A Paper On Art Appreciation

A Paper On Art Appreciation
A Paper submitted to Webber International University. In partial fulfilment for the Bachelor of Science degree in Marketing.
By: James Urquhart
Date: 02/10/16
Course: Art Appreciation
Semester: Fall
Words: 1273 (Not including cover page or reference page)
Museum Project
The Louvre:
'The Louvre' is the museum I researched, and 'Virgin of the Rocks' is the painting I decided to choose. The Louvre Museum is the largest in the
world, and is situated in Paris, France. Around 35,000 objects are exhibited over an area of around 40 square miles. The Louvre is also the second
most visited museum in the world, trailing only the Palace Museum in China. The louvre has more than 9 million visitors annually. (Louvre, 2016)
The museum opened to the public on August 10, 1793. At this point it only had a little over 500 paintings in its possession. Most of these works were
either royal art, or confiscated church property. During the years of 1796 until 1801, the Louvre was closed due to maintenance and construction.
Eventually, this collection was added to with contributions during the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X. Furthermore, the Second French Empire
helped to contribute a further 20,000 pieces to the Louvre. (Louvre, 2016)
Virgin of the Rocks:
Leonardo's painting "The Virgin of the Rocks celebrates the mystery of Incarnation in portrayals of the VirginMary, Christ and Saint John the Baptist."
For the first time, these holy figures, bathed in a gentle light,
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Peter The Great Dbq Essay
Ayanna Pinder
Mr. Accumanno
Global 2 – period 8
October 18, 2017 DBQ Essay Throughout history autocratic leaders have exercised authority over their countries and the lives of their people. The
actions taken out by autocratic leaders have both helped and hurt their countries and the lives their people. Two examples of such leaders are Czar
Peter the Great and King Louis XIV. Ten years after the period of disorder inRussia at ten years old czar Peter the Great took the throne. Seven years
later he took over the government . To prove he was an autocratic leader during his reign Peter the Great established the Table of Ranks which
imposed state service on all nobility for their entire life, but it required all nobility to start at the lowest rank of the military , naval , or civil service
and work their way up
(document 5) . To prove he was an autocrat Peter also declared war on Sweden to open a road from Russia to the west by taking over the coastal region
. He raised new armies after being defeated by Charles XII of Sweden and worked to create a good military and to construct ships to gain ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peter westernized Russia and embarked on the ideas , technology and culture from the west. He forced the landowning nobles to shave their
traditional beards and wear western style clothes. Peter also passed laws ensuring that nobles retained control over their lands and the serfs that were
tied to it. Peter expanded Russian territory on the Baltic Sea ( document 4) . Peter created a strong army out of nothing that was feared by all. When
he died he left behind a fleet of 48 ships and a army with over 200,000 men. Even though Peter helped his country expand its territory his lack of
initiative and enterprise remained one of Russia's greatest social weaknesses (document

The World Of Columbus And Sons Summary
History is dead. And it tells of remembrances of the past. It speaks of lives that were once led, breath that was once breathed. In her book, The World
Of Columbus and Sons, Genevieve Foster rejuvenates that breath. She brings to life the people who have added a stitch to what the world is today.
She delves into the lives of historical figures from the mid fifteenth century to early sixteenth century, and sheds light on all aspects of their lives. She
paints a picture of not only famous events, but also the people that made up the events. The events that take place during the book circulate around the
lifetime of renowned explorer, Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus, born in 1451 in Genoa, Italy, lived in a period of exploration and new
beginnings. People were just beginning to speculate if the sun truly did revolve around the sun, as was the common theory. Though the discovery was ...
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Foster brings emphasis upon the benefactors of Columbus's explorations: Isabella I of Castile and her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon, rulers of Spain.
She explains of the turmoil Isabella endured by her brother while waiting for the crown all the while sprinkling in passages about the Wars of the
Roses occurring in England between the two royal houses of Lancaster and York. While exploring the ways of European royalty by journeying
through lives, I was struck by the system of arranged marriages. Kings and Queens would arrange the marriages of their children with the royalty of
other countries to serve as treaties between borderlines. Often, children were promised to those who were tens years or more their senior or junior,
such as the case of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary Tudor. Mary was betrothed at age eighteen to the recently widowed 52–year–old Louis XII of
France. This marriage was arranged as an act of peace that settled any rivalry between France and

The Emergence Of Italian Nationalism
The emergence of Italian nationalism began in the Renaissance Era and was then encouraged by key Italian figures, leading to the unification of Italy
which was overall beneficial for the country.
(mention benefits for Italy and how it is today)
Before unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the
control of these Italian states by European powers. The most consistently fought over city–states in Italy were Naples, Florence, Venice, Sicily, and the
Papal State of Rome. Many European powers were involved in the beginning, but soon the wars became a struggle between mainly France and Spain.
While the Italian Wars were harsh on Italy, they helped to spread the Italian Renaissance throughout Western Europe. The Renaissance Era began a new
way of thinking, which has been traced to the beginnings of Italian nationalism, which has contributed to the Unification of Italy.
The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and in 1495 conquered Naples. When challenged by Spain, the Roman
Emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan, France was forced to retreat. Charles' VIII successor, Louis XII had control over Milan and Genoa in 1499.
The second Italian War occurred when Louis then gained control of Naples by getting permission from Pope Alexander VI, and agreeing to share it
with Ferdinand V of Spain. This resulted in disagreements between France and Spain

Pope Julius II: Pope Julius II
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and perspective. A time where artists thrived. Some Renaissance artist included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli,
Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian. Each of these artists worked for Patrons, the people who paid them to create art.
Michelangelo, along with many other artists during the renaissance, was very famous and turned out to be very wealthy. One of his patrons was
named Pope Julius II. Pope Julius II has the nicknames, fearsome pope and the warrior pope. He paid Michelangelo to paint in the Sistine Chapel. The
ceiling of the the chapel contains paintings of people in depth and figure. Michelangelo also got portions of money from grateful popes and princesses.
Leonardo was first

