Physiology. Anatomy The Science of Life: An In-Depth Physiology Overview. Physiology in Action: How Your Body Functions

1. Kazi Samsul Arafin
Executive Training
MIRCO Nutricare (Herbal)

2. Basic physiology
Human physiology is the branch of biology that focuses on understanding the functions
and processes of the human body. It involves the study of how various systems and
organs within the human body work together to maintain health and carry out essential
functions.

3. Cells: A cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of all living organisms.
Cells are the smallest entities that can
carry out the processes necessary for
life. They are often referred to as the
building blocks of life.
Tissue: is a group or collection of
similar cells that work together to
perform a specific function within an
organism.
Organs: groups of organs that perform
a specific purpose in the human body.

4. The Digestive System
Purpose: to convert food particles into simpler
macromolecules that can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body Major Organs
and their Functions:
Mouth - to chew and grind up food , saliva also
begins the chemical breakdown
Esophagus - pipe connecting mouth to stomach.
Stomach - secretes an extraordinarily strong acid
(pH = 2) that leads to breakdown of food once the
food is broken down in the stomach and mixed with
digestive juices.

6. The Excretory System
Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including
excess water and salts.
Major Organs and Their Functions :
Kidneys - the main organs of the excretory
system
Blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters
out urea, excess water and other waste products,
which eventually travel out of the kidney as
urine.
Rectum - solid (food) waste travels out of the
body through the rectum.
Skin - sweat glands remove excess water and
salts from the body.
Lungs - expel the waste gas carbon dioxide.

7. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with a fresh supply of oxygen for cellular respiration
and remove the waste product carbon dioxide.
Major Organs and Their Functions:
Nose - internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx - serves as a passage way for both air and food at the back of the throat
Larynx - your "voice box", as air passes over your vocal chords, you speak
Trachea - the "windpipe", or what connects your pharynx to your lungs.
a piece of skin, called the epiglottis, covers the trachea when you swallow,
preventing food from entering.
Bronchi - the two large passageways that lead from the trachea to your lungs (one
for each lung)

8. Lungs -The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases,
specifically oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), with the bloodstream.
Oxygen from the air is taken in, and carbon dioxide, a waste product of
metabolism, is expelled.

9. Circulatory System
The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system. It
includes our heart, blood vessels and blood. Major function of circulatory
system are:

10. Heart- The primary function of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the circulatory system. It receives oxygen-poor blood
from the body's tissues and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
It then receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it
out to supply the body's organs and tissues.
Blood - the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, carries oxygen.
-- white blood cells function in the immune system.
-- platelets help in blood clotting.
Blood Vessels:
Arteries: These carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to
various parts of the body.
Veins: These return deoxygenated blood from the body to the
heart.
Capillaries: These are tiny, thin-walled vessels that connect
arteries and veins at the cellular level. They facilitate the
exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the
blood and body tissues.

11. Nervous System
• It includes the brain, spinal cord, autonomic and
somatic nerves and all sensory organs.
• Five main function of nervous system are:
i. To collect sensory input from the body and
external environment.
ii. To process and interpret the sensory input.
iii. To respond appropriately to the sensory input.
iv. Establishing and maintaining mental activity.
V. Controlling all 3 muscle type and glands.

12. Nervous System
Transportation
Oxygenation
Nutrient Delivery
Waste Removal
Hormone Distribution
Immune Response
Thermoregulation
Blood Clotting
pH and Electrolyte Balance

13. It is composed of bones,
joints, cartilage, ligaments
and tendons.
Major function of Skeletal
system are:
i. Supports the body.
ii. Facilitates movement
iii. Protects internal organs
iv. Produces blood cells.
V. Stores and releases
minerals and fat.
Skeletal System

14. • It is consist of Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle and Cardiac Muscle.
primary functions of muscular system are:
i Movement of body. ii. Maintain body temperature.
iii. Maintain posture and body position. iv. Protects the organs.
V. Ensure the blood flow.
Muscular System

15. The endocrine system
The endocrine system in the human body that plays a crucial role in controlling
various physiological processes and maintaining overall homeostasis (internal
balance). It consists of glands and organs that produce and release hormones,
which are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells
or tissues to regulate their functions.
Endocrine Glands: The endocrine system includes several major endocrine
glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and
gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females). These glands secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
Pituitary Gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," the pituitary gland is
located at the base of the brain. It controls the functions of many other endocrine
glands by releasing hormones that stimulate or inhibit their activities.
Thyroid Gland: The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces hormones that
regulate metabolism and influence the body's energy production and use.
Adrenal Glands: The adrenal glands, situated on top of each kidney, produce
hormones like cortisol (related to stress response) and adrenaline (epinephrine),
which prepare the body for the "fight or flight" response.

16. The endocrine system

17. Pancreas: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. It produces
insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels. Imbalances in
these hormones can lead to diabetes.
Reproductive Organs: In males, the testes produce testosterone, which is
responsible for male sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. In
females, the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which control the
menstrual cycle and regulate pregnancy.
Homeostasis: The endocrine system helps maintain internal balance by
regulating various physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, blood
sugar levels, and body temperature. Hormonal feedback mechanisms ensure
that these parameters stay within a narrow range.
Development and Growth: Hormones play a crucial role in the growth and
development of the body, influencing processes like bone growth, puberty, and
the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics.
The endocrine system is a vital part of the body's regulatory machinery. It uses
hormones to communicate and coordinate various physiological processes,
ensuring that the body functions optimally and adapts to changing conditions.

18. Reproductive System
The reproductive system is a system of sex organ which consists of
Urethra, Testicles, Vagina, Uterus.
The reproductive system is vital for the creation and continuation of life
in humans. Reproductive system ensures the survival and continuation of
the human species.
The reproductive system produces sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone in females, testosterone in males) that influence secondary
sexual characteristics, regulate the menstrual cycle, and impact the
development of reproductive organs.
• Four major function of reproductive system are:
To produce egg and sperm cells.
To transport and sustain these cells.
To nurture the developing offspring.
To produce hormones.

19. In males, it produces sperm and testosterone, which are essential
for fertilization and male secondary sexual characteristics.
In females, it produces eggs and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone) that regulate the menstrual cycle and support
pregnancy

20. Immune System
The immune system is complex network of cells, tissues, and
organs in the human body that plays a crucial role in protecting
the body from harmful invaders, such as pathogens (like bacteria,
viruses, and fungi) and foreign substances.
i. Prevent pathogens from entering.
ii. Eliminates pathogens from body.
iii. Collect fluid lost from blood vessels.
iv. Return the fluid to the circulatory system.
Skin - also called the integumentary system, the skin is the body's
first line of defense.
White Blood Cells - recognize disease agents (antigens) and
create antibodies to tag and remove these antigens
.