cases be derived simultaneously with that principal object',(1)
in particular the partial clearance of the 'Rookery' of St. Giles' by means of an extension of Oxford
Street to Hart Street. They based these conclusions on a mass of evidence they had taken on the
desirability of improved both public health and morals, and they had been regaled by the first hand
accounts of the brutish horrors of slum life in various parts of central London. It was hardly
surprising, therefore, that they insisted that the most important improvements . . . are in direct
proportion to the degree in which they embrace all the great purposes of amendment in respect of
health and morals . . . by the removal of congregations of vice and misery, and the introduction of a
better police.(2) (Dyos 86)
As a result of overcrowding, the sanitation issue had to be contended with first and foremost. The
expansion and improvement of the streets, and the expansion of the rail system (including the
Underground) would in turn lead to implementation of the sewer system (which in London emptied
into the Thames.) When new streets were being planned or tramways being laid (for the omnibuses),
the main concern was not for aesthetics, but for sanitation. When questioned by the Royal
Commission on Metropolitan

Victorian Era In The Victorian Era
As I began my journey through this research project I knew I wanted to focus on England, as it is
one of the oldest counties and has such an intriguing story. With a history filled with rises and falls
in laced with power and corruption and flourishing fueled by the industrial revolution, England is a
legend in itself. Riddled with rolling hills and intricate underlying structures that make England's
geographical map look more like the work of a craftful painter. (England) As I peeled back the many
layers of English history I found myself entranced by the Victorian Era. Its namesake Queen
Victoria, known for bring respect and honor back to the royal family. This was founded upon one of
the earliest constitutional monarchs in the world, that is still in place today. The Victorian era had a
very harsh and unforgiving economy that led to poverty flooding throughout the country, and a hate
for immigrants rising. The lives of the people were influenced heavily by the church and controlled
almost all of their daily lives. (Victorian era England & Life of Victorians) Looking throughout the
many years of the Victorian era, one year stuck out to me as a very important time for England. This
year was 1888, in the wake of the industrial revolution big business thrived while poverty was at an
all time high and the country was in fear due to the Jack the Ripper murders. (White) Through these
two events arised a whole new kind of journalism, called "new journalism". (Schlack)

Victorian London In The 19th Century Essay
19th Century Victorian London was a vastly different place to the London that we're familiar with
today. Medicine was nowhere near the standard it is today, personal hygiene was almost non existent
in some areas, and overcrowding, poverty, and disease were the major problems experienced by
Victorian Londoners. Due to these circumstances, death at an early age was extremely common,
especially in the poor population. The BBC Victorian Britain section of it's website states that a baby
born in 'the 1830's could expect to live to only 29'.(Daunton, BBC, Death in the City) Prominent
diseases included cholera, typhoid, smallpox, scarlet fever, and measles, mumps and rubella.
(McAlpine, BBC America, 5 Horrible Diseases You Might Have Caught in Victorian

Mass Immigration And Its Impact On The United States
In Britain, since the 1960's, there was mass immigration from many countries around the globe,
including the majority of people coming from South Asia, Africa and the West Indies. This mass
immigration clearly had a direct impact on the transformation of London and turned it into the
'multi–ethnic city' that we have today. However, it is debatable whether this entire process of large
scale immigration can be considered a 'smooth process' due to the fact that there were many
challenges that immigrants had to face upon arrival in Britain, as well as well as the backlash of
non–immigrants who were not particularly tolerant towards those who belonged to an ethnicity
different to their own. Evidence shows that there were many examples of segregation,
discrimination and bigotry in London as well as a division in political opinions too. On the other
hand, although there were many issues and tensions arising during this period, it can also be seen
that in some ways there were many positive outcomes as a result of the large scale of immigration.
One of the many ways that this can be seen is through the gradual change in many people's attitudes
towards different ethnic backgrounds, a beginning of integration between people belonging to
different ethnic backgrounds and an increasing sense of community between the people of London.
Whilst analysing the scale of immigration since the 1960's and transformation of London into a
multi–ethnic city, many historians would agree with the

Greenwich 's Extortionate Village : Property Prices Vs....
Naushin Chowdhury
Marko Jobst
December 2015
Greenwich's Extortionate Village: Property Prices Vs. Household Income
Greenwich Millennium Village is a Development project situated in the Royal Borough of
Greenwich. The scheme is to promote 21st–century affordable, sustainable living in the U.K. It is
conveniently located in south–east London, and a short distance away from the financial centre and
gives easy access to Central London. The site is a 121–hectare brownfield development with easy
bus travelling, and cycling route, a primary school, a health centre, two grocery stores and suitable
parking and car sharing areas. Over £200,000,000 was invested in the project to attract a new,
vibrant generation of people into the previously unused and neglected area.
Greenwich Peninsula, especially the Millennium Village is advertised as the future for sustainable
living for families wanting to live 'village life in the city'(Countryside Properties, n.d.). Village life
is claimed to be simple and affordable, however that is not the case for Greenwich Millennium
Village. Housing is stated to be for families because primary schooling is available, however,
secondary education is not currently available in the village. This suggests that education above the
age of 11 is not considered in the Masterplan of Greenwich Millennium Village and maybe the
target audience for the scheme is new families with small children. The project is part of a four–
phase experimental sustainable

