Favor Of One Version Of Scientific Realism Essay

Favor Of One Version Of Scientific Realism Essay
Argue in Favour of One Version of Scientific Realism
PHIL2005 – Essay Plan
Introduction
Scientific realism has long been debated as one of the many perspectives in the philosophy of
science. As it explores the very basis of scientific knowledge, it is an attitude that finds itself
intimately linked to nearly all aspects of the field. By convention, scientific realism varies in its
definition, however according to the Stanford Encylopedia of Philosophy it has a core body of ideas
composed of an "epistemically positive attitude towards the outputs of scientific investigation,
regarding both observable and unobservable aspects of the world". In order to display the apt nature
of this attitude it is important to touch on the likes of the significance of human perspective and the
idea of a mind–indepedent world, the Inference of the Best Explanation Theory and the idea of
observable and unobservable entities. Scientific realism is an efficient attitude in the philosophy of
science as it draws focus away from purely human conception to unobservable entities which all of
which point to scientific realism being a superior attitude among others in the philosophy of science.
Overview
1. Significance of the Human Perspective & Mind Independence
Anti–realists are naive in thinking that the human perspective is the only definitive one that counts
and defines the conception of reality
Realists understand that there is more to reality than what humans see, hear, feel, smell and
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Observable Characteristics
The first aspect of diversity I chose to analyze is religion. My religion has had a constant and
endless imprint on my life. There are many ways that I express my religion. One observable
characteristic of my religious identity is my dress and appearance. I choose to dress modestly as a
symbol of self–respect. Based on the belief that my body is a gift from God, I also choose to not
adorn my body with tattoos. My weekly attendance at church and participation in the choir are other
patterns of observable characteristics of culture. A final example of an observable characteristic is
service. I choose to give of my time and talents to help others at school, church or in my community.
For instance, each Sunday I voluntarily teach a Sunday

An Observable Difference Between Brains Of Women And Men
There is an observable difference between the brains of women and men. Men are less selective as
comparable to Women. Women usually buy a product which suits to their personality and
requirements. Men do not care about the price of a product, but they are more caring about the
quality of a product. On the other hand, Women are always attracted to sale and discounted item.
Women less emphasize on quality of product as correspondence to the opposite gender.
Some people have different thinking about shopping time and most people want to do shopping in
the evening rather than morning. In the morning, mostly people going to their jobs and they have a
shortage of time to buy the expensive and important things. As people know, more things are taking
some time to buy products like computers, TV and mobile phone etc. Because people have to
examine those things properly and they are in hurry mood in the morning. In the evening time, when
people are coming from work, they take some rest and then they have plenty of time to buy things
which are best suitable for them.
According to Science, people taking a basket associated with a higher level of purchasing. People
are taking a basket for shopping purpose. Mostly People buy lots of stuff and they need something
to put that stuff. It is difficult for every single person to collect all the grocery stuff in the hands. For
example, if a person went to the grocery store for grocery like milk, butter, vegetables, eggs and
fruits than it is

The Reality Of The Universe
Our lives are limited, the majority of them ending just before becoming a century old. Our collective
age as a species is also miniscule, lasting only the hour before New Year's if the existence of our
universe was shrunk into a calendar year. This puts not only time, but our limitations into
perspective. Such vast numbers cannot be comprehended by our minds, hence the popular calendar
metaphor. Studying astronomy makes aware to us our limitations and thus reveals an awe–inspiring
new realm that we could not have grasped even a glimpse of before.
Neil deGrasse Tyson begins us on our journey through the universe by giving us our cosmic address
– where we are in our vast universe. It goes from as close to home as our planet, Earth, and as far
out as the observable universe, with the solar system, Milky Way galaxy, Local Group, and Virgo
Supercluster in between. Finding our place in the universe like this takes us through clusters of stars
separated by unimaginable amounts of empty space. Looking at ourselves in this way puts
everything into perspective and shows how small we are and how little we have truly explored. Not
only have we explored an amount so small that rounding it would equate to zero, our existence itself
has lasted an irrelevant duration in the history of the universe.
As far as we know, our universe is about 14 billion years old... we ourselves might live to be
between 80 and 100 on average. All of humanity has existed for only about 200,000 years. Viewing

Reflection In Considering Stones
All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason.
There is nothing higher than reason. There two ways of gaining knowledge which are direct
observation and reflection. Observation is a fundamental way of finding out about the world around
us. The key elements of learning through observation are seeing and listening attentively to
whatsoever one is observing. Reflection is replicating what one sees and listens while observing. It
involves describing everything you can see out of your window. Reflection involves linking a
current experience to previous learning's as reflecting on experiences encourages insight and
complex learning. We foster our own growth when we control our learning, so some ... Show more
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Marilyn Bisch is a keen observer and has reflected upon his observation insightfully. The
observation is set in Rome about an common artisan fixing cobblestones which are placed in the
stone buildings. The author was living a normal day. He had no purpose in mind to observe anything
in particular. While the author was walking on the streets of Rome looking at the inscriptures and
sculptures, sconces and windowsills, he suddenly looked at the irregular cobblestones and then
turned towards the person who was fixing it and improving its shape. The author started seeing what
the artisan was doing. There was no communication that took place during the observation. The
author was listening attentively to the sound of the hammer. Having observed, he realizes the true
value of a common artisan. He wants to thank them as they are the reason behind maintaining the
beauty of Rome. The sound of the hammer is like music to him now. Through this writing, the
author has reflected upon it really well. As by observing, learning has taken place. The author
discovered and learnt the unknown. He has given his opinions and ideas on his observation. He even
gained self knowledge and this observation encouraged him further to observe the

