A Research On The Shear Box Test

A Research on The Shear Box Test
1.1 SCOPE
The shear box test is an "angle of friction" test, in which one portion of soil is made up slide along
another by the action of a steadily increasing horizontal shearing force, while a constant load is
applied normal to the plane of movement.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Shear box is an instrument used in the geotechnical lab which measures the shear strength of a soil
in a direct way and offers simple way to visualize what is happening to the soil. This is achieved by
measuring the sliding resistance between the soil particles and thus the coefficient of direct sliding,
C. The direct shear test is used to determine the shear strength of soils on a predetermined failure
surface. This test is used to measure the shearing resistance, un–drained shear strength, and dilative
and contractive tendencies in soils.
The stresses set up in the soil cause deformation of the soil, which occur in three ways: By elastic
deformation of the soil particle By change in volume of the soil resulting from expulsion of fluid By
slippage of the soil particles, which lead on sliding
3.1 EQUIPMENT
Figure 1 Shear box machine with electric motor and multi–speed driver unit, and load ring for
measuring horizontal shear force. Shear box body into halves, Shear box carriage, watertight,
running on roller bearing Loading pad, porous plates, perforated grid plate and retaining plate.
Loading yoke, weight hanger and lever–arm, for applying the pressure to the specimen. Stop
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Design and Analysis of a Laminated Composite Tube
COMPOSITES COURSEWORK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE
TUBE ABSTRACT This report details the process for the design of a composite laminate tube, the
software package 'MathCAD' was used to determine a lamina design with a configuration that
avoids mechanical failure under loading conditions. It was also used to obtain twist angles and
maximum stresses for specific lamina wind up angles. The report will provide analysis of the
methods used to obtain these criteria. AIM Use a Mathcad script to determine the procedure used
during the manufacture of a wound laminate composite tube and to assess its validity for use in
stress and strain analyses. INTRODUCTION FIGURE 1 A DEVELOPED VIEW OF A TAPE–
WOUND CYLINDRICAL TUBE The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Love–Kirchhoff hypothesis generalises the plane section assumption in beam theory; assuming
the normal to the laminate remains normal to the deformed laminate and the normal undergoes no
extension of shortening. Leading to: Resultant displacements: Where: u0 and v0 are in plane
displacements. w is the deflection. z=0 as reference surface. Therefore: . (3) Due to the assumptions
that it demonstrates a linear distribution for plane strains throughout the laminate thickness and that
out of plane strains can therefore be ignored. {ε0} is the in plane strain and {k} is the curvature of
the reference surface. From equation (1) and appropriate coordinate transformations the following
relationship is obtained. (4) Though integration and manipulation of the elasticity equations with
respect to the "z" the membrane forces can be found as: (5) Thus the bending moments are as
follows: (6) {N} and {M} are the generalised stresses can can be expressed as membrane strains and
curvatures by using the laminar stress–strain relationship and Love Kirchhoff hypothesis. , (7) As
{κ} = 0 Also as there is no bending, this can be assumed to be equal to {ε}. Where [A], [B] and [D]
are integrated over the layer thickness of the laminate, Figure 5: Loading conditions Axial loading
case Load acts over outer circumference of on end of the cylinder, while the other end remains
against a

Ethical Dilemmas Of Earthquake
There are about 10,000 earthquakes in southern California every year (USDS). I would think that it
would take a tremendous amount of time to track every earthquake. John, a prestigious seismologist,
has just discovered an earthquake that has the potential to cause a lot of damage to an area in
southern California. He has developed a technique that detects earthquakes that is 80% accurate.
This technique has told him this earthquake has a magnitude of 7.3. This technique has also told him
that this earthquake is bound to hit one of four fault lines. If the earthquake hits the san Andreas
fault line there is a chance for significant damage, if it hits one of the other three, there will not be
major damage. John has an ethical dilemma. He doesn't know if he should announce his findings.
Does he tell everyone so that they are prepared for the earthquake? Does he wait it out to see what
happens? I can see why John is having a hard time. If he announces his research and the earthquake
doesn't happen then he is labeled as a fraud. If he doesn't announce his research and there is
significant damage from this earthquake then he will feel terrible because he had the chance to warn
everyone who lives in the affected area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of his choices is he can tell the research director about his findings so then he can decide the
best route to take in this situation. Another choice is he can tell the media so everyone is informed
and can decide what they feel the best route to take. Another choice is he can keep his research to
himself and see what happens when the earthquake hits. John may want to keep his research to
himself with the fear of having incorrect information. One more option John can is he can confide in
a friend to rationalize his thinking to see if they are thinking the same thing. I think that john is in a
sticky

Ap Psychology Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Bending
Bending: Bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element
subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
Bending stress: Bending stresses are those that bend the beam because of beam self–load and
external load acting on it.
Beam is a structural member which is subjected to transverse load only.
Support and its types
Support is important aspect of structure while solving any any problem , support specify that how
the forces within structure is transffered to the ground. It ultimetly tells us the boundary conditions
while solving any finite element model.various supports are Fixed support–A fixed support is the
most rigid support. It constrains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beam and max deflection of beams:
Beam type Loading on beam Maximum deflection on beam
Cantilever Beam with load P at the free end _max= (P l^3)/3EI
Cantilever Beam with UDL _max= (w l^4)/(8 EI)
Simply Supported beam with load P at the centre _max= (P l^3)/(48 EI)
Simply Supported beam with UDL _max= (5w l^4)/(384 EI)
Types of load– two types of loads are given below Workshop 6 beam with all cases
Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is applied to a beam without the
presence of axial, shear or torsional forces.
Theory of simple bending(Assumptions) Material of beam is homogenous and Isotropic, Constant E
in all direction Youngs Modulus will be constant in compression and tension. Transverse sections
which are plain before bending remains plain after bending i.e eliminate strains in other directions.
Initially beam is straight and all longitudinal filaments bend in circular arcs. Radius of curvature is
larger compared with the Dimension of the cross section. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or
contract otherwise they will generate internal

Spot Weld Analysis Of An Automobile Rim
SPOT WELD ANALYSIS OF AN AUTOMOBILE RIM
Susheel S.Pote1, Prof.R.A.Kathar2, R.B.Patil3, Nilesh Phalke4
1P.G. Student, 2 Associate Professor – J.N.E.C, Aurangabad,
3,4, Klassic Wheels Pvt. Ltd.Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
In this thesis the Optimization of Number of Spot welds on Automobile Wheel Rim using Finite
Element Analysis is studied. Spot welded rim must pass certain tests like Weld Strength Test (WST),
Dynamic Cornering Fatigue Test (DCFT) and Radial Fatigue Test (RFT). In Weld Strength test a
shear force is applied on the spot weld using Universal Testing Machine. In dynamic cornering
fatigue Test a moment is applied on the rim as specified by the company standards. In Radial
Fatigue Test Influence of Tire pressure and vehicle load are studied. We choose three parameters for
optimization namely, Number of spots on rim, spot diameter and thickness of rim.
Keywords: Rim, Weld Strength Test, Dynamic Cornering Fatigue Test, Radial Fatigue Test, FEA
1. Introduction
Automotive wheel, as a critical component in the vehicle, has to meet the strict requirements of
driving safety. Traditionally, the new designed wheel is tested in the laboratory for its life through an
accelerated fatigue test before the actual production starts. However, a physical prototype test time
lasts at least 7 days and an average design period is 6 months or more depending on the
requirement, so the time to test and inspect wheel during development is very consuming. At the
same time,