The Great Papal Schism In The Roman Catholic Church
The Great Papal Schism The Great Papal Schism is also known as the Western Schism that lasted from 1378– 1417, during which the papacy (the
position itself) was in great divide between three popes in the Roman Catholic Church. This political upheaval within the Roman Catholic Church
caused distrust of the western civilization towards the church. It began after the Avignon Papacy or the more commonly referred to, "Babylonian
captivity of the papacy" which was when the papal court was moved to France and French cardinals who later became popes from 1309–1378 resided
in Avignon, France (a total of seven French popes by the papal names Clement V all the way to Gregory XI, who moved the court back to Rome)
while being heavily influenced by the French kings; this also resulted to the decline of the papal power and authority (Miller, Study.com).
The Babylonian captivity ended after the death of Gregory XI in 1378, with the deposition of the papal court from France back to Rome to end the
upheaval within the holy city. The movement of the church from Rome to France caused so much disturbance in Rome that when Gregory moved the
papal court back to Rome, the people were demanding that an Italian pope be elected after Gregory's death. This led to the election of Urban VI, whose
non–papal name was Bartolommeo Prignano, and was chosen by the cardinals. However, the city was in major turmoil from the so–called Babylonian
captivity that the Vatican palace (or papal palace) was stormed

Explain Why Cardinal Richelieu Was The Regent Of Louis Xiii
Cardinal Richelieu was the regent for Louis XII. A regent is someone who acts for the king until they are ready to rule. Although, he was a Catholic
priest, Richelieu's first loyalty was towards the crown of France. As the regent of Louis, he had many goals to secularize the country. His goals were
to rid the king of domestic enemies and make France the dominant player in European power politics.
Cardinal Richelieu's first goal was to secure the king from his domestic enemies which were the Huguenots and the Nobility. He achieved his goal by
decreasing their power. To start off, he took actions towards the Huguenots. Richelieu's belief was that Protestantism often served as an excuse for
political conspiracies against the Catholic king. This

Inaccuracies In The Tudors
The Tudors is a show following the early life of King Henry Eighth, focusing mainly on his political and love life. However, when the show compares
to the real–life history of Henry, the Eighth lots of inaccuracies began to pop up. The TV show "The Tudors" is full of historical errors using most of
them to make the show's plot more enjoyable and more comfortable to watch, these changes mostly revolve around the character's appearances and
actions. Episode Three begins with Henry the Eighth telling Charles Brandon that he wants him to take Margaret to Portugal for her marriage with the
King of Portugal as he believes he is the only one he can trust. At this time Brandon is currently engaged with Lady Elizabeth Grey so he would have
no reason... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He would be named Duke of Suffolk in 1514 as opposed to 1521. Steven Gunn states in his book, Charles Brandon: Henry VIII's Closest Friend, By
Spring 1514 he was Charles, Duke of Suffolk, by Tudor rules of precedence Henry VIII fifth most exalted subject (1)." Brandon's entire voyage to
France with Margaret was completely fictional as well. He was only responsible for taking her back home after Louis XII died of natural causes.
Steven Gunn also writes in, Henry VIII's Closest Friend, The death of Louis XII on 1 January 1515, and the selection of Suffolk as the ambassador to
return to France and bring home his widowed sister, Mary

Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince
A Republic is representative government ruled by law, where democracy is a direct government ruled by majority of the people. Republic is based on
individuals and inalienable rights. In The Prince by NiccolГІ Machiavelli the book expresses how to become and stay a prince through numerous
obstacles. From the beginning, different forms of government are stated and described, but Machiavelli focuses on the different types of principles a
prince should maintain within a kingdom and why a kingdom fails or thrives. He expresses in great detail the different governments. However, the
book is not based upon republics but of monarchies, old and new. Through the book Machiavelli describes how certain principles within a family are
passed throughout... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To maintain the kingdom respecting and honoring a king or prince he must be polite but not too generous to his people. Machiavelli reminds the
reader, yet again, that it is important to be liked and not to be weak and handle decisions and complications wisely. However, a leader should change
thing from time to time to keep things new and people enlightened. To be a good ruler, they must gain respect of the people by keeping them pleased.
When changing things however, make sure they're good things such as lowering thing rather than taking things from your people such as firearms.
The people will begin to wonder why their things were taken and hate the one who implied such catastrophe. Also Machiavelli believes in Fortresses
because of the fear in the people, however, it doesn't last. Therefore, a prince should stick to trying to please their people rather than Fortress. By a
king winning wars, changing things, allowing freedom, and thinking of their people a king shouldn't be

Machiavellian Monarchs During The Renaissance
In the 14th and early 15th century, rulers in Europe were undertaking the task of reestablishing the power of the monarch after its age of weakness
during the Middle Ages. The age that led up to the Renaissance was a constant struggle for the monarchs. They depended on councils of nobles and the
church for financial and militant support. This confined their ability to accomplish goals for their nation without the approval of someone else. They
lacked the capability to make any move without being consented by the nobles and/or church. This soon changed. When the Renaissance came around,
scholars and thinkers started to develope new political ideas that influenced and encouraged the modern rulers. One such scholar was Machiavelli, who
proposed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They, like a fox, slyly gained political influence over the church by negotiating with the pope. They were given the ability to choose who would be the
Church's clergy and priests. This is extremely important to the throne, for with this capability, the monarch would be able to control the faith of their
nation. Not only would they manage the finances and property of the people, but also the hearts. Another "fox–like" quality of the French monarchs is
the astute way in which Edward IV and others conducted foreign policy. They focused on diplomacy when dealing with foreign affairs, which helped
them to avoid expensive wars. This saved their nation a large amount of money, because instead of constant fighting, there was continual growth. In a
similar manner to England, the French monarchy displayed sneaky characteristics by choosing from among smaller landowners and urban lawyers for
a government council. By choosing these landowners and lawyers, the monarch received more financial support and power than they would have by
choosing nobles and aristocrats. Along with the "fox–like" actions, France also showed "lion–like" characteristics with Edward, Richard III, and Henry
VII who attempted to reinstate prominence, suppress the influence of the nobility, and demonstrate law and discipline a local level around France. By
lessening the importance of nobles, the rulers gained control and started to rebuild the position of the monarch. They were fierce in their endeavors to
gain power and enforce law in their nation. This, along with the newly established influence on the church and careful efforts to avoid expensive and
unnecessary wars, showed how France both had "fox–like" and "lion–like"