Analysis Of Elizabeth Whitney 's Last Will And Testament
Throughout the sixteenth century Satire was used as a method of both exposing and correcting vice.
Isabella Whitney, the first known woman in England to publish a volume of poetry, wrote several
satirical works. Throughout the duration of this course, although on the syllabus, satire was never
discussed. Whitney used satire to write her two final poems "A Communication Which the Author
had to London Before She Made Her Will" and "The Manner of Her Will, and What She Left to
London and to All Those in It at Her Departing" which were published as the final two poems in her
second volume, A Sweet Nosegay. They were written as a critique of modern London at the time.
Although very little is known about the life of Isabella Whitney it is very possible to assume that her
works, including these two, are autobiographical. These two works, regarding Isabella Whitney's
"last will and testament" to London should be included in L309 because of the different perspective
that could be gained through; reading a work in which the speaker is portrayed by the poet,
acquiring a female perspective, hearing the view of a member of the lower class, and the additional
perspective it could add to the discussion regarding satire, or start the discussion in the case of this
semester.
Throughout both of her published volumes of poetry Whitney makes it presumable that she
embodies both the author and the speaker of her poems. In her second volume, A Sweet Nosegay, it
contains a series of epistles,

The Writing Style Of Sherlock Holmes In The 19th Century
Another reason for appreciating Conan Doyle's writing was the substancial increase in the number
of educated people in the Victorian time which provoked the increasing number of potential readers.
Doyle`s writing style was not complicated, his preference to avoid difficult language appealed to
different types of readers of the 19th century. As it was mentioned before, the middle of the
nineteenth century was the beginning of educational reform movement which culminated with the
1870 Elementary Education Act (Hewitt 496). It was very important that the basic reading skills
were enough to read Doyle's books, and there was no need for specific knowledge.
The stories of Sherlock Holmes were shorter than books of the other writers of that time, and did not
require plenty of time for reading. In fact, it was a tendency for the writers of the nineteenth century
to create books consisting of several volumes and hundreds of pages (Luebering 81). People who
were able to read just for entertainment in most cases belonged to the particular parts of society,
such as members of the upper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conan Doyle created one that was very realistic and appealing to the reader`s mind in that period of
time. Policemen are shown as silly and useless creatures in the stories, unable to solve even a basic
crime, in comparison with brilliant Sherlock Holmes, who always detect a criminal. The Doyle`s
character of the head of Scotland Yard, Inspector Lestrade, and other policemen agreed with London
citizens' attitude to their work perfomance in the middle of the nineteenth century. Their work was
useless and ineffective, which resulted in various anecdotes and jokes about "valiant" English
police. Victorian London was one of the biggest criminal centres in the world, and while the number
of criminals was growing substantially, London police was not able to cope with an increasing crime
rate (Andersson

Overcrowding and Housing in Nineteenth-Century London...
Overcrowding and Housing in Nineteenth–Century London
From 1801 to 1851, the population of London grew from under 1 million inhabitants to 2.25 million.
This was due in large part to immigration, both from other countries and from the countryside of
England. Hundreds of thousands of people were moving to the newly industrialized cities and towns
to find work, having been squeezed off the land because of the enclosure of farms. There was also
displacement of the working–class within the city of London because of a number of construction
projects. There were street improvement schemes in which tenements were razed in order to widen
the passages. The transformation of part of the city into a non–residential district devoted to finance
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of every three inhabitants of flats of 4 or less rooms, irrespective of class, were overcrowded. In
1866, the Sanitary Act defined overcrowding as less than 400 cubic feet for each adult living in a
room day and night, or 300 cubic feet for a sleeping room. For children, these dimensions were
halved. This means that a man, woman, and one child living in a room 8'x10'x10' would be
considered overcrowded. For statistical and census purposes, the London City Council ignored cubic
capacity, and counted anything beyond two people per room as overcrowded. Hector Gavin, a
lecturer in forensic medicine at Charing Cross Hospital estimated that if all the windows and doors
of a typical laborers tenement were shut(against the cold, for example), the maximum length a man
could survive before all available oxygen was consumed was seven hours. The Window Tax of
1695, which taxed any opening in a building's exterior walls, was finally repealed by the first Public
Health Act of 1848.
As the problem of overcrowding became more and more evident, several remedies were tried. There
was some individual philanthropy, model dwellings were built by "philanthropic capitalists,"
legislation was passed prohibiting overcrowding, slums were torn down(which, of course, only
worsened the problem by displacing more people), there was suburban speculative development
closely following the development of the railroad which provided cheap, rapid transit to the newly–
forming

British Theatre and Cinema
British theatres
One of the world's major centers for theatre, Britain has a centuries–old dramatic tradition and about
300 theatres. There are several thousand amateur dramatic societies in Britain. The Royal
Shakespeare Company performs in Stratford–upon Avon and at the Barbican Centre in London. A
modern reconstruction of the Globe Theatre, close to its original site, is under way.
Most cities and towns in Britain have at least one theatre. There are 500 youth theatres in England
alone. The Unicorn Theatre for Children and Polka Children's Theatre, both in London, present
plays written specially for children, and the Young Vic Company in London and Contact Theatre
Company in Manchester stage plays for young people.
Until recently the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The RSC is currently celebrating its fiftieth birthday season, which runs from April–December 2011,
with two companies of actors presenting the first productions designed specifically for the new
Royal Shakespeare and Swan Theatre stages. The 2011–season began with performances of
Macbeth and a re–imagined lost play The History of Cardenio. The fiftieth birthday season also
features The Merchant of Venice with Sir Patrick Stewart and revivals of some of the RSC's greatest
plays, including a new staging of Marat/Sade.
The Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden,
central London. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous
use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal Opera,
The Royal Ballet, and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House. Originally called the Theatre Royal,
it served primarily as a playhouse for the first hundred years of its history. In 1734, the first ballet
was presented. A year later, Handel's first season of operas began. Many of his operas and oratorios
were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premieres there.
The current building is the third theatre on the site following disastrous