Observable Diversity In The Workplace
To get a low wage retail store or a fast food job you don't usually need a strong social network. With
the same effort try to land a sought–after position that offers a fair salary and benefits and the story
may have a different ending. To gain a competitive edge, with friends and family members connect
with each other first in search of these opportunities.
Help is not available to anyone, and is not given to everyone. America lives by the code of pick
yourself up by your own boot strap which in no world is logical. Inequality repeats because help is
naturally set aside for people who are "like me": the people who a part of my community, the people
who go to church with me or those who were educated with me or those whom I have worked with
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This doesn't say Caucasian Americans are the only race doing this; people from every background
may try to help their own. Caucasians are just more likely to have footing in the sorts of jobs that are
safe from market opposition, that also pay a living wage and that have the potential to demonstrate
services and allow for job training and advancement. As much as the opportunity's lack distribution
they also lack redistribution.
I wonder, with so many jobs advocating the increase the observable diversity, why the "friends and
family" recruitment plan isn't used with their current employees who are members of
underrepresented groups. Forward thinking companies aren't shutting people off, they do seek out
employee referral but based on what I see in the workforce, the results are disappointing.
I think it does not happen for a few reasons: Perhaps unintentionally, managers that are over hiring
do not think black and other underrepresented groups know who "qualified" candidates are. The
underrepresented groups are so little that they aren't noticed by managers. Making it hard to hire
someone and you never met the referral

Park Observation
My observation had been conducted near my home, a local park to be exact. This park had been a
day to place for adventure and fun during my youth. This gave me an important perspective in
observing the park consisting of individuals who I could easily connect to.This allowed for me to be
easily influenced by the factors surrounding the park that connect to my early life. I see things and
compare them to my own youth and it affects my judgement on different topics. My standpoint is
critical in determining and analyzing the different factors that I saw at the park. When certain
activities or tasks were conducted by the kids at the park, I judged them based on what I had
experienced before or if I had even done such a thing.
Regarding the decision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated above, my early childhood experiences are crucial when making inferences and
understanding the reasoning behind them. I created two groups depending on their role within the
game I observed; The Runners and Hunters. Regardless of the game I was observing, I refereed to
the Runners as little miniscule critters and the bigger kids to be the Hunters or the bad guys, which
show the pre–incorporated experience from my past. My biggest weakness was the influence of
prior experience on my present judgement. I had tried to connect to the people I had chosen to
observe, and that changed the end result of my investigation causing it to be impacted on a personal
level.
The topic I had chosen to observe was limited by the time frame and the individuals I had looked at.
The time had been a big factor, as 60 minutes is nowhere near enough time to fully understand the
environment and critically analyze it. Besides time, as I read over my observation I realized that I
was not taking into consideration that there were parents at the park, I only choose to look at the
children. Having incorporated the parents as a part of the observation would have provided a more
explorable environment to conduct this observation.
In conclusion, if developed under an anthropologist, the observation would have the common theme
of factual data evidence incorporated into the critical writing analysis rather than the creative
storytelling which was the case for my

Multiverse
Mysteries of the Multiverse
Name: Assif Khan
Student no:
Subject: PCS–181
The term multiverse has many nicknames including but not limited to quantum universes, alternate
universes, alternate realities etc. But, what is the multiverse? If one was to look up the meaning of
the word, the definition that is provided in the Oxford Dictionary states "a hypothetical space or
realm consisting of a number of universes, of which our own universe is only one"1. The use of the
term multiverse or its other moniker parallel universe, has been used in cosmology, physics, and
philosophy to perhaps more prominently in science–fiction literature and movies for decades. Ever
since Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding in the 1920s, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Though existence of multiverse has not been proven to be a fact as of yet, the primary concern
regarding the validity of multiverse theory is the fact that the existence of multiverse is not
observable nor scientifically testable. Science is based on validity, reproducibility and the pursuit of
truth. However, how does one prove the existence of something, if it is purported to exist outside of
our visual horizon? Unlike distant stars, we have yet to see light, emitted from a parallel universe
through a telescope. So, the argument against multiverse theory is that it is a belief, rather than a
proven scientific fact and it is hypothetical in nature. And prioritizing hypothesis over observational
confirmations is a mistake that scientists are not afforded to make. George Ellis4, Professor of
mathematics from University of Cape Town supports this view by suggesting that even if there were
infinite number of universes, infinite is a mathematical entity rather than a physical one and
therefore, we could not count the infinite galaxies in a finite time and thus, it is impossible to prove
the existence of infinite universes through mathematical tests and observations. And if it cannot be
tested, why should it be any more scientifically valid than metaphysics or astrology?
But, defenders of multiverse theory point to Kant and his speculation regarding some nebulae being
"island universes" 5

Observable Behavior Paper
concrete observable behaviors. In study the questionnaire was completed by the same nurse both at
pretest and posttest.
The study showed improvement in quality of life of the people living with dementia diseases after
the intervention. The design used in the study is appropriate because it helps in minimizing the
influence of covariates as the participants serves as their own controls. The study had maintained
confidentiality of the participant and ethical consideration. The sample size of the study is very
small so generalization cannot be done. The data were based on observation so it may be biased.
Likewise, the study is very expensive as it need train professionals and dogs.
The study suggests the use of animals for patients with dementia ... Show more content on
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Creative therapy sessions, included dance, drama, music and movement activities, which were
implemented over an eight–week period, a minimum of three times a week. Observational outcomes
of creative self–expression, communication, pleasure and enjoyment, and general engagement were
recorded. As a sample of the study, all patients attending one of the two community units – unit A or
unit B, both of which provide day treatment and inpatient care – were invited to take part in dance,
drama, music and movement activities. Consent for involvement in the project and the use of
photographs was obtained from patients or their family members. The data collection tool was
developed by the project lead and the clinical governance support team, and was not piloted. To
maintain anonymity all participants using the tool was assigned an identification number that
remained with them throughout the eight–week evaluation period. The data collection tool was
designed to record information on attendance, activities including warm–up and session closing
strategies and outcomes of the creative therapy sessions in relation to creative self–expression,
communication, pleasure and enjoyment, and general engagement. The member of staff running the
activity recorded the degree of improvement seen in the participant during each session. No
improvement was