How Did Louis Xiv Build Versailles?
Versailles was a huge and extravagant project conducted by Louis XIV. Louis single
–handedly build the largest hunting lodge in the world, or at least it
started as a hunting lodge. He had hired the best artists, sculptors, and gardeners that France had to offer, but even with their help Versailles took over
thirty–two years to complete! That's almost double my current lifespan. The palace was so huge it could accommodate over ten thousand people and
had hundreds of rooms. It was furnished with the finest marble columns, tapestry, fancy rugs, and painted ceilings. Can you imagine how much a
mansion like this would cost? well keep imagining because Louis XIV burned all financial documents concerning it's construction. All we have is a
rough estimate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the death of Charles XIV the palace was almost completely forgotten. Versailleshad been a bustling building of absolutely bolstering banquets,
the palace was used for plays, parties, and large gatherings of many kinds. Even the courts were established on the premises for quite a while.
Many foreign rulers visited and enjoyed their time. However, after Charles kicked the bucket the place was "no mas!" Not many cared for the
place, and those who did only did because they wanted the valuables inside of its corridors. Still every once and a while the site was used for a
grandiose play or opera of some sort, but for the most part the place had become the home of squatters. Almost anyone was allowed on the premises,
and no once really lived there anymore. It is said that during the French Revolution, many of the homeless lived in its hallways, It is also said that its
walkways, gardens, and terraces were laced with human left behinds. The palace was now at the lowest of lows. Miracoulsy during the full heat of the
revolution the manor was left untouched. No damage was done to it, and most of its possessions were left unshaved. Perhaps the place had offered so
much help for the homeless the harbingers of doom couldn't bring themselves to harm the hamlet.It was not until long after that the lovely hunting
lodge was ever used

The Hapsburg Valois Wars Of 1494 To 1559
The Hapsburg Valois Wars of 1494 to 1559 are often confused with the Italian Wars. However the Italian War were a completely different set of wars.
The Hapsburg Valois Wars were very much intertwined with these wars. The latter arose from the instability of the Italian peninsula, which was
divided among a number of vulnerable powers, and also from a new willingness of outside rulers to intervene. Initially, the most influential was Charles
VIII of France (1483–1498), he invaded Italy in 1494, and manage to take over Naples that following March. Charles's success was particularly
achieved due to his advanced equipment. The cannons used iron shot, which allowed smaller projectiles to achieve the same destructive impact as a
larger stone shot. This made for smaller, lighter, and ultimately more maneuverable cannons.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, Maximilian's grandson, Emperor Charles V (ruled 1519–1558; ruled Spain 1516–1556 as Charles II), was to succeed to the Habsburg,
Burgundian, Aragonese, and Castilian inheritances, creating a formal rival to the Valois dynasty of France and ensuring that the wars are known as the
Habsburg–Valois

Machiavelli The Prince Rhetorical Analysis
NiccolГі Machiavelli's The Prince is very harsh and opinionated. It is chalk full of information regarding multiple empires and leaders and their ways
of governing their subjects. He bases his ideas off of their rulers and adds to their thought processes as well. Another one of his tactics when presenting
this information is using analogies and thinking of theoretical circumstances such as, " A prince being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast
must imitate the fox and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves" (72–73). This is why
The Prince leans more towards a persuasive argument rather than an informative essay. However, because Machiavelli did not write this specifically...
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Before Machiavelli wrote The Prince, he was a respected Florentine diplomat. When Machiavelli lost his title, he wrote this work for Lorenzo de'
Medici, the governor of Florence at the time in hopes of obtaining his stature again. Machiavelli's sole purpose was for Lorenzo de' Medici to accept
his 'offering' and give him back his title. Machiavelli says, "I have not sought to adorn my work with long phrases or high–sounding words or any of
those superficial attractions and ornaments with which many writers seek to embellish their material, as I desire no honour for my work but such as
the novelty and gravity or its subject may justly deserve" (4). Machiavelli clearly states that he in no way was writing this for anyone but Lorenzo
nor did he intend on receiving any literary acknowledgment. This proves that The Prince could also have been an informative writing because he was
not telling Lorenzo how to run a government or treat his people. However, when he did present the information in his work, he backed up his
arguments and had many examples to show that his tactics had been proven to work or would work in future

Henry VII Essay
Henry VII In 1485 Henry Tudor became Henry VII he seized the throne by force at the battle of Bosworth with great help from his mother lady
Margaret Beaufort. He was already promised to Elisabeth of York. However, didn't marry her until after he became king because he didn't want the
people to think that he was on the throne because of her. He wanted them to think that he was on the throne because of his power and great leader
skills. Within a year they had a baby son and an heir to the throne and they went on to have many other children both boys and girls. This marriage
was a very clever and important one, by marring Elisabeth Henry brought the houses of Lancaster and York closer together,... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He also made a fantastic start by claiming back all the lands that had been lost since 1455 this meant war and he became very successful in war.
When Henry took over the country there were a great many barons and they were rich and powerful like kings so Henry had to come up with a
way to control them and make them respect him. He set heavy fines for any barons that were planning secret armies against him, he heavily taxed
them to reduce their wealth and with this money he was able to develop his army, a powerful army lead by the king would also be a threat to the
barons. He also used 'The Court of Star Chamber' a court run by men the king trusted and they were relied on to severally punish any baron who
angered the king. Henry made some very good alliances with France, Spain and Scotland this helped him to avoid war with these countries. His
eldest son Arthur married the princess of Spain, his daughter Margaret married the king of Scotland James IV and Henrys youngest child Mary
married the king of France Louis XII and later Charles the duke of Suffolk. Henry encouraged trade with forern countries making more friends
meaning a lower chance of war with those countries. By not going to war Henry saved lots of money as war was very expensive in those

Josquin Des Prez Research Paper
Most influential and highly admired Renaissance composer,in the history of western music, Josquin des prez is believed to be born in
CondГ©–sur–l'Escaut of Hainaut ,Belgium. Yet, there is great controversy about his birth place.Some other scholars believe that he was born in
somewhere under Duchy of Burgundy.Moreover, his birth was dated to be in sometime between 1450 and 1455. Earlier, it was supposed that he was
born in 1440; but later it was found that it was not Josquin des Prez who was born in that particular year, but Milanese singer Josquin .An archival
document of 1459 suggests that Josquin first started his career working as a singer of Cathedral in Cambrai in 1470. A historical document mentions
that he was employed as a singer

