Understanding Down Syndrome

Understanding Down Syndrome
Understanding Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is one of the most commonly occurring genetic chromosomal disorder. One in every 800 babies in the United States is born with
Down syndrome. It has been estimated that approximately 400,000 people are living with Down syndrome in the United States (Center for Disease
Control and Prevention). I have a family member and a friend who have given birth to babies born with Down syndrome. Neither my family member or
friend was screen for Down syndrome during pregnancy because of their age under 35. The purpose of this paper is to get a better understanding of
Down syndrome and support the recommendation that all pregnant women should be screen for Down syndrome despite age and risk factors.
Chromosomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant women be offered a screening and diagnostic test for Down
syndrome despites a woman age or risk factor (Mayo Clinic). Among the test used for screening and diagnostic testing are:
a)Blood test – which measures the levels of pregnancy associated plasma protein and the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin. Abnormal
levels of the protein or hormone may indicate a problem with the baby.
b)Ultrasound – used to measure a specific area on the back of a baby's neck. This is known as nuchal translucency and may signal a problem if more
fluid than usual tends to collect in the neck tissue.
c)Amniocentesis – testing a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus to analyze the fetal chromosomes.
d)Chorionic villus sampling – cells are removed from the placenta and used to analyze the fetal chromosomes.
e)Cordocentesis – removal of fetal blood from a vein in the umbilical cord and analyze for chromosomal defects (Mayo
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Persuasive Essay On Down Syndrome
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder also known as trisomy 21, that develops when there is an extra chromosome inside the cells of a person.
Normally a person has 46 chromosomes so when a developing infant has an extra chromosome 21 they will have 47 chromosomes in a cell causing
them to develop Down syndrome. Although you might think it is hereditary Down syndrome is not passed down from parent to baby nor do we know
why it happens, it occurs at conception and there is no cure for it nor does it go away.
Down syndrome is the most common chromosome disorder in the world. One out of 700–900 babies will be born worldwide will have Down
syndrome, although the average is slightly lower in Australia for an unknown reason. Down syndrome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015. Down syndrome – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome. [Accessed 27 April
2015].
Down Syndrome: Get Facts on this Congenital Disorder. 2015. Down Syndrome: Get Facts on this Congenital Disorder. [ONLINE] Available at:http:/
/www.emedicinehealth.com/down_syndrome/article_em.htm. [Accessed 27 April 2015].
Prenatal diagnosis – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. 2015. Prenatal diagnosis – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis. [Accessed 27 April 2015].
What are common treatments for Down syndrome? . 2015. What are common treatments for Down syndrome?. [ONLINE] Available at: https:/
/www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx. [Accessed 29 April 2015].
Genetic engineering – Future. 2015. Genetic engineering – Future. [ONLINE] Available at: http://future.wikia.com/wiki/Genetic_engineering.
[Accessed 02 May 2015].
Genetic Engineering. 2015. Genetic Engineering. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/gen
–engr.html. [Accessed 02 May

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome
Have you ever been in a situation where you were confronted by a child who has Down Syndrome and were unsure of how to act around that child?
I'm sure many of us have experienced the awkwardness that accompanies such a situation. Many people feel guilt or pity for these children, I believe
these reactions result from a lack of knowledge about the condition. Which is why I have chosen this topic.
Down Syndrome is a condition that cannot be physically passed on from one person to the next. It is a genetic disorder that is inherited through our
parents when something goes wrong during pregnancy. As a result, they have a combination of features typical ofDown Syndrome, including some
degree of cognitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hands are often broad and the fingers short. The feet are compact with a gap between the first and second toe, and their hair is soft and sleek.
Such persons are also subject to congenital heart defects, many of which can be corrected surgically. They are also more likely to develop leukemia
than other members of the general population.
There are three common types of Down Syndrome, the most common one being trisomy 21, which is found in about 95% of people with Down
Syndrome. During pregnancy the formation of the egg or sperm, from a woman's or a man's pair of chromosomes normally split, so that only one
chromosome is in each egg or sperm. In trisomy 21, the 21st chromosome pair does not split and a double–dose goes to the egg or sperm. The second
type is known as translocation, found in about 3% to 4% of people with Down Syndrome. With this type an extra part of the 21st chromosome gets
"stuck" onto another chromosome. The third type, mosaicism, is found in about 1% to 2% of people with Down Syndrome. With this type an extra
21st chromosome is found in only some of the cells. There are two tests that can be done to detect if the child you are carrying has any type of
Down Syndrome, they are diagnostic and screening tests. A diagnostic test samples fetal cells and gives a definitive diagnosis. This test is usually
done between 14 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. Although fairly safe, there is a small risk