Should Public Money Be Paid For No Public Subsidy?
Arts organisations receiving grants and funding in today 's society is becoming increasingly sparse,
as public money is being cut left, right and centre. So why is it still ok that large, seemingly upper
class, arts institutions are receiving millions of pounds of funding each year, to put on productions
only enjoyed by a tiny minority of the population, while arguably more important organisations are
falling further and further into debt? In this essay, I will be discussing the reasons why it is morally
wrong for opera to receive large public subsidy.
One main reason why public money being used to pay for opera is morally wrong is because the
figures aren 't just large, they 're astronomical in some cases. Take for example, the English National
Opera (ENO). The ENO began back in 1931, and is one of the principal opera companies in
London, and is based in the Coliseum.Being one of the principal opera companies in the country, the
ENO gets a large proportion of it 's income through grants from the Arts Council in England. For the
year 2012/2013, the ENO received a sum of £17,078,000 from the Arts Council.This is a huge
amount of money. On the ENO website, they state that as well as the Arts Council grant, they have
some self–generated income that they generate through their ticket sales and donations. They say
that "for every pound of subsidy, ENO raises an equivalent amount through these sources: grants
(47.5%), ticket sales (25%), fundraising (15%) and exploitation

England Throughout History
England. What is the first word you think of when you hear, England? You may think of their
history and its effect. Another thought that could be is London. London is the capital and heart of
England that has its own history. Throughout history England has contributed so much, good and
bad. With that contribution England is one of the well most known country that is known for poise,
history, and tradition.
English history began in 500,000 BC with a boxgrove man from West Sussex. He was the first
human known in England. In 55 BC Julius Ceasar invaded England for Rome. After Cesar took
control Roman control lasted for 400 years. From 449–550 Jutes, Angles, and Saxons arrived in
England and took control. In the beginning of the ninth century the Vikings came and invaded
England. The Vikings controlled North and East England. In 897 Alfred the great defeated the
vikings living in England. Another important date in England's history is 1067 when the Tower of
London began being structured. (England. China: CTSP, 2010. Print) In 1154 Henry II becomes the
king. The next king, John became king in 1215 and signed the magna carta. 1348–49 was a hard
time for England because the black death kills one third of the population. A long time after the
black death was over in 1476 William Caxton set up England's first printing service. In 1485 Henry
VII is crowned the King of England. Also during 1485 the "Act of Union" unified the England,
Wales, and Scotland. The three countries were

London Sociology
Charles Booth's, Inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People in London was a survey, primarily
focusing on the working class during the 19th century. The preservation of the documentation
provides historians with insight to the Victorian mindset, specifically regarding the distribution of
wealth, and it's relationship with crime. The map produced by Charles Booth with the use of his
findings depicts the social blueprint of London, from 1898 until 1899. This map distinguishes class
using a legend highlighting seven distinguishable classes and their spot within society. This map
also highlights the Victorian belief that poverty and crime are inherently interrelated. Beginning in
the late 17th century and extending throughout the 18th century, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, beginning in the 18th century, the tolerance for begging and loitering was threatened by
the transforming belief that poverty and crime are strongly correlated. Also, poverty was beginning
to be perceived as an act of immortality and disgrace, rather than a necessary evil. In response, the
modern society attempted to minimize poverty, by introducing workhouses, and mandating strict
legislations such as whipping or incarceration for acts of begging, and vagrancy. Victorian society
believed that the poor were immoral and Londoners preferred to isolate the middle and upper classes
from the immortality of the corrupt working class. Ironically, over 1/3 of London's inhabitants were
impoverished, and many engaged in loitering, begging, to live a life of sustenance. This map
highlights the segregation of classes. For example, this map depicts the fairly comfortable, middle
class and upper class coexisting and there are several sporadic pockets that the impoverished, of all
degrees living apart from the rest of society. The colours of the legend demonstrate a distinct
division between the rich and the

Historical Context Of Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde
The author, Robert Louis Stevenson presents the novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde in a unique and compelling way. Many aspects of the short story can be interpreted in different
ways as its complexity can overpower the book transient storyline. One aspect of the book that can
be considered controversial is the way Stevenson presents the novella and the book's historical
context. Although, Stevenson's work can be considered engaging, it can also lead the reader to
question the reasoning behind the particular storyline of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde. Overall, in terms of historical context, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is written
in an allegorical way in which different aspects of the book represent a major theme or event taking
place in Victorian England. During the time period in which Stevenson wrote this story, Victorian
England was in a state of poverty and depression. London was divided socially, economically, and
even politically as the nation was torn apart. In addition, due to the Anglo–Irish tension there were
numerous terror attacks on London itself contributing to England's melancholy nature. Judith
Walkowitz helps in exhibiting the atrocious living conditions of London during the late eighteen
hundreds; "Great Depression, the erosion of mid–Victorian prosperity, the decline of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde on the themes and events going on during the late Victorian era. Most, if not all
of the story is symbolic for a certain idea in London, England which was going through a time of
depression and terror. Overall, many hypotheses have been formed about the historical context in
relation to Jekyll and Hyde and some of these ideas are correct, but the most coherent and most
logical contributes to the fact that Stevenson's writing is symbolic where each textual aspect of the
book relates to the events or people in Victorian

Perspectives On Amsterdam 's Energy System
Final Exam
Perspectives on Amsterdam
Lance Gloss
#11357592
Responses follow.
Question 1
In recent years, Amsterdam's energy system has been revolutionized by decentralization and
process–flow controls. According to Ger Baron, rather than a single energy provider, Amsterdam
now has over 600. The city can now limit power–outages to certain neighborhoods, and prioritize
other areas where power supply should never be cut off. Wisely employed, these systems can
improve Amsterdam's resilience, defined by Gunderson and Holling as "the capacity of cities to
undergo disturbance and maintain its functions and controls" (qtd. in Jabareen 2013). Wise use
means taking a rational, ethical, and scale–sensitive approach. With a coherent action plan, the city
should benefit from these tools.
Any neighborhood to lose power will suffer in the short– and long–term. To prioritize, we must be
able to step back and see the city as a system comprised of smaller, unequal parts, and understand
how different neighborhoods might be differently vulnerable in case of an outage. Evidently, major
infrastructure like hospitals and transit nodes should be most protected from outages. While such
infrastructures are locally embedded, they provide crucial services to the whole city and outlying
areas.
Beyond infrastructure, the issue is more nuanced. However, on close inspection, the ethical choice is
also the practical one. Power outages should be allowed in the most advantaged areas

