The Controversy Of Climate Change

The Controversy Of Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most talked–about topics since the past two decades. The planet and its
habitants are suffering from this change and, at first sight, people think that they are the only
affected by climate change, but this thought is incorrect. In fact, the fauna and flora, and of course
the weather are also affected. To combat these problems, many scientists are trying to analyze the
behavior of the animals and of the plants to see their reactions to its changes, 195 countries try to
find solutions to slow down this phenomenon at the Conference of the Parties every year, awareness
campaigns are launched so that citizens can contribute to this slowdown and many more. Many
disasters are caused by global warming and this is likely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The jet stream is, in the English Oxford Dictionaries "A narrow variable band of very strong
predominantly westerly air currents encircling the globe several miles above the earth.". By altering
this jet, the Arctic warms up before the equator does, which causes extreme weather. This extreme
weather is warming the planet for a lengthy period: this means that heat waves, droughts, etc. will
last longer. This warming will especially affect the Northern Hemisphere in its parallel,
consequently hundreds of millions of people will be touched. This phenomenon has already begun,
touching Europe with a heat wave in 2003 and Russia in 2010, Pakistan with a flood in 2010, and
many more. As a conclusion, climate change is getting more dangerous for SINCE? decades and its
consequence for the planet and its habitants are awful: disappearance of many species, melting ice,
coral bleaching, warming oceans, extreme heat and much more to come. Every citizen of the blue
planet is capable, on his or her scale, of reversing this change by increasing investments in climate
science and in research, by embracing green infrastructures and by supporting climate actions that
are made all
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A Brief Note On The Scottish Coastal Waters
Cetaceans in Scottish waters
Abstract
Scottish coastal waters accommodate several populations of cetacean species. However, the
interference of human activities on the marine habitat has been increasing gradually and thus,
impacted the marine creatures negatively. This paper introduces different cetaceans that can be
found in seas surrounding Scotland, threats that can affect them and how humans can tackle the
problems through conservation and management. Some suggestions may not be successfully carried
out but they still act as potential methods that can be applicable.
Introduction
The seas around Scotland are the richest seas in Europe for their marine mammals, holding over
twenty species of cetaceans. Both residential and migratory communities are increasingly interfered
by human activities such as fishery by–catch, shipping, tourism and pollution, which are disrupting
the natural behavioural patterns of marine creatures, causing injuries and even death. To prevent
these marine mammals from extinction, we have to take actions to protect them and increase their
population abundantly. The majority of Cetacean species are marine; some estuarine and freshwater
species can be found in tropical and sub tropical niches. Cetaceans are aquatic, they have undergone
more extreme anatomical adaptation then their terrestrial ancestors. The mysticetes perform a lot of
long distance seasonal migrations, while odontocetes also migrate seasonally but without a common
pattern like

George G Simpson Accomplishments
George G. Simpson George Gaylord Simpson is known as being one of the most influential
empirical paleontologist of the twentieth century due to his crucial contributions in the modern
evolutionary synthesis. He is known for his expertise in extinct mammals and their intercontinental
travels; more specifically, discovering evidence in fossils for the theory of linear evolution in horses.
Furthermore, Simpson is an important figure in the studies of paleontology due to his exceptional
dedication to his career through his education, which is shown through his many achievements
throughout his life. Background Simpson was born in Chicago, on June 6th, 1902, as the youngest
child of three and only son. His father, Joseph A. Simpson, was a successful ... Show more content
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In addition to enjoying the outdoors as a kid, he credits his interests in Geology back to these family
trips and adventures. At the age of eight, Simpson urged his parents to purchase the eleventh edition
of Encyclopedia Britannica, in which he assisted in the purchase of, and read it from start to finish.
He was exceptional at school and worked through his elementary years with ease, graduating at a
young 11 years of age. In 1918, age 16, Simpson enrolled at the University of Colorado.
Unfortunately, his father lost his mine not soon after, throwing the family into a financial crisis and
he briefly dropped out. When he returned to the university, he stayed until his senior year, but in
1922 he was advised to transfer to Yale for his studies. He finished his AB degree in 1923 and
enrolled in graduate school there to pursue his interests in paleontology. Later that year, despite
Yale's regulations, Simpson secretly married Lydia Petroja. Three years later he earned his Ph.D. in
geology. In a span of six years after his marriage, four daughters were born, but unfortunately, the
marriage ended in divorce in 1932. In 1938, Simpson remarried to psychologist Anne Roe, who was
noted as a childhood friend from Denver, and remained married until his

Americas Discovery Effects
Effects of the Discovery of the Americas Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492. This common
rhyme taught to children tells the story of how the Americas were discovered. Columbus set out
across the Atlantic Ocean with only three small ships. His intended destination was Asia; however,
Columbus and his crew discovered two continents unknown to Africa and Eurasia. The discovery of
the Americas caused many global changes, mainly between Europe and the Americas, and between
Africa and the Americas. The spread of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas
impacted both places in different ways. A characteristic feature of the Americas was the lack of large
domesticated mammals. The Europeans brought cows, sheep, pigs, and most importantly, horses to
the Americas. As a result, the native people started including more meat products in their diets.
Similarly, important food products such as corn, potatoes, and sweet potatoes were introduced to
Europe. These new foods became a staple in many European countries. For example, in Ireland,
potatoes became a cheap and efficient source of nutrients. Plants and animals traded between Europe
and the Americas forever changed both continents' cultures. ... Show more content on
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Deadly illnesses such as smallpox and typhus were brought across the Atlantic Ocean by the
Europeans. The population of the Americas before contact with the Europeans is unknown;
however, scholars estimate that about eighty to ninety percent of the native population died after the
Americas were discovered. Whether Europeans purposefully infected the Native Americans or
unintentionally did so is still unknown. Whatever the case, the deaths of the many people they killed
worked in their favor: the Europeans had more room to settle and expand. While the spread of
diseases didn't have an impact in Europe, Native Americans and the Europeans living in the
Americas were greatly

North America Research Paper
Hundreds of millions of years ago, all of earth's major landmasses were joined in a single world
continent, which geologists call Pangaea. About 200 million years ago, the world continent split into
a northern and a southern land mass. The northern continent, Neogea, consisted of what is now
North America, Europe, and Asia; the southern continent, Gondwanaland, was made up of South
America, Africa, Australia, India, and Antarctica. About 130 million years ago, South American
separated from the rest of Gondwanaland and became, in effect, a gigantic island; its creatures,
which included marsupials and edentates–precursors of today's sloths, anteaters and armadillos–
developed in isolation. North America separated from Eurasia much later; by then it was already
well populated with the ancestors of our cats, dogs, rodents, weasels, and other present–day
mammals. It was also inhabited by monkeys, which had migrated from their original home in Africa
up through Europe and into North America before the continental separation was complete. For ...
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The thicker sections fo the plates are the continents; the thinner parts make up the ocean beds. When
two plates meet, the result is geologic upheaval on a vast scale. Such an encounter occurred about
20 million years ago in the region between North and South America. The Cocos Plate, a piece of
the Pacific crust some 300 miles wide, moved eastward until it met the crustal plate underlying the
Caribbean. The eastern edge of the Cocos Plate was driven beneath the western edge of the
Caribbean Plate. As the Cocos Plate was forced downward, the friction, as well as the hear deep
within the earth, liquefied its rock into magma, which found release by thrusting up in a chain of
volcanoes. The volcanic islands that resulted formed a line of stepping–stones between the northern
and southern

