pathology of rbc and wbc

1. PATHOLOGY OF RBC AND WBC
SUBMITTED BY:MAYURI CHELKAR
GUIDED BY:DR.P.M. SONKUSALE SIR

2. PRODUCTION

3. RBC:PATHOLOGICAL FORMS
:VARIATION
IN SIZE OF RBC
• SLIGHT ANISOCYTOSIS
COMMON IN CATTLE
:VARIATIO
N IN SHAPE OF RBC
RBC
HAVING NARROW RIM OF
Hb SURROUNDING
CENTRAL LARGE PALE
AREA.ALSO CALLED
PESSARY CELLS

4. :RBC
CONTAINS BLUE STAINING
GRANULES SCATTERED
THROUGHOUT-REMNANT
OF RNA
• INTENSE
ERYTHROGENESIS IN
ANAPLASMOSIS[BOVINES]
HAEMONCHOSIS[SHEEP]
• LEAD POISONING

5. :BLUISH
THREAD LIKE RINGS IN
RBC[NUCLEAR
REMNANT]
• HAEMOLYTIC AND
TOXIC ANAEMIA
• LEAD POISONING

6. :THIN
RBC WITH LARGER SURFACE
WITHOUT INCREASES IN
VOLUME
• PATTERNS OF LEPTOCYTES:
:RBC WITH
CENTRAL ROUNDED OF
PIGMENTED
MATERIAL,SURROUNDED BY
CLEAR ZONE WITHOUT
PIGMENT AND DENSE RING OF
CYTOPLASM AROUND
PERIPHERY
:RAISED FOLD

7. • BONE MARROW DEPRESSION
ANEMIA
• AGING CHANGE
• CHRONIC
INFECTIONS:SUGGESTED WHEN
THERE IS ABSENCE OF
ERYTHROGENESIS
• INHERITED OR ACQUIRED
METABOLIC INTERFERENCE
WITH RBC METABOLISM
• SPLENIC DISEASE OR
SPLEENECTOMY
• HYPERLIPEMIA AND
HYPERCHOLESTERMIA

8. SICKLE SHAPED RBC
• SEEN IN BLOOD EXPOSED TO
MORE THAN FEW SECONDS TO
O2[DURING BLOOD SMEAR
PREP.,MIXING OF BLOOD]
• ALKALOSIS INDUCES SICKLING
• SEEN IN HUMANS:GENETIC
DEFECT CAUSING MUTATION
INBETA-GLOBIN GENE,IN WHICH
HYDROPHILIC GLUTAMIC ACID
SUBSITUTED BY HYDROPHBIC
VALINE,FORMING HB S]

9. :ELLIPTICAL
RBC
• NORMAL IN CAMEL
• FAULTY SMEAR MAKING
TECHNIQUE
• LIVER DISEASE IN CAT
• MYELOFIBROSIS IN
DOG
• INHERITED/CONGENITA
L RBC ABNORMALITY

10. :2 TYPES
:HAVE REGULARLY PLACED
TENT SHAPED PROJECTIONS FROM
SURFACE AND HAVE CENTRAL PALLOR AREA
• SEEN IN DEHYDRATED ANIMALS
• IN BLOOD FILMS WHEN FILM DRIES SLOWLY
:PROJECTIONS
ARE IRREGULARLY PLACED,HAVE VARIABLE
SIZED KNOBS ON TIPS OF SPIKY
PROJECTIONS,NO CENTRAL PALLOR AREA
• RENAL AND LIVER DISESASE
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• MICROANGIOPATHY[FORMATION OF SMALL
FIBRIN CLOTS IN CAPILLARY]
• VASCULAR
NEOPLASIA[HAEMANGIOSARCOMA]

11. :SMALL
SPHERE SHAPED RBC WITH NO
CENTRAL PALLOR
• SEEN IN IMHA.FORMED WHEN
MACROPHAGE REMOVES
ABNORMAL PORTION OF RBC
MEMBRANE.CAUSING RBC TO
FORM SPHERE SHAPE
• HYPERSPLENISM
• ZN AND CU TOXICITY