It Is Observable By Constance Schreur
In this article there is a division between the commenters who are pro technology in the classroom
and against technology within the classroom. Pro comments consist of some student and general
persons, while comments against technology in the classroom consist of some teachers and other
general persons. It is noticeable that many of the comments are being brought about by personal
experience, rather looking for the bigger picture. Commenter, Constance Schreur explains her view
by explaining, "Was an educator for 36 years and I can't even believe you are asking such a
ridiculous question... So if a computer is used the students aren't 'thinking'? The students are way
ahead of us...we need to catch up with them." It is observable by Constance and

Reflection On Intercultural Studies
In this paper I will answer six question about the course I'm taking "intercultural studies" and what I
have learned during these weeks based on my own words and knowledge. I have learned new things
that are related to the culture such as observable, non–observable, metaphor and many others, in
terms of definition and examples in real life.
Culture; it is what make people diverse in many ways. It is the thing that makes certain country's
people different from those of another country, the difference in languages, religion, cuisine, social
habits, music and even arts, all those may be included in culture. it is also shared and learned within
certain people from the same society.
In every culture there are observable and non–observable aspects, which mean that there are some
aspects that are seen and some are not seen. The observable aspects of culture are the ones above the
water and can be seen and understand, just like the clothing, dance, language, food, music and many
others. Food like dates and Arabic coffee represent our culture from the seen side of the culture that
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have read and heard many negative things about my own culture from people who know absolutely
nothing and believe anything the media says without actually taking the effort to know the meanings
behind these behaviors and judge everyone from the same culture based on a personal behavior. A
German friend of mine have the same misunderstanding about my culture in terms of religion and
our lifestyle, she heard and saw people from my culture misbehave so I cannot blame her for that,
because do not really what true Islam is. And there even people who thinks all Arabs as Muslims,
and judge whatever behavior and mistake they do, and relate that to Islam. Whereas Arabs can be
Muslims or Christians or even Jewish, and religion is nothing but a religion, and it is not a scale to
compare people's

The Wonders Of Modern Science And Astronomy
This work is a celebration of the wonders of modern science and astronomy. I set out to make a
children 's book that would be fun and educational in order to further younger generation 's interest
in fields of science. The work of scientists makes a huge difference in everybody 's life regardless if
you become one or not.Science makes the future come to us, they bring us to the farthest spots in
time and space and teach us a process for establishing a truth and making wise decisions. I wanted a
book that makes people slow down, think a little more, and dream, even if it is only for a
moment.What is laid out here is the process of developing this book 's visuals and the research that
heavily influenced them. We are a species that are innately nomads. We strive to find that new green
pasture that is just over the hill we have not passed yet. In current times we have explored all
frontiers available on earth, but now we have a great opportunity to search deep into space. Deep
Space exploration is in the efforts to help give us a perspective on our place in the cosmos, inspire,
and help our civilization persist through time.
Despite this we are constrained to how far we can travel in theory, no longer can we travel unending
distances. We are constrained to a cluster of 54 Galaxies that are drifting away from other clusters.
The nearest candidate to be a life hosting star is orbiting Proxima Centauri, which is 4.2 Light Years
from our solar system and our

GLEAMNS HRC: Observable Artifacts, Espoused Values
Introduction
"Organizational culture consists of a set of shared meanings and values held by a set of members in
an organization that distinguish the organization from other organizations" (Baack, 2012). These
shared values have a strong influence on the people in the organization and dictate how they dress,
act, and perform their jobs. Culture plays a huge role in the guiding of the behaviors of employees of
an organization. There are three stages of culture that interact with one another to influence the
behaviors in the organization. These stages are: observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted
values.
Observable Artifacts
I work for a private, non–profit community based organization that is funded by the government.
Our organization is located in seven surrounding counties in South Carolina. GLEAMNS HRC's
role in the community is to provide and make our community self–sufficient. Some of our success
or recognition comes from our published newsletters or our Annual Family Fun Day (observable
artifacts). "Artifacts include the physical signs of an organization's dominant culture" (Baack, 2012).
Our organization provides its employees with company cars ... Show more content on
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GLEAMNS HRC espoused values are through our mission statement. Our mission statement reads,
"The mission of GLEAMNS Human Resources Commission Incorporated, a community–based
organization, is to deliver quality services, assistance and opportunity to eligible customers with
emphasis placed on dedication, employment and developing self–sufficiency" (GLEAMNS HRC,
2016). Espoused values are essential to an organization because it provides the employees a
blueprint on what the organization considers to be important for their success. "Because espoused
values constitute aspirations that are explicitly communicated to employees, managers hope that
espoused values will directly influence employee behavior"

Observable Artifacts Associated With The Chrysler Culture
1. The observable artifacts associated with the Chrysler culture was that the CEO was located in a
penthouse office of the building which Mr. Marchionne moved to the middle of the engineering
department; he streamlined senior leadership, and to the remaining 15 members he gave them added
responsibility feeling that the more decisions they had to make the faster they would work to meet
the deadlines; he also gave them the opportunity to take full authority to take risks without worrying
about bureaucrats barriers and they were allowed to make smart decisions and to be held
accountable for them (Lueneburger, 2014). At first it seems that all Chrysler was worried about was
selling cars, when sales fell they dropped the prices of the cars. ... Show more content on
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Basic Underlying Assumptions are the beliefs that employees have about the everyday operation of
a company. Chrysler's employees began to believe that sales, market shares, and the awards were the
most important aspect of their company; simply because that was what management kept pushing on
them, probably in sales meetings (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). Their employees were so driven to get
the quota to become sales person of the month and get a plaque with their name on it, and hung on
the wall so everyone could see; that they got blind sided of what was really important (Kreitner &
Kinicki, 2013). By striving to get this behavior down right, it is hard to begin to change back into
what it was supposed to be or something new altogether because it has become a part of these
employees belief of how things are to operate (Kinicki, 2013, slide 14).
References
Lueneburger, Christoph (2014). Lessons from Chrysler: how to rev up a purpose–driven corporate
culture. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable–business/2014/jul/31/leaders–
chrysler–bankruptcy–automobile–marchionne–ceo–detroit. Retrieved on April 5, 2017. Kreitner, R.,
& Kinicki, A. (2013). Organizational behavior (10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw–Hill/Irwin.
Retrieved from https://www.betheluniversityonline.net/mba/default.aspx?
SectionID=2315&tabid=155#2, pgs. 63 – . Retrieved on April 3, 2017.
Kinicki, Angelo (2013). CGS_MBA_502. MBA502_0327_17032Attend Unit 2: Retrieved from
https://www.betheluniversityonline.net/mba/default.aspx?SectionID=2315&tabid=156#2, slides 13–
14. Retrieved on April 3,