White Nose Syndrome Essay
White nose syndrome is a fungus that grows on hibernating bats' muzzles that has killed nearly 6
million of them. Although traditionally found in most if not all eastern states, bats in caves as far
south as Mississippi, as far west as Oklahoma, and as far north as Canada have been found with the
devastating fungus. Infecting 47 species of bats, the disease was first noticed in the winter of 2006–
2007 in New York, because of the odd behavior of the bats. It was later discovered that the fungus,
Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causes infected bats to exhibit uncommon behavior such as flying
during the day. Scientist have discovered that this fungus, which distributed hydration cycles, caused
the bats to awake early during hibernation in order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rangers at the Mammoth Cave National Park took very seriously the prospect of human
transmission of White Nose syndrome to their bat populations and took several preventative
measures to stop the spread of it. All the visitors were screened to see if the fungus was on their
cloths, shoes, or accessories as they entered the park. Although they took these preventative
measures, they were unable to stop the fungus from infiltrating their populations. Bats in areas of the
cave that the average visitor was not permitted to explore began showing signs of having the disease
in about 2013, proving it was not introduced by humans. To somewhat contain the fungus, visitors,
as they leave, they walk across bio–hazardous mats, which collects the dirt from people's shoes
where the fungus harbors. Because humans are one of the two known carriers of the fungus, this
measure was introduced in the hopes that they will not take with them the fungus as they return to
their home. Having already begun to spread west from its east coast roots, using these protocols
could delay the western expansion of the fungus. The rangers also have geography on their side. The
vast open plans that separate the national park from the mountains on the west coast will also serve
as a buffer in the spread. If the fungus can be contained, scientist will have an easier time studying
its effects allowing for a speedier recovery of the bats, a species who desperately needs our

Causes And Effects Of The Bubonic Plague
.In a place called Kaffa, a tartar army threw the infected corpses of their own over
Genoese walls.(11)Europeans sailors heard of a "mysterious" disease before it hit
England.(11)The Black Death arrived in Britain from Asia in 1348.(10)The Black Death had started
moving at a speed of 2.5 miles per day once it hit Europe.(11)The disease was most likely an
airborne disease so it spread through coughs, sneezes, and breath from infected.(10)French
physicians explained the disease by saying that Jupiter soaked up evil vapors from Earth and Mars
ignited them, spreading the evil through the air.(11)The infected to be those who were poor or
already ill.(10)The plague still is here and infects several thousand people every day.(10)
C.The bubonic plague

The Questions Surrounding The Neanderthal Extinction
While it is important to understand the significance of each hypothesis, the questions surrounding
the Neanderthal extinction takes on assorted factors that are not mutually exclusive. Numerous
studies have been conducted focusing exclusively on climate, competition or disease as a function of
Neanderthal extinction. However, conflicting conclusion suggest that there are several factors
involved that overlap and/ or arising from one another. This paper will attempt to better understand
how climate, competition, and disease might operate together to account for Neanderthal extinction.
First by summarizing each argument of the three arguments and identifying the potential
implications for father research. Secondly, aim to develop a framework that will include the most
relevant hypothesis.
Climatic Extinction
Hypothesis supporting climate change as a factor in Neanderthal extinction has taken on two forms
– Neanderthals inability to adapt to harsh environments and prey extinction. Traditionally,
Neanderthal extinction has been contributed to sudden climate change in which the species was
unable to adapt (Houldcroft & Underdown 2015). Despite the fact that Neanderthal fossil exhibit
ecomorphological characteristics that suggest they were adapted to colder 'ice age' environments;
there is considerable evidence that supports the hypothesis that climatic changes are responsible for
their sudden disappearance (Rae et al 2011; Stewart 2005). Neanderthal species were unlike any

The Replication Of Y Chromosomes And How They Have Evolved...
When fertilization occurs within mammals, the sex is immediately determined. Each parent will
contribute one or more chromosomes during the fertilization process, depending on the species. In
the male heterogametic (XY) system, the absence of the Y chromosome results in a female offspring
and the presence of the Y chromosome results in a male. The evolution of the sex determination
system consists of the rise and development of sex chromosomes and concurrently the emergence
and evolution of genes that guarantee the formation of equivalent traits and functions. This paper
will examine three studies: the replication of Y chromosomes and how they have evolved overtime
(Cortez et al. 2014), the structural variation found in Y chromosomes ... Show more content on
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2014).
The purpose of the experiment was to understand how reproductive cells can divide and reproduce
and what is being reproduced in the duplication process. This process will assist researchers in
understanding the role of the Y chromosome and its evolution over time. An experiment was
conducted where RNA–sequence data for 166 tissue samples from nine mammals and two birds
were observed (Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014) sequenced genomic DNA from two
individuals and then assembled the Y and W linked transcripts. Next, the Y/W transcripts were
validated by aligning the male and female Illumina genomic readings. In order to validate this, a
large–scale subtraction approach was used. Next, Cortez et al. (2014) reconstructed the Y–linked
genes using genomic data and then defined the Y gene names and the X gametologues.
Experimenters predicted the multi–copy genes and the characterization of x–linked contigs and
genes in platypus. A phylogenetic analysis was used to align the coding sequences for phylogenetic
tree reconstructions based on amino acid sequences. All trees were inspected for evidence of gene
conversion but could not find any. Thus, it is not frequent in the evolution of sex chromosomes
(Cortez et al. 2014). Cortez et al. (2014) have concluded that the XY system is not only unique to
males, but similar to the ZW system found in female birds.

Seaworld Research Paper
Anyone who has been to SeaWorld has seen trained whales, dolphins, and seals. SeaWorld guests
are entertained by the sea mammals in the tanks, jumping in the air on command by whistle. These
tricks draw guests into the park. What may seem to be fun for the viewer, is torture for the
mammals. There is a deadly truth behind all sea mammals in captivity: they don't survive well there.
Though sea mammals provide entertainment, they do not belong in captivity. Imagine being at home
and then somebody broke in and you were forced, without any choice, to join the circus. This is
what the mammals have to go through every day. It is not fair for the mammals to go through this.
Why should anyone want them to? Now imagine being a six foot man living ... Show more content
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Other trainers tried everything to get Tili away from Dawn. They slapped the water to signal to Tili
to come over to them. Tili ignored them and continued to drag Dawn. Dawn eventually got out of
Tili's grasp and when she thought she was safe, Tili swam up from under her and yanked her back
down into the water by her arm. The paramedics got Dawn out of the water but some of her arm was
left in Tili's mouth. Dawn had no heartbeat. Tili had killed her. This wasn't Tili's first death. He had
killed and injured previous trainers before Dawn. (Zimmerman, Tim) The documentary "Blackfish"
is focused on Tili, and reveals that SeaWorld has abusive punishments for whales who do not
behave. SeaWorld denied the documentary's allegations, and was very upset when it aired. SeaWorld
claimed that they never use punishment based training. (Brower, Kenneth) Whatever the case, for
trainers like Dawn, no matter how hard one struggles to get away from such a deadly beast, they are
not a match for the strength of a whale. Orcas were put on this earth to be killers of the sea, not
performers or entertainers. Whales typically do not like loud noises. Performing many different
times a day every day in captivity, loud noises alarm the animal and can lead to the whale not
performing like he should. (Thorn, Adam) Whales are the largest of the dolphin family. They are
also the top predators of the ocean. They are the smartest animals in world and