Importance Of A Healthy City
Cities are amongst the greatest of human creations. The definition of a healthy city by the World
Health Organization is one that continually creates, improves its physical and social environment
and expands the community resources that enable people to mutually support each other in
performing all the functions of life and developing to their maximum potential. (''What is a healthy
city?'') Such that, the health is a crucial factor in shaping a healthy living environment as it can be a
clear indicator showing the quality of life of the city. In the 21st century, the city is managed and
organised by the government in order make sure the city is operating efficiently and healthily to
provide an ideal living environment for residents. It is controversial that what area should the city
take care of the individuals while health is mentioned most of the time. In many studies and
researches, the case happened in history, and present–days has indicated that the city should take
responsibility for the health of its individual in the 21st century. The responsibilities of health
management can be applied directly or indirectly through policies to sustain the quality of the
environment and the health of individuals. It is not only about the economic development, but also
the health of individuals. It is true that health cannot be assured by the city, but the public health can
be kept to a high standard while the city which is the government and the individual taking care of it

Essay Law and Order in London in Late Nineteenth Century
Law and Order in London in Late Nineteenth Century
The British police force came to being in the late eighteenth century. By 1800 there were only 2
police forces in the whole of Britain, both of which were in London. One was the Bow street
runners, which was set up in 1749 and the other, was the Thames River police force, which by then
was only 2 years old. The main turning point for policing as far as London is concerned came in
1829 when 'Sir Robert Peel', the home secretary of the time, created and set up a new police force,
the metropolitan Police force.
The metropolitan police force was set up to carry out all the jobs that the watchmen and special
constables did before them. Their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each division was in charge of the area that was assigned to them and then sometimes for big cases
other divisions under the met would join up and work together.
There were many things that were expected of people who took on the job and responsibilities of a
metropolitan police officer. The ideal recruit would be someone who was under 35 but over 20, well
built, at least five foot seven, literate and of good character, but of course not all recruits were like
this and in the beginning a lot of recruits had to be dismissed. The most common reason for being
dismissed would be drunkenness.
At the beginning the police were not really there to solve the crimes, only to prevent them from
happening. But gradually this changed and by 1842 the first detectives were introduced. Now as
well as trying to prevent crime, they also tried to solve it. Although some work had to be put into it
before the detectives were successful. As they didn't have the technology advances for policing that
we have today and the main way to catch a criminal was to catch them in the act or to have a
confession from the criminals themselves.
The police had to deal with many different types of crime in the late nineteenth century ranging
from minor crimes such as pick pocketing, drunkeness and prostitution to more major crimes such
as

Sanitation Problems And Typhoid During Nineteenth Century...
Sanitation Issues and Typhoid in Nineteenth Century London Typhoid permeated through the streets
of London in the nineteenth century due to the citizens' poor sanitation habits and living conditions.
The efforts of generating inventive measures by public health authorities went unnoticed by many
citizens. The sanitary habits of the people were extremely frustrating and challenge for officials. The
stress compiled as public sanitation officers and health officials became overwhelmed due to the
nature and volume of the living standards. In order to regain control over the sanitation issues the
public would need to follow the requirements that officials set before them. Moreover, the concern
calls for the public's attention and cooperation of the plan that will solve the Victorian city's largest
issue. One reason the public continued to create a sanitation problem was a lack of education.
Numerous people even refused to abide in newly formed guidelines. The citizens did not see the
correlation between their actions and the impact they were having on the current conditions. Public
officials tried to regulate and educate the public of the importance of following the regulations that
were being put into place. However, some of the authority figures also did so with little knowledge
they possessed. The medical officials and health officers were not the most knowledgeable either;
especially about the transmission of infectious diseases. These factors contributed to the

Child Labour In London In The Late 19th Century
Many children in London lived a similar life to those of the Cratchits' children. When times were
tough it takes a lot of work to just get by. The children of London in 1843, like the Cratchits, had a
different home life, schooling, and opportunities like children have today. Children in the Victorian
times had a different life than children live in today's world. Child labor was very common in
London in 1843. Child jobs included factory workers, scaring birds from the field, and hat making
(Victorian Children Organization). The children lived in tiny houses in the poor part of town. The
apartments had no plumbing or bathrooms since the people building them did not care about who
would eventually live there. The lower class was always wondering ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the awful parts about child labor in London in 1843 was the unfortunate working conditions
for the children. The chimney sweepers was the most unsafe job for the kids. The scots have always
preferred to postpone the celebrations for a few to welcome in the new year, in the style that is
Hogmanay. Christmas day it did not become a holiday in the Scotland until many years after and it
has been within the past 20–30 years that this has been stretched to include Boxing Day. During the
holidays (Johnson) the wealth generated by the new factories the Victorian age middle class families
in England and wales take time off work and celebrate over two days, Christmas day and box day
December from the "rich folk" those newfangled inventions, the railways allowed the country folk
those newfangled inventions, the railways allowed the country folk had into the towns and cities in
looking for work to come home for a family holiday children attended the holiday celebration which
bought fun things to do this was middle class children and christmas stocking "at the start of
Victorian reign children's toys tended to handmade and hence expensive the kids go home for the
holiday and a family christmas . On a normal