Examples Of Oklahoma Tornadoes And Their Destructive Ways
Oklahoma Tornadoes and Their Destructive Ways What makes tornadoes and their destruction
interesting to people? Is it the variety in formations, the miles one can travel, the random paths it
takes, the changes tornadoes can make on climate and the formation of the land or is it because
tornadoes often leave behind a path of destruction and deaths? In this paper, I will discuss what
tornadoes are and how they form, what different forms of tornadoes there are, what tornado watches
and warning are and give examples of tornadoes in Oklahoma and what destruction they caused,
also while providing information about the Doppler radar. The questions often asked is; what are
tornadoes and how do they form? Tornadoes are "violent windstorms that ... Show more content on
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When tornadoes do form; such places as the National Weather Service (2014) classify tornadoes into
three categories. These categories are weak, strong, and violent. "
Gave the knowledge of what to look for, this can help save lives and keep loved ones safe but what
if someone is unsure of what to look for; well the news channels do provide tornado watches and
warnings.
A tornado watch when issued is just a reminder that the weather does have the potential to produce a
tornado and that caution should be used when traveling and doing outdoor activities. However,
when a tornado warning is issued this is a warning to take cover in a cellar, basement or other safe
places; away from windows and other places where one may be harmed. With the basic knowledge
of what watches and warning are; what helped to even start all of this? For the residents are of
Oklahoma, it was our very own Gary England from Seiling, Oklahoma that helped keep the lives of
Oklahomans safe for decades. Sam Anderson (2013) wrote "early in his career Gary England was
notorious for issuing tornado warnings before the national weather service did so, with new
technology formed; England persuaded News 9 to invest in a Doppler radar" but what is the
Doppler radar? The Doppler radar is a machine that emits energy and if this energy comes into
contact with an object, it will cause the energy to scatter. The reflected signal then is picked up by
the radar during the listening period.

Strength of Materials 4th Ed. by Ferdinand L. Singer
Simple Stresses
Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or σ =
Force / Area. It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to
external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic
deformation of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing
stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross–sectional area of
the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and
compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear
stress is developed if the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solution 110
wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Problem 111 For the truss shown in Fig. P–111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and
DF. The crosssectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).
Solution 111
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Problem 112 Determine the crosssectional areas of members AG, BC, and CE for the truss shown
in Fig. P–112 above. The stresses are not to exceed 20 ksi in tension and 14 ksi in compression. A
reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.
Solution 112
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wofkim@yahoo.com ^^
Problem 113 Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in Fig. P–113.
Indicate the tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each member is 1600 mm2.
Solution 113

Problem 114 The homogeneous bar ABCD shown in Fig. P–114 is supported by a cable that runs
from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D.
Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each cable is limited to
100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2.
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Solution 114
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Shearing Stress
Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and
compressive stresses, which are caused by

The Physics Of Continuum Mechanics
In continuum mechanics, a Newtonian Fluids is a fluid that the viscous stress arising from its flow,
at every point, are linearly proportional to the local strain rate. The reason we research Newtonian
Fluids is that Newtonian fluids are the simplest mathematical models of fluids that account for
viscosity. In natural world, there are many common liquids and gases that can be assumed to be
Newtonian Fluids. For example, water, alcohol, thin oil, air, and most of pure liquids. Newtonian
fluids get the name by Isaac Newton, who is one of the most famous scientists in the world. He is
the first person who found the relation between the rate of shear strain and shear stress for such
fluids in differential form. Newtonian Fluids can be also called linearly viscous fluid, which has
been found to describe adequately the mechanical behavior of many real fluids under a wide range
of situations. In order to study Newtonian Fluids, we need to understand the concept of fluids.
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that will suit to the its container's shape. However, its
volume always independent of pressure. There are four basic states of matter. They are solid, gas,
plasma, and liquid. Besides, Liquid is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
Water is the most common liquid on Earth. Liquid and gas are similar in many ways. Both of them
can flow and take the shape of a container. However, most liquids cannot be compressed as others.
Also liquids will not to

Difference Between Shallow And Deep Complexity
Abstract In order to understand fault structure, there is a need to first understand fault complexity.
Images of faults at depth and near surface reveal complexities that characterize properties such as
geometry, composition and stress states of that fault's structure. While this is true for both passive
and induced imaging, a true passive source image is without the changes in fault structure due to
any induced mechanism. This is something to consider when discussing fault complexity at near
surface versus depth, as it is already difficult to distinguish the direction of complexity within a fault
already. Current seismic research has been unable to understand if fault complexity is derived from
a point at depth, or expands from surface complexity into depth. It is critical to understand the
relationship between shallow and deep complexity in order to predict where that origin may have
been and what caused its expansion. Passive source imaging has been able to help describe the
factors that attribute to this complexity by providing a way to visually see subsurface data, but has
not yet fully answered the complexity question.
Introduction
Fault structure is the aftermath of a slipping event in the lithosphere that produces high velocity
compression waves that can be imaged as they travel through and across the surface of the
lithosphere. These waves affect and change, or in other words add complexity to the structure of the
lithosphere within the fault zone. This

Reaction Paper On Gels
1. Introduction
1.1. Gels
1.1.1. Definition
The word ''gel'' is derived from ''gelatin'' and can be traced back to the Latin gelu for ''frost'' and
gelare, meaning ''freeze'' or ''congeal". (1)
According to the U. S. Pharmacopeia (USP), gels are defined as "semisolid systems consisting of
either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules interpenetrated
by a liquid". (2)
Gels are also defined as two–component semi–rigid systems in which the liquid continuous phase is
immobilized by a cross linked three dimensional network consisting of particles or solvated
macromolecules in the disperse phase. (2,3) This disperse phase can be constituted by inorganic
particles or organic macromolecules, primarily polymers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This process is referred to as swelling. This phenomenon occurs as the solvent penetrates the matrix.
Gel–gel interactions are replaced by gel solvent interactions. The degree of swelling depends on the
number of linkages between individual molecules of gelling agent and on the strength of these
linkages7, 8. B) Syneresis Many gels often contract spontaneously on standing and exude some
fluid medium. This effect is known as syneresis. The degree to which syneresis occurs, increases as
the concentration of gelling agent decreases. The occurrence of syneresis indicates that the original
gel was thermodynamically unstable. The mechanism of contraction has been related to the
relaxation of elastic stress developed during the setting of the gels. As these stresses are relieved, the
interstitial space available for the solvent is reduced, forcing the liquid out. C) Ageing Colloidal
systems usually exhibit slow spontaneous aggregation. This process is referred to as ageing. In gels,
ageing results in gradual formation of a denser network of the gelling agent. D) Structure The
rigidity of a gel arises from the presence of a network formed by the interlinking of particles of the
gelling agents. The nature of the particle and the stress, straightening them out and lessening the
resistance to