12. :SMALL
FRAGMENTS OF RBC
,IRREGULAR IN SIZE AND SHAPE
• MICROANGIOPATHY
• DIC
• VALVULAR
STENOSIS,VASCULAR
NEOPLASIA
• IRON DEFECIENCY ANEMIA
• DOXORUBICIN TOXICITY

13. :RBC WITH
FUSION OF A PORTION OF CELL
MEMBRANE THAT CAUSES HB
TO BE PUSHED TO SIDE
• OXIDATIVE INJURY CAUSES
FUSION
• ZN,ONIONTOXICITY
• INHERITED ENZYME
DEFECTS[GLUCOSE6-
PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE]

14. :RBC
HAVING SMALL BLISTERS
ON SURFACE THAT
RUPTURE
• SEEN WITH INCREASED
FRAGILITY,MICROANGIOPAT
HY,OXIDATIVE INJURY
:OVAL SAPED
CELLS WITH SMALL SPIKES
ON SURFACE
• FELINE HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS

15. :RBCS
WITH LINEAR AREA
OF CENTRAL PALLOR
• INHERITED
HAEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
IN ALASKAN
MALMUTE DOG

16. RBC HAVING
NONHAEMOGLOBIN IRON
GRANULES STAINING BLUE
WITH PRUSSIAN BUE
• IN ROMANOWSKY DYE
SMEARS,THEY APPEAR
BASOPHIC RODS CALLED

17. RBC SMALLER
THAN NORMAL
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
• INTENSE ERYTHROGENESIS
• AGING
:IMMATURE
ERYTHROYTE
• MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA,B12
AND FOLIC ACID DEFECIENCY

18. ERYTHROCYTIC INCLUSIONS
NUCLEAR REMNANTS
IN YOUNG RBCS
• NORMAL IN FELINE AND EQUINE
RBC UPTO 1PERCENT OF RBC
• INDICATE INCREASED RBC
PROD:
• REGENERATIVE ANEMIA
• FOLLOWING ACUTE BLOOD
LOSS
• POORLY FUNCTONING SPLEEN
MAY NOT BE ABLE TO REMOVE
NUCLEAR
REMNANTS[SPLENECTOMY]

19. :INTRAERYTHROCYTIC
MASS OF DENATURED
GLOBIN,IRREGULAR IN SHAPE
• SEEN WITH METHYLENE
BLUE,NOT ROMANOWSKY STAIN
• HAEMOLTIC ANEMIA WITH:
• PHENOTHIAZINE
• PHENYLHYDRAZINE
• NA NITRATE
• GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE
DEHYDROGENASE DEFECIENCY

20. DYSHAEMOPOIETIC ANEMIA
• DEFECTIVE FORMATION OF STROMA PROTEIN OR
HAEMOGLOBIN
:REQ. FOR NORMAL SYNTHESIS OF
HAEME
• IF CERTAIN ENZYMES ARE LACKING,HAEME IS NOT
SYNTHESIZED AND PORPHYRINS FOUND IN URINE
:IN BOVINES AND PIGS
• PIGMENT IS PHOTOSENSITIVE AND SO WHEN DEPOSITED
IN TEETH TAKES RED COLOR PINK TOOTH. IN BONE, IT
CAUSES OSTEOHAEMOCHROMATOSIS

21. • PHOTODYNAMIC DERMATITIS IF EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT
:BLOOD PICTURE IS
MACROCYTIC AND NORMOCHROMIC OR HYPOCHROMIC
• BONE MARROW SHOWS MEGALOBLASTS
• DIETIC DEFICIENCY OF EXTRINSIC FACTOR
• DIETIC DEFICIENCY OF FOLIC ACID
• DEFICIENCY OF INTRINSIC FACTOR