Testable Explanations For Essay
Testable Explanations or Explanatory Fictions and WHY??
Emanuela Hale
Ball State University
State whether each of the following is a testable explanation or an explanatory fiction, make sure to
justify your answer.
1. When Kyle is mad, he spits at other students in the class.
This is an example of explanatory fiction because mad (the behavior that leads to Kyle spitting) is
not a specific behavior and cannot be measured. As explained in Alberto & Troutman (2017)
"Explanatory fictions explain nothing. Behaviorists explain behavior on the basis of observation, not
imagination" (p.14). Two different people most likely would disagree on what mad looks like. For
example, one person may consider Kyle is mad as screaming very loud for 5 seconds vs the other
person viewing Kyle as mad by banging his fists on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the teacher gives corrections for a paper, Kelsey overreacts.
This statement is an explanatory fiction because the behavior of overreacting is just an opinion. This
behavior is not measurable and cannot be verified.
4. When Rob is given one assignment at a time, he completes all of his work.
This statement is a testable explanation because what happens prior (the antecedent) is that the task
is broken down by only giving Rob one assignment at a time which is observable and Rob
completing his work is measurable. According to Alberto & Troutman (2017) "If you can see it, hear
it, feel it, or smell it, it's observable. If you can count it or measure it, it's quantifiable" (p.13).
5. Carter yells at the teacher when she gives him homework.
This statement is a testable explanation because Carter yelling is observable because we can hear it,
and when data is collected we would observe the date of the homework and measure it. Afterwards,
we would relate it to Carter yelling at the teacher to notice the relationship with homework given,
and carter yelling at his teacher.
6. When asked to follow directions in front of friends, Lilly refuses and throws

Observable Differences In Nursing
The observable difference was the intensity of the experiences revealed by the participants. With
regard to familial, social, personal and vocational level, these girls have challenges in a different
manner. However, the result clearly showed that the daughters of non–institutionalized mothers are
more vulnerable than the daughters of institutionalized mothers. As a result of the mental illness of
the mother affected the whole trajectory of the development of these daughters.
Another important observation is that a good number of the participants are unable to identify and
accept their femininity and grow into the full actualization of it and still remain at high risk of being
abused physically, sexually and emotionally. They tend to be more

Observable Artifacts Of The Financial Downfall Of Chrysler
The observable artifacts of the financial downfall of Chrysler were due in part to "heavy discounting
in pursuit of high volumes" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p.86). This has become the espoused value in
the auto industry for some automakers with the belief it would help them become more financially
stable. When Chrysler hired Chief Executive Sergio Marchionne, he had to change the company's
observable artifacts resulting in some long term executives being replaced with more recently hired
staff. Sergio had to change the culture of employees and the vision of the company in order to have
an espoused value of sustainability. Sergio had basic assumptions about the executives he let go, and
further confirmed them when he interviewed many of

Is Breaking The Law For A Cause Justifiable?
Research Topic: Is breaking the law for a cause justifiable? The five researchable questions are as
follows:
What have others said about this topic? Who are the major groups that have expressed an interest in
the topic or issue ?
What is the history behind these problems or controversies? How have they arisen?
What theories have been developed around the topic and what do they say?
Are there flaws in the existing theory, research, policy and practice that you feel you can remedy
through your proposed research? What are these flaws and how will your research resolve them?
What research has been done on this topic? What gaps are there that should be addressed?
2. Situation: The President of George Brown College is interested in assessing the attitudes of
people in the province regarding postsecondary education. Unsure of whether to do the study using a
telephone interview or a browser–based survey, she comes to you for advice.
a)
Advantages of Telephone Survey:
In Canada, around 98.5% of the people have phones almost double the number of people who used
back in 1947.
The cost of operating a telephone survey is ideal in this survey as it is a large group and inexpensive
with little or no loss in response rates.
The development of Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) increased the efficiency as
the response could be directly entered into the computer file. Disadvantages of a Telephone survey:
The phone number may not be tied to a particular

Placebo Cure
As per the Merriam–Webster dictionary, a cure is defined as, "something (such as a drug or medical
treatment) that stops a disease and makes someone healthy again; something that ends a problem or
improves a bad situation" (Merriam–Webster's, 2014). The study of science and philosophy are
trying to work together so that we may answer the difficult questions that we have surrounding the
world in which we live in. Scientific experiments are often conducted so that results may be
obtained. These results often verify or disprove a scientific hypothesis; philosophers on the other
hand are more concerned about what the view of the world should be. A placebo is a pill, treatment,
procedure or medicine used in place of a real treatment, the patient ends up having a psychological
effect than a physiological one. In science and according to a philosophical view where does a
placebo fit in? And whether it can really exist as a cure. For the purpose of this paper I will discuss
placebos' as a cure and discuss the realist and antirealist views about the observable and
unobservable phenomena. The mind is a very powerful force that can make heaven or hell out of
life. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, anti–realists hold that the aim of science is to provide a true explanation of a
certain part of the world, which is what can be observed (Okasha, 2002). A pro realist would argue
that both observable phenomenon and theories are true descriptions of what is represented in the
world, whereas an anti–realist would say that only the observable phenomenon are true, and theories
are neither true of false (Okasha, 2002). It is important to note that both views; the realist one and
the anti–realist one accept the reality of the world. The difference between them has to do with the
position of where scientific theories are.