The Disorder Of Down Syndrome
Have you ever wonder or questioned the disorder of down syndrome? According to many National Down Syndrome Society within the United States,
Down syndrome has occurred one out of eight hundred births. It is the most frequent form of mental retardation and characterized by well–defined
events and distinctive features. It's a lifelong disorder caused by a genetic defeat that's none curable. It takes people with patients and kind hearts to
care for people with Down syndrome disorder.
History
In the late nineteenth century John Langdon Down, an English physician published the description of a person with Down syndrome. In 1866 his
scholarly work was published that gave him the name "father" of Down syndrome. Where in 1959 the French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Its termed trisomy 21 due to the fact it's not an entire extra chromosome 21 that is responsible but rather a small segment of the long arm of this
chromosome. Only two other triomies occurs with any significant frequency: trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome) and trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome).
Trisomy 21 is one of the most common human chromosomal aberrations occurring in about 0.5 percent of all conceptions and in one out of every
seven hundred to eight hundred live birth.
Description
When the sperm cells from the father and the egg cells from the mother are formed, they both undergo a reduction of their total number of chromosome
from forty–six to twenty–three. This process is called meiosis (which contain one–half of the chromosome number found in the original cell before
division) when a baby is conceived by the combination of one sperm cell with one egg cell, the baby receives twenty–three chromosomes from each
parent for a total of forty–six chromosomes. Occasionally, an error occurs in the reduction process instead of passing on twenty–three

Down Syndrome Essay
Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost, left behind, or too many may be passed on,
resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome.
This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in 1866.
Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused
by an extra chromosome. People born with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited
from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All children with Down syndrome also have learning difficulties to some extent and there is a large variation in handicap. In some cases Down
syndrome may be discovered before birth through a test known as amniocentesis in which fluid is taken from around the baby and the fetal cells are
examined for the extra chromosome.
People with Down syndrome are usually exceptionally happy, gentle, and loving. As children, they need loving care and extra attention to make sure
that their minds are stimulated. Special teaching is also needed to ensure that these children develop as far as possible.
Until very recently children with Down syndrome had a very short life expectancy. More than half of these children died within their first year. Other
Down syndrome babies were institutionalized soon after birth. Today most of these children can now be raised by their natural families, and many can
lead adult lives that are satisfying and productive due to advances in medical treatment that have increased the life expectancy and improved the quality
of life of those with Down syndrome. Today doctors are able to surgically repair heart and gastrointestinal defects, control infections with

Genetic Down Syndrome
The genetic structure that humans possess is complex, each individual's genetic makeup is unique and different, yet functions similarly. However, not
all people are gifted with a perfectly normal genetic structure. A person may suffer from genetic defects, which are irregularities in the genome. In the
field of biology, genetic aberrations are not rare cases. According to a surveillance system called Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program,
genetic birth defects, affect approximately 3% of childbirths in the United States. (MMWR, 2008) This means that over 120,000 newborn babies are
affected by genetic defects in a span of one year, in the United States alone. (NVSS, 2015)
Genetic defects are acquired from childbirth and these genetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Around 5300 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States each year, and approximately 200,000 people in this country have the
condition. (de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko BG, 2016). While Down syndrome cannot be inherited, the number of babies with Down syndrome born
each year is alarming. Despite the fact that Down syndrome can be detected before birth, there is no known way to cure it. As such, the parents whose
child have been diagnosed to have Down syndrome have to decide whether to keep the child or not.
Parenting has never been easy, and it is made harder if the child is affected by Down syndrome. Most of the time, when parents are informed that
their child has Down syndrome, they are stricken with grief, depression, hopelessness, and the likes. (Preidt, 2010). Having a child affected by such
mental illnesses may make it hard for parents to deal with their children, since any shortcomings may lead to a miserable life for their child. But even
with Down syndrome, a child is still a child, and can still be brought up to live a happy life if parented correctly.
This study aims to relay the experiences of a parent who has a child with Down syndrome to people who are not aware of what they go through. The
researchers seek to improve the general knowledge of the public about having a kid with Down