The North Anatolian Fault ( Naf ) ( Fig )
The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) (Fig. 1) in northern Turkey is a significant, seismically active
structure (e.g. Barka 1992; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is a 1200 km–long dextral strike–slip fault
which extends from the town of Karliova in eastern Turkey, paralleling the southern coast of the
Black sea, across the Northern Aegean Sea, central and mainland Greece, eventually linking with
the Hellenic subduction zone (e.g. Barka 1992; Barka et al. 2000; Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF is
part of a larger zone of deformation called the North Anatolian Shear Zone (NASZ), but currently
seismic activity is largely confined to the narrow, mostly through–going NAF (Sengor et al. 1985;
Sengor et al. 2005). The NAF lies along the boundary between ... Show more content on
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By contrast, much of the central part of Anatolia shows little difference in rotation vectors away
from the NAF, suggesting movement as a coherent block (McClusky et al. 2000). As such, the
movement of the Anatolian block is best approximated as anticlockwise rotation about two poles,
one near Damascus for eastern Anatolia and one north of the Nile Delta for the western/central
block (Fig 1.) (Barka et al. 2000; McClusky et al. 2000). The NAF is located at the boundary
between Tethyan accretionary complexes to the south and rigid basement to the north, forming
along a zone of weakness in the E/W trending Tethyan sutures (Sengor et al. 1985; Sengor et al
2005). Though highly irregular, Tethyan accretionary complexes in northern Turkey generally widen
from east to west (Sengor et al. 2005). Deformation associated with the eastern half part the NAF,
near Erzincan and ~150–200km westward, is concentrated to a narrow zone along the fault, roughly
10km or less in width (Sengor et al. 2005). The zone of deformation from the NAF and NASZ
widens as the fault continues westward, and splits into a northern and southern strand near the Sea
of Marmara (Fig. 1) (Barka et al. 1992, Sengor et al. 2005). The western widening of the
accretionary complexes through which the fault runs is a possible explanation the widening of the
fault zone in these areas. Sense of motion is almost purely strike slip in many parts of the fault
(especially in the straight

The Boundary Layer Of An Object
1. The boundary layer is investigated for the situation that fluid is passing through an object, where
around the object the layer of boundary is formed. Imagine the circumstance that the aircraft is
flying in the sky, the wing is cutting through the air. The boundary layer around the wing could be
observed, which is a thin and a highly sheared region. It is the layer that looks random and chaotic
but also has structure on it. The Boundary layer is a complex structure, which is classified from
Laminar, Transition, to Turbulent around the body depending on different aspects like: Reynolds
number, surface roughness, skin friction drag, pressure gradient and etc. The near wall turbulent
coherent structure is thus the study of the turbulent coherent structure that is close to the surface of
the body. Any structure of the turbulent is the reflected of Kinetic energy through the process of
production, diffusion, transformation and etc. It corresponds to the majority of energy production
within the structure. The actives that involve the structure are happened near the wall, which turns
out the importance of near wall investigation, and worth to put the emphasis on. The 3 dimensional
coherent structures are the small region that exists within the turbulent boundary layer. It has the
correction which has its own aspects either in space or time. The term coherent structure implies to
the boundary layer structure indicate that events are occurred logical and consistent within the

Upgrading Pavement Design
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Before the 1920's, pavement design consisted mainly of major thicknesses of layered materials to
provide strength and protection to weak subgrade. The pavement design was predominantly against
subgrade shear failure. During those times, experience based on success and failures of previous
projects was used to formulate pavement design methods. As time wore on and experience grew,
several design methods based on shear strength were developed.
Meanwhile, the increased traffic volume led to changes in the design criteria. In consideration of
subgrade support provision, pavement performance through ride quality (smoothness) and surface
distresses that increase the deterioration rate of pavement structures had to be evaluated. The
attention was then mainly drawn to pavement performance rather than shear strength.Methods based
on serviceability were developed based on test track experiments. The AASHTO design guide was
then developed after the AASHO Road Test in the late 1950's. Although test track experiments
showed good accuracy, they were valid only for materials and climatic conditions for which they
were developed. This called for new materials which also had their own failure modes (e.g
permanent deformation and fatigue cracking) to be used in pavement structures, hence the
development of new design criteria to incorporate such failure mechanisms.
Empirical design, Mechanistic design and Mechanistic–Empirical design are the three main

Compare And Contrast Tornados And Hurricanes
This is an essay on Tornados and Hurricanes. This essay will explain the similarities and differences
between Tornados and Hurricanes. The 2nd paragraph will talk about Tornados just Tornados. The
3rd paragraph will talk about Hurricanes the 4th will compare them. The 5th paragraph will talk
about differences between them. Then the 6th paragraph will be the conclusion to the essay.
This paragraph will talk about Tornados did you know Tornados don´t cause many fatalities.
Because they are often visible from far away but if there is clouds or heavy rain it´s much harder to
see them. Even though Tornados cause a lot of damage they actually on destroy things in their path.
By that I mean things that things within a tornados range will be destroyed. Tornados can also only
form during thunderstorms and they form around late afternoon and early evening. ... Show more
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The Hurricanes themselves don´t kill very many people it´s the flood water. The flood waters are
called storm surges it's basically when the Hurricane causes the tide to rise by at least a few feet.
Hurricanes also form around or over the equator the hottest spot on the planet Hurricanes feed on
the warm ocean water as well. So without ocean water the Hurricanes have nothing to feed on so
they slowly lose power and basically they die.
This paragraph will compare Hurricanes and Tornados so they are both really windy and also
Tornados can go inside of Hurricanes. Another similarity is that they both cause thousands of dollars
in damage especially Hurricanes. Hurricanes and Tornados both can be detected by radars so that
people get a heads up before they hit. Tornado and Hurricanes have also touched almost about every
continent in the almost. Both Hurricanes and Tornados haven't touched Antarctica at all Hurricanes
would lose power because of no evaporation and Tornadoes need Heat and Cold to

Formulation Of Rational Procedure And Comparison With...
Chapter 4
FORMULATION OF RATIONAL PROCEDURE AND COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL
APPROACH FOR DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
This is based on the procedure described by A. Luevanos Rojas et al (2013) and pursued for
confirmation and comparison purposes. The pertinent equations with respect to flexure and shear are
derived based on the general equation soil pressure at any point (x, y) below the footing as q(x,y)=
P/A±M_(x )/I_X y ± M_(y )/I_y x
4.1 Notations and Equation for Soil Pressure below Rectangular Footing
The notations used in Figure 3.2 refer to the following parameters. C1 = Column dimension parallel
to the Y axis, C2 = Column dimension parallel X, h = footing dimension parallel to Y axis, b =
Footing dimension parallel X axis as shown, a' – a', b'–b' are sections located at the column faces
along X and Y respectively. Figure 4 1: Column and Footing Dimensions (Source: Ref 1)
For the case of rectangular footing shown in Figure 4–2, the general equation for soil pressure
below the footing can be written as q(x,y)= P/bh+(12M_(x ))/( bh^3 ) y+ 〖12M〗_(y )/(hb^3 ) x
.......................... (1)
4.2 Resultant Force in the area bounded by 1 – 2 – a' – a'
This is obtained by computing the volume of pressure diagram as
F_y= ∫_(C_1/2)^(h/2)▒ ∫_(–b/2)^(b/2)▒〖q(x,y) □(24&dx)□(24&dy)〗. With q(x, y) as given in
equation (1)
F_y= ∫_(C_1/2)^(h/2)▒〖□(24&dy) 〗