Borrelia Burgdorferi Research Paper
In 1981, a spirochetal bacterium was discovered in a nymphal tick, Ixodes scapularis and named
Borrelia burgdorferi. This species has now been divided into multiple species, three of which cause
human infection. Agents belonging to the eubacterial phylum of spirochetes, which are bacteria
shaped like corkscrews and are actively motile, cause Lyme borrelioses, also called Lyme disease.
As discovered from its sequenced genome, B. burgdorferi depends entirely on its host for nutrients.
Another unique characteristic of these bacteria is that it does not require iron for growth in vitro,
which helps the parasite overcome a common host response of limiting iron. This pathogen causes
infection not through toxins but through migrating through the ... Show more content on
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One example of this is in the primary vectors, which vary by geographic location. In the western
U.S., the main vector is I. pacifus, and in the northeastern and north central U.S., the vector is I.
scapularis. In Europe the sheep tick, I. ricinus is the primary vector and in Asia, the vector species is
I. persulcatus. Horizontal transmission occurs in the northeastern and north central U.S. among both
larval and nymphal ticks and rodents such as white–footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and
chipmunks (Tamias spp.). White–tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) are the preferred host of
ticks in this region and play a critical role in their survival. In the western portion of the U.S., two
cycles promoting transmission are found to intersect. Here, different species of wood rat are either
bitten by ticks that do not usually bite humans or they are bitten and infected by Borrelia bissettii,
which is non–pathogenic. In the southeast portion of the U.S., lizards are commonly fed upon by
nymphal ticks but are resistant to the infection due to complement–mediated killing of the
spirochete. In Europe and Asia animal hosts range from small and large mammals to birds and
reptiles with immature ticks in Asia preferring smaller animals and adults preferring larger animals.
Different species of Borrelia have different

Taking a Look at the Tertiary Period
"The Tertiary Period began 65 million years ago and ended just 1.8 million years ago. It was made
up of 5 different epochs." "Paleocene epoch that was 65 to 54 million years ago." " Eocene epoch
that was 54 to 38 million years ago." " Oligocene epoch 38 to 24 million years ago." " Miocene
epoch 24 to 5 million years ago." "Pliocene epoch 5 to 1.8 million years ago."
Tertiary is the third era. "During the Tertiary period placement of the continents were different than
were they are located today." "There were only the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian
Ocean." " Continents were North America, Greenland, northern Europe, Asia, and Iberia." Climate
change from the beginning to end was very significant. "During the beginning the earth was warm
and moist compared to the weather now." By the middle of the period earth started to cool. This was
cause by volcanoes that kept giving off carbon dioxide." After a while by the end of this period it
was so cold that the last ice age had started." "However this had to be the most important time
period for mammals." "The time period before Tertiary which was the Cretaceous period." "The
Cretaceous period ended with the extinction of dinosaurs, large reptiles, and many different others."
"After all the extinction of the other animals mammals became the dominant species on Earth."
"This is why the Tertiary Period is called the age of mammals." "There are to unusual mammals that
we have researched on from this period that were

Placentophagy Research Paper
When preparing for delivery, I assume pregnant women are usually excited, anxious and ready to
bring a new life into the world. After labor and delivery, most women want to make sure their child
is healthy and are ready to obtain some rest. The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus that
provides nourishment to the child and is the only organ that is shared between 2 people. Afterward,
the placenta is sent for testing, thrown away or will be incinerated depending on the hospital's
policy. It is not considered natural to keep the placenta after delivery, even though the majority of
non–human mammals eat their placenta for after birth benefits. placentophagy is the practice of
ingesting the placenta. This practice is widely accepted in Traditional Chinese Medicine and has
been documented as early as 1578.There are multiple ways of ingesting the placenta including raw,
cooking it and pill capsulation. Just like any meat, the placenta has to ... Show more content on
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If mothers were informed of the benefits, I believe more women would be open to the idea. Women
who practice childbirth with doulas and midwife are more likely to have the idea mentioned. Once
introduced to the idea I know some concerns include unpleasant taste, odor, hot flashes and other
side effects. The stigma of being labeled a "cannibal" is a risk also. Cannibalism is a negative in
Western societies anyway that you look at it. I believe that is the main reason why it is not
mentioned in hospitals and simply discarded. If an authority figure like a doctor introduced,
placentophagy then it would ease the stigma of cannibalism. When an authority figures mention
something controversial it seems to be accepted with more ease. Also, the pill encapsulation lightens
the concerns of the taste of the taste and

Hedgehogs Research Papers
Hedgehogs–spiny, solitary mammals that are a part of the Erinaceinae subfamily–have seventeen
known species that can be found in various areas of Europe, Asia, Africa, and New Zealand. Like
most mammals, hedgehogs are nocturnal animals that sleep under grass, rock, bush, or in dens, and
can be mostly found around hedgerows. The name "hedgehog" originated around 1450 from the
Middle English term heyghoge–heyg (hedge) from digging in hedges, and hoge (hog) from its pig–
like nose. A hedgehog's spiny appearance resembles that of a porcupine, causing people to believe
that the two are from the same family. Porcupines are a part of the family Hystricomorph
Hystricidae, which is unrelated to the hedgehog. Hedgehogs are easily recognized by their spines,
which do not come out of their bodies easily–like a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commonly found in European gardens, this species is a favorite due to its appearance and its diet of
mostly garden pests, including slugs, beetles, earthworms, and millipedes. Sometimes, this
hedgehog will eat fruits or mushrooms as well.
The long–eared hedgehog, a species native to Central Asia and some Middle Eastern countries, can
be identified by its long ears and is said to be much smaller than the European hedgehog. Long–
eared hedgehogs are insectivorous, which means that they mostly feed on insects like beetles and
caterpillars. They may also feed on plants or small vertebrates. These are only a few of the hedgehog
species that are native to Europe and other parts of the world. Native to India and Pakistan, the
Indian hedgehog mainly lives in sandy desert areas and is identifiable by its long nose, large ears,
and small, dark eyes. This species has a very diverse diet of insects, frogs, bird eggs, snakes, and
scorpions. Unlike most hedgehogs, the Indian hedgehog does not hibernate. They can slow down
their metabolism whenever food is

Raccoon Research Paper
Mammals strive in just about every climate and environment here on Earth, from the Arctic to the
scolding Savannah desert. Throughout this video, The Opportunists, there were many mammals
portrayed who know how to take advantage of any situation, thriving in this human dominated
landscape. One in such was that of the witty, black–masked raccoon. Habitat loss and human
interference has had grave effects on many different species of animals throughout the world,
although that can not be said for the raccoon. Raccoon population numbers have risen alongside
humans making them one of the most widespread mammals on the continent. They have an
extraordinary sense of touch that aids them in locating food. Due to the sensitive vibrissae on the
raccoon's