Garner Down Syndrome
Kawanda Garner – Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small "packages" of genes in the body that
determine how a baby's body forms during pregnancy and how the baby's body functions as it grows in the womb and after birth. (CDC, 2014) John
Langon Down first described Down's syndrome or Trisomy 21 in 1866. Trisomy 21 is caused by a combination of birth defects when there is a
nondisjunction or an error in cell division during meiosis, resulting in a trisomy of chromosome 21. (Porth, 2011, p. 119) While the cause in unknown,
evidence from cytogenetic and epidemiologic studies supports the concept of multiple causality. (Perry, 2010, p. 1183) Children with Trisomy 21 can
be born ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Chang & Kelly, 2007) According to the article published by Salimbene, (2000), children are highly valued and welcomed in most Bosnian families.
Culturally, Bosnian's hold Physician's to a higher standard than nurses. They may request to hear a diagnoses or treatment options from the physician
rather than a nurse. Teaching may become difficult if a relationship is not formed. The nurse should introduce themselves and state that the doctor
has asked him/her to perform which ever test or procedure it is that is needed. The purpose of the upcoming testing should be explained thoroughly
without going into the specific details about the procedure. (Salimbene, 2000) Bosnians prefer herbal or spiritual approaches to health care over
western health care. Language barriers may become an issue as well so an interpreter should be utilized as needed to ensure information is passed
along appropriately. It is critical to assess each patient individually and not make cultural assumptions about a patient's beliefs or health practices.
(Chang & Kelly, 2007). Many factors affect this process of parental adaptation, for example, the nature and severity of the child's conditions,
preexisting family functioning level, cultural background, income level, the availability of social support, and the attitude of healthcare providers,
especially at the time of diagnosis. (Choi, Lee & Yoo, 2011, p. 113) Providing a calm

Downs Syndrome Essay
Down's Syndrome
Down's syndrome is a genetic condition involving an extra chromosome, this change occurs around the time of conception. A person with Down's
syndrome has forty–seven chromosomes instead of the usual forty–six. A relatively common genetic disorder, Down's strikes 1 out of 600 babies. In 95
percent of all cases, the disorder originates with the egg, not the sperm, and the only known risk factor is advanced maternal age–at age 35, a woman
has 1 chance in
117 of having a baby with Down's; at 40, her odds are 1 in 34. (Graves, 1990)
People with Down's syndrome all have a certain degree of learning disability . This means that they develop and learn more slowly than ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Vision: Three percent of newborns with Down syndrome will have dense congenital cataracts which should be removed early. Glaucoma is also
common.
* Congenital Hypothyroidism: This condition is slightly more prevalent in babies with Down syndrome. It should be detected by the routine heelprick
screen performed on all babies.
*Congenital dislocation of the hips: Joint laxity and hypotonia can combine to increase the incidence of hip dislocation, although true congenital
dislocation is quite rare.
* Sensory deficits: Significant hearing impairments occur in the majority of children with Down syndrome. Annual audiometry and specialist
consultation is recommended.
* Atlantoaxial instability: Up to 15% of children with Down syndrome will have evidence of instability of the atlantoaxial joint but in only a handful of
cases will this instability result in an impingement on the spinal cord with resultant neurological signs.
* Physical growth: Physical development is invariably delayed in children with Down syndrome. A tendency towards obesity requires special attention
to healthy diet and exercise habits in this group.
* Dental care: The teeth of children with Down syndrome tend to be small, irregularly spaced and misshapen. Early and frequent dental care is

