The Importance Of A Second Language Teacher

The Importance Of A Second Language Teacher
A second language teacher has a significant influence on how the learners will achieve in their learning or fail. First and foremost, a second language
teacher should understand the other language's culture to build a communication bridge between her and the learners. Once students feel valued and
their culture is respected, they will feel motivated and try to discover the second language enthusiastically. The effective teacher cares about a learner
as a human being.
According to the Natural Approach, a teacher needs to lower the students' affective filter to minimize the degree of nervousness. Such negative feelings
about the second language may block acquisition from taking place. Therefore, the teacher can create a friendly, exciting and proper classroom
environment, where there is a low affective filter for learning. Also, the teacher can provide the learners with group activities, games, and music to
lower the emotional obstacles. Importantly, the teacher should not put the learners in embarrassing situations or ask them to speak before they get
ready to.
As claimed in the sociocultural theory, the effective teacher should provide appropriate scaffolding for the learners. Teacher's scaffolding role offers
outstanding opportunities for the students and helps them work collaboratively. Additionally, it enables learners to obtain a higher level than they can
attain by themselves.
Providing the learners with the correction, evaluation or feedback is crucial for both
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First Language Acquisition In Children
Introduction:
First language acquisition is the first words that the child speaks or says and it's the process by which the child learn, speaks and write, and it is the
initial stages of language development in humans infants, children begin learning their language since they're babies with uncorrected grammar until
many years they will be able to learn the language with a perfect grammar after going to school and have some support with their family, on the
psychology side, Many of psychologist have a different point of view in the first language acquisition and every psychologist have a different theory
about the language acquisition. And some of the theorists says that the language is acquired while the other theorists said that the language is learnt,
so every psychologist have a theory about the language acquisition, and in my essay I will be talking about the first language acquisition for the child,
and if the language is learnt or acquired and more of things I will be talking about.
To sum up the introduction,

Why Adults Are Better Learners
Why adults are better learners than kids (So NO, you're not too old)
Kids are great! I was an ESL (English as a Second Language) teacher for several years in several countries, teaching mostly children, and I could see
how quick they were at learning a second language.
Of course, who of us doesn't want to go back to our childhood, when things were simpler and the world was full of endless possibilities (which too
many people claim it somehow isn't any more...)? Along these lines, one of my favourite songs in the world is a Brazilian one about never losing touch
with your childhood.
So it's no wonder we want them to pounce on any advantages they have now to do something better, which they may lose out on later.
This is why when some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Forgetting obvious advantages with tonnes of common words (which of course are more beneficial between somewhat languages, such as between
European ones), a baby has so much extra work that you are totally ignoring.
From birth it takes you years to be able to confidently distinguish between all sounds in your native language. When you start learning Spanish, Italian,
German, Hungarian, Czech etc. as an adult, don't you realise everything you get to merrily skip over?
No need to learn how to distinguish m from n. Hell, no need to learn the vast majority of sounds that are the same between those languages. No need
to develop the muscles in your voice box and tongue so you can simply attempt to make noises with them. No need to train your ear to be able to
distinguish voices as male/female or even recognisable friends/family, and different to other noises from the environment. No need to be exposed to
years of context of universal human interaction to indicate when someone is angry, shouting or asking a question. No need to learn the vast majority of
international body language.
Don't people get that they aren't dealing with a separate species when they learn a new language? I'd argue that the majority of

Piaget 's Beliefs About Language Development
Multiple–Choice Questions (2 points each)
1.Which of the following are most consistent with Piaget's beliefs about language development?
a.Language is not a separate innate characteristic, but is one of several abilities resulting from cognitive development
b.The sequence of language development depends on the sequence of cognitive development
c.Language acquisition results from general cognitive and social processes
d.Language development is innately wired via universal grammar
e.All of the above
f.a and b only
g.c and d only
2.In contrast to serial processing, parallel processing involves
a.Single operations performed sequentially one at a time
b.Multiple operations occur simultaneously
c.Both single and multiple operations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
phonological loop functioning / speech and language difficulties
c.visual–spatial scratch pad functioning / behavioral difficulties
d.general working memory / speech and language difficulties
7.A common congenital disorders of childhood that affects muscle tone, movement, and motor skills and is caused by brain damage that occurs before
or during a child 's birth is
a.Developmental Delay
b.William's Syndrome
c.Fragile–X
d.Cerebral Palsy
8.Cultural competence is the ability to

a.understand and learn about your own culture
a.interact effectively with people within your own culture
b.interact effectively with people of different cultures
c.be sympathetic to individuals from different cultures
9.Children who are exposed to multiple languages simultaneously
a.often have equivalent skills in each of those languages
b.may have uneven skills in each language
c.often fail to learn each language with high proficiency
d.are at greater risk for development of language delays in one or more of the languages
10.An example of a contextual factor that can lead to individuals differences is
a.People
b.Location
c.Vocabulary used by others
d.Language used by others
e.All of the above
f.a and b only (*A and B are "context," C and D are "input," context and input are similar/related. Ex: The language heard spoken by others (input) will
vary day–to–day due to the different people they are exposed to (context).)
g.c and d only 11.In reading,

Milgram Obedience Research Paper
1950: Reformed the field of linguistics
Proposed Universal Grammar: Idea of innate grammatical catergories, that facilitate the development of language in children.
Chomsky's Linguistic Theory: Born with innate ability to learn language
Argued children are born with Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Help acquire language naturally with the help of the brain.
However there is a critical/sensitive period, whereeveryone have a time frame for learning a new language. Once the time fram closes, it becomes more
difficult to acquire a language. 1960: Conducted controversial experiment on obedience to authority – "Milgram Obedience Experiment
Subjects were required to shock a person, from an authority figure, whenever the person would give an incorrect