Chernobyl3 Lab Report
On April 26, 1987, unit number 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, releasing mass
amounts of potent radiation. A mass evacuation was conducted, moving hundreds of thousands of
residents out of the area. The large amounts of radiation traveled into the atmosphere and over time
made its way back to the surface, impacting the wildlife. Multiple studies have been conducted
regarding specifically what impact the radiation has had on the local and international wildlife.
These experiments were conducted in the CEZ as well as other countries in the Europe continent.
They tested whether there is a correlation between the population of animals and the amount of
radioactivity in the environment that was being tested. Some of the animal ... Show more content on
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Roe deer, wild boar, and Przewalski horses (Figure 6) are some more examples of species that are
making a comeback into the area3. Figure 4 shows that these species have grown since the
Chernobyl accident in 1987. It is not just larger mammals, a study by Baker et. al. shows that small
mammals seem to be unaffected by the radiation as well. This does not seem to be true for birds
however, as described in the barn swallow experiment which found a considerable decline in nests
with eggs. Another finding from Dr. Mousseau, a biologist at the University of South Carolina,
found physical abnormal characteristics life deformed beaks in birds5. However, in Dr. Mousseau's
most recent findings, birds in the area have adapted to resist the effects by producing higher levels
of protective found that The short–term effects of the radiation resulted in the decline of the wildlife
populations, but as the lack of human presence enveloped the CEZ, more and more animal life have
emerged and repopulated

Lactase Intolerance
Only one–third of the human population is capable of digesting lactose, which is the sugar found in
milk. This is most likely because only certain societies amongst the globe domesticated cows for a
food and income source around ten thousand years ago. People who had ancestors that were apart of
these communities are more likely to be lactase persistent than those who do not. Communities such
as these were often seen in places such as Europe and Africa, which can likely be an explanation for
why lactase persistence is often found in those with European and African ancestry, while those with
Asian backgrounds are often lactase intolerant.
Lactose, which is the main sugar in milk, is very difficult for the small intestine to process. Because
of this, cells are required to make an enzyme referred to as lactase, which is only found in newly
born mammals, along with lactase persistent adult mammals. Lactase then breaks lactose into
glucose and galactose, possibly through the process of hydrolysis, and then the two sugars are
entered into the blood stream where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They compared the lactase gene on chromosome two between those who were lactase persistent and
those who were lactase intolerant and found that there was a one base difference, being a T instead
of a C. This can be considered a mutation found in European countries.
The lactase persistent mutation found in Europe was almost nonexistent in Africa. A different
mutation was found, but it was still seen in the lactase gene and allowed African adults to digest
milk. Both European and African backgrounds evolved independently, with two different mutations
that essentially allowed them to do the same thing. This can be considered a great example of
evolution and adaption in two different parts of the

Analysis: The Permian Period
The Permian Period was the final period of the Paleozoic Era. This period lasted from 299 to 251
million years ago. The transition from the Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era was the Permian
Period. During the end of the Permian Period, Earth's largest mass extinction occurred. The time
period was named as it was by a British geologist named Roderick Murchison in 1841. He went on a
tour to Imperial Russia to include the, "vast series of beds of marl, schist, limestone, sandstone, and
conglomerate" overlay the Carboniferous formations in the eastern part of Russia. Murchison named
it after the kingdom of Permia, and the present city of Perm near the Ural Mountains of Russia.
During this period, Gondwana and Euramerica formed Pangea. The collision of tectonic plates
caused volcanic activity. This ended up forming the Urals, Alps, Appalachians, and Rocky
Mountains. Pangea was shaped like the letter "C". The northern landmasses would become Europe
and Asia. North and South America formed from the curved part of the "C." India, Australia, and
Antarctica made up the lower part of the land mass. In this landmass was the Tethys Ocean. There
were also glaciers in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synapsids had a skull with a single temporal opening that is believed to have developed into
mammals. Sauropsids had a skull with two openings and were the ancestors of reptiles, including
birds and dinosaurs. During the early period, Synapsids were the dominant group. The earliest
Synapsids were the Pelycosaurs; it included a genus called Dimetrodon. The animal had a large
lizard like body with a bony "sail" on it's back. However the skulls, jaws, and teeth are closer to
mammals than reptiles. Lystrosaurus was another genus of the Synapsids; it was 3 feet long and
looked like a cross between a lizard and a hippopotamus. A Lystrosaurus had a flat face with two
tusks and legs angled away from the body (similar to the typical reptilian

Woolly Mammoth Research Paper
Mammoths
10,000 years ago, when our ancestors were trying to survive the ice age, so too, were woolly
Mammoths. Mammoths are ancient relatives to our modern day lovable elephants. Their habitat
coexisted with our ancient ancestors, and many people believe that they are now extinct because of
us. The animals we know as Mammoths (Mammuthus primogenus) are a species of ancient extinct
elephant. Mammoth adults were about ten feet tall at the shoulder, with long tusks and a coat of long
reddish or yellowish hair (Haynes). This is why they are sometimes described as woolly mammoths.
Males weighed up to 6 tons and a newborn calf weighed about 200 lbs. (Sloane). The woolly
mammoth was well adapted to its cold environment and were predominant in the ... Show more
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These factors were: 1) food scarcity, ultimately the result of a changing climate and 2) increased
human contact and hunting. This deadly combination led to their disappearance. The mammoth
population was already low by time that they were hunted by humans some experts argue that even
if every human on the planet at the time killed a mammoth once every three years, the woolly
mammoth would have become extinct (National Geographic). So, while climate change dealt the
mammoth a crippling blow, it may have been human hunters who landed the killer blow in sealing
their fate as an extinct

European Bestiaries and Legends
In European bestiaries and legends, a basilisk could be a legendary reptilian putative to be king of
serpents and same to possess the facility to cause death with one look. consistent with the Naturalis
Historia of Pliny the Elder, the basilisk of Cyrene could be a little snake, "being less than twelve
fingers long," that's therefore venomous, it leaves a large path of deadly venom in its wake, and its
gaze is likewise lethal; its weakness is within the odor of the musteline mammal, which, consistent
with Pliny, was thrown into the basilisk's hole, recognizable as a result of all the encompassing
shrubs and grass had been scorched by its presence. it's doable that the legend of the basilisk and its
association with the musteline mammal in Europe was galvanized by accounts of bound species of
Asiatic snakes and their natural predator, the genus Herpestes.
Accounts
The basilisk is termed "king" as a result of it's putative to possess on its head a mitre– or crown–
shaped crest. Stories of the basilisk show that it's not fully distinguished from the mythical creature.
The basilisk is purported to be hatched by a rooster from the egg of a serpent or frog . In Medieval
Europe, the outline of the creature began taking up options from cockerels.
One of the earliest accounts of the basilisk comes from Pliny the Elder's explanation, written in
roughly seventy nine AD. He describes the catoblepas, a monstrous cow–like creature of that "all
UN agency see its eyes, fall dead upon the