Standing Waves Lab
This lab demonstrated qualities of standing waves with great help from a mechanical vibrator, a sine
wave generator, and a piece of string. Through this lab we were able to understand how to calculate
the speed of a wave on a string. A standing wave is defined as a wave that travels forward, then is
reflected creating nodes (regions with minimal to zero energy).
If the frequency of a standing wave is increased then more loops will be created, and because of that
the wavelengths will be decreased. Throughout this experiment, transverse waves are generated. We
know this because of the perpendicular movement of the string that creates crests and troughs.
In this experiment we began by measuring the length and finding the mass of our string. Then, we
tied the string to the wave driver and the pulled it over the pulley and attached a weight with a mass
of 0.070 kg the then end of the string. Once we did that, we calculated our predictions for the
frequencies of the various harmonics. After that we connected the wave driver to the sine wave
generator and set the amplitude knob to the midway point. Then we searched for the correct
frequency to find the first, second, and third harmonic. After we completed this, we tried the
experiment two more times with 0.100 kg and 0.120 kg.
One of the main points of this experiment was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After finding the speed we can predict what the smallest frequency is to create a standing wave.
This is known as the first harmonic which is also known as the fundamental frequency. Throughout
this experiment we place different weights on the end of the string, because of this different tensions
are created and the speed is calculated differently. We do this in order to examine how the different
tensions of the string can create different frequencies for

The Shear Results Of Bsm Alone
For comparison, the shear results of BSM alone, which are influenced by F–T cycles are presented.
Figures 3–13, 3–14 and 3–15 present shear stress–shear displacement curves of samples subjected to
different numbers of F–T cycles and sheared at 150kPa, 250kPa and 350kPa vertical loads,
respectively. If analysis the curves in Figures 3–6, 3–7 and Figures 3–13 to 3–15, it can be reveal
that the shape of BSM sample sheared alone also have similar shape of shear stress–strain curves
irrespective of the numbers of F–T cycles. Regardless the applied normal stresses, the highest
stresses are all provided by the un–thermal treated samples, and the shear strengths start to drop
when the samples were subjected to increasing number of F–T cycles.
From Figure 3–13 to 3–15, it can be observed that the total influences of F–T cycles are decreasing
with the increasing vertical load. These changes are similar to the BSM/geomembrane interface
results. For instance, under 150 kPa normal stress, the shear strength of samples subjected to 0, 1, 2,
3, 5 and 10 F–T cycles are 134 kPa, 131kPa, kPa, 125kPa, 123kPa and 113 kPa, respectively. The
total change of shear strength from un–treated BSM samples to 10 F–T cycles treated samples is
15.7%. When the samples were tested under 250kPa and 350kPa, the total differences drop to 7.3%
and 7%, respectively. In these Figures, pre–shear phenomenon can be observed in some curves. This
may be caused by the deformation and wearing of the shear boxes' screw

Long Point Fault Essay
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450
square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three
sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have
averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults
concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man's
activities are not helping the issues, but clearly humans are not the initial cause, biological activity
can be in fact an adiitional cause for its movement. A brief description of the type of fault and its
relationship with the strata and the faults ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brief Geology of the Area
Geology of the subsurface rocks and surface sediments along the Long Point Fault its geological
make up in Houston was originally developed from stream deposits from the erosion of the Rocky
Mountains and now is a combinations of unconsolidated clays, clay shale's, and poorly–cemented
sands encompassed through great depths and goes on for several miles. The sedimentary component
consist of a series of sands and clays that have been deposited on decaying organic matter which
over time will be transformed into oil and natural gas thought the processes of biochemical activity.
Even deeper and beneath these tiers is a water deposited layer of halite, known as rock salt when
compressed over time and forced upward, the salt drew surrounding sediments into dome shapes,
often trapping more oil and gas from it neighboring soils.
"Houston's topography is largely in the northern portion of the Gulf coastal plain, a 40– to 50 mile
wide swath along the Texas Gulf Coast and its elevation rises approximately one foot per mile
inland. Northern and eastern portions of the area are largely forested; and we can find the southern
and western sections are in fault zone areas. ". The Long Point Fault consist of Scarps due to
prehistoric movement on the Long Point and Eureka Heights faults, for example, they are readily
visible on topographic maps based on surveys completed in 1915–16" (Bonnett)
Extent and

Personal Narrative: My Extra Sharp Pinking Shears
It all began at a very puerile age, about the time I re–discovered my extra sharp pinking shears,
better known at the time as "squiggly scissors" that I began to piece together my "inspo scrapbook"
which had an obnoxious amount of glitter that would surge onto the carpet every time I opened it, as
you can emagine, I was vacuuming daily. This book consisted of "the big picture". I began to
congregate magazine clippings, fabric samples, paint samples and those alike to start planning my
dream rooms, sort of like in SIMS, but this wasn't my only inspiration. My grandmother, CJ, was a
International Interior Designer who inspired me most, to follow your dreams and stop at nothing to
achieve them, and excel. I guess you could say I was bitten by

Lab Report : Shear Force And Bending Force
MMAN1300
Shear Force and Bending Moment Lab Report
Wan Aqmarur Razin Wan Azlan, z5138712
PSS Group: Friday / 0900 / 201
Table of contents:
Contents
1. Shear Force Analysis 2
1.1. Discussion 3
1.2. Experiment 2: Shear force variation away from the point of loading 3
1.3. Discussion 5
2. Bending Moment Analysis 5
2.1. Experiment 1: Bending moment variation with an increasing point load. 5
2.2. Discussion 7
2.3. Experiment 2: Bending moment variation away from the point of loading 7
2.4. Discussion 9
3. Overall discussion and conclusion 9
Abstract:
The experiment was done to investigate the shear force and bending moment in a beam. A shear
force in a beam experimental frame and a bending moment of a beam experimental frame was used
along with the digital force display unit to conduct the experiment. When the force increases with
constant distance from the cut, the shear force and bending moment would increase. In the second
experiment, the load is placed at a specific distance to the left of support A. The shear force and
bending moment is than obtained and calculated using the formula that had been given in the
handout.
Table 1. Calculation of load and dimensions
W_1 (N) W_1 (N) a (mm) b (mm)
3.92 3.92 140 260
Shear Force Analysis
Shear force is the internal force acting in a rigid body that caused the body to move in positive or
negative direction. In this analysis, the effect of increasing point load and effect of various distance
to the bending moment was

Summary Of Tournemire Exhale
The first thing that you need to know about the article "Elastic wave velocity evolution of shales
deformed under uppermost crustal conditions" is that the tests that were ran were triaxial tests on a
series of sample Tournemire shale. A triaxial test is tests the strength of a rock, and that is was the
goal of the experiment, to find the strength of the Tournemire shales. This is so important to see the
way erosion has effect these shales when they are all in the same area, but they have different
orientation bedding. The orientation bedding is anywhere from 0 degrees to 90 degrees, think of 0
degrees as shale that is lying parallel with the ground, while 90 degrees is the other extreme when
the shale is perpendicular to the group, both are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anisotropy is the idea that the rocks properties vary with direction, so it is very important in which
way that the rock was oriented compared to the load, or the compression, that is applied to the rock.
This means that orientation of the bedding that varied between 0 degrees and 90 degrees was very
important. The scientists used Thomsen's parameters to quantify the elastic anisotropy. A few ways
that the scientist recognized this was that when brittle shale was preceded by a change in the P wave
anisotropy. This was because of the crack growth and mineral reorientation that was discussed
earlier. Next, anisotropy variations were the largest for the shale that was deformed perpendicular to
the bedding, so when the bedding angle was closer to 90 degrees. When the confining pressures
were at the highest, the anisotropy variations were the largest, which makes a lot of sense when we
know that the anisotropy is the idea that the properties of rocks vary with different orientation and it
created anisotropy reversal at high confining pressures. The last information the scientists found was
that the P wave anisotropy change was weak when the shale deformed parallel to the bedding, and
this is because it could not take a lot of pressure because of the way it was