The subtlety of language acquisition has been the most...
The subtlety of language acquisition has been the most fundamental question in the study of linguistics and human development. From Bow–wow
Theory to Yo–He–Ho Theory, the major theories on language origins and learnability emerged at mid–20th century and has been heavily debated ever
since. Among them, the idea of universal grammar in which is usually credited to linguist Noam Chomsky, remains the most notable and controversial
theory over time. He introduced and developed the t heory from 1950s to 1970s as he proposed and championed linguistic nativism in language
acquisition. Chomsky supports that language mastery involves knowledge of linguistic rules and conventions, which he later named that as
'cognizance'. He believes that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are totally 5 stages in children language development. Preverbal stage refers to the crying of 0 – 6 months old infants. This is followed by the
"one–word" holophrastic stage in 7–12 months children where they imitate vowels to communicate, i.e. "da da" for daddy. By adding gestures (e.g.
pointing) and intonation into their words, they can convey directions, spacious relations of the objects near them, making it the third stage in language
development. After 18 months, children enter the telegraphic stage where they can use 2–word phrases to indicate their needs, for instance, "Papa!
Milk!" which they later enter the final stage: the multi–word stage. In this stage, they make remarkable breakthrough in language comprehension and
speech. No matter what the first language that children are exposed to, the majority of them stick to such linguistic developmental mechanism. With
the support of other generative linguists and data of 5000 to 6000 languages all over the world, Chomsky has proved that despite their very different
grammars, all of the languages are rooted with similar syntactic principles and rules. This shows the universality of language acquisition. It is clear that
there is some unique device in human brains that isolates language learning from cultural and intelligence, make human innate to language acquisition;
the environment only shapes the outline of such neurobiological system to a specific language.
What do children learn when they are

Maria Montessori And The Intellectual Development Of A Child
'A tiny sixteen–month–old child toddles off down the garden path. Close behind her follow two adults. She pauses, looks around and says
meaningfully: "Windy." The adults scribble furiously in their Woolworths notepads.' Homes all over the world, scenarios like this are repeated in a
way to experience every tiny word said by the child, it is almost an achievement and a breakthrough for some parents to hear their child say, 'mama' or
'dad' for the first time but what is put into this development is what is earned back. Language acquisition is established all around the intellectual
development of a child.
Considering turn of events, health, education and upbringings, the acquirement of a language when fully acquired allows one to make sense of the
world they live in. Maria Montessori (1870–1952) who was one of the most innovative childhood pedagogues of the 20th Century had argued that each
and every child has a unique potential for growth and development waiting to be expressed and revealed. Aforesaid potential is best advanced by
allowing children to be free to explore and manipulate the surrounding environment. Her concept basically suggested that in hands–on, multi–modality
activities, learning fixated on creating mental modes but having adult observation followed by appropriate adult intervention worked better, thus
'structured'. Notably language, it is the core of the apparatus to be human that is why child's growth and development in language has received the most

Amy Tan's Language In The Immigrant Family
It is a well–known fact that children acquire language through their environment. From the time of birth, they are exposed to many different phonetics
which allow them to shape words and form language. As parents and families utilize specific words as symbols for different concepts and ideas,
children learn that they must use these to communicate their desires. This is evident in everyday life, for example those born in different parts of the
world, who grow up hearing a predominant language, grow up speaking that language with all of the same particular nuances, slangs and variations that
are present. Therefore, Amy Tan's claim that "the language spoken in the family, especially in the immigrant families, plays a large role in shaping the
language of the child," is definitely viable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tan's assertion that my family did and does influence my language. From infancy, the main language spoken in my home was Punjab with all of my
immediate family members being fluent with their version of words, sentence structure, and grammar. Although, my parents did try to incorporate
some English, my grandparents only spoke Punjabi and since they were the primary care givers it was their influence that most affected me and my
sister. Although, my parents spoke English and also conversed with us, it was usually only for few moments before bedtime. But even with just that
little bit of influence there are still words within my vocabulary that they and I only understand. Of course, some of this vocabulary is not used with
anyone other than my family. Sometimes however, a particular accent or emphasis on a word that was stressed by my parents comes through in my
syntax as I speak to friends, co–workers and

Acquiring the Human Language-Playing the Language Game
Video Viewing Guide for "Acquiring the Human Language–Playing the Language Game" (in the Human Language Series) (Preview these questions
before you watch the film. Take notes as you watch the film, then answer on a separate paper.) 1.What arguments in support of language as an innate
ability are brought up in the film? This video is about a great mystery; how do children acquire language without seeming to learn it and how do they
do so many things with so little life experience. 2.Explain the ambiguity of the question asked by Jill de Villiers to both children and graduate students:
"When did the boy say he hurt himself?" Why is this question ambiguous and why is it interesting to note that this question is ambiguous?... Show more
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They can understand quite complex sentence in early age. 5.The film (Chomsky) claim that acquiring language is different from kinds of learning.
What does he mean? It means we seem to learn language with different say from leaning other difficult things such as playing the trumpet and
riding bicycle. It is not learned by practice, or by imitation. 6.What proof is there that analogy is not the explanation for first language learning?
With the sentence "I painted the red barn", we can substitute color word, and it is acceptable. If we switch the last two words, it is still acceptable.
So by analogy, child will extend this to other verb "see" and create new sentence. "I saw a read barn." And a concept of analogy doesn't work for
switching last two words, since I saw a bard red is broken sentence. And also, with sentence "Taro ate" it means he ate something but this something is
not his shoes or hat. Another proof that analogy is not the explanation of first language learning is the verb "grow" can mean differently in the sentence
such as "John grows tomatoes" and "John grows." Analogy is wildly broken and cannot explain first language learning. 7.Observe the details of the
experiment with the 16–month old babies who are shown Cookie Monster and Big Bird. Explain the experiment's design, including the question posed
by the researchers and the conclusions they reach regarding children's acquisition of

Code Of Language
A baby is programmed to learn language–any language–but he isn't any more equipped to learn your language than he is to learn Portuguese. If he
were adopted by a family in Portugal, he would learn Portuguese and not the English he will learn from you.
Every baby is faced with the challenge of "cracking the code" of language. This involves hearing the language, beginning to figure out the "bits" of
language, and beginning to recognize word boundaries. Then she has to learn grammar rules and social uses for language. This is no small task for
your little one. But she is wired to do it, and she has already begun tackling this while still developing in the womb.
How can parents help their babies and toddlers to learn language?
First, parents can be aware that babies are learning a language that is foreign to them. Babies have an advantage over older people who try to ... Show
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Hearing key words several times in relation to what is going on (the "context" of the learning situation) really helps cement the learning.
Speak clearly. Rushed speech can sound mushy to a language learner.
"Highlight" what you say by slowing down on certain words or making those key words just a little louder so they will stand out from the flow of
connected sounds.
Make sentences and then reduce them to phrases and to single words. Break down from complex to simple. Build up from simple to complex. I use
the analogy of a pyramid–the Upside–Down Pyramid and the Right–Side Up Pyramid to give parents a visual representation of these two processes.
Smile, praise, enjoy verbal interactions. Again, thinking of a classroom learning situation, would you prefer the pleasant teacher who praised your
efforts or a stern teacher who corrected you all of the time?
Keep it natural. Go places, have fun, find new things to talk about. Variety is the spice of life, as the saying goes.
Talk a lot. Provide a lot of exposure to language. Quantity and quality of talking input are both very