Louis XIV And Absolutism In Europe
Absolutism in Europe, during the 17th to 18th century, was very different from France, in the west, to the east, where countries like Russia are. The
east and the west's rulers' ambitions, how their people were treated and their rights, and the economic standings of those countries were similar and
different, shaping the country and its actions years later. In France, Louis XIII, with Cardinal Richelieu, diminished the power of the nobles greatly,
killing thousands of them to keep the nobles' power in check. When the 30 yrs. war occurred, the nobles gained power by creating armies of their
peasants. Louis XII and Richelieu staunched their flow of power, and set the stage for Louis XIV. Louis XIV was extremely driven to obtain complete
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ivan the III gained independence for Russia, and Ivan the IV (Ivan the terrible) instituted a stronger military, a draft, and diminished the power of the
nobles (boyars). Later, Peter the Great became the 'tsar of Russia. Peter came into a time when Russia was nearly 100 years behind WesternEurope. As
such, his main goal was to "modernize" Russia, as well as increase military power. Peter created a military ranking system in which increasing a rank
took hard work, not money, allowing non–nobles to increase their social standing. Peter spent roughly 75% of the national budget on his military. And,
in the Great Northern War, which lasted from 1700–1721, he lost the first battle. He then created academies in which his people could become experts
in a certain field, which allowed for him to have many specialized leaders leading his army and navy. One of Peter's crowning achievements was
the creation of St. Petersburg. He built it in nearly 25 years, and was the most modern city in Eastern Europe. Peter the Great's aim was to
"modernize" Russia, which he did. A key aspect of absolutism is that the monarch is the "boss" and no one is equal to him. Both Louis XIV and
Peter the Great did this, but Peter the Great was not as successful in this tactic as Louis XIV was. Peter exchanged peace between Russian provinces
for power over his peasants. The lords now had control over their

Timeline List : Karl 's Day Massacre
Timeline List: Karl – France John Calvin Louis XV Louis XIV Louis XIII Henry IV Henry III Henry VIII Charles IX Edict of Nantes St.
Bartholomew 's Day Massacre Research: John Calvin: http://www.biography.com/people/john–calvin–9235788 Was a Theologian, and Journalist Born
July 10, 1509 and died May 27, 1564 Born in Noyon, Picardy, France and died in Geneva, Switzerland studied at University of Paris, University of
OrlГ©ans, University of Bourges He lived in Geneva until anti–protestant authorities forced him to leave in 1508 He was invited back into Geneva as a
spiritual and political leader in 1541 He established a religious government by using protestant principles He became absolute supremacy as leader of
Geneva He executed and exiled many people for following the faith of christianity and not protestantism He is knows as an important protestant
reformation ("John Calvin Biography." Biography) PEE: Biography.com Editors. "John Calvin Biography." The Biography.com Website. A&E
Television Networks, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. . Louis XV: http://www.biography.com/people/louis
–xv–9386921#synopsis King through 1715–1774 His
failures slowly brought up the creation of the French Revolution became king at age 5 In the 7 years war, the French fought with Austria against
Britain and Prussia. The French lost Louis decided to rule but not with a first minister The war of Austrian Succession was a loss for France with loss
of materials and people He signed the Treaty of

Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be extremely powerful.
п‚§Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
п‚§The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
п‚§Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the
Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
п‚§Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
п‚§French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
п‚§Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o Conciliar Theory of Church Government
п‚§conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate the actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
п‚§Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
п‚§Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The
Council of Constance (1414–1417)
п‚§Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

Machiavelli's Attitude To Florence In 1494
In 1494, the ruling Florentine family, the Medicis, was expelled. Shortly after their expulsion, Savanorola, a Dominican religious zealot, took control.
During this time, Italy suffered from intense political conflict. The city–states of Florence, Milan, Venice, and Naples fought for control as did the
papacy, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. Each tried to play others off of others and engaged in blackmail and violence. When Machiavelli
returned to Florence in 1494, Italy was invaded by Charles VIII of France. The events of this tumultuous era influenced Machiavelli's attitudes toward
government and formed the background for his later pleas for unity. Savanorola's criticism of the Church brought the reign of pope Alexander short,
excommunicating him in 1497. In 1498, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was vocal about the altruism of the citizen soldier. He was both a peace seeker and a war fighter rather than the mercenary whose entire focus
was on war. The citizen soldiers were loyal and effective but also took the time to advance through personal opportunity and education as citizens
wanting to better the state. Machiavelli's ideals on the value of a militia were strong in politics and leadership, but he also knew that if the army
could not win on the field, the ideals and philosophies he used to inspire individual thought became useless. By 1512, the Medici family regained
control of Florence and Machiavelli was dismissed from office. A year later, he was wrongly accused of participating in a conspiracy to restore the
republic and held for three weeks. He left Florence and decided to pursue a career in writing. His first book Discourses, begun in 1513 and completed
in 1521, focused on states controlled by a politically active citizenry. During this time, he also wrote The

The Economic Origins of the French Revolution
The inflated opinion the French monarchy had about themselves and other nobles lent itself to how they contributed to and handled the economic
downturn in France for centuries prior to the French Revolution. Forming the foundation of many of France's financial issues, the monarchial system
granted royals and the nobles who surrounded them the ability to feel as if they are intended to be superior to the rest of France, a mentality that would
last until the French Revolution began. With this monarchial system, each king of France from 1610 to 1789 would contribute in both positive and
negative ways, depending greatly on the Chief Ministers they appointed. [ADD] Marking a significant beginning stage of the economic downturn was
the Seven... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of Richelieu's main areas of focus was with the country's military forces and wars, as he wanted to expand and modernize the French Navy, while
he is also credited with beginning the legacy of French Kings being involved in unnecessary wars. Despite having been mentored by Richelieu,
Cardinal Jules Mazarin as Chief Minister for both Louis XIII, following the death of Richelieu, and Louis XIV was not interested in economic or
cultural development. Due to his lack of interest in such developments, Mazarin encouraged the appointment of Nicolas Fouquet as Superintendent of
Finances, however, King Louis XIV eventually imprisoned Fouquet after eight years in the position. His imprisonment is relatively ironic, as it was a
punishment for Fouquet's overt extravagance, which would be an issue that plagued Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI until the French Revolution.
Four years following Mazarin's death and Fouquet's imprisonment in 1661, Jean–Baptiste Colbert assumed the position of Minister of Finances under
Louis XIV. Colbert's eighteen years in office were productive, as he would encourage the development of colonies belonging to France, such as Quebec
and Louisiana, realizing the potential of using them to create an economically self–sufficient unit within France. Colbert would also promote industry
with the use of tariffs, subsidies and other