Stereotypes Of Pangolin
Chances are that you have seen some kind of add on tv or felt some kind of way when those really
really sad commercials on abused animals come up during your Saturday morning routine. Well, this
is actually more severe and as we encompass this journey, ill fitting. I'm going to roll the dice once
more and say, you probably have never heard of this animal or if you have well according to
National Geographic, its one of the most trafficked mammal, Pangolin (Nationalgeographic.com,
2015). Pangolin's are found throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. These strange looking four legged
animals are covered with scales made of keratin, which interestingly, is the same material our
human nails are made of. It's course of menu items consist of about 20,000

Case Study : Animal Cloning : Moa ( Dinornithidae ) And...
Case Study 2: Animal Cloning
Organism: Moa (Dinornithidae) and Sheep (Ovis aries)
The first successful mammal was cloned in the form of Dolly the sheep in 1996. She was cloned at
the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland, and lived there until her death when she was six years
old. Animal cloning refers to the production of genetically identical whole organisms, or 'clones'.
This is carried out with the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning is designed to quickly and
efficiently to produce many identical copies of an organism (generally with desired traits). Somatic
cell nuclear transfer is the process of transferring a nucleus from a donor cell to an enucleated egg
(an egg that has had the nucleus removed). An pulse of electricity fuses the nucleus and enucleated
egg together and the resultant egg is then left to divide artificially for about 5 days (known as a
blastocyst). The blastocyst will then be transferred into a surrogate mother that will give birth to the
offspring. This offspring will have the identical DNA to the organism the somatic cell (nucleus)
came from unless a mutation occurs, which will cause a slight change in the DNA coding sequence.
However, the offspring will carry the mitochondria from the donor egg cell rather than the somatic
cell which can unfortunately lead to nuclear–mitochondrial incompatibilities that can lead to death.
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from a somatic cell. Following
Dolly's death at the

Dinosaurs And The Past ( Triassic Period )
Dinosaurs were huge animals that existed in the past (Triassic period). Species came in different
sizes and forms. Some had huge bodies while other tiny bodies and shape. From historical evidence
prevalent today, dinosaurs were found in all continents but differed in sizes and physical attributes.
The landmass prevalent in different regions denoted the type of species that existed within its
boundaries. Some Dinosaurs were herbivores; therefore their teeth and digestive systems were
developed to handle the plants they consumed. The planet at the time was covered with green
plantations that the animals fed on. Their sprawling posture that Dinosaurs possessed depicted their
ability to eat leaves on high branches and twigs. Other Dinosaurs survived on meat from other
animals. A famous example includes Tyrannosaurus Rex (Kays and Wilson). The animal jaws and
muscles were very strong with pointed teeth. This enhanced its hunting skills as well as helped with
feeding. During this period there were a lot of herbivores roaming the earth (Johnson). Africa, Asia
and Europe were the major continents. Through splitting, other continents were formed. Water
bodies, such as the Mediterranean Sea that is found between Europe and Africa, separated these
regions. Thus, dinosaurs were distributed sparingly within these continents. There were many
different species of dinosaurs, such as Megalosaurus, Herrerasaurus, and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Evidence of existence and

How Did The Plague Affect Society
The Plague
How terrifying would it be for someone to see the people they know die right in front of their eyes?
This is what happened to those who lived in Europe during the time of the plague. The plague had
multiple causes as well as effects on the society as a whole and the people.
There are multiple causes of the plague like bacteria, fleas, rats and people. When rats die, the
infected fleas living on them get hungry and and eventually turn to humans. When the plague started
people started to flea and carried the disease out and spread it to others. The plague can be rat–borne
or it can be transmitted from rats to humans by the bite of a flea. Other small mammals are known to
harbour the plague bacillus in the wild. Ground squirrels, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Untreated, bubonic plague kills up to 60% of its victim, pneumonic plague some 90%, and
septicaemic plague virtually 100%.(ABC News) There were too many corpses to bury so they
removed the roofs and piled the bodies as high as they could. They often tossed the dead bodies onto
rafts and let them drift out to sea. In 1347–1353 at least 25 million people died.(ABC News)
Families had to bury their own children and spouses. Many bodies were tossed into pest pits, or left
to rot in the sun and get eaten by wolves. Between the 14th and 18th centuries about 50 million
Europeans have died.(ABC News) Old women went around and sought out the sick and marked
their doors with red crosses and wrote the word "Lord have mercy upon us". Carts collected the
dead bodies at night and filled the graves to the very top. To prevent even more of a spread
authorities killed and stray animals. Fishermen found about 10,000 dead rats and dumped them out
at sea. There were about 121 cases of the plague and 133 deaths in the first outbreak and about 160
cases and 78 deaths during the second outbreak.(ABC News) Deep trenches were dug for the dead
to get tossed into, then they were covered with dirt and more people got thrown on top of

Guns Germs And Steel Chapter Summary Of Blood Diamond
In this chapter, Diamond examines if humans on one continent had an advantage over others by
examining the evolution and spread of humans to other continents. Diamond first examines human
origin around 7 million years ago when a population of African apes evolved into some of the
earliest humans. This evolutionary process occurred and remained in Africa until around 1.5 million
years ago when Homo erectus spread beyond Africa. By about .5 million years ago, human
populations had differentiated with Neanderthals in Europe, relatively modern structured humans in
Africa, and humans different from both in East Asia. It wasn't until 50,000 years ago when
biologically and behaviorally modern humans ,the Cro–Magnons , appeared did humans advanced
from crude stone tools to multipiece tools, sewn clothing, arts, and boats. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, the Great Leap also allowed for the colonization of Australia and nearby islands with
watercrafts causing many megafaunas to be hunted to extinction. While the megafauna could have
gone extinct due to a severe drought, Diamond finds it unlikely for creatures that survived previous
droughts to die ,soon after the arrival of humans , in all

Age Of Dinosaurs Research Paper
5. Females for the nourishment of the young could define a mammal as a warm–blooded vertebrate
animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk. The
roots of the mammalian line reach back almost 300 million years. Some of the very early mammal
relatives dominated the landscape millions of years before dinosaurs appeared, and most of these
species became extinct. During the age of dinosaurs, most mammals were not much bigger than
small rodents. It was after the extinction of the large dinosaurs that the great diversity of mammals
arose. The timeline in this hall displays the development of such key mammalian physical features
as the synapsid opening in the skull, a large hole behind the eye socket ... Show more content on
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Around 100 million years ago, the dinosaur displayed in the hall lived in Argentina. This dinosaur is
a sauropod: a massive plant–eater with a long neck and whip–like tail. Sauropods roamed the planet
for 140 million years and include the largest land animals ever. The skeleton of a titanosaur includes
exact replicas of 84 bones discovered at La Flencha, in Patagonia, Argentina. Missing bones have
been modeled, based on analysis of close relatives of this titanosaur. Altogether, fossils of six
different individuals are being excavated. Ranch owner Oscar Mayo and worker Aurelio Hernandez
reported the find to scientists. Paleontologists realized they had discovered a new titanosaur species
based on the shape of the femur and vertebrate. The large size of the femur told them something
else: the new species was one of the biggest dinosaurs ever. The titanosaur in the hall was
discovered in 2014, and since this species is so new it does not have a name yet. It stands at 46 feet
tall and 122 feet long. In addition, to weighing approximately 70 tons, which is equivalent to 10
times an elephants weight he lived 102 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Massive
animals such as this one usually stand with their legs beneath them to support their great weight,
however they can assume other poses. Adult titanosaurs most likely did not have any predators.
Lastly, as far as for goes, they strip leaves with their rake–like teeth, then swallow with stopping to
chew. Their long