Definitions And Classifications Of Language Learning...
Literature Review
Definitions and Classifications of Language Learning Strategies "Strategy", from the ancient Greek term strategia, refers to generalship or the art of
war. In a more specific sense, strategy entails the optimal management of troops, ships or aircraft in a planned campaign. "Tactics" is different but
related to strategies, which are tools to achieve the success of strategies. Moreover, the two expressions share some basic concepts: planning,
competition, conscious manipulation and movement toward a goal. In nonmilitary settings, the concept of strategy has been applied to the
non–adversarial situations, where it has come to mean a plan, step or an action is taken for achieving a specific objective (Oxford, 1990). Oxford
(1990) stated з¬¬дєЊжњџпј€2007п¦Ћ 3 жњ€
пј‰ 238 that strategies are particularly important for language learning "because they are tools for
active, self–directed involvement, which is essential for developing communicative competence" (p.1). Because of its significance, learning strategies
have been extensively employed in the educational field. In defining the language learning strategy, "different researchers use different terms and
different concepts" (Oxford & Crookall, 1989, p.414); therefore, a great number of researchers have formulated their own definitions which will be
discussed in the followings. Schemeck (1988) stated, strategy is "the implementation of a set of procedures (tactics) for accomplishing something" and
learning strategy is "a

Science, Math, And Music Centers
The three content areas that I will be focusing on is science, math, and music centers. The science to children is finding out about different things about
the everyday world that is around the children. Science is an active open–ended search for children for new knowledge. The major goal is to foster and
support the intellectual development that makes up a child's preschool years. These developments include receptive and the child's expressive language
skills of the children, self–regulation, and attention regulation. The hands–on type activities of science let the teachers observe and can respond to the
child's strengths and their needs. Science helps in language and literacy by adding non–fiction books that are a foundation for ... Show more content on
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The opportunities that are there for the receptive and the expressive language are such as text, productive graphic ideas that are represented which
can be both drawn and written. The literacy is integrated in science in the class daily. The science focused teacher is reading every day to the
children. how to integrate language and literacy materials and strategies to support preschool children. The children make graphs, charts, make
books, and dramatize their ideas (French, 2002). Children can keep a journal to record different data they see. The children can use drawing and
words to document like the life cycle of the butterfly (French, 2002). Children need time to talkabout what they see and observe and then they will
compare what they see and observe with peers and adults. Learning science can give knowledge that will be essential for reading comprehension
(French, 2002). Literacy is important in everyday lives. If a child cannot read or write they won't be able to function in society. It is important to
integrate literacy in all parts of the curriculum. Math is good for both reading and writing. Doing read–aloud to the children helps familiarize them to
different types of literature, and it can also help in the children listening and their concentration skills. Choose books that have mathematical content
can introduce the children to concepts in math. Math start books are a good source of math material for preschool children. Story

Argument And Natural Order Reasons: Why Is Grammar Important?
Is Grammar Important?
Abstract
Is grammar important in language acquisition? This paper will review the arguments for teaching grammar to SL learners in the ESL environment. It
will highlight the benefits for and against teaching grammar leaving it open for individual facilitators/teachers to make their own conclusion to whether
grammar should be taught implicit or explicitly in their classroom environment. This paper in no way takes a stance on either argument.
Introduction
There is no doubt that there is a need for SL learners to acquire a good control of grammar to express themselves effectively and clearly if they
choose to use it for work , study, or academia, however, the controversy is not if grammar should be taught, but how grammar... Show more content on
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Advanced Organizer Argument vs Natural Order Argument
Advance organizer argument states that grammar serves as a prerequisite for language acquisition as it prepares the learner to notice and thereby
acquire language patterns. Grammar instruction fosters language acquisition through its delayed effect as it raises the learner's awareness.
Natural order argument states that learners are born with a Universal Grammar (Chomsky). This (innate Universal Grammar) helps to explain
similarities in the developmental order of the first and the second language acquisition, which is different to the order in which grammatical items are
presented in most textbooks. This argument could also be called "the obsolete approach" to teaching grammar as the order in which grammar is taught
needs to be revised.
The first argument emphasizes that grammar is a pre–requisite for the language acquisition of a second language , where as the other side feels that all
learners both L1 and L2 learners are born with an innate universal grammar

How Children Learn Language
HOW CHILDREN LEARN LANGUAGE
By : Ahmadrawi
The writer can be contacted at:
scholars.assist@gmail.com
1. OVERVIEW
The exact way in which millions of developing children get to the point where they can produce and understand millions of words and make
sentences out of it is the subject of a heated debate in the psycholinguistic field. According to Saxton (2010,p.18), the study on how children learn
language can be traced back to the German biologist, Tiedermann, in 1787. However, up until the late 1950's, it is generally agreed that approach to
child language research is at best haphazardly organized. Research for example was often limited to a generally informal observations (for example
research done by Lukens,1894) or diary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This time, the rat only received food if it pressed the bar a certain number of times. After initial confusion, it learned to do this also
(Aitchison,2008,pp.8–9). This type of learning is called operant conditioning by Skinner which can be translated as training by means of voluntary
responses (the word 'operant' means a voluntary response rather than an automatic one) and Skinner suggested that a vast majority of human learning
take place via this mode, including learning of language(,Aitchison,2008,p.9). In his book Verbal Behaviour, Skinner argued that child efforts to speak
are rewarded by parents. Each time the child produces an utterances that comes close to sounding like an acceptable word or sentence, the parent offers
a reward in the form of praise or encouragement. As this conditioning goes on, the closer the child gets to the adult model of utterance the more
parental rewards that he/she gets. Thus, the operant conditioning relies on the learner producing a linguistic behaviour that is progressively shaped
through rewards, until the desired behaviour is achieved (Saxton,2010,p.90). Skinner's explanation of language acquisition soon inspired a critique and
rival explanation from Noam Chomsky. Chomsky argued in some detail that mechanisms such as stimulus, response and reinforcement which are
favoured by the behaviourists are not sufficient to explain verbal bahaviour. In this regard, Chomsky pivotal