Down Syndrome
. Down syndrome is not a disease that someone catches and is not caused by difficulties during the pregnancy, it is a genetic condition. This condition
is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in the body's cells and causes a redundant amount of proteins to be formed. All cells of the body
derive from a single cell formed by the fusion of a father's sperm and a mother's egg. Each cell carries a nucleus full of genetic material known as
genes. These genes are inherited from both the mother and father. Each cell normally contains 46 pairs of chromosomes. 23 chromosomes come from
one parent and 23 from the other, hence the 46 pairs. When it comes to children with down syndrome, one of the chromosomes does not separate
properly and so the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Trisomy 21, also known as nondisjunction, means that there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in the cell and is the most common. Translocation
occurs when there are two 21 chromosomes plus an extra piece of chromosome 21 that had attached itself to another chromosome during the
division process. Those who have mosaic down syndrome contain an extra chromosome 21 in only some of their cells while others are unaffected.
People with mosaic down syndrome tend to have milder physical features and intellectual abilities than those who have trisomy 21 and translocation
down syndrome. According to Mark Selikowitz, maternal age is a significant factor in causing trisomy 21. When females are born, all the eggs that a
woman will produce are already present. The eggs wait years, some longer than others to be released and it is during the wait period (some 20–40
years) that it is believed errors can occur. On the contrary, man's sperm does not remain standing therefore less probability for error. Additionally,
people with a family history of down syndrome and people who carry the genetic translocation are factors to consider whether the child would be at

Research Paper On Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
They used to be called "Mongoloids," an ethnic insult coined by John Langdon Down, an English physician during the nineteenth century. But now they
are known as people, individuals with a condition known as Down syndrome. (3). It wasn't until the 1960s that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs
discovered the cause of Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21). But with technological advancements within the scientific community, more and
more information has been gathered about the condition that affects about one in every one thousand children born around the world. (4).
Research shows that Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by certain chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes within cells are composed of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is where the name trisomy 21 originates. (5).
The extra chromosome in trisomy 21 results in overexpression of the genes. Although overexpression is not noticeable in many genes, the genes that
are involved in Down syndrome seem to be quite different. In fact, not even all of the genes in the 21st chromosome need to be tripled to result in
Down syndrome. There are approximately 250 genes in the 21st chromosome, and only 20 to 50 genes need to be involved in the nondisjunction to
cause the effects of trisomy 21. The small area within the cell where genes need to be to cause Down syndrome is called the Critical Region. (3).
There are several genes that researchers believe might be involved in causing Down syndrome. Overexpression in genes such as CAF1A, Cystathione
Beta Synthase (CBS), and GART might be harmful to DNA synthesis and repair. COL6A1 overexpression may cause heart defects, and CRYA1
overexpression might aid in the development of cataracts. Overexpression of ETS2 may be the cause of leukemia and skeletal abnormalities, while the
DRYK overexpression could possibly result in mental retardation. Premature aging and decreased function of the immune system may be caused by the
overexpression of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1). It is important to note, however, that despite many hypotheses and speculations, no gene has been
conclusively linked to

Informative Down Syndrome
Formative #2 Down Syndrome is a medical condition that causes a delay in how a child develops, both mentally and physically. Each year, about
6,000 babies are born with Down Syndrome (DS), which is about 1 in 700 babies born. The cause of DS is unknown, meaning scientists don't know
how people get it, but we do know how it happens after the diagnosis. A baby is usually born with 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. Most likely
is a DS case, the child has 47 chromosomes and has an extra "chromosome 21". The extra genetic material is why children get DS, but scientists don't
know how it happens. Down Syndrome cannot be prevented, but it can be detected before birth. Many health problems that happen because of DS can
be treated, but the condition

Down Syndrome Research Paper
Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder where an abnormality in cell division results in a copy of chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21.
Although the cause of the extra chromosome is still unknown, maternal age is the only possible thing to have been linked to having a child with Down
Syndrome. Physical abnormalities of Down Syndrome may include, decreased muscle tone, flattened facial profile, upward slanting eyes, and a short
neck. Often, children with Down Syndrome develop slower than the development of a child without the disorder. Intellectual abnormalities of Down
Syndrome include a shortened attention span, poor judgment, impulsive behavior, slow learning, and delayed language/speech development.
Approximately 1 in every 700