Radical Behaviorism: Study Of Overt, Observable?
Behaviorism is the study of psychology that emphasizes the study of overt, observable behavior. It
examines if consciousness is observable, and if it even exists. Determinism claims that all events are
completely determined by previously existing causes. If someone is caught and punished for
cheating off a test, then they are less likely to do it again. However, if someone gets away with
cheating on a test then they are more likely to do it again. Radical Behaviorism claims that everyone
has their own free will, and can do whatever they please without being swayed one direction of the
other by their past experiences. People like to believe that they have free will, and only do what they
please when they please, but in reality our thoughts and

organizational behavior Essay
1. What are the observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions associated with
Chrysler's culture? Explain.
2. How is Mr. Machionne trying to improve the PE fit of his direct reports?
3. Use the competing values framework to diagnose Chrysler's culture. To what extent does it
possess characteristics associated with clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy cultures? Discuss.
4. Begin by looking up Chrysler's mission or vision statement on the company's website. Now
answer the following question: To what extent is the culture type you identified in question 2
consistent with the accomplishment of this mission or vision? Explain.
5. Which of the mechanisms for changing organizational culture did Mr. Marchionne use at ... Show
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Would you like to work at Chrysler? Explain your rationale.
consistent with the accomplishment of this mission or vision? Explain.
35. Which of the mechanisms for changing organizational culture did Mr. Marchionne use at
Chrysler? Explain.
36. Would you like to work at Chrysler? Explain your rationale.

The Multiverse Theory
The argument suggesting life existing on other Earth–like planets has been present since man first
looked into space and questioned his own existence and the existence of others like him. Today there
are many theories on the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, but only one theory
goes beyond them and into an even larger realm. The contents of this theory, known as the
"multiverse" theory, suggest that humans on Earth live within one universe of many others that
reside within a primordial vacuum containing many other universes (Jenkins and Perez). Each of
these universes possesses potentially different natural constants and physical laws that govern them
differently, thus calling forth some logical questions. First, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Slightly shifting any of these variables individually can result in the destruction of life or the
inability for life to form in the first place. However such shifts can, if varied simultaneously with
another constant of principle, result in other plausible universes that render carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen–like atoms, which could eventually create a form of intelligent life somewhat resembling
humans (Jenkins and Perez, 47). Based on the experimentation performed by physicists Alejandro
Jenkins and Gilad Perez, there are four fundamental forces that enable life within our universe,
without which humans would not exist. They consist of the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic
force, gravity, and weak nuclear force. Because the other three forces are so vital to the existence of
life, the two decided to eliminate the weak nuclear force and study the resulting possibilities via
simulations and graphical reasoning. Their experiment created graphs showing two variables, one
per axis. They showed that there is a "small range [within each variable that is] congenial to life"
(Jenkins and Perez), and by combining two variables, the range supporting life increases. This
means that if other universes do exist in an infinite quantity, as this theory asserts, the probability
that intelligent life exists within them is high. Though not all possess conditions that support organic
molecules

Why Is It Important To Identify And Teach Directly...
1. We are often defined by both our good and bad behaviors. This being said, the undesirable
behaviors tend to leave a greater lasting impact than the desirable behaviors do. For this reason,
teachers need to place a special focus on teaching students the appropriate behavioral skills
whenever opportunities arise.
2. Behavior is teachable content, just like the other subjects in school. Because behaviors are often
learned, teachers need to make sure they are clearly explaining the expectations and giving the
appropriate support.
3. To establish successful positive behavior support plans within school systems, it is important to
concisely identify the set of behavior expectations, pinpoint and teach directly observable student
outcomes, develop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teachers are often expected to help investigate and document student behaviors. Observations,
interviews, and behavior rating scales are all ways in which direct information can be obtained.
7. In order to accurately see and understand what is going on, it is always a good idea to collect
multiple sources of data across a variety of settings.
8. An anecdotal observation is an informal observation technique in which someone collects
information by simply observing what is going on and keeping a running record of all of the events
that occur in the classroom during a specific time period. This technique definitely comes with
limitations, but it is often a good starting point.
9. Discipline can get a little tricky, especially when considering students with disabilities. If the
problem behavior is connected to the student's disability, a BIP should be created and implemented.
If the problem behavior isn't associated with the student's disability, the normal disciplinary
measures (those in which students without disabilities experience) must be taken.
10. When disciplinary removal (suspension, expulsion, etc.) is considered, students with special
needs are treated differently than their normal–abled peers. Removal would be a "change in
placement," and this goes against the guidelines of federal

Observable Artifacts
What Are The Observable Artifacts, Espoused Values, And Basic Assumptions Associated Chrysler's
With Chrysler Culture. Making a sacrifice to take the automobile industry to a different level was a
dream that came true for Mr. Sergio Marchionne. Taking Detroit by storm and bringing them back to
life, putting them back on the map for what they do best. "For the past seven months the 57 year old
italian–born Canadian has been working to shake up Chrysler and move the company away from the
old ways that forced it into bankruptcy. The physical back end stories about the company are the
dress code, and rituals within a company". (Chrysler Group, LLC. (n.d.). The observable artifacts
the old way of thinking was to place a rebate on the cars that were sold and double ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As is the case with Chrysler, organizations can possess characteristics of each type, but generally
have one that is more dominant than the others. By looking at the two fundamental dimensions or
axes, we can determine the new type of organizational culture manifested through the changes
orchestrated by Marchionne".( "Business," 2015). Paying back all the government loans ahead of
time getting the corporation through the bankruptcy coming back on top, with the vision that the
new CEO had and what he has done each year produce more cars and provided more jobs for the
people in Detroit trying to bring the life back to the city to what was a big tourist State that people
enjoy going to. With the new changes that Chrysler has begin maybe this will bring people back to
Detroit for the new jobs that are now open. Chrysler has went through a lot throughout the years and
with the new CEO Shocking the organization with new ideas that are working it's up to the new
executive to continue with the new ideas that they have been taught so that the vision can continue
to be seen by