Outline: The Renaissance In Italy
Michael Wall
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
: The Renaissance in Italy Some Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375–1527)was a transition from medieval to the dawn of modern times
Different from the feudal differences of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was shaped by growing national and political centralization, an urban
economy based on organized commerce and capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and cultureThe Italian City State
2. Growth of City–States
When commerce revived in the eleventh century, Italian merchants mastered the organizational skills needed for trade: book–keeping, scouting new
markets, securing new markets, and banking
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Early humanists
Francesco Petrarch–the father of humanism
Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace
Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman men
Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work
Classical and Christian values coexist in his works b. Dante Alighieri
Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch's works c. Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and seven women in a country retreat away from plague–ravaged Florence; it is
a social commentary about sexual and economic misconduct as well as a sympathetic look at human nature
8. Educational Reforms and

Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV...
Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV fled to France shortly after Alexander VI's ascension to the papal throne. From there he
slowly gained support on top of the influence and wealth he already had in Rome. In 1503, he returned to the Vatican for the conclave that followed
Alexander VI's death. For the second time, his attempt at the papal seat failed when the cardinals chose Cardinal Francesco Todeschini–Piccolomini,
nephew of Pius II and a renowned man of virtue as the new pontiff who then took the name of Pius III. The newly elected pope died twenty–six days
later. In this conclave, Giuliano finally succeeded in gathering enough votes for his claim of the papal seat .
Most notably known as the Warrior Pope, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large areas in Romagna had fallen outside the jurisdiction of the papacy or claimed by Venice after Alexander VI's death. In 1508, the circumstances
forced Julius II to create the League of Cambrai or more melodramatically known as the Holy League, an anti–Venetian alliance between the papacy,
Louis XII, who then ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Spain, who was king of Naples. The league troops defeated Venice in
May 1509 near Cremona, and the Papal States were restored.
Although the League was initially successful, by 1510, King Louis XII was regarding Pope Julius II as a greater threat than Venice. For that reason,
France changed sides in the war and allied itself with Venice. Not long after, Venice submitted to Julius II and allied itself with the papacy against
France. Following a year of fighting over the Romagna, during which the Veneto–Papal alliance was repeatedly defeated, the Pope proclaimed a Holy
League against the French in October of 1511. This league rapidly grew to include England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1512, Julius II successfully drove French across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation of Northern Italy by other powers, and Julius II,
though he had secured the papal authority in the states immediately around Rome, was essentially as far as ever from realizing his dream of an

Comparing Henry VIII's Government in 1509 to 1514 to His...
Comparing Henry VIII's Government in 1509 to 1514 to His Father's
From the transition of Old king to Young king we can assume there will be lots of differences in the personalities between Henry VII and Henry VIII,
these differences are what makes Henry VIII's policies and government different to that of his father. Henry's personality was quite amazing, his
intelligence, learning and curiosity impressed the ambassadors who littered his court, and his thirst for knowledge was insatiable. Like his father, he
was caught in the transition from medieval England to renaissance England. And like his father, he was well–versed in English history and desperate to
continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure his... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He rewarded some nobility through Patronage, doing favors for others, usually titles and things which were free to give rather than his precious land.
He created the order of the Garter and elected the important nobility to join his council.
Henry VIII treated the Nobility rather differently, the first thing he did was to imprison and order the death of Empson and Dudley, two figures hated
by the nobility in order to show he was on the nobilities side and so that he would hopefully gain support from them. Through Henry VII's time he
never seemed to do anything which benefited the Nobility and Henry VIII wanted to clean the slate and begin new relations with the important and
possibly useful people during his reign.
Henry VII introduced the Acts of Attainder during his reign, a means of money and land confiscation without legal means and courts, during his reign
there were 138 Acts of attainder, however this number was greatly reduced when Henry VIII became King.
Both Henry VII and his son wanted control over the Nobility, they achieved this in different ways, Henry VII did this through bullying them and
policing them to do the right thing, Henry VIII had a less tough stance on them, and especially during the beginning of his reign as he

Socrates Summary Of The Prince
The Prince by Socrates
Over the course of the history of the earth, a multiplicity of political systems have been exhumed and explored. This is due to the ideologies of varying
political thinkers, and how their lifetimes have shaped the way they view a successful government. Two famous politicians with similar upbringings
include Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli, and their visions for a strong government are outlined in Plato's The Last Days of Socrates , along with
Machiavelli's The
Prince . However, even with the eras of political instability they endured, Socrates would undoubtedly reject Machiavelli's concept of a prince, and
how that prince should lead his regime. To begin, Socrates is an advocate for questioning and voicing critique upon a government because he believes
this is how (political) insight is sought. In fact, he spends the entirety of
"The Apology" section in The Last Days of Socrates voicing his unpopular opinion to the current
30–man council in place, and also trying to get the council to contradict themselves. He does this because he wants people to be open to different
interpretations, and for people to look at their government and to form their own questions. For example, contrary to the accusations made upon him,
he corrects these unwarranted assumptions by showing he does believe in divine forces. However his beliefs are in "supernatural" beings, or, as taken
directly from the text,
"...Children of the gods by nymphs, or other mothers..." ( Apology

How Did Leonardo Da Vinci Contribute To The Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a period in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It is considered a bridge from the Middle Ages to modern history. It started
in Italy, and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance represents a cultural rebirth that lead to the discovery and exploration of new continents, the
growth of commerce, and various inventions and interest such as paper, printing, art, literature, etc.
A painter, a sculptor, an architect and an engineer,Leonardo Da Vinci's various skills have earned him the title of ' the renaissance master'. His
fascination with science and his study of human anatomy helped him in mastering the realistic art form. Some of Da Vinci's works are the most
influential works ever created. Many of his works

Enlightenment Ideas And Causes Of The French Revolution
French Revolution
The kingdom of France was ruled by an Ancient RГ©gime of the Monarchy, the clergy and the nobility for centuries and centuries. During the XVIII
there was a lot of inequality between the moneyed and powerful clergy and the commoners. All the inequality of the time caused theFrench Revolution,
a period in which the people gave an end the absolute monarchy and took control of the Government. There were two main reasons the French
Revolution started; the Enlightenment Ideas and the social inequality of the moment. The commoners outraged and fought against Louis XVI and the
absolute monarchy of the moment.
There are several things that caused the French Revolution. One of them are the Enlightenment ideas, all this ideas ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since only the Third State ended up paying taxes, they were asked for amounts of money they couldn't afford, this caused the commoners to live an
inadequate and atrocious life while the monarchy enjoyed of a luxurious life.
This inequality and mistreatment outraged the Third State to started a revolution. Louis XVI locked them out of the meeting hall, so the Third State
decided to create the National Assembly that took place in a old tennis court, in this they did the Tennis Court Oath in which they swore that they will
not stop meeting until they have a constitution for France's people. Obviously, the King was totally against the National Assembly; and rumors said that
he will use the army to shut down the National Assembly, so they decided to storm the Bastille.
The Bastille was a fortress built in the XII century to protect Paris in the Hundred Years' War. By the late 1700s, it was used as a state prison by
Louis XVI. The National Assembly attacked the Bastille for two reasons. First, they were they own army but they needed gun powder and the rumors
said that there were loads of gun powder in the Bastille. Second, the king saw the Bastille as a sign of power. This means that once the Third State
took it, the monarchy will know that there is a new government in France.
On August of 1789 the National Assembly wrote a document called the Declaration of Rights of Men which ended the Three Estates. This