Why A Parent 's Help And Guidance Important For A Child 's...
Whilst I would consider a parent's help and guidance important in a child's linguistic development, this development would be "impossible without
innately organized circuitry to do the learning" (210, Pinker). Therefore, a language cannot simply be taught. The human brain can seemingly process
information in some way that is involuntary and requires no real conscious effort; the only type of help or guidance a child requires is exposure to a
stimulus. Therefore, I believe that a parent's help and guidance is not imperative, it is just helpful in an infant's linguistic progress.
There are different, quite opposing theories as to how children actually acquire language. On the one hand, in discussing "the formal, nativist approach,
grammar is conceptualized as a set of abstract categories, structures and principles, and constraints that are genetically encoded as an innate Universal
Grammar" (319, Genetti). On the other hand, the discourse–based theory states that "grammar is viewed as a set of forms and functions that are
constantly being shaped by the mental processes and communicative needs of speakers and hearers as they use language in everyday talk
(discourse)" (319, Genetti). Although I do consider the latter discourse theory to be important in a child's language development, as a child will to
some degree imitate their caregiver, they will only do this when they are mentally ready and capable to do so. Therefore the nativist theory is a very
credible concept in child

Linguistic Genius Of Babies Book Review
Patricia Kuhl's TED Talk lecture, The Linguistic Genius of Babies, is an overview of how infants as young as six months old are capable of
discriminating between the units of all languages equally, but at ten months, infants tend to become better at distinguishing between units of their
native language and worse at those of a foreign language. This shows that there is a critical period not just for language acquisition but also for the
ability to acquire a second language. Therefore, parents who with for their children to have a bilingual advantage should expose infants to a second
language as soon as possible. Noam Chomsky believed that humans are genetically designed with the capacity to learn language. Humans have a
system of common rules and properties, called universal grammar, which allows us to learn any world language. It appears that Kuhl's research supports
this theory. Kuhl exposed American infants, who had only been previously exposed to English, to Mandarin during the critical period for language
acquisition. Babies exposed to both English and Mandarin showed equivalent statistics for language discrimination. This exposure alters the Language
Acquisitions Device (LAD) in the brain and makes infants the "citizens of the world," (Kuhl, 2010) Chomsky believed them to be, rather than the
"culture–bound listeners," ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While humans are biologically designed to produce language, with exception of reasons of defect, there is still a time limit during which infants
must be exposed to language or risk developmental delays. These delays are not just in the area of language acquisitions, but are related to other
cognitive functions as well, as we saw in the example of Justin, the boy who was raised as a dog by his caregiver. Language acquisition is essential in
the development of the ability to problem solve and to process and understand symbolic

The Importance Of The First Language Acquisition
"During the first two or three years of development, a child requires interaction with other language–users in order to bring the general language
capacity into contact with a particular language such as English." (Yule, The Study of Language, 2010)
It is very important for a child to hear a certain language and to interact with others who are using this certain language in order to produce the language
because a child is acquiring the language from his environment as it is not genetically inherited. Hearing language sounds is not enough to acquire a
language, but interacting with others who are using this language is a crucial requirement for the first language acquisition.
"So, in order to speak a language, a child must be able to hear that language being used." (Yule, The Study of Language, 2010)
A child who is doing so must be physically capable of hearing a language "hearing sense" and producing sounds. Deaf infants stop making "cooing"
and "babbling" noises after six months unlike the normal hearing infants who are making these noises during their first year.
"Under normal circumstances, human infants are certainly helped in their language acquisition by the typical behavior of older children and adults in
the home environment who provide language samples, or input, for the child." (Yule, The Study of Language, 2010)
Acquiring a language should be by the help of others in a child`s environment like his mother, father and grandparents who are using simplified

Advantages Of Communicative Approach
How can the Communicative Approach along with Modern Day Communication Technology Influence Language and Literacy Development?
Abstract
Although many language educators have surmised that the communicative method along with the aid of technology is effective in language
acquisition, the findings on the use of modern day technology along with the communicative approach seem to be inconclusive.
According to UNESCO, in the world today there are about 1 billion non–literate adults. This 1 billion is approximately 26 percent of the world's adult
population. Illiteracy is the inability to speak or write and it stifles language development. Since the twenty first century, there has been an increased
use of technology globally, this is believed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M. (2010). Internet Use and Child Development: Validation of the Ecological Techno–Subsystem. Educational
Technology & Society, 13 (1), 176–185.
Johnson and Puplampu recently proposed the ecological techno–subsystem, a refinement to Bronfenbrenner's theoretical organization of environmental
influences on child development. The ecological techno–subsystem includes child interaction with both living (e.g., peers) and nonliving (e.g.,
hardware) elements of communication, information, and recreation technologies in immediate or direct environments.
Imperial data for this study was collected using a questionnaire that was issued to 128 parents to give information about their children cognitive
development and the use of technology at home. This investigation reveals that, the home internet use accounted for more of the variance in children's
cognitive development than did indices of socioeconomic status. The ecological techno–subsystem furthers our understanding of environmental
influences on child development by emphasizing the impact of digital technologies on cognitive growth during childhood. Generations in conversation
Klerfelt, A. (2007). Gestures in conversation–The significance

How Do Early Theories Explain How Children Develop Their...
Hi Tom, there are many theories that try to explain that how children develop their language skills. From my perspective, I believe that early theories
have provided a good understanding of children and their progress. In early theories, the environment was said to greatly influence a child's learning
and also played a major role in child language developments. According to Skinner, "children learn language based on behaviorist reinforcement
principles by associating words with meanings. Correct utterances are positively reinforced when the child realizes the communicative value of words
and phrases. For example, when the child says 'milk' and the mother will smile and give her some as a result, the child will find this outcome
rewarding, enhancing the child 's language development" (1).
I think that early theories are a perfect way to explain how a child develops their language skills. However, Noam Chomsky has heavily criticized early
child development theories. Chomsky has proposed that the theory of Universal Grammar can improve our understanding of childhood development.
According to Chomsky, Universal Grammar is "an idea of innate, biological grammatical categories, such as a noun category and a verb category that
facilitate the entire language development in children and overall language processing in adults. Universal Grammar is considered to contain all the
grammatical information needed to combine these categories, e.g. noun and verb, into phrases. The child's

