The abdomen contains all the digestive organs, including the stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. These organs are held together loosely by connecting tissues (mesentery) that allow them to expand and to slide against each other. The abdomen also contains the kidneys and spleen. In the study of anatomy, the term viscus refers to an internal organ. Viscera is the plural form. The number of organs in any organism depends on which precise definition of the term one uses. By one widely used definition, 79 organs have been identified in the human body. please comment thank u

1. PREPARED BY
MARTIN SHAJI
PHARM D
INTERNAL ORGANS AND
THEIR FUNCTIONS

2. Internal Organs of Human Body and Their
Functions
To survive and reproduce, the human body depends on important bodily
organs to perform certain vital functions. When two or more organs
together with their associated structures work together they become
components of a body system. The number of organs that the human body
has is twenty — one, and each one of them fulfills fundamental and
important function for the proper functioning of the organism.
The structure of the organs varies according to the case, being smaller or
bigger according to the functions that it must have in the body, and the
eventual storages that it will have to do.

3. What ¡s an organ?
The organs of the human body are collections of tissues that perform a
specific function in the system. It is an anatomical and functional unit, that
is, a series of tissues that perform various functions together.
In other words, organs are units of our body well differentiated from other
tissues in our body.
These tissues that make up the structure in turn are made up of specialized
cells. These sets of tissues thus perform a series of irreplaceable specific
vital functions. In addition, there are closely related organs, acting at the
level of what is known as systems.

4. The different organs then interact with each other to reach one or more
functional purposes for the human body. We can then speak of systems
such as the digestive system, made up of organs such as the stomach,
pancreas, liver, or small intestine.
Anyway, there are relationships at an integral level in our body. For
example, the nervous system is related to each and every other system in
our body.
It is very important to note that all organs are essential for our survival.
There are only a few very specific cases in which you can survive without
one of them.

5. What are Internal organs?
All organs of the human body not visible externally are called internal organs.
The internal organs constitute the most conspicuous part of the organs of the
human body; among the internal organs of the human body, the following
deserve a mention: the brain, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the spinal cord,
the cranial and spinal nerves, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the heart,
the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, adrenals, stomach, intestines, pancreas,
bladder, spleen, thyroid, parathyroid glands, bones, bone marrow, and
muscles. It should be noted that there are organs in the human body that are
partly internal and partly external; these bodies, therefore, belong both to the
category of internal organs and to the category of external organs.

7. 1.Heart
The heart is the main organ of the
circulatory system. Its function is to
pump blood to the rest of the tissues
and organs of the human body
through the bloodstream. It is located
in the thoracic cavity towards the left
side. It is made up of a sac that we call
the “pericardium”, in charge of giving
flexibility and mobility to this muscle.
In turn, the pericardium is divided into
a fibrous and a serious part.

8. The latter consists of three layers: the epicardium, the myocardium, and the
endocardium. Finally, the heart is made up of four chambers, two of them
superior, which we call the right and left atrium; and two inferior ones, which
we know as the right and left ventricles and the muscles moves by two types
of movements:
Systole: the heart drives the blood to ensure that oxygen reaches the entire
body
Diastole: is when you relax and receive blood from the tissues
The movement of systole and diastole is what is known as the cardiac cycle
and is what allows oxygen to be pumped.

9. 2.Lungs
Within the chest is of the human body
are also the lungs, organs that are part
of the respiratory system, and in the
center of which is the heart. Both vital
organs are protected by the ribs. The
lungs allow us to breathe, that is, to
inhale the air and oxygen in the
atmosphere, but it also provides us with
a lesser-known function and it is the one
that produces mucus to prevent inhaled
germs from attacking our health.

10. 3.Liver
The liver is an organ of the human body involved in numerous important
functions; These functions include: The production of essential proteins and
hormones; The regulation of carbohydrate metabolism (in particular it directs
the processes of gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogen synthesis);The
production of bile, a liquid containing water, electrolytes, lipids, proteins, and
pigments that has a pivotal role in the digestive process (provides for the
digestion of fats);The generation of coagulation factors; The regulation of
cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood;
The elimination from the blood of the so-called waste products, which can be:
toxins, infectious agents and catabolizes (e.g. ammonia);

11. 4.Kidneys
They are two organs of the body located in the
lower back or posterior area of the abdomen. Its
main function is to filter the blood and help to
eliminate the waste present in it. There are filters
in the kidneys that are called nephrons. When the
blood has been filtered, its circulation continues.
Meanwhile, the waste filtered by the kidneys will
later be expelled through the urine. The ureters are
responsible for conducting the fluid with waste
from the kidney to the bladder. When it fills up
with fluid, the urine is expelled through the
urethra. The kidney is responsible for the
formation of urine.