Reflection On The Restroom
Today's experience at my site–base was much different than on Monday. I came at the very
beginning of the school day, so that I could observe the procedures that Mrs. Wright uses when the
students arrive to school. Furthermore, I was able to participate more frequently during this
observation than the previous one, which I appreciated because I was able to get to know the
students better. One aspect of today's class that I felt worked really well was Mrs. Wright's morning
routine. She welcomes the students into the classroom and asks them to use the restroom. If the
restroom is full, she allows the students to go directly to the carpet where they can play with toys,
such as blocks, magnetic blocks/shapes, and Lego fences. Mrs. Wright kept mental note of students
who went to the bathroom and those who did not. Personally, I think it would be easier to have a
checklist with ever student's names on it, and place a check mark next to the student's name after
they use the restroom. This would ensure that all students go and would avoid accidents. It was very
evident that the students were used to this routine because they were aware of what they should
have been doing. Naturally, there were students who did not want to use the restroom, so watching
how the teacher and her aids addressed these challenges. Again, I disagree with the way that they
handled these situations, they would grab the student by the arm and drag them to the bathroom.
This is very dangerous and not professional in any way. Nevertheless, this only occurred twice in
the morning. Another aspect of the day that I thought went amazingly well was the cutting activity
that Mrs. Wright had the students participate in. She had created trolls for each student out of toilet
paper rolls and she had glued pieces of construction paper inside the toilet paper roll. The students
were then asked to use scissors to cut the construction paper hair off their trolls. The best part about
this activity was that Mrs. Wright and Mrs. Foster were keeping anecdotal notes of how the students
were holding the scissors, which hand they were using to cut, and if they were actually cutting the
paper or just ripping it. This was amazing for me to see because it allowed me

Joplin Tornado Research Paper
"The Joplin Tornado" By: ShyAnne Larsen In 2011, an EF–5 tornado tears through Joplin, Missouri.
In 2011, it was the biggest year for tornadoes. Supercell tornadoes were spawning up to 50
tornadoes that year. They were spawning in Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and Missouri. It was a multi–
vortex, one mile tornado that tore through the town of Joplin, Missouri. The Tornado struck in late
afternoon of May 22, 2011, this was the days where it was memorable and people couldn't forget
that day. The EF–5 tornado was one of the most powerful tornadoes in history. The winds that the
tornado produced were over 200 miles per hour. The tornado started at the west side of the town and
ended in a different town. May 22 was the day where it changed everybody's lives. It was just a
perfect day were it was busy, everyone was at work and church and there was even a graduation at
Joplin High School. Until 5:00 pm. At 4:00 P.M. There were reports that there were funnel clouds
near the area. At 5:00, Storm Chasers, Jeff and Kathryn Piotrowski were coming from a storm
system in Kansas that was traveling towards Joplin. The storm could produce ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Joplin tornado was the biggest tornado on the record for that year. The Joplin tornado was the
most powerful tornado that people have ever seen. After the tornado was over there was no building
without debris on or in or by them everything was destroyed. The tornado killed thirty–eight people
and over 1,000 people were injured. The cost of everything was about 2.8 billion dollars for stores,
houses and even cars. The Joplin tornado was the tornado that caused the most damage that year.
Now learning from that I have some tips for you. Some tips for you when there is a tornado in the
area: If you see a tornado then run to the lowest area in your house and protect yourself. If you don't
have a lower level then go to a room without a window. When the tornado hits keep covering
yourself till it

DTPA Case Study
7. DTPA Charges
a. The words, "Master Planned Community" are designed to woo buyers. Was the Developer
negligent by not thoroughly inspecting the property prior to developing?
b. Does being a "Master Planned Community" lead to higher profits?
c. "Great Schools, Great Community, Access to Shopping & Entertainment" can and generally does
accurately describe a Master Planned Community.
8. Damages
a. If a house is on a fault –line, it would be difficult to find a buyer for such a house.
b. Are there similar damages to homes further from the fault–line? If so, perhaps damage is normal
and not related to the fault.
9. Relevant Miscellaneous Subject Responses
a. Developer did not allow enough green space for the faults.
b. Visual inspection by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Defense jurors responded that it was incumbent on the Builder to communicate with Homeowner,
not the Developer to communicate with the Homeowner.
E) Knowing that Oak Ranch did not publish the fault studies so the general public had access to
them.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important (8–10) Notes
None 51% 16%
Yes 9% 67% 21 (10's) 38%
Extremely important to know if Developer published or made available the fault studies to the
Builders, and in what format.
Defense jurors assume Developer informed the Builder. o Emphasize the technology of the time,
how it was different. o Did the city have that data prior to development approval? o Hindsight is
20/20!
F) Knowing that there is an active fault more than one mile away.
Damages % Not Important (1–3) % Important
(8–10) Notes

None 27% 20%
Yes 7% 69% 16 (10's) 29%
An important issue for adverse jurors.
Defense jurors did not see this as significant, as most are aware of foundation damage due to natural
occurring conditions.
G) Knowing one of the experts used to teach at a local university.
Damages % Not

Intake Manifold Of Throttle Body Injection
Intake manifold of throttle–body injection/carburetion engines are designed to provide optimum
flow of air–fuel mixture and to reduce the chances of the vaporized fuel re–condensation. Intake
manifold runners on these engines have a few bends as possible. And it is one of the primary
components regarding the performance of an internal combustion engine. An intake manifold is
usually made up of a plenum, throttle body connected to the plenum and runners depending on the
number of cylinders, which leads to the engine cylinder.In port/direct injection SI engines (also CI
engines), the manifold is designed for air flow only, so, these can have larger runners and sharp
bends as these do not have to keep fuel suspended in air.
Exhaust manifold is a part of diesel engines and is required to collect the exhaust gases from the
cylinder head and send it to the exhaust system. This is found in between the engine and exhaust
system. Exhaust manifold plays an important role in the performance of automobile. Particularly,
the efficiencies of emission and the fuel consumption are nearly related to the exhaust manifold. The
manifold may be a casting or made of relatively light material depends on working environment.
The purpose of the exhaust manifold is to collect and carry these exhaust gases away from the
engine cylinders with a minimum of back pressure, without affecting engine performance.
The exhaust manifold used in a 4–stroke IC engine is mounted on the cylinder head of an

Temperature And Humidity Effects On Composite Material...
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ANSHUL and RAHUL
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the different properties of composite materials under static testing condition to
determine the effect of aging due to change in temperature and moisture content. Effects on tensile,
shear, impact, stiffness and fatigue parameters are studied. For each property, application specific
composite materials are taken into consideration with different stacking sequence and number of
plies. Different samples of these are then introduced to different hygrothermal environments for
example: temperatures ranging from –50 degree Celsius to +50 degree Celsius or kept in wet
conditions for 24 hours at different temperatures of 21, 37 and 50 degree Celsius etc. Different tests
are performed based on the material property to observe a change from the initial unaged specimen.
To study every property a different test method is discussed. A final comparison for each property
between the unaged and aged specimen is shown in order to see the property's dependence on
temperature and moisture. This comparison highlights the temperature and moisture dependent
properties and showcase a trend. Properties like tensile modulus, shear modulus, shear strength,
flexural stiffness and fatigue life show a decrease with increase in temperature and moisture content
while Poisson's ratio and impact strength increase with increase in temperature and moisture
content.
KEYWORDS
Temperature,