Rabies Virus Research Paper
Rhabdovirus (rabies) is a viral disease that is transmitted through the saliva or tissues from the
nervous system from an infected mammal to another mammal. It's an RNA virus who's genome
encodes 5 proteins designated as N, P, M, G, and L. The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA
genome determine the structure of the rabies virus. It belongs to the order of mononegavirales which
are virus with a non–segmented negative stranded RNA genome. Under the rhabdoviridae family is
the lyssavirus genus which rabies virus falls under. Rabies is a zoonotic disease (meaning it can be
transmitted between animals and humans).
The target host for this virus are all warm blooded mammals except Lagomorphs (rabbit).The most
common mode of transmission is through the bite and virus–containing saliva of an infected host.
Another form is through contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, mouth), although
aerosol transmission, and corneal and organ transfer has rarely been documented. ... Show more
During this period this newly infected animal does not show symptoms. This said period is called
the incubation period. The rabies virus has a variable of incubation period running from 30 days to
18 months. When the virus eventually reaches the brain it begins to multiply creating an
inflammation and then starts the first sign of rabies. Which is later moved to the salivary glands.
Studies have shown that ferrets, dogs and cat can be excrete this virus in its saliva couple days
before the disease is obvious. The excretion of this virus before and after the beginning of clinical
signs varies because different factors which include the site of exposure, immunity in the bitten
animal and the type of rabies affect

Compare And Contrast Jamestown And Chesapeake Bay Colonies
Chesapeake Chesapeake were the Virginia colony named after Maryland. it's the area around the bay
where Virginia and Maryland started. Jamestown an England colony was the first colony in
Chesapeake. In 1607, English men and boys arrived to America to start settlement, they picked
Jamestown, Virginia which became the first English settlement in North America. European were
settling the area before Jamestown. Chesapeake bay was named after Chesapeake. Pocahontas was
famous people of Chesapeake, she married English tobacco planter John Rolfe in Jamestown,
Virginia. Native people encountered Spanish. Spanish people connected with Powhatan (native
people of Virginia) and became powerful 60 villages. Chesapeake colony progressed. The attacking
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They hunted mammals for food and clothes and they hunted small animals as well. Also, women
and men gathered the food and prepared it. The Paleo–Indian faced an iced sheet a mile high when
they were moving south. They took more than one route when they came to America and as the
climate became warmer, they moved south. In the other hand, during Clovis culture most mammals
died because of the global warming. When the ice sheet that covert northern American began to
melt, it increased the sea level and weather began to change. The weather became warmer and some
lakes dried and megafauna and mammals died out. During the Archaic period, the Mesoamerica
culture was established. In Mesoamerica people raised turkey and they ate parrots and dogs which
became their source of food. People during the Archaic period pursed different kind of food such as
fish, nuts and berries (p.9). They also hunted ducks, squirrels, deer, moose for food. During the
hunting and gathering period most of the food was obtained by using atlatl and using other advanced
hunting tools. The Archaic people began constructing mounds. In the other hand, The Hohokam
people created a dependable system of allocating water and they raised corn, beans and squash.
While the Hohkam people were developing agriculture, the Anasazi developed a similar culture.
They were skilled stonemasons so their buildings survived. In the other hand,

What Was Life Like Before The Black Death
The Black Death
By Ben Georges The Black Death was one of the worst tragedies in medieval Europe. The main
topics that will be focused on is. What is the Black Death?, What was life like before the Black
Death compared to what life was like after the Black Death in medieval society? And How did the
black death impact on the feudal system in society?
The Black Death, a plague that first shocked Europe in the 1300s. After the outcomes of the disease,
surviving Europeans lived longer. The estimated number of deaths are between 75 million to 200
million, or between 30 percent and 50 percent of Europe's population. Victim's fevers and rashes,
and vomited blood. The sign that gave the disease its name was black spots on the skin where the
skin had died. The tragic disease known as the Black Death went through Europe in the years 1348–
53. The tragedy was extraordinary. In the course of just a few months, 60 per cent of Florence's
population died from the plague. The Black Death was the most shocking disease that has impacted
human kind. It was carried to Europe in 1348 on a ship, that nobody knows the backgrounds of.
They found the ship, and every person was dead. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Britain in the early fourteenth century was terribly crowded since way before the Black Death. Fleas
that typically moved on rats, but flew off to other mammals when the rat died passed the plague. It
most likely first seemed in humans in Mongolia around 1320. Typically, people who came down
through the plague first complained of headaches, fever and chills. Their tongues frequently
appeared a whitish color before there was simple swelling of the lymph nodes. Also, black and
purple spots showed up on the skin of the distressed; death could follow within a

Ap Guns Germs And Steel
Guns, Germs, and Steel
Chapter 1: "Up to the Starting Line" 1. When did the history of humans begin?
Around 50,000 years ago. "Human history at last took off around 50,000 years ago..." (Page 39)
2. Humans developed on what continent?
Humans developed in Africa. "..., indicates that the earliest stages of human evolution were also
played out in Africa." (Page 36)
3. The Giant Leap forward occurred when?
Around the time human history started, 50,000 years ago.
"Human History at last took off around 50,000 years ago, at the time of what I have termed our
Great Leap Forward. (Page 39)
4. How does Diamond explain the mass extinction of large mammals in some areas?
He explains the existence first and then explains how the dates of their ... Show more content on
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Founder Crops
"...may be thought as farmer crops..." (Page 100)
3. How did Native American hunting and gathering societies become farmers?
They were replaced by European Farmers
"....or largely replaced by arriving European farmers..." (Page 102)
4. People in areas with a head start on food production gained what?
According to page 103, "The people of areas with a head start on food production thereby gained a
head start on the path leading towards guns, germs and steel."
5. The arrival of founder crops enabled local populations to become what?
Sedentary
"The arrival of founder domesticates enabled local people to become sedentary..." (Page 100)
6. What crop was domesticated in Ethiopia before spreading around the globe?
According to the chart on page 100, Coffee and Teff.