Down Syndrome In Australia
Down syndrome is a genetic condition not an illness or disease. Us humans are made up of millions of cells with 46 chromosomes in each cell,
Down syndrome occurs when you have an extra chromosome 21 this is why this condition is also known as Trisomy 21. Down syndrome is not
specific to any race or religion, Down syndrome can occur to anybody although the amount of people in Australia with Down syndrome is significantly
lower to other Countries around the world.
People with Down syndrome often have at least one intellectual disability. Often they have problems with talking but there are many people who have
regular visits with speech pathologists that have worked they way up to being able to talk clearly. People with Down syndrome are often unhappy to
the way some people treat them, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The worldwide rate is 1 in 700 this is because of the higher termination rates in Australia. There are currently over 13,000 people in Australia living
with Down syndrome.
There is no regular treatment for Down syndrome, the treatment is different for everyone depending on the physical and mental barriers they have.
Someone with Down syndrome will most likely seek help from specialists, speech therapists and other people to help with the mental and physical
needs of the person. People with Down syndrome are more adept to illnesses or conditions so it is necessary for them to be checked on by a doctor,
etc. more often.
Bibliography
N.p., 2015. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Downsyndrome.org.au,. 'Down Syndrome Australia – Down Syndrome Population Statistics'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Dsaq.org.au,. 'Down Syndrome Association Of Queensland'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Genetics Home Reference,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Genetics Home Reference,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Wikipedia,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept.

Down Syndrome Essay
Down syndrome is a birth defect caused by a genetic disorder that affects 350,000 people in the United States. It is caused by abnormalities in the
genes and is not inherited, meaning that parents do not pass this onto their children. Genetics is the study of heredity or how certain traits are passed
from parents to their children. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. Cells are the building blocks of your body and each one of us has more than 100
trillion cells. Our genes are located in chromosomes. Each cell in your body contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. In a person with Down syndrome,
there are 47 chromosomes. In 1956, a French researcher named Jerome Lejeune used a new powerful microscope to view human strands of DNA.
DNA is what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 50% afflicted with Down syndrome will suffer from hearing loss. Many of these problems can be serious or even life threatening but
fortunately, most of them can be treated if they are detected early. Due to the nature of the disease and the many health issues involved, the life
expectancy for a person with Down syndrome is only 50–65 years.
Babies are born with poor muscle tone causing weak muscles and making it harder for them to develop motor skills such as using their arms and legs.
It is harder for them to grasp objects, crawl, and walk. Children with Down syndrome have difficulty with their cognitive (thinking) abilities, problem
solving, memory retention, social, language, and motor skills. This is one reason why people with Down syndrome become frustrated very easily.
Although people with disabilities are becoming more acceptable in society, we still have a long way to go. Congress has passed many laws to help
the disabled such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, and the most well known, Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1991. People with Down syndrome just want to be like every one else. Many of these people live "normal" lives. They go to
school and learn, they are taught skills and learn to be independent, they work and even get married.
There is genetic research and studies in biochemistry to find a way to

Down Syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders. It is one of the most leading causes of intellectual disability, causing also others health
problems in a child affected by the disoter. It is important to understand that Down Syndrome, in some cases is deliberate by a third copy of trisomy
21. Some time when there is an increment of the protein expression of genes on chromosome 21 it cause a deformation on the patient with Down
Syndrome. The gene trisomy is associated with the maternal age. Very young and older women have a higher risk of having a child with DS. The
above genetic problems are the cause of DS in children. In 1866 British physician, John Langdon Down was the first person that described Down
syndrome, as "Mongolism" ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Down Syndrome should be one of the main concern for the United States system because unfortunately people who have down syndrome can not doing
things by them self. They may do certain thing by them self but that take time because they have to be involved in couple treatment in order for them to
do certain things, but they must to be watch by someone who can help them. For that reasons they should be getting more attention, like for example in
minnesota there should be more clinic that deal with people with down syndrome.