Fair Value Hierarchy
Memorandum to: Accounting department of family finance co. from: Daisy subject: fair value
hierarchy date: december 15, 2012
Introduction
Family Finance Co. (FFC), a publicly traded commercial bank, invests in a variety of securities in
order to enhance returns greater than interest paid on bank deposits and other liabilities. The primary
investments of FFC are collateralized debt obligation, mortgage–backed securities, auction–rate
securities, equity securities in nonpublic companies, interest rate swaps, and a fuel swap for
gasoline. FFC measures the derivative at fair value, presenting the portion of the fair value change
by using the fair value hierarchy. This memo will present the appropriate classification in the fair
value ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, as of the measurement date, there is lack of recent and relevant transactions. Thus, the fair
value measurement of this CDO should be classified as Level 3. By analyzing the market changes,
FFC determined that the CDO's market was not active and there has been a significant decrease in
the volume and level of activity. FFC used an income approach valuation technique which is present
value technique to make measurement. Because this approach can maximize the use of relevant
observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs to reflect the fair value more
representatively.
Instrument 2 –Mortgage–Backed Security The fair value measurement of the Mortgage–Backed
Security investment shall be categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. According to
ASC 820–10–35–52, "Level 2 inputs include the following: a. Quoted prices for similar assets or
liabilities in active markets". These inputs included quoted prices in active markets for similar
MBSs with insignificant adjustments for differences between the MBS held by FFC and similar
securities. In Q4 of 2012, the prices for transactions didn't reduce the relevant to the fair value
measurement. Therefore, the fair value measurement of this MBS should be classified into Level 2
of fair value hierarchy. The market of Mortgage–Backed Security

The Basic Principles Underlying Peer Observation
In this article I shall look at the basic principles underlying peer observation and its value to
institutions and to individual teachers.
What is peer observation?
Quality control or professional development?
How should peer observation be organised?
What are the advantages of peer observation for teachers?
What are the advantages of peer observation for institutions?
What is peer observation?
Peer observation is the observation of teachers by teachers, usually, though not always, on a
reciprocal basis.
Pairings may be mentor/novice or experienced teacher/experienced teacher. In the first case the
focus will be more clearly on helping the novice to develop their teaching skills both by observing
and being observed by an experienced colleague. In the second case, the objective is to provide
opportunities for experienced teachers to reflect on their teaching in a calm and private environment.
Quality control or professional development?
Quality control
Peer observation may be used by an institution as part of its quality assurance procedures. In this
model, teachers are asked to assess and report formally on the performance of their colleagues
according to criteria set out by the institution. Observation reports form part of the ongoing
evaluation of the teacher 's performance and may influence decisions on promotion or tenure.
There are clear advantages to this type of peer observation. An experienced and competent teacher
may be perceived by the institution as the

Society Reflection Paper
Now that the different facets of the multiverse theory have been explained, what about society's
reaction? My hypothesis is that society will freak out and eventually progress into a nihilistic and
existential society. Inevitably, there will also be individuals who react differently. I believe society's
reaction will mirror that of what happened when Charles Darwin proposed his theory of evolution.
Because society went haywire when their view of the world was changed, no doubt society will
react in a similar way because their view of the entire universe itself would change. A majority of
the population sees our universe as a singular entity that exists on its own. Outside of our universe,
there is nothing, since everything we know of is contained within the universe. But the multiverse
theory claims that other universes exist outside of our own. Those universes contain other versions
of ourselves in different contexts, different jobs, different socioeconomic levels, and with different
passions. Right after Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was published, it was read and reviewed
by people of different religions, interests, and professions. Many of its first readers were appalled.
John Leifchild writes in the Athenaeum, "Man, in [Darwin's] view, was born yesterday –he will
perish tomorrow. In place of being immortal, we are only temporary, and, as it were, incidental"
(Leifchild). He did not agree with the fact that humanity at the time could change, or has ever
changed.

Observable Behavioral Differences Between Men And Women
It's interesting how many researchers found what they were looking for, as this has been common in
research, science, and even philosophy throughout history. Freud, who came up with the idea of an
Oedipus complex, based his theories of women on a few upper–middle–class women in Vienna
suffering from psychological disorders. He based his findings on men on an even smaller sample.
Freud wasn't the only person. Much like how many brain researchers "find exactly what they are
looking for, and what they are looking for are the brain–based differences that explain the
observable behavioral differences between adult women and adult men" (Kimmel, 35). Since these
craniologists believed that men and women were different and that men were better, they compared
men's and women's test scores. Women did better, so they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Kimmel states that "it is interesting to see that women's drive, ambition, and industriousness were
used against them but that men were not faulted for impulsiveness, impatience, and laziness" (35).
Despite the results of the study being inconclusive (assuming the researchers were correct in saying
women had better memories and worked harder), men were still shown as being better than women.
People have been finding what they were looking for as long as people have been looking for
answers to their questions. Philosopher René Descartes is an example of this from 17th century
France. One of the things all philosophers looked for until Nietzsche was an ultimate, undeniable
truth. To do this, Descartes doubted everything until he found something that he couldn't prove
wrong. The first thing he found was that he existed because he was thinking. But if he existed he had
to

Are Aliens Real Research Paper
RIO SHARMA
COMPUTING PROJECT
Objective
To create a piece on 'Are aliens real?'
COMPUTING PROJECT
To many Aliens are just a character in Sci–Fi movies and books but are they actually real?
LET'S FIND OUT!
THE ARGUMENT
Many scientists over the years have debated about living life outside of our planet. Many of the
scientists who are on the side of that there other life keep bringing up the story of God and Jesus, it
is now proven that the world began due to the Big Bang and not God– they then say that most of the
people who are rooting on the side of that there is no outside life are still or maybe a little bit
attached to the story of God and Jesus and that he ONLY made humans. But people who are on the
side of that there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2, involve human–alien hybrids. But given that we can't even reproduce with our nearest
evolutionary relative, the chimpanzee, it's "overwhelmingly improbable" we could do so with aliens,
according to Dartnell.
Parallel universes
Is our universe unique? From science fiction to science fact, there is a proposal out there that
suggests that there could be other universes besides our own, where all the choices you made in this
life played out in alternate realities. So, instead of turning down that job offer that took you from the
United States to China, the alternate universe would show the outcome if you decided to venture to
Asia instead.
The idea is pervasive in comic books and movies. For example, in the 2009 "Star Trek" reboot, the

premise is that the Kirk and Spock portrayed by Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto are in an alternate
timeline apart from the William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy versions of the characters.
The concept is known as a "parallel universe," and is a facet of the astronomical theory of the
multiverse. There actually is quite a bit of evidence out there for a multiverse. First, it is useful to
understand how our universe is believed to have come to