22. :EMF MAY NOT BE UTILISED OR MAY
NOT BE MOBILISED FROM LIVER CAUSING MACROCYTIC
ANEMIA CALLED ACHRESTIC ANEMIA
• BLOOD PICTURE IS
• DIETIC DEFECIENCY OF IRON,COPPER,ASCORBIC
ACID,PYRIDOXINE,NICOTINIC ACID,RIBOFLAVIN,THYROXINE
ETC

23. APLASTIC ANEMIA
• OCCURS DUE TO APLASIA OF BONE MARROW
• NON REGENERATIVE ANEMIA
• 2 TYPES:
:RARE
:NEOPLASMS,DEFECIENCY OF
VIT K,C, PROTHROMBIN
,IONIZING RADIATION,CHEMICAL POISONING
:OCCURS IN BABY PIGS THAT ARE BORN OF
SOWS SUFFERING FROM PROTEIN MALNUTRITION
DURING PREGNANCY

24. MYELOPHTHISIC ANEMIA
• REPLACEMENT OF BONE MARROW BY OTHER
TISSUES
• IN THIS,IMMATURE FORMS OF WBCS SEEN,THUS
C/A
• SECONDARY METASTASES OF TUMOR
• OSTEODYSTROPHY:MYELOID TISSUE REPLACED BY
CT

25. HAEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
• INTRAVASCULAR DESTRUCTION OF RBC OCCURS
• REGENERATIVE ANEMIA
• PRESENCE OF ABNORMAL AUTO- ANTIBODIES:
• PRIMARY OR IDIOPATHIC
• SECONDARY TO MALIGNANT DISEASE
• VIRAL DISEASE[INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS]
• ABNORMAL ISO ANTIBODIES
• CHEMICALS:
• ONION POISONING:HAEMOGLOBINURIAAND ICTERUS
• CASTOR SEED[RICIN]
• PHENOTHIAZINE:HEPATITIS,NEPHRITIS,HAEMOGLOBINUREA
• NAPHTHALENE
• SNAKE VENOM:LECITHINASE ACTS ON LECITHIN ,LYOLECITHIN FORMED IS HAEMOLYTIC
• POST PARTURIENT HAEMOGLOBINURIA
• INFECTIONS:ANAPLASMOSIS,BABESIOSIS,EHRLICHIOSIS,LEPTOSPIROSIS,CLOSTRIDIA,EQUINE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA
ETC
• COLD HAEMOGLOBINUREA IN CALVES

26. TERMINOLOGY
• MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME:
• IT EXPRESSES AVG VOLUME OF RBC AND IS CAL. AS:
• MCV=PCV*10/RBC
COUNT[MILLION/MICROLITRE]FEMTOLITRES
• MEAN CORPUSCULAR Hb CONCENTRATION:RATIO OF
WEIGHT OF Hb TO VOLUME IN WHICH ITS CONTAINER
• MCHC=HB[G/DL]*100/PCV [UNIT:G/DECILITER]
• MEAN CORPUSCULAR Hb:
• ITS THE AMOUNT OF HB
• MCG=HB[G/DL]*10/RBC COUNT[UNIT:PICOGRAMS]

27. ANEMIA
• NORMOCHROMIC:MCV[MEAN CORPUSCULAR
VOLUME]NORMAL
• CAUSES:
• ACUTE HAEMORRHAGE
• HAEMOLYSIS
• MACROCYTIC:INCREASED MCV
• CAUSES:
• INCRREASED ACTIVITY OF BONE MARROW
• DEFICIENCY OF HAEMATOPOIETIC FACTORS

28. • MICROCYTIC:DECREASED MCV
• CAUSES:
• IRON,CU,HAEMATOPOIETIC FACTOR DEFICIENCY
• NORMOCHROMIC:NORMAL MCHC
• CAUSES:
• IN MANY TYPES OF ANEMIA,INCREASE OR
DECREASE IN AVERAGE SIZE OF CELL IS
ACCOMPANIED BY INCREASE OR DECREASE IN Hb
CONTENT,SO NORMOCHROMIC