Chapter 6: "To Farm or Not to Farm"
1. Food production meant what to hunting and gathering societies?
Having neighbors as farmers and most likely adopting it themselves.
"In some cases the hunter gatherers adopted the neighboring system of food production..." (Page
108)
2. What is a factor that influenced a group to adopt agriculture?
The density of the population grew larger
"A gradual rise in population densities impelled people to obtain more food..."
(Page 111)
3. Why did the transition to food production not happen earlier?
People always dropped the idea of food production
"....food production systems were abandoned in favor of hunting gathering."(Page 109)
4. Hunter–gatherers in

The Columbian Exchange : The Transatlantic Exchange Of...
The Columbian Exchange was the transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and ideas that occurred
after the first European contact with the Americas. (1) Author and historian Dr. Alfred Crosby is
credited with developing the term (3). Rather than an established system, the Columbian Exchange
refers to an era in which the Eastern hemisphere and the Western hemisphere exchanged goods and
ideas, and cultural influences were explored between the peoples of Europe and the Native
American tribes. The exchange began with the arrival of Columbus in 1492 and continued
throughout expansion and colonization.
While trade and exchange between the two worlds was essential to the existence of both Europeans
and the Native Americans, it was the unforeseen circumstances and unseen biology that inevitably
doomed the population of the Native American tribes. What was a source of commerce and trade
was also a source of "misunderstanding and mistrust". (1)
One difficulty in trading and communicating with the New World the Europeans faced was the lack
of written communications from the Native Americans. Comparatively speaking, the Europeans
were highly educated and most tribes did not have a written language of their own and relied on
blood oaths as their highest form of agreement. (2) A culture of academic and religious education
and a culture of superstition and prophecy were about to collide. For this reason, Europeans found
any form of treaty difficult to uphold with the Native Americans.

A Feedback Loop Is A Section Of A Control System Inside An...
A feedback loop is a section of a control system inside an organisms body, that can self–correct to
then change a section of the control system according to difference between the actual/desired set
point. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/feedback+loop There are two types of feedback loops
negative and positive, .They are both occur due to the Stimuli. However negative feedback loops
operate differently then they do in a positive feedback loop. A negative feedback loop is used to
suppress or discontinue the effect of a stimuli. A negative feedback loop occurs when the stimuli
(change in the environment) is detected and a response occurs, to discontinue the Stimuli. For
example the temperature of the human body increases above it's set ... Show more content on
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Biology book, class notes.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone most commonly found in the female reproductive cycle. The
following diagram represents three feedback loops for the menstrual cycle. The blue feedback loop
shows two hormones, FSH and LH, secretion as to begin the growth of the follicle then the
hormones work together to start the estrogen secretion the estrogen then has a negative feedback
from FSH causing it to stop been desecrate. The red feedback loop shows, increased levels of
estrogen occur midpoint in the cycle causing positive feedback to respond on the LH cells in the
pituitary. As LH levels rise ovulation will occur. The purple feedback loop concludes after ovulation
and shows the follicle cells transform into corpus luteum which secrets then builds up progesterone
and estrogen levels forming the endometrial lining the hormones work together and a second
negative feedback signal is sent to allow the release of FSH and LH. The corpus luteum then
deteriorates dropping the production of estrogen and progesterone allowing menstruation to occur.
https://sbi4u2013.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/the–menstrual–cycle–feedback–loop/
The mammal that is equipped to live in dry water conditions (e.g. desert) is mammal 1. Mammal 1
shows the lowest excreation of water through evaporation, urine and faeces. It is

Big Bear Research Paper
Bears are strong and protective. What is big and strong and is one of the most productive animals at
the zoo? Bears, a type of omnivore, are very big and protect and feed their cubs. Bears are one of the
most worldwide animals in the world. Bears have different tastes of their food, but it depends what
bear species it is. They often tend to be peaceful and solitary in life, but when the bears are hunting
they tend to be aggressive and fierce. Bears will eat different kinds of plants and berries. Bears will
also eat meat, insects and honey. Bears tend to live in caves that are in forests, mountains, and
plains. Most bears have large and round heads. Some bears have small and flat heads. Big and
strong, the bear's appearance will describe it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All bears have different behaviors because of their size, their mood, and during hibernation. Another
reason some bears get moody is because someone disturbed their territory (Beard). During
hibernation of bears, the bears are in a hurry for food so they will be fierce when they find
something they can feed on (Wexo). When there is no food for the bears, they will sometimes eat the
cubs which would make the mother so mad that she would make a male not want to deal with her
(Wexo). The Polar bear is the most aggressive bear because there are no berries or plants to feed on
where they live, so they will always eat meat and get very mad, aggressive, and fierce if its prey
started to run away from it (Wexo). The Sun bear and the Panda bear have something in common.
The Sun and Panda bear both mostly eat plants. The Sun bear mostly eats plants because of its size
and the Panda bear doesn't eat a lot of meat because its favorite food is bamboo (Wexo). Because of
some bears sizes, they mostly eat plants while others just eat meat, some bears are found fierce and
aggressive, but a bear's size don't matter because it is still the same species and if a bear is being
fierce or aggressive it is probably because it has been threatened by an animal or

Homo Sapiens And The Extinction
Homo sapiens Role in Neanderthal Extinction
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one
that is most adaptable to change"(Evolution Quotes). So far in the saga that is Earth humanity has
been on the winning side of change. Humans have evolved over time from simple hunter gathers to
an advanced species of builders and thinkers. Humans have built complex cities, created advanced
medicine, and even left their own plant for the moon. Despite all these remarkable achievements
humans were not the first species of Homo to expand across the globe. Before Homo sapiens
dominated the Earth, their cousins Homo–Neanderthals roamed Europe and Asia hunting big game
and thriving. However, between 30,000 and 40,00 years ago the Neanderthal population began to
decrease drastically. It is unclear what caused this drastic drop in Neanderthal population, but one
leading theory points an evolutionary finger at Homo sapiens. The introduction of Homo sapiens
into the Neanderthal environment negatively affected the Neanderthal population size through
increased food completion, Homo Sapien violence, and interbreeding Homo Neanderthals were a
stocky species, which had an average height of about 5ft 5in and a large brain similar to humans.
Neanderthals were well adapted to live in the cold temperature of northern Europe, and in their
prime the Neanderthal population is estimated to be as large as 70,000 individuals (Bocquet 2013,
1).

Infanticide Evolved As A Mating Strategy Fore Males
The evolution of infanticide has been researched by many scientists. It has been found that
infanticide evolved as a mating strategy fore males. (Boyko & Marshal, 2009). Boyko and Marshall
(2009), explain that males will use infanticide when taking over a new group or for bonding with a
new female. It is an adaptive strategy that males use to reduce the time they have to wait fore
females to be able to have his offspring (Boyko & Marshall, 2009). Broom, Borris & Koenig (2004)
explain a similar hypothesis in their research. They outline that infanticide has a reproductive
advantage for the males, and it will only occur when 1) the infant is not their own, 2) the loss of an
infant enables the female to conceive sooner and 3) the male has a high chance of being kept for
breeding (Borris, et al.,2004)
Lukas & Clutton–Brock (2014) explain that the main evolutionary cause for monogamy, other than
infanticide, was due to males not being able to defend and area large enough for more than one
females. Their research explains that this behaviour is derived from an ancestral state in which
males and females were living in undefined groups. (Lukas & Clutton–Brock, 2014). van Schaik &
Dunbar (1990) also agree with this theory along with possible hypotheses for the evolution of
monogamy. They also proposed that monogamy evolved because it was advantageous for females.
The males would be vigilant against predators, and this would allow for females to spend more time
caring for their