Observation Methods Used For Identifying Children 's...
– There are various types of observation methods in which it is used to identify children's individual
needs. The written narrative method is an easy method in which the practitioner that is observing to
write what is seen which means what the child is doing. It is very hard or the practitioner to record
and act which means that a small amount of information will be recorded. The vocabulary of the
observer would be very poor and the writing maybe unreadable which would affect others using
those observation notes. This type of observation is used as a starting point for the future
observations. This can be used for any area of development. It is important to know if you are
observing only or observing and as well as looking after the child. For this method, only a pen and
notepad is required to note down what the child is doing. Some may need a break after writing for a
long time and fast but as they take a break, they may miss something important and have not noted it
down. Therefore the disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to write everything down and
also record what the child is doing for a long period of time.
The method of target child is a method that is used to focus on one particular type of play. This type
of method needs to be planned beforehand as it would be easier to observe. The observer would only
be focusing on one child because focusing on too many children may not give accurate information
and it would be too much work on the observer. It

Evaluation Of Constructivist Lesson Plan Format Essay
Brittney Centeno
EDUC 554 Inquiry/Constructivist Lesson Plan Format
Written by: Brittney Centeno
Science Subject Area and Grade Level: Water / First Grade
New York State Science Learning Standards:
Make observations (firsthand or from media) to construct an evidence–based account for natural
phenomena. (2–PS1–3)
2–PS1–1. Plan and conduct an investigation to describe and classify different kinds of materials by
their observable properties. Materials:
Materials for experiment (clear container, water, cup, modeling clay, unifix cubes and marbles.)
Observation sheet Time Estimate: 45 minutes
Objective: Students will be able to understand that the size of an object affects water levels.
Knowing: Students will know that water levels change.
Doing: Students will be able to add objects to the water and see whether the water rises or sinks.
They will also be able to observe and record what objects have a different affect on the water level.
Driving Question: What are the relationships between the size of an object and the water level?
Adaptations:
Students who are finished early can try to create a different object in shape and size using the
modeling clay to place into the container of water.
English language learners can work with a partner and also use a picture chart to help.
Engage:
Have you every noticed what happens to the water in the bathtub when you sit in it? (Turn and Talk)
Have you ever wondered

Observable Artifacts In Chrysler
Observable artifacts is defined as the physical manifestation of an organization's culture not limited
to the company's manner dress, awards, myths and stories told about the organization, public lists of
values, observable rituals and ceremonies, decorations and so on (Kreitner, Kinicki, 2013). Mr.
Marchionne attempted to create a new culture for Chrysler. A negative observable artifacts was
discovered by Mr. Marchionne occurred when Mr. Fong was the Sales Chief in 2009. At that
time,Chrysler was known for giving out a matching rebate of $4500 along with the government
incentive given with the same value.(Kreitner, Kinicki, 2013) This created financial issues for
Chrysler as they struggled with profits gain. Mr. Marchionne wanted a more positive

Centre For American Education : Assignment Cover Sheet
CENTRE FOR AMERICAN EDUCATION
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET
Student Details: Name: Student Number:
Subject Details: Subject Name: Subject Code:
Lecturer 's Name:
Assignment Details: Due Date:
Date Submitted:
PLEASE NOTE All assignments are the responsibility of the student.
Ensure you keep a copy of your assignment before submitting.
DECLARATION: I declare that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this assignment is my own
work, all sources have been properly acknowledged, and the assignment contains no plagiarism.
This assignment or any part thereof has not previously been submitted for assessment at this or any
other University.
Student Signature: Date:
STUDENT ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Non–eating duration: The duration needed for individuals to conduct behaviours outside from
eating, such as: organizing the eating area and socializing with friends.
II. Hypotheses
 Men need a shorter eating duration at table than women.
 Individuals eating alone need a shorter eating duration at table than individual eating in a group.
III. Methods
I. Participants
The scope of participants used in observation was limited to only students of Sunway University
College inside the cafeteria in Sunway University College. Under normal circumstances, the
customers in cafeteria are either students or staffs of Sunway University College. Therefore, to
ensure the participants are students without asking them, the author deducted the possibility of error
in choosing the desired participants by ignoring every individuals in cafeteria who wore institutional

identity (See Figure 3 in Appendix section). Since all participants are university students, their age
can be assumed as ranging from eighteen to twenty–four with average as twenty–one (University of
California Berkeley, 2012).
The reasons author decides to observe students, not staffs or both staffs and students (random) are:
a. The number of students is by far larger than that of

Key Observable Artifacts Of Chrysler's Culture
An organization's culture is comprised of three fundamental layers: observable artifacts, espoused
values, and basic assumptions. Observable artifacts consist of the physical manifestation of an
organization's culture. A few examples of these artifacts are acronyms, manner of dress, awards,
stories about the organization, and published lists of values (K &K). A key observable artifact of
Chrysler's culture is the story of Peter Fong. When the U.S. Government was offering up to $4,500
in "cash for clunkers" rebates; Mr. Fong, Chrysler's sales chief devised a plan to offer an additional
$4,500 from Chrysler. Mr. Fong's plan of doubling rebates to gain higher sales is the type of culture
which led Chrysler to lower profit margins. This type of business strategy is exactly what Mr.
Marchionne was trying to change. This story shows employees Mr. Marchionne's commitment to
changing the culture of the company. Another observable artifact is the weekly management team
meetings that also included Fiat executives in Italy through video conference. Mr. Marchionne used
these meeting to inform employees that their margins and vehicle ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Values have five key components. They are concepts of beliefs, pertain to desirable end–states or
behaviors, transcend situations, guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events, and are
ordered by relative importance (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). Many researchers believe that when
employees share organizational values, they feel more loyal, dedicated, identify more strongly with
the organization and are less likely to leave (Khandelwal & Mohendra, 2010). An organization's
goal is to turn espoused values into enacted values. Enacted values are the values and norms that are
actually exhibited or converted into employee behavior (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). Chrysler's
espoused values are innovation, leadership, responsibility and cooperation (Chrysler,