Queen Elizabeth 1 Research Paper
In the sixteenth century, London, England, many events happened to the good and for the worse.
Many things happened that were positive for London, here are a few. Queen Elizabeth I ruled the
largest city in both Britain and Europe, London. Theater became quite popular to go watch,
Shakespeare was widely regarded for his playwrights. Just when things are getting good the
negative stuff happens and kills thousands. The black death or bubonic plague broke out, no one was
safe, not even the monarch. No matter was social ranking you were, you still were affected by good
and evil. Social ranking affectingly played a big part in living quarters, money, marriage, and safety
at the time. The reign of Queen Elizabeth 1 is often referred to as The Golden Age. Queen Elizabeth
I became one of the most beloved monarchs due to her amazing accomplishments in her lifetime.
"The reign of Queen Elizabeth I is often referred to as The Golden Age of English history"
("Heather Sharnette"). After a year in prison for a crime she didn't commit she ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The biggest negative impact in London was the Bubonic Plague or Black Death. "The country area
and villages were not exempt from the disease either – there was no hiding place" ("Linda Alchin").
Although there was no cure for it, various concoctions were created from parts of the body with
various diseases. The Bubonic Plague was the greatest fear of its time, even the Queen herself feared
it. The Queen took great lengths to not catch and die from this terrible disease, she moved to another
estate far from London, stopped trade with English cities and hung anybody that could be a possible
carrier of the plague. Other people weren't so lucky as the Queen, they sent the contaminated a few
miles away from the healthy, but the disease still continued to spread and kill. From the beginning,
1563, the black death ended up claiming around 80,000 people in

Waste In The Victorian Era
Sewage would only worsen the issues of the Victorian Era making it terribly inferior to many
citizens of London. Hospitals were not the only problem because the disposal of waste might have
been just as evenly bad. "How to dispose of the accumulated waste was a problem that preoccupied
the minds of countless reformers, engineers, scientists, and amateur sanitarians, but the problem
acquired a particular urgency because the retention of waste in the city was associated with disease
and even death..." (Cleansing the City p. 9–10). Many places in London had terrible sewage issues
and it became evident that the sewage was so bad because no one knew how to dispose of the waste.
The waste was very dangerous and many people did not want to deal with it due to the many
diseases and bad liabilities carried with it. The nineteenth century needed a sanitary reform right
away because in many places like London were being taken over and run by sanitation issues.
"Together the two passages reveal the heightened symbolism of filth in the period and, more
specifically, the way filth embodied the challenges of the urban condition. Indeed, sanitary discourse
became an important vehicle for expressing concerns about the disorder associated with the
Victorian city" (Cleansing the City p. 14). The following two passages the author is referring to are
from Dombey and Son by Charles Dickens, an influential writer of the Victorian Era. London was
literally demanding change because the sanitary reform

Prostitution In 19th Century London
Prostitution flourished in nineteenth century London. By 1875 there were more than 75,000 full–
time prostitutes. Whitechapel, a district in the East of London, was one of the most crowded places
on earth with over 30,000 people in a square mile. Because of overpopulation, people did whatever
they could do to make money. Synagogues, kosher butchers, barbers and tailors' shops were
abandoned because of lack of customers and income. Burglary, fencing, illicit liquor and other
underworld activities flourished, but prostitution and white sex slavery were rampant. Serial
homicide became an indicator for the clash of industrialization and human alienation which made it
easier for the first modern day serial killer, Jack the Ripper, to maneuver around ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The victims, Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes and Mary
Jane Kelly, known as the "canonical five", were all brutally murdered and mutilated in the early
morning hours. The killings coincided with the theatrical release of Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and the publishing of Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, which many
Ripperologists think may not be a coincidence. Jack the Ripper is the most notorious killer of the
19th century because of his brutality, anonymity and media coverage. The Ripper's murders became
more and more violent with each victim. They were brutal, but at the same time very precise and
efficient. Doctors and surgeons were amazed by his handiwork and believed that even they would
have trouble inflicting injuries as masterfully as the Ripper did. Some believe that these killings
improved the medical system because the doctors tried to compete with the Ripper to prove their
"aesthetic and scientific mastery." (card 3) At this time, the murder of prostitutes was not uncommon
and were an easy target. In early April 1888, Emma Smith was killed in a gang attack, but some
believe she may have been the first victim. She survived the initial attack, but later

Ghost Map Analysis
Alyssa Douglas
NS 350
Ghost Map
In 1854 the city London was the most populated in the world. In just ninety square miles there was
over two million currently living there. During this time period having so many people in such a
tight place was unknown. With the constant population growth it caused a number of problems. The
main problem that was faced was the mass amount of waste and where to put it. Families used water
closets, but even with the water closets their waste was emptied into cesspools. It wasn't uncommon
for these cesspools to over fill often, even with night– soil men continuously emptying them. The
streets of London were fifthly. With the constant mass amounts of waste the London government
came to a decision to dump of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The miasma theory was the thought that the terrible smells must be able to carry disease, therefore
cause illness. For a long time a practicing physician by the name of John snow theorized that the
miasma theory was false and that instead disease was spread by water contamination. He used his
theory of disease transmission and started investigating. For about four or five years John Snow
theorized that cholera came from contaminated water. This was a very taboo theory and confused
the citizens who believed in the miasma theory. He experimented over and over again On august
28th 1854, a baby contracted cholera at the broad street pump in So ho. The broad street pump was
known for the best water in all of so ho and it was widely used. The baby contaminated the broad
street pump and 2–3 days later one of London's biggest outbreaks of cholera broke out. Literally
10% of the neighborhood died in seven days. Entire family's were dying after 48 hours of being
contaminated with it. Snow heard about this huge outbreak and was brave enough to dive in and
look into this situation because it might just be enough to convince people to go against the miasma
theory. John Snow was able to pin point a single point source on the source of so many illnesses, the
broad street pump. This was easy to identify because it was so widely used. It was killing so many
people in one area, one area tends to have the same water