29. • HYPOCHROMIC:DECREASED MCHC
• CAUSES:
• REDUCTION IN Hb IS RELATIVELY GREATER THAN
AVG. DECREASE IN RBC VOLUME

30. POLYCYTHEMIA
• INCREASE IN CIRCULATING RBCS .NORMOCHROMIC AND
NORMOCYTIC
• RELATIVE:REDUCTION IN TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME AND SO
INCREASED CON. OF NORMAL NO. OF RBC
• DEHYDRATION
• SHOCK
• BURNS
• ACUTE CIRCULATORY FAILURE
• STRESS POLYCYTHEMIA[GAISBOCKS SYNDROME]
• TRANSIENT POLYCYTHEMIA IN CONDITIONS OF
EXERCISE,STRESS

31. :INCREASE IN TOTAL NO. OF RBC,BLOOD VOLUME
REMAINS SAME
:POLYCYTHEMIA VERA:TUMOR OF ERYTHROPOEITIC
MARROW
:INCREASED STIMULATION OF RBC PRODUCTION
HYPOXIA:ERYTHROPOIETIN RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO TISSUE
HYPOXIA
CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE
HEART DISEASE
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES:METHAEMOGLOBINEMIA
PHYSIOLOGIC IN NEONATAL

32. OLIGOCYTHEMIA
• DECREASE IN QUANTITY OF RBC IN PERIPHERAL
BLOOD
:INCREASE IN TOTAL BLOOD
VOLUME[WITH NORMAL NUMBER OF RBC]AND
ULTIMATELY REDUCED RBC CONC. CAUSING
HAEMODILUTION
:PRODUCTION OF RBC IS EQUAL TO
DESTRUCTION.ITS GROUPED INTO:
• PRODUCTION LOW,DESTRUCTION
NORMAL:DYSHAEMOPOEITIC ANEMIA
• PROD. NORMAL DESTRUCTION
EXCESSIVE:HAEMOLYTIC,HAEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA

33. PATHOLOGY OF WBC
:DEGENERATIVE
CELL THAT HAS RUPTURED ,IN
WHICH NUCLEUS APPEARSAS A
PALE STAINING SMEAR
WITHOUT PROPER
SHAPE[SMUDGED CELL]
:CRYSTAL FOUND IN
SECRETIONS FROM SITES
WHERE EOSINOPHILS ARE IN
ABUNDANCE[BRONCHIAL
SECRETIONS IN ASTHMATICS]

34. :SMALL OR
OVAL,GRAY BLUE BODIES
IN CYTOPLASM OF
NEUTROPHILS,FORMED
FROM INCOMPLETE
UTILIZATION OF RNA IN
MATURATION. SEEN IN
TOXIC EFFECTS
:H
AVING DARK BLUE
CYTOPLASM WITH MATURE
NUCLEUS

35. :CONTAIN
DARK PURPLE AND COARSER
GRANULES,BASOPHILIC
CYTOPLASM
• INFECTION,TOXEMIA
:GENERALIZED,NEOPLA
STIC MALIGNANT PROLIFERATION
OF LEUKOCYTIC TISSUE[BONE
MARROW,LYMPHOID TISSUE,RES
AND PLASMA CELL SYSTEM]

36. :NEOPLA
SIA OF LYMPHOID SYSTEM
:NEOPLASTIC
PROLIFERATION OF
RETICULUM CELLS OF
LYMPH NODES OR OTHER
RETICULOENDOTHELIAL
TISSUE CAUSING TUMOR

37. :is a cell
undergoing
granulopoiesis, derived
from a metamyelocyte,
and leading to a mature
granulocyte.