The Nativist Perspective Of Native Language
A native speaker of a particular language is someone who learnt that language from birth. A native speaker does not consciously think about their
knowledge of what they are saying, this has a lot to do with the society and the environment the speaker grows up in.
Linguists have debated for a long time on how and why we are able to learn language. Noam Chomsky developed what is called the nativist perspective.
According to his theory, every human being is biologically endowed with a language faculty, which is responsible for the initial state of language
development. This inborn ability is called the Language acquisition device (LAD). The language acquisition device is a hypothetical area of the brain
that explains how children can learn languages

The Use Of Language In Wes Anderson's 'The Magnificent...
In the 1950s, when television and the use of film experienced a growth in popularity, Edward R. Murrow, a notable American journalist, recognized its
capacity to influence and shape perception of the masses. Even with its many uses, its primary purpose has been and is to entertain, rather than to teach,
for escapism rather than reality, and to delude rather than to enlighten. Despite this, film and media still retains untapped potential to communicate and
explain what could never be written or spoken in words. Within the field of language, film is an area left with only a few scratches on its surface.
These small inquiries into language and film's purpose often appear in an analysis of the script. In the example of the film, The Royal Tenenbaums, its
first connection to language would be its association with literature, as it is an adaptation of Booth Tarkington's novel, The Magnificent Ambersons. It
is Wes Anderson's use of language that is truly fascinating. Within the script there is a mixture of both the antique and genteel as well as modern
speech which is a bit vulgar at times. One of the most notable ways Anderson uses language is to temper potentially dark moments within in the film
by pairing it with the ridiculous. Anderson uses this juxtaposition to demonstrate an example of life. It has been observed that "Anderson deliberately
throws absurdity into painful situations and fakery into very real pain, serving as a jarring reminder to viewers that reality is

The Various Language Skill Development
Being social animals, human beings experience an innate drive to communicate and share their thoughts and feelings with others. The essay discusses
the various language skill development stages among the children from zero to seven years. It analyses the importance of nature and nurture with the
aid of behaviourist and nativist perspectives. In the light of the explanations by Vygotsky and Jean Piaget, the essay attempts to discuss the role of
culture, experience, maturation and willingness to learn. Cambridge dictionary defines language as 'a system of communication' among
human beings. This communication system consists of sounds and words. The element of grammar makes communication meaningful (Cambridge
Dictionary 2016).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gradually the child imitates the words from its environment. Children are more used to the words, like mom, milk, dad, no, that are recited to them
frequently. At this stage, the child associates these words to their meanings. After the age of two, there is a tremendous exploration of vocabulary
(Clarke, 2009). Children accumulate thousands of words till the age of six. Initially they go for replacement of difficult terms with simple ones. This is
due to their struggle with complex vocabulary. This tendency changes after six. The conventional word order, tense and grammar are grasped during
these ages. By the age of four, children would be good conversationalist. At this stage the syntactic and semantic developments occur in children
(Choice2099, 2014). Children, in their early years, imitate sounds and words that are produced by adults. B.F. Skinner employs his theory of
behaviourism to explain this mental process (Nellie, 2013). Skinner argues that language development like any other behaviour or habit, can be
imbibed through repetition and reinforcement. He uses the concepts of classical conditioning and operant conditioning to explain this phenomenon.
Children associates the frequently used terms with its meanings. The word 'mom' brings the mental image of their mother. They tend to use
correct words and pronunciation to experience positive

Language Acquisition : What Is Encompassed By The Phrase '...
Title: What is encompassed by the phrase 'Meaning Making' within early childhood?
Young Children and Meaning Makers
Module Code: TE0673
Student Code: w14007309
Word Count: 1,394
This assignment seeks to explore and discuss the phrase 'meaning making' within early childhood using contemporary and historical sources. The focus
of this essay will be the theme, language acquisition, because this is one aspect of how children make meaning of their world. However, there are other
factors that need to be considered, these include Language and thought, attunement and attachment. Language acquisition is the process in which
humans develop a language to be able to produce words and sentences to communicate with others. The discussion of how children learn language and
if adults have an impact on the child's language development will also be argued throughout.
Meaning making is the process which children go through when making sense of the world around them, discovering how and why things happen.
Wells (2009) suggests infants are born with a drive to make sense of their experiences and have successful strategies for doing so. The meaning
making process involves the child having the opportunity to receive information and to be listened to. Adults have a key role in helping the child
develop a good language development, allowing the child to practice and to gain new information. Penn (2008) argues children are 'Meaning Makers'
but they can only take their meanings from experience

Theories Of Acquiring Language
Acquiring language is one of the most important processes in human life. Unlike animals, human beings are able to acquire a native language and they
do so in a procedure that takes time. During this procedure, human beings start to learn alphabet, forming words, forming sentences and after all they
learn how to communicate with other people. In his book "A Dictionary of Phonetics and Linguistics (2008), David Crystal mentions that this
acquisition procedure is not only required for one's mother tongue, but it is also used when children come to learn a foreign language or a second
language. This definition that Crystal gives in his book has a relationship with the theory of "Language Acquisition Device" made by Noam Chomsky.
Noam Chomsky believes that every single child has in his brain a "language acquisition device". Chomsky suspects that every single born child has this
mechanism in his brain that helps him acquire the language, which is spoken in his environment. He believes that this is something biological and this
helps the child's brain to form the main principles of his language such as grammar. Chomsky notices that after children acquire this knowledge about
grammar, they have to learn vocabulary so they begin to form sentences. Chomsky specifies that children could not learn their native language properly
because most of the time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, is also known as "Jargoning". In her article "What is toddler jabbering?" published on 'livestrong.com' (2015), Sharon Perkins explains that
during this stage when listening to a toddler, one might think that the toddler is speaking a foreign language. This is because most of the words
produced by the toddler at this age don't be understandable and a few words can be recognized. Perkins point up that this stage is the toddlers way of
to start communicate with people and which can be