William Blake: London From Within Essay
5. William Blake: London From Within
If we want to discover the particularity of eighteenth century London's appearance or the details of
its growth, there are both scholarly and temporary guides to consult. Through the historical
background exposed in the previous chapters, in fact, we came across only to the objective point of
view of the city, but if we want to discover the feel of London life, its people, its sounds and smells
there is a more direct source: literature. Through poems we can understand the way the authors, like
many other people, lived this specific experience.
One of the first writers that comes in our mind when we think about 18th century London and its
society is William Blake, with his famous work London, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In every cry of every Man,
In every Infant's cry of fear,
In every voice, in every ban,
The mind–forg'd manacles I hear.
How the Chimney–sweeper's cry
Every black'ning Church appalls
And the hapless Soldier's sigh
Runs in blood down Palace walls
But most thro' midnight streets I hear
How the youthful Harlot's curse
Blasts the new–born Infant's tear
And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse.
London (1794) is one of the most instantly available and comprehensible of the Songs of
Experience. The poem, in fact, does not require an interpreter since the images are clear and no
knowledge of Blake's personal vision is necessary to understand it. Every reader can see London as
Blake's own city, as an image of the English state and its society and as an image of human
condition. A close reading may confirm what a reader had already experienced. Blake, in fact, uses
his poetry as a means of social criticism. In this poem, that is practically his everyday experience of
life in London, gives him a clear insight into the misery and injustices suffered by London residents.

"Blake's London is the legitimate inheritor of the Augustan tradition", "the vision of the walker in
the city who records and organizes London"2. This London is, however, a city of

Why did women face barriers in their education and...
Throughout history, the role of women has often carried a prejudice which has been embedded
within society politically, socially and financially across the world. Although arguably one of the
most liberal countries constitutionally, such chauvinism has indeed occurred within Britain,
particularly during the Victorian Era. This restricted participation for women can be exemplified
clearly in two main areas; education and politics. With universal compulsory education in Britain
only being constitutionally enforced with the 1870 Education Act1, women had little opportunity to
gain any form of coherent education in the early 19 th century; tuition was largely confined to the
upper class, and even then, through instruction of private ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Acting as figurehead of the family, it was the man's opinion, and thus, his vote, that represented the
opinions shared by the entirety of the family, including that of his wife. Even so, women still proved
they could be active politically without having the ability to vote; highlighted by their involvement
in the Chartist movement. Throughout the movement, thousands of women joined chartist societies,
and by actively campaigning, gave themselves a political voice and helped
5 Bernard Lightman, 'Victorian Religions and Sciences: Discordant Harmonies', Osiris, 2/16 (2001),
p. 344.
6 Susan Bayley, Victorian Values: An Introduction, (Montreal: Dawson College, 2008), p.108
7 Ibid. p. 112.
8 Rhodri Hayward, Science and Gender in Victorian Britain, Lecture at Queen Mary, University of
London, 15th
October 2013.
9 'Local Government Act 1894', Government Legislation,
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/56–57/73
generate arguably one of the largest movements in British history10. However, in spite of this, the
movement failed in achieving its aims, undermining the political involvement and affect of the
women involved. Therefore, due to the traditional family values endorsed by the church, women
were pressured to marry, losing their opportunity to vote, or qualify to, and thus, a chance to
participate in Victorian society politically.
Scientific knowledge of the time constituted a great deal of influence in determining the

Industrialization During The 19th Century
Life in the 19th century changed rapidly due to the influences of the industrial revolution, which
lead to the mass production of goods, making products more affordable for common people.
Industrialisation lead to urbanisation and more people flocked from rural areas to towns creating
more disease, and by the end of the 1800's 80% of the population of Britain lived in cities. Steam
powered cotton factories supplied half of the world and coal mining, in areas such as Newcastle,
expanded to meet the demands of railway construction. Ship building increased and so did
engineering. Farming was still big and machinery was easier to use and faster. Craftsman,
blacksmiths and carpenters could be found in rural areas, and lace making was a popular industry
there too. Factories were ill–equipped but the conditions were bad. Children were regularly used as
they were ideal to do jobs in small spaces and for cleaning. The state took over from the private, and
law makers such as trade unions addressed and improved working conditions, particularly child
labour. The 1833 factory act improved conditions for children and forbade factory owners from
working children under 16 to work longer than 10 hours each day, and that children under 13 years
were to get at least 2 hours of education per day. There also became a provide for inspectors.
Working conditions continued to improve for the working poor, especially children and in the 1840's
legislation forced factory owners to fence off dangerous

20th Century London Research Paper
In the 20th century, London, England was at its most prime. London started the 20th century as the
capital of the world's largest Empire and Britain's most ruling city. In the 20th century, London had a
booming economy. London had the largest industrial centre in Britain and about five million
Londoners had solid jobs. London's main source of jobs was its mighty docks complex.''1 Due to
London's industrialization, London began its first motor bus service in 1904, followed by the first
underground electric train, the subway, in 1906.''2 Although the economy was very superior, the
health of the people was not. "Other than vaccination ... we think that a complete system of
notification of the disease accompanied by an immediate hospital isolation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
London became one of the first megacities of the world, people were streaming in, because of
London's industrial revolution. Even immigrants from other European countries were coming.
Britain's colonies migrated to London in the 1950a and 1960s. One–fourth of London's population
was immigrants or the immigrant's offsprings. London grew very steadily at this time. Londo has
about two hundred thousand people at the beginning of the 17th century, but the numbers went
down drastically because of the two plagues and the Great fire. After these disasters, London rebuilt
itself with houses made of brick and stone. Since this, London grew at a steady pace and is still
growing. About one million people lived in London at the beginning of the industrial revolution, and
it kept growing. London was the largest city in the entire world. Due to London growing at a rapid
pace, she had to find some way of transportation. A result to this was the underground railway.
London was the first city in the world to do so. After World War Two, London tried to rebuild, but
the builders did not want London endlessly expand in all directions. As a result of this, Londoners
created a "green belt" around the city, to stop it from