Current Observable Rise In Sea Level
The current observable rise in sea level provides the world with a clear example of the harmful
effects of excess greenhouse gas emissions. Instances in Norfolk, Virginia and southern Florida
clearly represent the dangers that unregulated carbon dioxide emission can pose to the environment,
and its dangerous impact on human life. For example, Norfolk is the home to the the largest naval
station in the world and functions as one of the most critical bases for the United States Navy.
However, rising sea levels caused by carbon dioxide emissions threaten the future of the base and
the need to move the base or adapt it to the new seascape would be a cumbersome burden on
American taxpayers. As a result, humans are tasked with finding ways to curb

Examples Of Observable Artifacts At Chrysler
Observable artifacts are the objects one can see in the work environment. The main observable
artifact at Chrysler was the fact that Mr. Fong doubled rebates in order to make sales. This was
associated with the culture that led to the company filing for bankruptcy. Another observable artifact
came with the new changes Mr. Marchionne implemented such as, weekly meetings with his staff.
Espoused values can be defined as the normal standards in which a company conducts business. A
couple of espoused values mentioned are the "margins and vehicle quality needed to improve and
better control over pricing was imperative" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 86). Mr. Marchionne
wanted the company profitable again. Basic assumptions "are unobservable and represent the core
organizational culture" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 65) of a company's behavior. Marchionne
made changes by firing executives and adding a shock factor to the workforce. The observable
artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions associated with Chrysler's culture are that the
company wants to protect its market share. The assumption is that the market share and volume of
sales are most important to Chrysler. For this reason it is acceptable to give discounts and rebates.
It appears that Chrysler ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
63). The mechanism for changing organizational culture Mr. Marchionne used at Chrysler would be
basic assumptions. Mr. Marchionne wanted to make sure that the right people are working for the
company. One tactic used to ensure this was to interview every executive to evaluate if he felt that
person was qualified and whether that person possessed his same work ethic. He fired executives
that were not performing to his standards, and promoted people who were in lower positions than
they deserved to be. He also relocated his office among the engineers, instead of in the executive

Observable Artifacts In Chrysler's Sales Chief Peter Fong
Cultural values of a company that are heard through stories or seen in a workplace such as manner
of dress, pictures, signs, or awards are examples of observable artifacts (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013).
There is a flaw to studying observable artifacts. The possibility of making incorrect conclusions
exists if we are not aware of how they relate to basic assumptions. This is especially true for
organizational stories shared that are problematic. Lessons of a story will not be interpreted if
persons do not understand the basic assumption behind it (Schein, 1990). An example of an
observable artifact in this week's reading is a story regarding Chrysler's sales chief Peter Fong. An
issue that plagued other car manufactures was a frustration that

The Mandela Effect: A Conspiracy Theory
Science fiction has brought many things to the human race. Imagination, scientific breakthroughs,
and perhaps one of the most shocking scientific theories, the theory of multiple, or parallel,
universes. According to science the universe came into being around 13.7 billion years ago after a
catastrophic event called The Big Bang occurred, however throughout many years scientists have
wondered whether our universe was the only one created.
The Mandela Effect is a relatively recent conspiracy theory that has been continuously 'proven' by
internet forums. The Mandela Effect was first proposed by Fiona Broome who believes that false
memories of events or conversations are glimpses into parallel universes, normally these events are
quite major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most popular theories for the cause of the Mandela Effect is the existence and perhaps
crossing of parallel universities or universes. Going back to the believed start of Earth with The Big
Bang something unknown trigger caused the cosmos to expand and soon particles and light came
into being, particles joined each other and after billions of years and eventually things such as
planets, stars, black holes, and gas. During this creative spree the universe in which we live and our
Solar System came into being. Even with current scientific advances there is no way of proving or
disproving the idea that more than one universe was created, or the idea that other universes have
been created since this point. Spacetime is described by scientists as "the concepts of time and
three–dimensional space regarded as fused in a four–dimensional continuum" however nobody
knows what the size or shape of space–time is meaning currently there is no limit to it, meaning
there could be an infinite number of universes. One theory about multiple universes follows the
Quantum Mechanics theory and states that for each decision made by each being on Earth there is
another universe, or multiple universes, where the decision and result was different. According to
this theory each possibility opens a new universe where that possibility occurs, this could cause

Chrysler's Observable Artifacts
Three distinct layers compose the culture of any organization. Observable artifacts make up the first
layer. "Artifacts are the physical manifestations of an organization's culture" (Kreitner & Kinicki,
2013, p.84). Observable artifacts can range from awards in the lobby at the corporate headquarters
to team building displays in shared spaces. From an outsider's perspective, the most easily
accessible view of Chrysler's observable artifacts is found on their website www.chrysler.com. A
section highlights many awards received for safety (Choose, 2017). An interactive timeline
illustrating popular Chrysler products of each time period along with related notable achievements
of the period sends a subtle message to the reader that Chrysler ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Espoused values represent the explicitly state values and norms that are preferred by an
organization" (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p.84). According to Chrysler's job website, their espoused
values are Innovation, Leadership, Passion, Cooperation and Responsibility (Our Culture, 2017).
Sergio Marchionne, CEO of Chrysler Corporation, delivered a speech to the Automotive News
World Conference in 2010. In this speech, he stressed the need for a flattening of the organizational
structure at Chrysler so that innovative ideas could reach the appropriate levels to be acted upon
instead of dying on the desks of mid–level executives who are change–averse (Marchionne, 2010).
Marchionne said that being a meritocracy founded the revival at Fiat (Marchionne, 2010). Another
of his key points was that change must be accepted and embraced in order for the organization to
thrive (Marchionne, 2010). A key value illustrated in his speech was that the industry must be
accountable (Marchionne,

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