Character Analysis Of The Film : Louis Theroux : Extreme...
The film we watched in class was called Louis Theroux: Extreme Love – Autism. The main point of this film was to show you what it is like for those
who live with autism, and the loved ones that have to deal with it. "Autism is a developmental disability" ("Autism – Autism Spectrum Disorders",
2017). People with autism usually have problems with communication, language, and social skills. The individual from the film that I will be
analyzing will be Nicky. Nicky during the time of the film was nineteen years old. His living situation was with his mother. His family was very
loving. To prove that when Louis asked Nicky's mother the question, "would you change Nicky?" Her response was, "No he is special and can–do
stuff that my other children can't" (Louis Theroux: Extreme love – Autism). Now I shall go onto evaluate Nicky from what we have seen in the film.
There are three ways that I will be evaluating Nicky. Two of those are language form and content. Language form, also known as syntax, are the
rules on how to put words together. In simpler terms this could be called grammar. Language content can be broken down into two parts. That
would be receptive and expressive language. Receptive language is words one is able to understand, where expressive language is what we are
able to produce (Hopf). Nicky has many strengths in these areas one being that his receptive language. From the film, we see that he is able to
understand everything that is told to him. We see this when Nicky is in talking with the guidance counselor at the new school he is attending.
They are talking about what he did and he understood what they were talking. His expressive language is not lacking either, but he has to be given
a little push every once in a while, to help him express what he has on his mind. We see this in the film when Louis is asking Nicky what he thinks
about switching from the DLC to a normal high school. All of that falls under language content. Nicky's language form is normal for his age. I say
this because he is able to use complex sentences with little to no grammatical errors. Also, Nicky is able to speak more than just English, but he is
able to speak Japanese. Nicky has written a novel by himself which shows

Analyse The Importance Of Early Intervention In Children
I have learnt that language can be cognitive, material or social (Gee & Hayes, 2011). Some view language as a set of social conventions, shared by a
group of people about how to communicate such as classroom or sporting rules, often supplied in books and followed by people. Children don't read
books so social conventions need to be taught by modelling behaviour and communication.
With the exception of severe disabilities or social problems, all humans acquire language as a core of basic property of their humanity called
'vernacular' which is used in everyday life Gee & Hayes (2011, p. 8). I believe that this is why early intervention is so important; not to label a child;
but to better support them for further education. Most humans can learn

Language And Development Of Language, Experience,...
Language plays a significant role in the process of transmitting knowledge and culture among
mankind. Everyone learns a language at the early stages of life. From birth to seven years, a
tremendous development of language skills is seen in a child. The essay states the various
developmental phases of phonetics, morphology, semantics and syntax in a child. The behaviourist
and cognitive theories states that nature and nurture plays a vital role in this process. The essay also
throws light on the importance of culture, experience, maturation and readiness with the aid of
theories laid by Lev Vygotsky andJean Piaget.
Language is explained as the communication among human beings. Human communication can be
either spoken or written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this stage a child even begins to grasp the
meaning of short phrases such as 'give me', do not touch' and the like. In the next phase of language
development, the child articulates words. The child picks up simple words from its surroundings
and that which may be taught him. He associates the words with its meaning (Kuhl et al., 2016).
The development of semantic skills take place here. In the later phase, sentence formation begins. In

the beginning, grammar and the conventional way of sentence structure is lacked. From here
commences the syntactic development in an individual. Through experiences and expressions, the
child unknowingly adapts to the accepted grammar and conventional sentence construction rules of
its language ((Bloom, 1993). By the age of four a child speaks and understands his language clearly.
A child is inspired by surroundings to develop its language skills. He or she imitates and reacts to
the sounds around them. B. F. Skinner, one of the pioneers of behaviourism, emphasizes the role of
environment in language development (Sommerville, 2006). He argues that a child learns words by
associating it with meanings. The word 'cat' brings the idea of that particular animal in the child's
mind. Children imitate words and sentences used by parents and elders. According to him, children
learn language on the basis of reinforcement principles. Adults surrounding them, especially parents
and siblings, correct and

The Second Language By Vivian Cook
Summary
Acquisition of an L2 (second language), has always been an important issue in the field of linguistics, and its relationship with an L1 (First language)
is what concerns Vivian Cook in the chapter called "The relationship between first and second language learning revisited".
In the chapter the author argues that the relationship between both L1 and L2, defines the second language. That is why SLA (Second Language
Acquisition) research has taken ideas and research techniques from L1 research such as the independent grammar assumption, which claims that the
child's language, constitutes an independent system of its own, and is not a poor version of the adult's one. And techniques, being the most obviously
borrowed those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These arguments are the ones that made me meditate the most, because they are there in front of everyone, yet, I was never able to see them. For
instance, when Cook claims that "The L2 learner already has at least one other language in his mind; the initial language state of his mind is in
principle different from the L1 child, because of the first language..." This first language has already taken a place in the mind of the learner, so it is
harder for the L2 to get without any

Achieving Attainment And Second Language Acquisition
Introduction
In second language acquisition research, ultimate attainment refers to the outcome of acquisition, interchangeably ultimate attainment is used with the
terms final state.
It is found the ability to attain native like phonological skills in second language acquisition begins to decline at the age of 6, and in many
individuals before the later age of 12. It is found that native like morphology and syntax is only possible for those under the age of 15 in second
language acquisition.
In most general terms second language acquisition (L2A) challenges the similarity to first language acquisition (L1A). It is found that L1A is usually
successful with all normal children, but in L2A results can be controversial.
This essay will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Flege, Yeni–Komshian and Liu (1999) individuals were required to live in the US for at least eight years and Birdsong and Flege (2001)
approximated at least ten years of residence for L2 ultimate attainment.
Although these estimates are granted, a resident that has lived in a country that is not their origin, may have lived in the country for ten years or more
and not been exposed to the language, in other words are isolated from the native speakers. This would therefore mean that the individual will more
than likely not have reach the levels of L2 competence they are capable of. This tell us that native likeness can have an impact on the ultimate
attainment of L2 acquisition, because like L1 acquisition for children, a certain amount of what they learn is influenced by adult interaction.
The ultimate attainment should be native like in L2 acquisition, at least with respect to core grammar. Universal grammar is a theory which provides
restrictions on linguistic representation, it places limitations on grammars, constraining their form and as well how they operate.
It is found from research that L2 learners are subject to universal grammar principles but cannot reset parameters. (Clahsen and Muysken 1989; Liceras
et al. 1997; Tsimpli and Roussou).
Where others argue that L1 settings prevail initially with subsequent acquisition of other values. (Schwartz and Sprouse