Machiavelli The Prince Analysis
The Prince Questions:
1. Describe the political situation that prompted Machiavelli to write The Prince.
The political situation that prompted Machiavelli to write The Prince was that Italy wasn't a unified country yet. It was a bunch of city states.
2. Identify and discuss three major themes in The Prince.
One of the three major themes of the Prince would be Hatred. For a prince to remain in power he would have to avoid the hatred of all the people. It
wasn't necessary for a prince to be loved by his people but it's even better that he is feared by his people, but in fact if a prince is feared by his people it
could be the cause of his downfall.
A second one of the three would be virtue, Machiavelli sees virtue as great qualities that are thought highly of others. He always thinks that the prince
should always appear to be virtuous. Every action that the prince does it affects on the the state. The last of the three major themes is cruelty.
Machiavelli says that its better for a leader to be feared than to be loved. Love can be a lie but fear cannot.
3. What were the five "errors" committed by Louis XII of France described by Machiavelli in Chapters 3 and 4? How did the ancient Romans and
Alexander the Great avoid some of these mistakes? The five errors that Louis XII made were that he destroyed the minor powers, he also increases the
strength of the greatest power in italy, he brought foreign power in, he didn't settle in the country and lastly he did not send

The Palace Of Versailles
1.The Palace of Versailles was constructed in 1624. It was constructed for the residence of the Kings of France. Occasionally the government would
hold meetings here. It did originally begin as a small hunting lodge for Louis XIII.
2.The Grand Trianon was originally a family retreat for Louis XIV. It was known as a retreat for relaxing and leisure time. The Petit Trianon was
originally built for King Louis' mistress. It was also a place filled with orange trees and green shrubs beautifully landscaped. When King Louis XVI
took over he provided the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette. The Petit Trianon was Marie Antoinette's personal estate. The layout of Petit Trianon was
a more relaxing, peaceful environment. The Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon differed greatly with the palace in the design and layout. Grand Trianon
was a unique architectural building that was used by the king as his own personal residence. It also had a colder design and not as warming as the
Petit Trianon. The Petit Trianon is a warm, peaceful, relaxing environment. Moreover, it was stocked full with gardens and beautiful ponds.
3.My favorite spot that intrigues me the most would be the gardens at the Petit Trianon. After reviewing the photos it looks like it comes from a
children's storybook. I love peaceful, beautiful, quiet places so I can think and find answers. I love to marvel and let my mind wander in places like
this. I am the most creative when I can do that.
4.Maria Theresa of Austria

Machiavelli Research Paper
In Florence, Italy, on May 3, 1469 Niccolo di Bernardo del Machiavelli was born into a middle class and influential family. His father, Bernardo
was a lawyer and owned a small personal library that included books by Greek and Roman philosophers and volumes of Italian history. Though
little is know about Machiavelli's early life we do know that he shared of love for literature, learning Latin and reading the classical Roman and
Greek authors, particularly the histories. In 1494 the Medici family lost power, which was also the same year Machiavelli entered the Florentine
government. Niccolo Machiavelli was known as a political theorist, philosopher, statesmen, and is often referred to as the "father of modern political
theory". (PUT IN TEXT

Who Has More Power : The Pope Or A King?
Who has more power: the Pope or a king? The power struggle between religious leaders and leaders of nations came into fruition around the eleventh
century and lasted for hundreds of years afterward. As Popes tried to gain power, their decisions were seen as corrupt by numerous Europeans. Dante
Alghieri, through his book The Inferno, establishes his negative opinion by his portrayal of Popes. Machiavelli does the same in The Prince, often
pointing out the shortcomings of Popes. At the time, Popes portrayed themselves as leaders of political and spiritual issues throughout Christian Europe
and this reputation was solidified through the description of Popes in The Inferno and The Prince. After the fall of the Roman Empire, thePope was the
highest level bishop in the West, giving symbolic leadership to Christians. There was a certain theological confidence about Popes, with many
believing they never made mistakes regarding theological issues. Eventually, Popes regarded themselves as leaders that were in charge of spiritual
and political issues, mainly through the Doctrine of Two Swords. With this idea originally from Pope Gregory I, other Popes furthered their
boundaries of leadership outside of spiritual matters. They regarded themselves as Vicars of God, essentially meaning they were God's "lieutenant" or
a representative of God. The use of the word "lieutenant" played well into how Popes viewed themselves, for they were becoming more and more
prominent military leaders.

How Did King Louis Keep Faith
Through King Louis XII's failure to acquire, Machiavelli teaches that one's moral restraint to keep faith leads to the Prince's ruin. Machiavelli teaches
that in order to keep one's state, one must do what is necessary. That is, if breaking faith, even with the pope, is necessary, then that is virtue.
Throughout Machiavelli's analysis of King Louis's failure to acquire states in Italy, he investigates why Louis felt obligated to keep his promises. This
obligation leads to the issue of staying faithful to Christian ideals of what virtue is and connects to Machiavelli's claim that one can not be wholly
Christian and preserve their state simultaneously. In order to easily acquire a state, one needs the support of the inhabitants. King... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Necessity is the standard for what a prince should or should not do meaning, if breaking faith is necessary for preservation then one must follow
through. The question is why did King Louis keep faith when it would only lead to his ruin. Unfortunately for Louis, he lived in thoroughly
Catholic times in Italy that had political implications that made it necessary to keep faith in order to keep control. This is explicitly why he needed
one of his own men to be a bishop in the Church in order to have both control in Church and in state. Louis had a personal stake in increasing the
Church's power in Italy because he needed the allegiance with the Pope in order to be granted a divorce and have an heir, which makes it easier to
maintain peace in the state once the prince dies. The problem with an allegiance of Church and state is that the Church does not care about political
health and instead preaches virtue, which Machiavelli argues that virtue in the old sense is ruining the state and only makes political life weak as,
"princes who have done great things are those who have taken little account of faith," (Machiavelli 69). This is why one can not have a Christian ruler
because if he is concerned with material well–being, war, and procreation, then he is a divided man and is corrupting the Church. This explains why
Louis lost his state because he was exactly that, a divided man. His obligation to the Church, whether it be because breaking faith means that you are
breaking faith with God, which is not only punishable in the next life but punishable by the Church through excommunication, or his need to an
honest man, caused him to have a less rational view of political life. For this reason, Machiavelli teaches that one should not rely on honesty but
instead rely on the desire to acquire as this makes for a strong political life and will bring more peace