What Is Canis Lupus Signatus?
Behaviour, ecology and conservation of the Iberian Wolf, Canis lupus signatus
Introduction The Iberian wolf, Canis lupus signatus, is a subspecies of the grey wolf (Canis lupus)
found on the Iberian Peninsula. It is smaller than other wolves, with white marks on the upper lips
and dark marks on the front legs and tail, from which it gets its name, signatus (marked). The grey
wolf was historically distributed across all of Europe (Mech and Boitani, 2010), however through
the 18th and 19th centuries C. lupus was eradicated throughout Northern and Central Europe, with
only some surviving populations found in Italy, Iberia and Eastern Europe (Breitenmosser, 1998;
Mech and Boitani, 2003). The recognition of wolves as a keystone species as an ... Show more
Much of the threats against wolves comes from conflict with humans due to the rarity of wild prey,
genetic isolation and habitat loss. Wild ungulates are in low density or completely absent in many
areas of the Iberian Peninsula. To combat this, there have been efforts to reintroduce roe deer to
areas of Portugal, providing a wild prey source for the wolves (Cruz et al., 2014). Studies suggest
that having a higher density and diversity of wild ungulates decreases livestock predation (Meriggi
and Lovari, 1996). Whilst reintroduction of wild prey holds promise in the long–term, it is not
immediately effective as the ungulate population will need to replenish itself. With no wild
ungulates, wolves will continue to feed on livestock. Livestock is often free ranging and unguarded,
making them an easy target for wolves. Farmers then retaliate against the wolves: in one study of 80
dead wolves, 38% died either from shooting, poaching or poisoning (Barroso and Pimenta, 2008),
and it was also noted the actual number could be higher due to the difficulty of determining whether
a wolf has been poisoned (Torres and Fonseca, 2016). In areas where wolves prey mainly on wild
ungulates, there were no reported wolf deaths by poison, however in locations where livestock was
the main prey source, poison was the leading cause of death in wolves (Álvares, 2003). Farmers
who experience livestock loss

Canadas Shame Essay
The infamous Harp (whitecoat) and Hooded (blueback) seal hunt photos have virtually disappeared
from newspapers or television news. That does not mean that seal hunting in Canada has stopped.
The mass killing of seals off Canada&#8217;s East Coast is commercial, cruel, and wasteful,
yet despite furious outcry from Animal Rights activists the government is refusing to take notice.
The cruelty of this extensive killing operation, which starts during the seals&#8217; birthing
season, has been denounced for years as &#8220;Canada&#8217;s Shame.';
The senseless slaughter of seals springs from the profit they bring, the use of their pelts for coats,
and other products. It has been proven though, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The big commercially owned boats on the other hand have an entirely different method of killing.
Seal pups are gathered up individually and incased in netting &#8211; somewhat like a bag of
oranges. Dozens of baby seals in net bags are packed into wire cages and moved by helicopters to
fur farms. After the pups molt, they are killed. Catching seals in nets unavoidably causes a slow and
painful death for these beautiful mammals.
Seals are mammals, warm blooded like the rest of us. There is nothing in place to protect them
because under Canadian law, these mammals are legally considered to be fish! Perhaps that is why
our government thinks so little about slaughtering these animals. Perhaps that is why the quotas
have been set so high and why both the Government of Canada and the Government of
Newfoundland are now providing subsidies to entice more fishermen and sport hunters to kill seals.
The Government of Canada is gambling that the public has forgotten about the cruel and bloody
images of the Canadian seal hunt prior to 1984. The truth is, nothing has changed
&#8220;&#8230;about 220 000 seal pups were killed in 1997 alone.'; And this statistic
does not even take into account the thousands of mature seals being killed; it&#8217;s merely
the estimated number of seal pups being massacred.
Consequently the Canadian commercial seal

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Chemicals, cosmetics, household products, and medical devices have been tested on animals such as
mice, rabbits and rats, and more for a number of years. It is assumed that a humans' response to
these types of products will often correlate with the responses of an animal (Testing). Animals are
tested because they are deemed as key information to help develop new medicines, and discover
more about human health and biology. Some believe using animals only for human advantage is
morally wrong, while others believe not experimenting at all would hinder our understanding of
well–being and ailment, which would affect the progress of new and vital treatments. Researchers
are mandated to follow specific instructions in order to minimize the harm experienced. The first of
the instructions is using a substitute like human volunteers, cell culture, or computer modelling
when applicable. Next, is bettering experimental procedures and communicating with other
researchers so that the same experiments are not being repeated by several people, which will
accordingly reduce the number of animals used. Lastly, less invasive procedures are used when
possible to reduce stress or discomfort, and expand medical care and living conditions (Should
animals be used in research, 2017). As with any other topic, there are numerous lists of pros and
cons. Over the last one–hundred years, many of the medical breakthroughs are credited by animal
research and testing. The discovery of insulin occurred when an experiment had the pancreases of
dogs removed. This information was significant because it was able to further the process in saving
a diabetics life. In 1988, there were 350,000 cases of polio recorded globally. As of 2016, there were
only 27 cases recorded. Without the polio vaccine being tested on animals, polio would still be a
major disease continuing to affect thousands of people. Other major advances in the medical field
due to research on animals are cystic fibrosis, brain injury, tuberculosis, breast cancer, and other
various conditions (Animal Testing). On the other hand, animal testing is cruel and inhumane. It is
believed that animals used in experiments were deprived of water and food, force fed, wounds and
pain were

Analysis: The Black Death
The Black Death was the "worst demographic disaster in the history of the world" (James), killing
millions of peasants, nobles, knights, and even asians to the east. Rats from modern outbreaks of the
plague have been linked to the spread and cause of this dreadful disease. The path of the migration
of rats shows how the Europeans got infected by Asian rats. The climate in Asia turned too hot and
dry for rats, so the rats migrated to the camps of Mongol nomads that were camped in the plains of
the Asian Interior ("The Black Death"). Then the first human beings got infected with the Black
Death (the mongols) ("The Black Death"). Meanwhile in Europe, the climate changed from "good"
conditions to cold and wet, perfect for rats (Butler). The plague ... Show more content on
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However the bacteria didn't allow for flea to swallow the blood, so when it bit a human or any other
mammal, it would vomit the bacteria back up onto the human (Coroners Report: Plague). So when
the rats started to die from the disease, the fleas couldn't find as many rats, so they would bite other
warm–blooded things like humans ("The Black Death"). The Black Death rapidly spread through
Europe and Asia once it was in contact with man. European sailors travelled to Asia, and when they
returned, they brought the rats and fleas that were infected by accident in their cargo ("Social
Classes, Life and Plague"). Also, the sailors would get infected themselves, so then spread it to
others through ports ("Social Classes, Life and Plague"). And merchant caravans and traders spread
plague through ports and markets some of the plague even made it into India and Arabia ("The
Black Death"). Once the plague reached Europe, there was no stopping it from spreading. The Black
Death hit Italy in 1347, France and lower European countries in 1340, and England and Scandinavia
got hit in 1349

The Controversy Of Climate Change

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