Slip In Nb Lab Report
Slip in bcc metals has a lot in common, although each material has its own subtleties [70].
Investigation of slip in Nb dates to over 60 years ago, when several researchers deformed single
crystal Nb under different experimental conditions [80, 84, 89–91]. More attention has been put into
Nb over the past few decades, as it became the material of choice to build SRF cavities. The
following paragraphs will concentrate on slip in high purity Nb at room temperature, which is the
condition of SRF cavity manufacturing.
Maddin and Chen used optical slip trace analyses and X–ray Laue diffraction to identify slip only on
{110} planes in Nb at room temperature in both tension and compression across the unit triangle
[80]. In the work of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Comparison using the {110} slip systems or a combination of both {110} and {112} slip systems
does not give the same correlation. The rotation of tensile axes can also be explained by the
dominance of {112} slip systems at yield [48].
A ratio between the shear stress of the two most–stressed intersecting {112} slip systems below 1.1
correlates well with hardening at yield, suggesting that the combined twinning/anti–twinning and
non–glide shear stress effects may only alter the critical resolved shear stress by a small amount
[48]. Thus, many of these details may not be necessary for inclusion into practical models for the
deformation of large grain Nb. In fact, initial results from Mapar et al. suggest that non–Schmid
effects are small in Nb, and surprisingly, the Schmid–based model predicts the stress–strain
behavior of the Ningxia tensile samples better than the non–Schmid model in most cases [92].
The dominance of {112} slip at yield followed by {110} slip for the rest of deformation appears to
comply with the theory of Seeger et al. [48, 85], which suggests that the high purity screw
dislocation core relaxation is on {112} planes, and impurities change the core relaxation to {110}
planes. This indicates that the total

Alter The Shape Of A Loaded Member And Explain The Possible
alter the shape of a loaded member and explain the possible effect of excessive stress on a structural
member. Annotated sketches are essential.
Scenario:
A large derelict building is to be converted into industrial storage. The building contains an external
hoist that was used to raise loads to the top floor of the structure. The building appears structurally
secure but the local planning office requires evidence of some structural calculations before
awarding planning permission.
To the right is an image of a building with an external hoist that has a safety mesh guard around
where the cable lifts. The hoist may be used to carry materials or objects from a lower floor of a
building to a higher up floor within the building which may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A parallel force includes at least two forces where all lines of action are parallel.
(c) Explain the difference between point loads and uniformly distributed loads. Include annotated
pictorial diagrams
Point Load – In the field of engineering, a point load is a load applied to a single, specific point on a
structural member. It is also known as a concentrated load, and an example of it would be a hammer
hitting a single nail into a beam.
Uniformly Distributed Load – A UDL, or a uniformly distributed load, has a constant value, for
example, 1kN/m; hence the "uniform" distribution of the load. Each uniformly distributed load can
be changed to a simple point force that can be used to determine the stresses in an object. A
uniformly distributed load can be drawn by using arrows and lines. First, the vectors must be drawn
along where the load acts and must be connected with tails. A single line must connect the vectors
together and represent the force point. The line should be horizontal.
What is the difference between a Point Load and a Uniformly Distributed Load?
A point load is a load which acts over a small distance. Because of concentration over small distance
this load may be considered as acting on a point. Point load is denoted by P and symbol of point
load is arrow heading downward whereas a distributed load is one that acts over a considerable
length or you can say "over a length which is

Lab Report Lava Flow
Title: How Lava Flows
Background: Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow. For example water would have a low viscosity
while syrup has high. The higher temperature the lower viscosity and the lower temperature the
higher viscosity. Cold syrup will move slower than hot syrup because the molecules are more tightly
packed together while hots are very loose and free. Silica will cause the syrups viscosity to
increases, so the more silica it has the more the viscosity will increase. If water is added to syrup the
viscosity will decrease because water has a lower viscosity. Gas can easily escape lava that has a
low viscosity while lava with higher viscosities, gas pressure will build up and might lead to big
eruptions.
Pre–Lab Questions:
30 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The lava flow was fast. An error was that the syrup was poured too fast and to much of it came out,
so it may have messed up the time. Viscosity is a liquid's resistance to flow. Velocity is the speed of
something in a given direction. The velocity for team cold was 2 cm/s. In the cold syrup the
molecules are tightly packed together. The viscosity of the is very high since it does not flow very
fast. Therefore it flowed the slowest. The velocity of the team rooms data was 3.7 cm/s. In the room
temperature syrup, the molecules are more loosely bonded. The viscosity of room temperature is
less than the colds. So it flowed a bit more faster then the colds. It flowed faster but not as fast as the
hots. The velocity for team hots data was 6.8 cm/s. In the hots syrup the molecules moved the most
freely and loose. This means since it was the hottest, it has the lowest viscosity so it was able to
flow the fastest out of all of the syrups.Silica affects viscosity because viscosity increases with more
silica content, more silica, more viscosity. Water can change the viscosity of lava. If water is added
the viscosity will decrease. Lava with low viscosity allows gas to escape easily while lava with a
higher viscosity gas pressure builds up and can lead to a huge

Are Tornadoes Good Or Bad
What are tornadoes? How do they form? Many people, including scientists, meteorologists, and
people affected by tornadoes are looking to answer these very important questions. Areas of
research on tornadoes focus often on how tornadoes form, how they are monitored, and what kind of
scale is used to rate the damage they can create.
Next, tornadoes are very unpredictable because they can form any time. Meteorologists try their best
to keep them monitored. Meteorologists use the Doppler Radar to keep an eye out in case of a
rotating updraft (Danielson1). Tornadoes can strike at anytime especially the mid western areas such
as Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri (McCann125). Picture it, you live
in Texas. The tornado watch siren goes off. You try not to go into a panic mode. You gather all the
family into the cellar. You hear raging winds whipping, the roaring of the rampaging tornado, and
you had just gotten into the cellar with a few seconds to spare. After the storm is over, your family
and you open the cellar door. You look around. You're surrounded by the remains of your house. In
real life when you hear the warning siren go off, you only have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are six ratings for a tornado. F0, F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5. The scale is known as the Fujita scale
or the f–scale for short F0 is a light damage with about 73 mph winds. F1 is moderate damage and
with 73–112 mph winds. F2 is considerable damage with 113–157 mph winds. F3 is severe damage
and has wind speeds from 158 to 206 mph. F4 is devastating damage with wind speeds of 207 to
260 mph. Last but not least, the F5 rating. Its incredible damage which is the worst rating ever. It's
about 261–316 mph winds. The creator of this scale is T. Theodore Fujita. He created this scale to
help scientists or meteorologists to determine what the power of a tornado is or how much damage it
will