Reasons Why Paris Became The 21st Century Most Important...
Paris became the first capital city of fashion and whether it can still be considered the 21st Century
most important fashion city.
Introduction
The definition of fashion capital – In furthermore, Cities that are known worldwide and recognized
by the fashion industry, known for a range of roles that associate with such businesses,
entertainment and unique international profile. The points I will be addressing in this essay is how
the historical past of Paris became an influence of fashion in the late 17th Century and how they
have maintain their reputation of their culture and style overs past century, and the difference
between Paris and other fashion capital which makes them so unique and whether they will be still
considered as the 21st Century most important fashion city.
History
There are many reasons why Paris is the capital of fashion. One core reason brings us back in the
late 17th Century. Although this debate is justifiable, the source of how fashion expanded and
became so much part of today world. Firstly, Fashion started too bloomed in France in the 17th
Century. Paris own their respect and status of becoming the first fashion capital to "Louis XIV"
known as the "Sun King" who was king of France in the late 16th Century. He desire was to turn
France into absolutist state, where nobles and people who inherited royalty hold great power. Louis
was responsible for delivering his own unique style of fashion to France. He started many trends
around France, such as

Should The Thames Tideway Tunnel Go Ahead?
Should the Thames Tideway Tunnel Go Ahead?
Executive Summary
Joseph Bazalgette built London's current sewage system in the 1960's and, at the time of
construction, they stopped the spread of Cholera which was rapidly spreading amongst Londoners at
the time. The system also brought an end to the Great Stink of London. (BBC History, 2016)
Introduction to the Thames Tideway Tunnel
The construction of the Thames Tideway Tunnel is an eight–year project starting in 2016 with the
projected completion date in 2023. The tunnel is being constructed in order to address the issue of
London's overflowing sewer system. The current 20,000 miles of networked sewage pipes were
built in the 1860's by Joseph Bazalgette and they are failing to meet 21st century demands with
London's growing population and increasing levels of rainwater ending up in the sewers. The sewers
were designed so that rare overflows would be flushed into the river, however, at the time of
construction this only happened on average once a year and now it happens on a weekly basis
resulting in 39 million tonnes of raw sewage ending up in the River Thames every year. (BBC
News, 2014) (Super Sewer: An Introduction to the Thames Tideway Tunnel Project in London,
2016) According to Phil Stride from Thames Water, "It is absolutely not consistent for a world–
leading city to be using its river as an open sewer", and it is because of this that the Thames Tideway
Tunnel became the proposed solution to London's sewage problems.

Cholera In The Ghost Map
The Ghost Map Steven Johnson provides a thought–provoking observation of the bacterial disease
cholera in his book The Ghost Map. He explores the means by which the deadly Vibrio Cholorae
was able to devastate a developing section of London in only a week's time at the start of September
in 1854. Johnson offers details on the development of cities, which supplied the perfect environment
for the bacterium to thrive and kill off thousands of people in weeks. Before the 1854 epidemic,
Cholera was an unidentifiable mystery to the scientists and thinkers of London. Theories of how the
illness spread and how it was to be cured varied extensively, each concept with its own unwavering
supporters eager to spread their ideas while debunking others. In The Ghost Map, Johnson tells the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The conditions described by Johnson were unavoidably accompanied by an elevated death rate. The
first huge disease that coursed through the filthy city was the Black Death; outbreaks of the bubonic
plague occurred until 1655. In 1832 the first outbreak of Cholera occurred in Britain. It would not be
the last. Cholera most likely originated in India as many as 1,000 years ago. The earliest
documentation of recorded symptoms is from a medical report written in 1563. Later, the first
cholera pandemic initiated in 1817 when the bacterium spread from India to Southeast Asia, Central
Asia, Russia, the East African coast and the Middle East and lasted until 1823. Modernization
eventually increased the extent of the illness through providing means by which the bacteria could
spread. On its own, Cholera would have remained separated from the rest of the world by miles of
land and sea, but technological innovations connected the continents, and it did not take long for the
bacteria to infect the precise human beings who would provide them safe travel. In 1826,
unknowing merchants inadvertently carried the disease over trade

Essay on London's Economy
King (1990, page x) argues that the dissolution of empire has been critical to the growth of world
cities. How far does this apply to
London?
Modern patterns of development and growth have been shaped and influenced by the historical
context of colonialism. Within this context relationships between capitalist and pre–capitalist states
or colonies helped forge a world economy, which would later lead to processes of globalisation and
the current economic world order.
Expansion in the world economy has been exacerbated by the freer flow of labour, goods, services
and capital, which are features of the post–war, post–colonial world. King contends that these
factors have been "critical to the growth of world cities." (King, 1990: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
H.G Wells described his impression of imperial London:
"It's a great place. Immense. The richest town in the world, the biggest port, the greatest
manufacturing town, the imperial city – the centre of civilisation, the heart of the world." (Wells
H.G, 1908:73)
In this essay I will be discussing the significance of King's argument with reference to the city of
London. Imperial London will be introduced followed by a discussion of London's decline and its
patterns of modern growth in order to ascertain how far King's argument applies to the City.
Different types of growth are included, but emphasis is largely placed on the geographical and
economic dimensions of London's change and development.
London's imperial role was crucial to the expansion of its fortunes.
Growth was inextricably linked with the colonial empire and took place in several key areas during
the colonial interlude. London's Docklands represented a melting pot of colonial trade and
commerce and were a critical facet of London's (and Great Britain's) economy that fed aspects of
growth into the city centre and enabled it to thrive. In
1700 London handled 80% of the country's imports and 69% of its exports. Trade with colonies in
the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and the
Indian Sub–Continent brought in tea, china, rice, tobacco and spices to the City and in 1799 the
West India Company began to build docks on the Isle of Dogs