38. NEUTROPHILIA
• INCREASE IN NUMBER OF NEUTROPHILS IN PERIPHERAL
BLOOD
:IMMATUREFORMS ARE LITTLE MORE DUE TO
MARROW STIMULATION
:IMMATURE
FORMS ARE ARE FAR MORE DUE TO SEVERE INFECTION
• INFLAMMATORY LEUKOGRAM HAS NEUTROPHILIA,NORMAL
NEUTROPHIL COUNT OR NEUTROPENIA
SHOWS
NEUTROPHILIA WITH SHIFT TO LEFT

39. • NEUTOPHILIA WITH IMMATURE FORMS OUTNUMBERING MATURE
ONES
• NORMAL NEUTROPHIL COUNT AND MORE IMMATURE FORMS
• NEUTROPENIA WITH MORE IMMATURE FORMS
• COMPENSATED LEFT SHIFT LEUKOGRAM SEEN IN CHRONIC OR
FOCAL INFECTION
• DECOMPENSATED LEFT SHIFT LEUKOGRAM SEEN IN
PNEUMONIA,PYELONEPHRITIS,OPEN PYOMETRA,ENTERITIS ETC
• STRESS LEUKOGRAM[STEROID INDUCED] IS ASSOCIATED WITH
LYMPHOPENIA AND MONOCYTOSIS
• EPINEPHRINE INDUCED NEUTROPHILIA[EXCITEMENT]IS ASSOCIATED
WITH CONCURRENT INCREASE IN LYMPHOCYTE

40. NEUTROPENIA
• INFECTIOUS AGENTS[PANLEUKPOENIA
VIRUS,CHRONIC EHRLICHIOSIS]
• CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
DRUGS,ESTROGEN,CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS
• ENDOTOXINS AND LPS OF GRAM NEGATIVE
BACTERIA
• NON REGENERATIVE ANEMIA

41. • VIRAL INFECTIONS:MUMPS,INFLUENZA
• BACTERIAL INFECTION:BRUCELLA
• LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA
• FOLLOWING VACCINATION
• PROTOZOAL DISEASE:TRYPANOSOMIASIS ETC
• RICKETSIAL AFFECTION:TYPHUS
• HODGKINS DISEASE

42. • PARASITIC INFECTIONS
• SKIN AFFECTIONS:ECZEMA
• FOLLOWING SPLEENECTOMY
• FOLLOWING MILD IRRADIATION
• FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF POISONS AND
DRUGS:CU,ARSENIC,CHLORPROMAZINE

43. LEUKEMIA
• PRIMARY NEOPLASTIC DISEASE OF BONE MARROW AND
OTHER RETICULOENDOTHELIAL TISSUES
:INCREASE IN NEOPLASTIC CELLS IN
BLOOD
CONDITIONS WHERE BLOOD
PICTURE IS RELATIVELY NORMAL
• NEOPLASIA OF GRANULOPOEITIC TISSUE IS CALLED
• LEUKEMIA IS ALWAYS FATAL
• IN ANIMALS,LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS CALLED
LYMPHOCYTOMA,MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA OR
LYMPHOSARCOMA

44. CATTLE
• LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA COMMON
• ALL LYMPH NODES ENLARGED,METASTASIS FOUND
IN LIVER,HEART,ABOMASUM,OMASUM,RETICULUM
• BLOOD PICTURE SHOWS BLAST CELLS,ANEMIA.
• NEUTROPHILIA MAYBE PRESENT

45. DOG
• MOSTLY LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA IS SEEN
• A FEW CASES OF GRANULOCYTIC AND MONOCYTIC
LEUKEMIA ARE DESCRIBED
• IN LYMPHOCYTIC VARIETY,GENERALISED
LYMPHADENOPATHY IS SEEN
• MODERATE NEUTROPHILIA IS OBSERVED
• ANEMIA IS COMMON
• HODGKINS DISEASES IS REPORTED IN DOGS

46. CAT
• LYMPHOMATOSIS IS COMMON
• LYMPHADENOPATY IS NOT A FEATURE

47. PLASMA CELL MYELOMA
• ITS RAREL FOUND IN MAN AND CALLED EWINGS
TUMOR
• ITS OF RARE OCCURENCE IN ANIMALS
• FOUND MOSTLY IN BONE MARROW
• BLOOD PICTURE MAY OR MAY NOT SHOW
NEOPLASTIC CELLS
• PERSONS SUFFERING EXCRETE BENCE JONES
PROTEINS IN URINE