Thin Cylinder
MEMB221
MECHANICS AND MATERIALS LABORATORY
SEM 2 2012/13
EXPERIMENT 6: THIN CYLINDER
DATE PERFORMED: 13TH DECEMBER 2012
DUE DATE: 20TH DECEMBER 2012
SECTION: 2
GROUP NUMBER: 6
GROUP MEMBERS: a) MUHAMAD HADI BIN MOHAMED RADZI (ME087932) b) THINES
A/L MURUGAN (ME086895) c) MUHAMMAD HASRUL BIN ROSLI (ME087000) d) HAIZUM
AMALINA BINTI A. WAHID (ME087898)
LAB INSTRUCTOR: MADAM NOLIA HARUDIN
TABLE OF CONTENT
No. | Content | Page | 1. | Summary / Abstract | 3 | 2. | Statement of Purpose / Introduction /
Objectives | 4 | 3. | Theory | 4–10 | 4. | Equipment / Description of Experimental Apparatus | 11–13 |
5. | Procedure | 14–15 | 6. | Data and Observations | 16–17 | 7. | Analysis and Results * ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sign will denote the type of stress. ie. Negative sign – Compressive Stress Positive sign –
Tensile Stress Assuming BC and AC are principal planes, i.e. τθ = 0, and σ1 and σ2 are the principal
stresses τθ = 12 (σ2–σ1)sin2θ ......7 Now maximum shear stress τθ will be seen to occur when sin2θ
= 1, i.e. when θ=45˚. Therefore, the maximum shear stress occurs on planes at 45˚ to the principal
planes, and τθ = 12 (σ2 – σ1) ......8 or (using equation 6) τθ=(σy– σx)2+4τ2......9
b) Two Dimensional Stress System Strain in direction of σ1 : ε1 = σ1E – νσ2E ......10 Strain in
direction of σ2 : ε2 = σ2E – νσ1E ......11 ε1 and ε2 are the values of the principal strains. A negative
quantity denotes compressive strain. A positive quantity denotes tensile strain. These strains can be
used to construct a 'Mohr Strain Circle' in the same way as stresses. In the usual manner, referring to
the figure above : OR is the maximum principal strain. OP is the minimum principal strain at right
angles to maximum Q is the center of the strain circle. From the diagram : εm = ε2+ ε12+ ε2–
ε12cos2θ ......12 and εn = ε2+ ε12+ ε2– ε12cos2θ ......13
Theory as Applied to the Thin Cylinder Because this is a thin cylinder, i.e. the ratio of wall thickness

to internal diameter is less than about 1/20, the value of σH and σL may be assumed reasonably
constant over the area, i.e. throughout the wall

The Layer Of Thin Walled Structures
Thin walled structures are an important part of engineering construction with territories of use
becoming diverse continuously ranging from girder bridges, oil vessels to industrial warehouses ,
framed structures. Thin walled sections have various stresses and failure modes which can be
difficult to predict. Thus structural engineers need help of computers for analysis of these structures.
This has been done by using software called THIN–WALL which estimates the cross–sectional
properties of the section according to the Vlasov theory. The method of input data for thin walled
structure has been explained in this paper. Also the buckling analysis of the thin walled sections has
been done using CUFSM which is based on the finite strip method. This method has been explained
in the paper and the results the analysis have been compared with the hand calculations according to
the Canadian code s–16. The results have been discussed and on basis of this review conclusions
have been presented. Cross–sectional Geometry The data is input to the software is similar to the
input of a structural frame work software. The thin walled structure is divided into a number
elements which intersect at nodes . Each node and element is assigned an number. The coordinates
of each node of the cross–section of the member are entered according to any coordinate system
chosen . The material properties of the thin walled member such as modulus

Report On Material Testing Equipment
TECHNICAL LITTERACY CET 4.113 MATERIAL TESTING EQUIPMENT HAND HELD
SHEAR VANE AND SCALA PENETROMETER TECHNICAL REPORT BY JERICHO
MASIGAN ID:2015000286 3/20 Hororata Road, Takapuna Auckland jmasigan@riley.co.nz April
20 2015 NZHIT(Assignments) P O Box 9296, Waikato Mail Centre Hamilton 3240 Dear Surette Re:
Technical Report Enclosed is the technical report as requested on 19th March 2015 for the written
assessment in the Technical Literacy course. I have chosen 'material testing equipment' as my topic
hence the report is titled 'Material Testing Equipment – Hand held shear vanes and scala
penetrometer. The report outlines the hand held shear vane and scala penetrometer and their use in
geotechnical investigations. I trust this report covers the entire basis outlined in the assignment
brief. Also, the cover page, with the declaration signed by myself, is attached with this report. Thank
you for tutoring us in the class as it helped me writing this report. Yours sincerely, Jericho Masigan
Table Of Contents I. List of figures Page 4 II. List of tables Page 4 1.1 Introduction Page 5 1.2
Overview of technical report Page 5 2.0 Hand held shear vanes Page 5 2.1 Equipment details Page 6
2.2 Brands Page 6 2.3 Usage Page 7 2.4 Applications Page 8 3.0 Scala penetrometer Page 9 3.1
Equipment details Page 9 3.2 Brands Page 10 3.3 Usage Page 10 3.4 Applications Page 11 4.0
Conclusion Page 12 5.0 References Page 13 I. List of figures 1.

Narrows Bridge Failure
Executive Summary
The report debates the Tacoma narrows bridge failure and the different theories of how it came
about, using information about what type of bridge it is and the forces acting on it before and during
the collapse. It also discusses ways in which the failure could have been avoided, from changes in
the design to modifications to the bridge after its construction.
(Blaschke 2015)
Introduction
Tacoma Narrows Bridge was opened to the public on July 1st 1940 after being in construction for 2
years. The structure was built 5,939–foot–long with a span of 2800 feet in order to bridge the gap
between Tacoma and Gig Harbour in the state of Washington, USA. It became known as "Galloping
Gertie" due to the fact that the bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tension in the suspenders transfers to the cables which run horizontally between the two far–
flung anchorages, through which the tensional forces pass in to the ground and are dissipated.
(Bagga 2014).
Compression is the force pressing a material and compacting it and acts on the towers of a
suspension bridge, this force is created from the weight of the towers and the load on the bridge.
Compression forces will also act on the surface of the bridge deck as when a load is applied it will
have some flexibility and bend, it will then travel up the cables, ropes or chains to transfer the
compression forces to the towers. The towers then dissipate the compression directly into the earth.
(Bagga 2014).
Suspension bridges usually experience torsional forces during very windy conditions where there
are high wind speeds, this can create a twisting force causing the deck to rotate resulting in the
bridge experiencing shear stress. (Bagga

Short Note On Cutting My Hair
I stood there with the dull, black, kitchen scissors in my hand opening and closing them in
thoughtful anticipation. This was it. This was the moment I decided to be recklessly happy. I had
wanted a haircut for a long time and now I was going to get what I wanted regardless of the
consequences. On November 15, 2015, I decided to cut all of my hair off which gave me the
courage to be myself whilst handling the consequences, and through it all I learned that my
happiness was more important than making others happy. The decision to cut my hair was not a
quick one, I deliberated on what to do for years. I first got the idea to cut my hair four years ago
when I was twelve. I did not mean a trim or even a few inches off. I wanted a pixie cut. This was a
shock to my parents because I had always had long hair. The most I had ever cut was an inch or two.
They were horrified when I cheerfully presented them with a picture of the haircut I wanted. My
parents had a stunned looks on their faces, and in unison they said "No". I, for the life of me, could
not figure out why they reacted so badly. I began to develop a plan. I would begin the process of
cutting my hair by giving myself bangs. A few weeks passed and then I did it. I grabbed a slightly
dulled pair of scissors, parted my hair from left to right near the front of my face, wrapped a hair tie
around it and braced myself. I took a deep breath and placed the scissors right above the tie and cut
it off. Six inches of hair fell into