Down Syndrome Essay
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. There are three genetic variations that cause
Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21 or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.
Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the
chromosome is replicated in every single cell of the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down syndrome
patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems. Mosaic Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra
copy of chromosome 21, then, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there is a greater risk of a child having Down syndrome if the mother is over 35 years old.
There are three ways that a mother can be tested during pregnancy to see if their child will have Down syndrome. One is amniocentesis, which is the
removal and analysis of a small sample of fetal cells from the amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis can not be done until the 14–18th week of pregnancy and
with this process there is a lower risk of miscarriage than with the other two processes. Another process is chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which is
the extraction of a tiny amount of fetal tissue at 9 to 11 weeks of pregnancy. The tissue is then tested for the presence of extra material from
chromosome 21. Chorionic villus sampling has a 1–2% chance of the mother having a miscarriage. The last process is percutaneous umbilical blood
sampling (PUBS), which is the most accurate method used to confirm the results of CVS or amniocentesis. During PUBS the tissue is tested for the
presence of extra material from chromosome 21. PUBS cannot be done until the 18–22nd week and it carries a high risk of the mother having a
miscarriage.
A person that has Down syndrome may have some physical problems or disabilities. Some common physical problems are: short necks, poor muscle
tone, a small head and an overall smaller body. Approximately one third of babies born with Down syndrome have heart defects, most of which are now

Down Syndrome: A Chromosomal Disease
Down syndrome is a chromosomal disease caused by an abnormality dealing with the 21st chromosome. Down syndrome is unique to each individual,
and three different kinds can occur. The three different types include Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaic Down syndrome. Not only do these differ,
but they all affect the body in different ways. Down syndrome affects appearance, mental cognition, and one's ability to speak and learn.
Down syndrome is caused by an abnormality with the 21st chromosome. It was first observed by John Langdon Down in 1866. It was not until 1959
that it would be classified as a chromosomal disease by french physician JГ©rГґme Lejeune. According to the article, "Down syndrome occurs when an
individual has a full or partial extra copy of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three different types of Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic, and Translocation. The most common type of Down syndrome is
Trisomy 21, "affected[ing] 95% of people with Down syndrome, and occurs when each cell in the body has three separate copies of chromosome
21" ("Facts About Down Syndrome"). Of the 95% of people with Trisomy 21 down syndrome, they all share one thing. They all have three separate
copies of the 21st chromosome, instead of the normal two copies. The second most common type of Down syndrome is Translocation Down
syndrome, "[It] accounts for about three percent of people with Down syndrome, and occurs when there is an extra part or a whole extra copy of the
21st chromosome") ("Facts About Down Syndrome"). Translocation down syndrome is a very unique type of Down syndrome, and differs from
Trisomy 21 greatly. Translocation down syndrome occurs when the body started to make a third copy of the 21st chromosome ( which would have led
to Trisomy 21),

Down Syndrome : A Genetic Disorder
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects a person's facial features and intelligence. Down syndrome is also commonly known as Down's
syndrome, Trisomy 21, Trisomy G, 47,XX,+21, or 47,XY,+21. In 1866, English physician John Langdon Down is known as the "father" of Down
syndrome. He was given that title for his publication of an accurate description of a person with Down syndrome, hence the reason why the disorder
was named after him; although, this disorder was known as "Mongolism" until the 1970s. More information was learned about Down syndrome in
1959 when French physician JГ©rГґme Lejeune identified that the disorder was caused by a chromosomal error. Then in 2000, a team of scientists
was able to classify roughly 329 genes on chromosome 21, opening the door to many more advancements in the world of research for Down syndrome.
Down syndrome is inherited because of a chromosomal error. It occurs when someone gains an extra 21 chromosome. Usually, an individual will
inherit two copies of chromosome 21, one from each parent. The extra 21 chromosomes can be inherited in three different ways, which results in three
different types of Down syndrome: trisomy 21 (nondisjunction), mosaicism, and translocation. Trisomy 21 or nondisjunction is the most common form
of Down syndrome; responsible for 95 percent of all the cases of Down syndrome. In this type of Down syndrome, the embryo contains three 21
chromosomes which is the result of the sperm or egg cell failing to