Fashion In The 1800s
With over thousands of clothing collections from prehistoric life to the present, the Museum of
London, Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Fashion Museum in Bath allow visitors to observe the
many changes that occurred in fashion throughout the years. With my prior knowledge about the
1800s fashion styles, I began to focus on a different era within the 19th century at each museum.
Focusing on different eras enabled me to thoroughly analyze and compare each fashion style.
During the Romantic era, 1820s through 1850s, a transition was made from the former Empire style
to the new Romantic style. In women's clothing, waistlines began to increase and skirts were
becoming fuller in size and appearance. Skirts were cut in an A–shape with the hem of the skirt
being the fullest and the top of the skirt being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This design gave women a rounded dress waist. I observed that this made the clothing appear
shapeless. During my visit at the Fashion Museum in Bath, I noticed that the morning dresses were
simple in color and shape. A solid example of the simplicity of fashion during the Romantic era was
a cherry colored striped morning dress located in the museum. The dress had a satin and net
trimming at hem of the skirt, which was the only intricate detail on the dress. The cherry and peach
striped color combination showed that fashion during this era became brighter and wider, mainly
along the hemlines. During the Romantic era, the sleeves were built on an inverted triangle bodice.
The sleeves on the cherry striped dress had puffed shoulders with a tight cuff and underneath were
special sleeves that were tied to the arm. After a thorough

London Fog In The 18th Century
On December 5th, 1952, London began to go through its "I want to resemble a post–apocalyptic
city" phase. Smog shrouded the entire city in it's smothering blanket, and many were hospitalized
because of the deadly illnesses they contracted. Others were not as fortunate and turned into one
more number on the steadily increasing death toll. Much harm was inflicted onto both the people
and environment of London during the worsening conditions of the days that followed the first, and
a lesson was learned the hard way.
THE STORY The London Smog was an evitable disaster but the problem was that no one knew that
they were bringing it on. London's air conditions had been bad since the 1200's and they just started
to get worse in the 1600's. In the year of 1952, December, the weather was significantly colder than
previous winters and that led to the burning of more coal in fireplaces around houses in London.
Back then, coal was very low–quality and sulphurous, thus, many sulphur dioxides were released
into the air. Along with the toxins, there was an anticyclone which caused cooler weather and fog
began to form throughout the city. The fog, chimney smoke, vehicle exhaust gases and sulphur
dioxides all mixed together to create a very dangerous smog. By the time the people of London
realised they needed to slow down the rate at which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon having this epiphany, new regulations were introduced to the city of London in the form of the
"Clean Air Act of 1956". The act included a new set of rules stating that there would now be certain
"smoke control areas–only" where they would be allowed to burn only smokeless fuels. Along with
this, London started to make an attempt at reducing smoke pollution and sulphur dioxides by using
higher quality coals, electricity or gas. They also made plans to make the chimneys taller and
relocate some of the power

Meaning Of Cockney Rhyming Slang
Language – self–evident though it may appear, the term can signify an astonishing variety of
interrelated concepts; one may perceive language as a means of communication, while others may
see it as a medium for thought or a catalyst for social relations. Notwithstanding, the following
article shall focus on language, or to be more explicit, its basic components, namely words, as the
carriers of the speaker's emotions. Due to the fact that emotionally laden units, such as maledictions,
constitute an evergreen source of controversy, they tend to be supplanted by miscellaneous
alternative expressions; hence, the following study shall explore perhaps the most peculiar disguise
mechanism, namely Cockney Rhyming Slang.
The salient aim ascribed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defining Slang
Before we embark on a detailed study concerning Cockney Rhyming Slang (henceforth CRS), we
shall endeavor to define the relevant superordinate term, namely slang. Innocuous as it may seem at
first sight, the term was initially perceived as a corruption of language, as evidenced by the
preliminary data provided by OED, according to which [slang is] the special vocabulary used by any
set of persons of a low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type. The following
meaning, which apparently originated in the 18th century among organized criminals (Ayto 2005),
was soon extended to still fairly unfavorable sense of a language of a highly colloquial type,
considered as below the level of standard educated speech [...]. Nonetheless, after the mid–
eighteenth century, the concept in question has gradually started to shed the pejorative patina
(Mattiello 2008); therefore, currently many – or perhaps most – lexicographic works provide rather
neutrally hued definitions of slang. As an illustration, let us now

Tourism In London Essay
Have you ever been to London? Are you curious to know more about the places to visit in London?
This article would help you a lot to know more about the best places to visit in London. In addition,
this article would introduce to you more information about tourism in London. So Let's start.
Tourism in London:
London population is about more than eight million people, and its area covers more than 600
square meters.
London is considered as one of the world's top tourist attraction destinations. In fact, about 15
million visitors come to London every year for the purpose of tourism in London.
These 15 million people who visit London each year, concentrate mainly on the cultural and London
tourist attractions within the city and its immediate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
19– Syon House and Conservatory
One of the places to visit in London is the Syon House in Brentford, which is originally a 15th–
century monastery. It was one of the architectural jewels on the periphery of London. It was
redesigned in the 18th century by architect Robert Adam.
The Syon House is noted for its 54–acre park and gardens, including the magnificent Great
Conservatory, which was built in the 1920s.
20– Wimbledon
Just when you hear the word Wimbledon, then you are surely talking about tennis.
Actually, Wimbledon is famous for being the venue of the world's most famous tennis tournament.
It is one of the highlights of the UK's summer social and sporting calendars.
The site is also home to the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum, which is the most modern and
attractive of its kind.
It includes a multitude of exhibits and interactive displays, where the museum includes a 3D cinema
that allows the visitors to experience the true thrill as of being on the center court.
In summary, tourism in London is fantastic, and you would be very busy as long as you have been
there, as London has many attractive places to visit. We tried in this article to choose some of the
best places to visit in London, to help you to set your plan for the places to visit, however, London
has more and more beautiful

19Th Century London Innovations

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