First Language Acquisition And The Doubt Towards...
Due to the development in first language acquisition and the doubt towards contrastive analysis which has deemed that all errors made by language
learners are caused by the interference from the mother tongue, error analysis, a response to and an alternative of contrastive analysis and an approach
influenced by behaviourism was given birth to and become increasingly popular among researchers and teachers who began paying more attention on
and shifting the interest in the errors made by second language learners in the 1960s and 1970s (Mitchell, Myles and Marsden, 2013). Central to the
notion of error analysis is that it is a process where learners' errors are collected and analysed in order to get some implication from the results
(Brown, 1987, p. 17; Corder, 1967; Khansir, 2012) and the purpose of error analysis according to Corder (1974, p. 170) is to "find what the learner
know and does not know" and to "ultimately enable the teacher to supply him not just with the information that his hypothesis is wrong, importantly,
with the right sort of information or data for him to form a more adequate concept of rule in the target language". Moreover, Gass and Selinker (2008)
also agree that second language learners' errors can provide information about their knowledge of the system.
To know how error analysis works, firstly it should know what an "error" is and its possible sources. When it comes to the definition of errors, many
researchers have given their own ideas. Corder

The Theory Of Innate Language Acquisition
A theorist who attempted to expand and explain Chomsky's original thoughts was Steven Pinker. In the early nineties Pinker's debate of language
acquisition became a popular notion due to the beliefs within his book 'The Language Instinct' (1994). The book describes the basic human instinct to
learn and acquire language as a means to communicate and understand situations. In a similar vein to Chomsky he describes language as an instinct and
not a skill that's dependant on acquisition. This concept suggests that proof is merely the way that children can speak without formal rules being
explained and knowledge inessential in order to apply language, in a manner that would be evolved through necessity dating back to hunter–gatherer
culture. The book suggests that a section of the brain is specifically used to apply these skills and that it is an inbuilt commodity that we are born
with. However, no proof in within science has been found to agree or disagree with this idea.
A differing view that contrasts the Nativist theory of innate language acquisition is from the theorists Sapir and Whorf. The two never wrote the
hypothesis together, but due to similarities in the thesis they are often cited together (Whorf was a student of Sapir). Their concept is based upon an
Empiricist approach in suggesting that language is acquired through circumstantial upbringing. A test was submitted using variances in colour and
number labelling known as the 'Colour Terminology Research'.

How Does Chomsky Universal Grammar
Chomsky argues that every child has a 'Language Acquisition Device' or LAD which encodes the major principles of language and its grammatical
structure into the child's brain. Children have then to learn new vocabulary and apply the syntax structure from the LAD to form sentences. Chomsky
points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is irregular. Language
exists in the mind before experience. Noam Chomsky he then believes that children are born with an inherited ability to learn any human language. He
claims that certain linguistic structures which children use so accurately must be already imprinted on the child's mind. Adult's speech is often broken
up and even sometimes ungrammatical. Chomsky's theory applies to all languages as they all contain nouns, verbs, consonants and vowels and
children appear to be 'hard–wired' to acquire the grammar. Every language is extremely complex, often with indirect distinctions which even native
speakers are unaware of. However, all children, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, despite their different methods, Husserl and Chomsky both agree that languages are organized by universal structural rules. Yet because
Chomsky ties universal grammar to the existence of an innate language mechanism, his theory falls under the attack Hilary Putnam, who argues that
grammar must be learned. Husserl offers an alternative to the contrast of grammar as universal or grammar as learned: as is clear especially from his
work Experience and Judgment, he argues it is both. Husserl shows how grammar arises from experience, giving support that language is learned. Yet
because of the very specific nature of this formation of grammar, particularly its origin in states of affairs, Husserl supports Chomsky's claim that the
structure of language is

Annotated Bibliography On Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Armstrong State University
Lifespan Developmental Psychology
Test 2
NAME: Laquisha Prince
Instructions: Carefully read the "Test Instructions" file.
Note: The following six questions are weighted equally; each will count as one–sixth of your overall test grade.
Question 1.
Answer the following in 600 – 900 words:
Imagine that you are a psychologist who wants to determine the earliest point in human development at which an infant can demonstrate specific skills,
such as the ability to judge distances or to differentiate between lines at different angles. Suggest research approaches and techniques that might be
helpful in studying these questions. Note the difficulties that might be expected.
The senses develop rapidly in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, half of all children can sit unsupported by the age of 6 months, while the majority, (90%) can take up to 7 ВЅ months. What this means
is that for accurate data we would need to observe theses children multiple times to see the growth they are making.
How do we know infants can see at birth? They can't tell us. For this we depend on clues such as eye movement, light sensitivity and the appearance
of the eye. Though an infant 's vision is present at birth the strength of their vision is far from mature. However, vision develops rapidly in infants,
going from only being able to focus on images 4 to 30 inches away to a rapid ability to see details and shape (Berger, 2014). By 3 months these same
infants with immature ability can see patterns color and motion. Surveys and medical research are regularly used to develop a better understanding of
infant development.

Children develop gross motor skills at different age norms which are affected by their culture and can vary (Berger, 2014). In order to gain
information, we need to educate and understand this development, we have to conduct research. We are looking for new information and theories.
Although surveys are a great way to collect a large amount of data the information gained is only as sound as the subject. This is why we need other
avenues for research, and we need parental support to make that happen.
Question 2.
Answer the following in 600 – 900 words:
Describe the language

Differences Of The First Language Acquisition
Since, the second language is an additional language after we acquire the first language, the L2 learning process can be influenced by the L1
learning process This essay will demonstrate the similarities and differences in L1 and L2 acquisition by discussing various theories. Then, draw a
conclusion based on the evidence provided and my own experience. First Language Acquisition 'First Language Acquisition' or also known as the
'Child Language Acquisition' is a process whereby children from infancy through early school years acquire their first languages (Lightbown & Spada,
2006). The term 'First Language Acquisition' or 'FLA' can be referred to the field that investigates the process by which children develop to use words
and sentences in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Skinner and his colleagues (Gass & Larry, 2008), learning or a change of behaviour on the part of the learner, is brought about by a process known as
'operant conditioning' which is the result of repeated training. Operant means 'voluntary behaviour' which is the result of learner's own free–will and is
not forced by any outsider or thing (Ortega, 2009). The learner will demonstrate the new behaviour first as a response to a system of a reward or
punishment, and finally it will become an automatic response. Behaviourists believe that learning a language is no different from learning anything
else. It becomes a habit by the stimulus–response–reinforcement–repetition process (Cook, 2001). The behaviourists also claim that we learn by
imitation and by association (Lightbown & Spada, 2006). However, psycholinguists argue that imitation is not enough because it is not only the
mechanical repetition but also natural exposure that children acquire language (Cook, 2001). Therefore, from the behaviourist approach, language
acquisition can be seen as a stimulus–response process. Children learn language by immitation and analogy. The roles of imitation, repetition,
reinforcement, and motivation are essential in learning the language. The First Language Acquisition is thus the result of nature which based on
practicing. Nativist or Innateness