4-Twinkle Artifact
4–Twinkle A discrete focus of alternating colors with or without an associated–color comet–tail
artifact (Figure 31) (Chen Q, Zagzebski J A., 2004). Fig (31): Twinkle artifact (red arrow) behind a
stone at the ureterovesicular junction. The stone was not visible on gray–scale ultrasound, and
visualization of the twinkle artifact made the diagnosing of urolithiasis possible (Chen Q, Zagzebski
J A., 2004). 4–Flash artifact Spurious appearance of blood flow (Figure 32) (Robbin MLet al.,
2002). Fig (32): Flash artifact (arrow) visualized due to motion of bowel gas anterior to IVC
(inferior vena Cava) (Robbin ML. et al., 2009). 5–Vascular motion artifact Artifactual increase and
decrease of spectral Doppler velocity pattern in a cyclical fashion (Figure 33) (Barr RG et al., 2009).
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
et al., 2009). 6–Spurious spectral broadening Spurious spectral broadening (Figure 34) (Barr RG,
2012). Fig (34): Spurious spectral broadening visualized in (A) due to large sample volume. When
sample–volume size is reduced, the accurate depiction of flow velocities within the vessel is seen in
image (B) (Barr RG, 2012). 7–Spurious thrombosis related to velocity scale, wall filter, and gain:
Spurious thrombosis may be seen as a result of setting the velocity scale or wall filter too high or the
gain too low. When the velocity scale is set too high relative to the blood–flow velocity in a slow–
flow vessel, visualization of flow in such a vessel is decreased. Thus, such vessels may falsely
appear thrombosed (Chen Q Zagzebski et al, 2004). Fig (35): Artifactual appearance of thrombosis
in IVC (arrow) due to PRF/velocity scale setting being too high to display low–velocity slow
venous flow (Barr RG.,

give examples from own practice of supporting children or...
CU1521–Support children and young people's health and safety Task 3 Assessment criteria 3.3–
give examples from own practice of supporting children or young people to access and manage
risks. Whilst I was at placement I have taken part in a lot of activities. Some of these have needed
me to tell the children how to work safely. One of the activities that I had to do this was when they
were using the scissors. I assisted in an activity where they had to make poppies. This was done by
making a flower shape on a piece of paper and then getting the children to cut around it. I carefully
supervised the children to make sure that they do not hurt themselves while they were doing the
activity. I also asked the children that were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also made sure that the children were allowed to take risks when at placement. This is by them
being able to use the scissors. It is good for the children to be able to do the risks to make sure that
they develop skills that they will be able to use later in life. Another activity that I took part in was
bubble painting. This was where I put paint in a tray and added water. Once this was mixed properly
I got the children to use a straw and blow through it to make bubbles. Once the bubbles were there a
piece of paper was placed over them to create a bubble effect picture. There were two different trays
of which one was purple and the other one was orange. This is so that they were able to make their
own choice on what colour they wanted to use. Upon doing this I had to explain to the children how
to work safely. This was by ensuring that they followed the instructions given. Some of these
included making sure that they don't put the liquid in their mouth, eyes and making sure that the
correct clothing was worn. Whilst the activity was taking place the children was supervised. This
was to make sure that they behaved appropriately. The children were encouraged to take turns when
doing this activity with other members of the group. This was so that there were plenty of room for
the children ensuring that none of the children got hurt. When I was doing the activity one of the
children accidently sucked

Personal Narrative: How To Out-Run A Tornado
How to Out–Run a Tornado
I have never been in a tornado. Not one in the literal sense, but everyone has some kind of tornado
in their life, something that comes and shakes everything up. It just so happens that mine came as,
what I thought at the time, was an actual tornado. As it turns out, my eleven year old brain just
decided to exaggerate the true circumstances.
My tornado came in the Summer of 2009, on a humid day in June, at Camp Constantin, the Boy
Scout summer camp I had been attending. As a timid eleven year old, to whom life still seemed
perfectly choreographed, adversity was not quite an often used word in my vocabulary. I came from
a comfortably middle class family in the well–off area of Dallas, so my childhood was never a
struggle. Entering my first Boy Scout troop was really the first part of my life where I seemed to
struggle the tiniest bit. As it turned out to my eleven year old self, other children might not always
like me, a problem which I had dealt with before, but handily ignored, as I was a child. My first
encounters with true conflict came on this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For some, its the approaching anguish of Alcohol Dependence, characterized by late nights at bars.
For others, its a lack of feeling approaching, a sense of dark clouds shadowing the mind. Mine came
as actual dark clouds covering the sky, signaling a storm. No one around me seemed fazed by the
weather, not my father, not my peers. All seemed to ignore it. Being the shadow marcher in life's
Marching Band, I just followed along in their steps. I didn't feel any fear until it dropped nearly 20
degrees in a matter of minutes. Like reaching the pinnacle of a high roller coaster, the only way
from there was down. People started worrying. The children around me started panicking, and as a
follower, I panicked as well. However, what came after will be forever emblazoned in my mind,
however exaggerated my eleven year old brain decided to make

Binder viscosity was altered by changing temperature. The...
Binder viscosity was altered by changing temperature. The initial dispersion of the binder in the
powder depends upon viscosity and shear rate applied. (Schaefer, 1996) Binder viscosity also
controls the consolidation rate and hence subsequent growth via coalescence. (Ennis, et al., 1991).
Results from Rough et al (2005) showed that increased temperature (lower viscosity), the regimes
are reached faster because the binder is able to distribute more effectively in the mixture at a given
shear rate which is in accordance with the work reported by Schaefer et al (1996). As LAS paste
quantity was increased, mixing time required to form designated regimes decreased. Work done by
Hibare (2012) showed that the peak modal granule diameter stays ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At the crumble regime, bulk density and porosity of the granules display significant turning points.
Rough et al (2005) also stated that the crumble regime is a key stage in the agglomeration
mechanism as it is the point between macro and micro mixing. Hibare (2012) concluded that as
binder to solid ratio increases, granulation time to achieve a particular size distribution decreases.
Hibare (2012) also showed that granule strength decreases as binder to solid ratio increases due to
more liquid content in the granules in both reactive and non–reactive binder systems.
2.2 High Viscous (Detergent) vs Low Viscous Granulation Mechanisms
According to the research work on a high viscous binder detergent granulation system of LAS (high
viscosity binder) and zeolite carried out by Rough et al (2005), they found that at a higher impeller
speed, size distribution had the same peak modal diameter, a narrower peak width and less vol% of
bigger granule diameter. Comparing findings from Rough et al (2005) detergent granulation with
pharmaceutical granulation of lactose and PEG melt (low viscosity binder) carried out by Schaefer
et al (1993), Schaefer et al (1993) reported a larger peak modal diameter and a narrower size
distribution at higher speed. Heng et al (2000) suggested that at higher impeller speed with
increased shear forces, rate of granule consolidation should increase as surface plasticity and

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