12. 5.Liver
The Liver is one of the vital internal organs of the
human body. It is located on the right side of the
abdomen. Its functions include the
transformation of substances that are harmful to
the body into other harmless substances. The
liver also performs other functions such as the
manufacture of bile, which is essential for
digestion. In addition to producing bile, the liver
is important in the production of some proteins
and in the detoxification of many organic
molecules. It is also responsible for transforming
part of the food into carbohydrates and is
capable of manufacturing proteins.

13. 6.Pancreas
It is an organ of the digestive system
located in the right part of the
abdomen. It is a gland that secretes
substances called enzymes, necessary
for the performance of the digestive
function. Another major function of
the pancreas as a gland is the
production of hormones such as
insulin. This serves to maintain
adequate blood sugar levels. Diabetes
may be due to a deficit in insulin
production, which is handled by the
pancreas.

14. 7.Spleen
It is part of the lymphatic system. It is located
in the upper left part of the abdomen. It is not
vital organ because it is possible to live
without it, although the body would become
more fragile in the face of infections. Among
its functions is to filter blood and remove
defective red blood cells from it. It is also in
charge of producing antibodies that help
defend against infections.

15. 8.Stomach
It is an enlarged part of the digestive tract that can expand to accommodate the
food that arrives there. The stomach accumulates, on average, two liters of food
and liquid. It ir responsible for secreting gastric juice, which contains enzymes
that initiate the digestion of proteins. The bolus, after being mixed with gastric
uice and undergoing the action of stomach movements, forms a viscous mass
called chyme. In the stomach, the food suffers the action of gastric juice.

16. 9.SmaII intestine
It is the longest compartment of the
digestive system, reaching about six meters
in length. The initial section of the small
intestine is called the duodenum. This is a
C-shaped fold of the intestine that houses
the main duodenal papilla that receives
secretions from the biliary system. The
duodenum connects to the jejunum. This
constitutes two-thirds of the small intestine
and has a large lumen. It has numerous
folds on its internal surface and is the
location of most absorption of nutrients
and minerals.

17. The ileum is the last part of the small intestine. This is a narrower and
longer section of the small intestine (forms the remaining two
thirds).The ileum is where most of the fat absorption occurs. The ileum
ends at the ileo-cecal junction, which acts as a valve and prevents the
reflux of the cecum. The terminal ileum is where vitamin B12 and bile
salts are absorbed. It is in the small intestine that most of the enzymatic
breakdown of macromolecules occurs and much of the absorption of
nutrients. In this organ, the food will undergo the action of pancreatic
bile secretions and its own secretions. In the small intestine, much of
the digestion takes place.

18. 1O.Large intestine
It receives this name for having a larger
diameter than the small intestine. This organ
performs as the main function of the
absorption of water and the formation of the
fecal mass. Feces are formed in the large
intestine.

19. 11.Bladder
It is a muscular and hollow
organ responsible for the
storage of urine until its
elimination. The bladder
stores urine.

20. 12.Uterus
Located inside the pelvic cavity, the
uterus is a muscular, hollow, and elastic
organ. He ir responsible for
menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth.
Its main function is to shelter the fetus
after fertilization.

21. 13.Ovaries
The ovaries are two oval-shaped organs located in
the pelvic cavity of women. Its function is based
on the production of the female hormone,
estrogen, as well as the production of eggs, the
female sexual gametes.

22. 14. Prostate
It is a gland present in man that
has the function of secreting a
neutralizing component of semen
acids. The prostate surrounds a
portion of the urethra, which is
called the prostatic urethra. When
there is an enlargement of the
prostate, obstruction of the
urethra may occur. The prostate
produces the secretion that forms
the semen.

23. 15.Testicles
They are the male gonads in which
sperm are produced. In addition to
this function, the testicles are
responsible for the production of
testosterone, a sex hormone. The
testicle produces sperm and
testosterone.

24. 16.Brain
It is a portion of the central nervous system related to a number of
functions. Among the functions exercised by the brain are the control
of skeletal muscle contraction, learning, emotion, and memory. This
organ has two hemispheres — left and right — and two regions —
white and gray substances. The white matter is more internally
arranged, while the gray matters more externally arranged. It is the
largest organ in our nervous system and is in charge of controlling all
the impulses that are distributed throughout the body. Neurons are
the nerve connections responsible for processing information and
allowing brain activity to proceed normally; These elements
communicate with each other by connecting fibers.

25. The brain fulfills these main functions: Produces hormones and releases
them
• Process the information we receive through the senses
• It is in charge of controlling the movement of our muscles
• Thanks to his activity we can reason, memorize, and learn.

26. 17.Thymus
The thymus is a glandular organ that belongs to the immune system. Its main
function is to give the body adaptability in front of external invading
microorganisms. that is why different lymphocytes mature within the thymus,
among which T-cells stand out.

27. Thank you ……