Similarities Between Henry III And Absolutism
When kings violated the moral order, they were subject to canon law like other members of the Church, and could be excommunicated. The pope
punished Philip Augustus in this way for the sin of adultery. Boleslaus of Poland and Henry II of England were disciplined for the murders of St.
Stanislaus and St. Thomas A. Becket. Thepope could release a ruler's subjects from their oath of allegiance, and could even dispose the king. Pope
Gregory VII did this in the case of Henry IV in 1080. Innocent IV did it against Frederick II in 1245. The Council of Lyons in 1274 laid down
definite rules about the role of Cardinals in papal elections. On the tenth day after the pope's death they were to assemble and remain absolutely
locked away from the rest of the world in "conclave". Cardinal's meetings with the pope were called consistories. The clergy worked to promote the
people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second was the arrival of new teachers and of the mendicant orders in these universities.
The final cause was the revival Aristotle's teachings by those orders. The great universities of the Middle Ages were Salerno for medicine, Bologna
for law, and Paris for theology. The popes looked on Paris as the official school of theology. Under the leadership of many outstanding professors, it
soon became the greatest university of the Middle Ages. The mendicant orders supplied the universities with famous teachers. St. Dominic was the first
to establish an order having study and teaching among its chief duties. St. Albert the Great and St. Thomas Aquinas were the most famous Dominican
professors. St. Bonaventure was the most outstanding professor. St. Bonaventure, the Seraphic Doctor, received his master of theology degree in 1257.
In his work, The Threefold Way, he describes the three ways that lead to God: meditation, prayer, and

Baroque Era Research Paper
Rhianna DiGiaimo
Baroque
Tuesday 8:30
Materials and Props
"What is the Baroque period and why is it so important?" is something one might ask when unsure of art periods and how influential they are to us
today. The Baroque period was a time in the sixteenth century when style was exaggerated, gardens started to become more elaborate, power was on
the rise, and straight lines in architecture were all the rage. However, one might not know that the Baroque period in Italy, born in
Italy, that it entered France through various artists. French artists of the time were inspired not only by paintings in Rome (the main center of innovative
ideas), but also by works from the Venetian Renaissance.
During the late sixteenth century in France, they endured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bibliography
"Architecture in France in the Seventeenth Century." Arts and Humanities Through the
Eras , edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and
Enlightenment 1600–1800, Gale, 2005, pp. 17–29. Gale Virtual Reference Library , http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427400798
/GVRL?u=fashionidm&sid=GV RL&xid=060e27d3. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
"French Baroque." Art That Changed the World , DK Publishing, 2013, pp.
[190]–199. Gale Virtual Reference Library , http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX6510300028/GVRL?u=fashionidm&sid=GV RL&xid=11634ed8.
Accessed 23 Apr. 2018 .
Miller, Judith. "Style Guide: Baroque and Rococo." Antiques Investigator , DK
Publishing, 2009, pp. 12–13. Gale Virtual Reference Library , http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2113800010/GVRL?u=fashionidm&sid=GV
RL&xid=ed035a8d. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
Tortora, Phyllis. "Europe and America: History of Dress (400–1900 C.E.)."
Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion , edited by Valerie Steele, vol. 1, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2005, pp. 418–428. Gale Virtual Reference Library , http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427500196
/GVRL?u=fashionidm&sid=GV RL&xid=30e09a44. Accessed 23 Apr.

How Did The Western Schism Affect The Catholic Church
The Western Schism:
And Its Impact on the Catholic Church
Jacob Stickney
Western Civilization II
Professor Jennifer Fast
November 14, 2016
The Catholic Church's response to the Western Schism was vastly important to its respectability and authority in regards to the faithful of that time. "The
Western Schism was only a temporary misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was fed by
politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and Constance."1 After the Avignon Papacy, the Catholic Church
had three men claiming to be pope. One man elected in Rome, one in Avignon, France, and one elected by the Council of Pisa. This was very
detrimental to the Catholic theology which states that it can trace every pope back to St. Peter, the first pope. The Catholic faithful were not sure
which of the three men was the true pope and which, if any of them, they should listen to. It was a very confusing time for all the faithful living in this
time, and a very annoying situation for the true pope who was now seen by many to be as questionable as the other two in regards to not being the true
pope. The three men knew what a mess this situation was and two of them wanted to deal with the situation, so as to reduce confusion among the
faithful. The anti–pope John XXIII called the Council of Constance to deal with this situation. He offered to resign from the papacy, that he was never
in possession of, if the other two men would as well. The council met to depose of the two anti–popes, to deal with heretical teachings, and to protect
the succession of the papacy. This council is one of the most important ecumenical councils, as it helped to affirm the succession of the pope and to
help to resolve the confusion caused by these anti–popes. The Council of Constance was called in 1414 by the Anti–Pope John XXIII. It was called to
resolve the conflict regarding the papacy and to identify the true successor of St. Peter. Between November 1414 and June 1415, the council had a
total of 13 sessions, dealing with the papacy and how the pope was chosen. The council, "enacted Haec Sancta (fifth session, 15 April 1415),