Teaching And Learning English As A Foreign Language
1 UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTIC AND LITERATURE REFLECTION PAPER
TESOL–MA Program Course: Advanced Teaching Methodology Name: Г
ўn ДђClass: 2016–B Instructor: Ж°ЖЎng, Ph.D. Taking the course of MA
on TESOL, whose design is research–oriented, post–graduates are required to accomplish credit subjects including Advanced Teaching Methodology. It
is obviously an opportunity for master students not only to review what they have learned but also to have an in–depth insight of issues related to
teaching and learning English as a foreign language. Two–third of a nine–session course passed and it is time for course learners to take a look back
on what they have experienced via a reflection paper. From a very personal perspective, in the one hand, this paper is going to summarize what have
been presented and discussed throughout six weeks; and in the other hand, it includes certain points that the writer himself have interests in. The first
session of the course focused on knowing of English language learners. In order to help learners achieve success in conquering a second language, it is
important that teachers should pay careful attention to what their learners' role is, viewing from both inside and outside the classroom. In addition,
learners' extrinsic and intrinsic motivation must be also taken into account if the teacher wants to

Nature Vs Nurture
Language is seen as the way in which humans communicate, and the acquisition of language for most humans starts at a young age. Although the
debate of Nature vs. Nurture in regards to behaviorist reinforcement principles or universal grammar is used to stratify how child language acquisition
comes about, an old and strong theory proposed by Noam Chomsky suggests that the ability to acquire a language is a natural and inborn phenomenon.
He changed the world's perspective by questioning behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner's theory which at the time held the simplest explanation
believed to be most credible. First thing's first. What is language acquisition? Well the term refers to the process humans take to develop and attain a
form of communication. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A child in this stage is approximately 5–9 months and the prominent patters for this stage are "consonant–vowel patterns: ma, ma ma, da da da, ba ba
ba, etc. (Denham–Lobeck, 40)". The consonant–vowel pattern is presented in (1) below.
1.A baby babbles ma ma for the first time.
Babies going through the babbling stage tend to voice alike consonants with no regard to what language they are exposed to. Those consonants
being /b, d, m, p, t, k, s, n, g, h, w, j/. In (1), the baby produced the consonant /m/. The only consonants that are typically not produced are /f, l, v, r/.
The second stage following the babbling stage is the one word stage. The average age of a child is approximately 9–18 months where the pattern is
"single words: 50 or so common words in the environment (Denham– Lobeck, 40)". Usually the words produced by the subject are verbs and nouns.
Some of those verbs and nouns could be pronounced the same way the adult pronounces it, although other words will sound distorted as shown in (1)
and (2) below. Another pattern infants tend to follow in this stage is that of overextension, where they stretch out the meaning of words, and
underextension, where the infants will have a less significant understanding of a word compared to an adult. This is shown in (3) and

Essay on The Power of Words
The Power of Words Communication and language are not always synonymous. Gesticulations and facial expression can convey certain messages that
often make verbal expression unnecessary. Although I appreciate the endless possibilities that are associated with speaking, our primary means of
communication, I have discovered that the human capacity for speech might not be as extremely innate as the linguist Noam Chomsky claimed. A few
years ago, I had the privilege of encountering a thirty–five year–old woman named Joann at a summer camp for adults with multiple disabilities. Being
extremely autistic, Joann was unable to close her mouth, let alone form distinguishable words. Instead of talking, her principal method of
communication was to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Genie was never able to learn how to properly talk and was rendered verbally impotent by her silent environment, but according to Dennett, shouldn't
she have been able to learn? However, Joann did seem to be able to understand what was being said to her, though she was not capable of responding
since she was able to comprehend and follow simple directions. Even some of the most autistic people in the camp were able to recognize when
someone was talking to them, which confirms the innateness of oral comprehension, but not speaking. Understanding and talking are not
interchangeable, so a clarification is needed in order to distinguish the two. I sometimes have moments in which a "verbal freeze" occurs, in which I
have a thought that I can't manage to verbalize. Perhaps Joann lives in a constant state where she is unable to express what she is thinking–the thought
processes are there, but the language is not. If this is true, then the capacity for language is innate, but cannot be so simply accessed in all people.
Therefore, is it possible for Joann to think without using language? Are language and thought somehow linked? For our Neanderthal and early human
forbearers, verbal communication probably consisted of a series of grunts and gestures and language as we know it today subsequently ensued. Thus,
did thought precede language? Our ancestors were able to create fire without words, which displays some form of intellect, but I think that

The Effects Of Bilingualism On Children And Adults Essay
Language, in its simplest form, provides humans a way to communicate with each other to express needs, desires, and emotions in general. Without
even thinking about it, speech is a tool that we use every day at work or in casual conversation, and that our lives would be completely different
without. Humans learn a first language (L1) around the age of 1, and there is a sort of innateness for it to be acquired–our brains are ready for it.
However, acquiring a second language can often times be a different, and more difficult process for anyone who attempts to do so. But while it
may be challenging, the benefits of bilingualism are seemingly endless as it enables one to communicate with a whole new group of people as well
as helps in brain development in children and adults. It truly opens up a door of possibility. So what is it about the process of learning a new
language that makes it so different? Our native language is the language that we first begin using and developing around the age of 1 year old. In
addition, if an L2 is learned during infancy then it is also considered a mother tongue. Acquisition "normally takes place during infancy and early
childhood, at a time in which the child is maturing physically and mentally, and is simultaneously acquiring many other skills and much other
knowledge of the world about him/her" (Mace–Matluck 697). When learning our first language, it is not by any means an isolated task in comparison
to when learning an L2 where there is

Naja Ferjan Ramirez Losing Listening
This presentation of "Losing Listening," is an important critical observation.When I think of making meaning from sound just as important for most
people who are auditory learning from birth, with an exception of course to someone with a hearing disability. The way our sound patterns are already
tuned into the influence of our culture and ethnicity, tells me that sound is universal. But, it can be timely as well. When children are learning. The
first thing their learning is how to distinguish sound, even the sound of their own noises. Eventually, children learn by audible cues and can distinguish
inflections in tenses of their parent voice audibles. According to Naja Ferjan Ramirez, a Research Scientist from the University of Washington who

The Importance Of A Second Language Teacher

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