What Are Leonardo Da Vinci's Accomplishments
Leonardo da Vinci was the greatest masters of the Renaissance. He was a famous painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, musician, inventor, and
scientist. No other man has been gifted in as many different ways as he was. Leonardo was born in the small town of Vinci, Tuscany. He was the son
of a Florentine notary and a peasant girl. In the mid–1460S, Leonardo and his parents moved to Florence. He was then given the best education that
Florence could possibly offer. He advanced both socially and intellectually. Leonardo's extreme artistic talent took him to Verrocchio's' workshop in
1466. It was there that he met Botticelli and Ghirlandaio. While Leonardo was working alongside Verrocchio, he learned many things: painting
altarpieces, and making ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He worked on the composition for a long time, but again, he did not finish his work. From 1495 to 1497, he worked very hard on his masterpiece, The
Last Supper. While Leonardo stayed in Milan, he made many more paintings, theater designs, and even a model for the dome of the Milan
Cathedral. His largest piece of work was the bronze monument to Francesco Sforza. However, when the Sforza family was chased out of Milan by
French forces, the statue was left unfinished and ended up being destroyed by French archers who used it for target practice. In 1503, Leonardo was a
member in a group of artists who would decide where the marble statue called The David should be located. Florentine Sculptor, Michelangelo, did the
statue. Near the end of 1503, Leonardo began to think of a decoration for the great hall of the Palazzo Becchi. He was to paint the Battle of Angier,
which was a Florentine victory in its war with Pisa. Leonardo made many ideas and sketches but he never actually finished the wall painting. During
his stay in Florence, Leonardo painted more portraits, however only one survives still today. It is the Mona

King Henry V Character Analysis
A loved and feared leader must surely exist, no? Perhaps he is unpredictable and reasonable in many situations? According to Niccolo Machiavelli,
he believes that such a leader can unite his people, however, he conjectures that fear is better as it is the "safest" way to rule. Nevertheless, it all
comes down to a ruler's actions that influence a person to conclude their ruler is a good ruler, and Machiavelli has his own standards that define
such a ruler. Shakespeare has the perfect example of this, King Henry V from his play "Henry V". Throughout the play, Henry's advisers expected
him to handle all situations like an indifferent king. Instead, he takes the risk of uniqueness and gets his word across the people through his
symbolical and yet radical actions. He matches Machiavelli's propositions since his facets convince people to fear and love him; but at the same time,
is mindful of his actions. Therefore, Henry has three essential traits that make him a loved, feared, Machiavellian ruler: he is devoted to his military
operations and is confident in his soldiers, he is resourceful, and he is merciful and cruel when necessary.
When Henry wages war, he is committed, and when Henry commands an army, he is never boastful or careless of them. In such case, his rhetoric and
charismatic abilities encourage his army to keep on fighting, and he "take[s] up quarters, lead[s] armies, plan[s] battles and lay[s] siege to towns with
advantage," as Machiavelli would describe his ideal

Voltaire's Candide Essay
Candide On November 21, 1694, Francois–Marie Arouet, otherwise known as Voltaire, was born in Paris. The youngest of five, son to Francois and
Marie Arouet, Voltaire grew up in a household that had come to know the pleasantries of upper class french society.
Marie, his mother, had gained the family access to Louis XIV court through her realtives. Because of Voltaire's priviledged lineage he was able to study
under the Abbe de Chateaneuf, at the Louis–le–Grand Jesuit College in Paris. Voltaire spoke very highly of his Abbe in later years. After ten years at
school, he was sent to study law in Paris under his fathers orders. Early the following year, 1715, Frances most famous absolutist monarch died and
five year old ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The man in blue, later takes Candide and fits him with a Bulgar army uniform. His companions find him to be a prodigy because the lashes he
recieves decrease rapidly each day. Once Candide is facing battle he says, " Nothing could have been more splendid, brilliant, smart or orderly then the
two armies. The trumpets, fifes, oboes, drums and cannons produced a harmony whose equal was never heard in hell." (pg 22)
Though Voltaire may not have had this personal experience, the story had been heard many times. Go to war fight and die for the power of a far
off monarch. Candide may be simple, but he is not stuipid. Once he sees the equal attrocities caused by the Bulgars and enemy Avars he takes the
opportunity, provided by chaos, to flee. Many of Voltaires writings are inclusive of the theme of wrongful war. In Charles XII, one of his earlier
works, he addresses the lust for conquest and its consequences. At the age of eighteen, Charles XII had learned his talent for conquest and by the end
of the book he had lost more than he had gained. (green voltaire) Voltaire finds war to be the same everywhere, his use of the words, "international
law," and, " natural law," prove this. "The Bulgars burned the Avars village in accordance with International law."( ) It was declared, by the old woman,
that international law involved searching for diamonds where, "...we women usually allow nothing but the nozzle of an enema."

Research Paper On The Chanson
Burgundy, the mostly French–speaking area unified with the Kingdom of France in 1477, was the musical center of Europe in the early and middle
15th century. Many of the most famous musicians in Europe either came from Burgundy, or went to study with composers there; in addition there was
considerable interchange between the Burgundian court musical establishment and French courts and ecclesiastical organizations in the late 15th
century. The Burgundian style gave birth to the Franco–Flemish style of polyphony which dominated European music in the late 15th and early 16th
centuries. However, by the end of the 15th century, a French national character was becoming distinct in music of the French royal and aristocratic
courts, as well as the major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Influenced by Calvinism, the Protestants produced a type of sacred music much different from the elaborate Latin motets written by their Catholic
counterparts. Both Protestants and Catholics (especially the Protestant sympathizers among them) produced a variation of the chanson known as the
chanson spirituelle, which was like the secular song but was fitted with a religious or moralizing text. Claude Goudimel, a Protestant composer most
noted for his Calvinist–inspired psalm settings, was murdered in Lyon during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. However, not only Protestant
composers were killed during the era of conflict; in 1581, Catholic Antoine de Bertrand, a prolific composer of chansons, was murdered in Toulouse by
a Protestant

The Spanish Empire: The Rise Of Imperial Spain
Origin of the empire
In 1504, Queen Isabella died, King Ferdinand ruled Isabella's side of Spain with their eldest surviving child Joanna of Castile, who also known as
"The mad". In 1516, Ferdinand's death led to a new chapter of Spain, Joanna and Phillip I's son Charles ruled the Spanish empire and created the
Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, he stepped down and passed the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. The Spanish empire to his only
surviving son Phillip II who after a succession crisis in Portugal also became Phillip I of Portugal.
Politics
There are many reasons for the rise of Imperial Spain. First of all, political advantage was one of the main factor.1469 marked the union of two major
dynasties, with the marriage of Ferdinand ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The linguistic advances of the 15th century, the development of new literary genres, the refinements of plateresque art all foreshadowed it. Isabel
called scholars together, encouraged the importation of text hooks and printing" (Pierre Vilar, Robert Brian Tate 41). Technology played an important
role that made Spanish powerful and the vanguard of the colonization. Before the exploration started, they improved or self–invented many essential
things for navigation such as sextant and astrolabe. So Spanish exploration really success towards the end of 15th century due to the new technology
of triangular sails, these sails allowed ships to sail into the wind further than ever before, which precipitated a major rise in explorative

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