Children With Down Syndrome
Also known as trisomy twenty–one is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome twenty–one. It is
associated with physical growth delays, characteristic, facial features, and intellectual disability. Down syndrome is one of the most common
chromosomes and abnormalities in humans. Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and intellectual disabilities. As adults their
mental abilities are typically similar to an eight or nine year old. They typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental
milestones at a later age. They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, like congenital heart disease, epilepsy, Leukemia, thyroid
disease and mental disorder. People ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recovery process is life long and although there are some full functioning Down syndrome patients there are others who require daily care and
observation. Individuals with Down syndrome can be identified by their features. Down syndrome has typical physical and mental characteristics, but
only seldom all of them or even most of them are found in one single person. If we study the character of children with the syndrome, we will find they
have a pleasant and convenient temperament and a special character. They are friendly, sensitive and have a sharp and developed emotional
intelligence. These traits assist them in fitting in as a pat of society and the community rather successfully. The discernible differences concerning the
medical condition and the developmental level between Down syndrome children are caused, among other things, by the different medical treatments
and the support of each child's environment. Support medical, educational, environmental can bring many improvements in the children's function,
allowing them to extract their maximum potential and increases their chances to live a rich, independent community

The Discovery Of Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a common disorder where the child gets an extra copy of the 21st chromosome. It happens in every 691 babies born in the United
States. This adds up to about 6,000 babies born with the disorder a year. The major points in this paper are: when the disorder was discovered, the
symptoms, the lifespan, the medical treatments, if it is a dominant trait, what chromosome is affected, and how it is passed down to offspring. The
discovery of Down syndrome was by an English physician named of John Langdon Down. He published a description of a person with Down
syndrome in 1866, and that earned him the title of "The Father of Down syndrome." In 1959 a French physician Jerome Lejeune discovered that the
syndrome was actually a chromosomal condition. He discovered that instead of the normal 46 chromosomes, Down syndrome patients have 47 with
an extra copy of 21. In 2000, a global team of scientists identified and catalogued each of the 329 genes on chromosome 21. With all this new
information scientists made large advancements in Down syndrome research. There are many symptoms of Down syndrome. The symptoms that one
can see are: low muscle tone, smaller stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease across the center of the palm. Down syndrome
babies can be born normal size, but development is twice as slow as a non–Down's child. The mental side effects are: impulsive behavior, poor
judgment, short attention span, and slow learning capabilities. The

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome
Down's Syndrome, it is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in humans effecting people of all ages, races and
economic levels. It is a chromosomal anomaly in cell development that results in a person being born with forty–seven chromosomes instead of the
normal forty–six chromosomes. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning disabilities and physical symptoms, which include a
small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes, and a protruding tongue.
Roughly one out of every one thousand children born making it the most common genetic disorder. Down syndrome affects over 350,000 people, in the
United States alone. Down syndrome has plagued the human race ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The human body is made of cells. All of these cells contain a center, called a nucleus, in which genetic code of each human being is stored. This
genetic material, known as genes, carries the codes responsible for all our inherited characteristics from the mother and the father. Genes are grouped
along rod–like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from
each parent. In Down syndrome, however, the cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome, being a number 21. This
excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in Down syndrome. Because 95 percent of all cases of
Down syndrome occur because there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, it is often referred to as "trisomy 21." Chromosomes may be studied by
examining blood or tissue cells. Individual chromosomes are identified, stained and numbered from largest to smallest. The visual display of the
chromosomes is known as a karyotype.
Down syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division called non–disjunction. However, two other minor types of chromosomal abnormalities,
mosaicism and translocation, are also causes of Down syndrome. Regardless of the type of Down syndrome that a person may have, all people with
Down syndrome have an extra, critical portion of the number

Down Syndrome Misconceptions
1 out of 691 children born have Down Syndrome. Do you know what Down Syndrome is? Many have Down Syndrome, and it is one of the most
common chromosomal conditions. Though to many, Down Syndrome is not something that they understand, and let's be honest, it is hard to
understand. There are many misconceptions about Down Syndrome simply because people are misinformed about it. When things are harder to
comprehend, we just follow along with the norm. It is alright to not know something but you have to look into it before you judge people or things. We
as a society need to figure out more about Down Syndrome. Although, Down Syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal conditions, many
don't understand the causes of it and they generalise all people with Down Syndrome.
Down syndrome was found by Dr. John Langdon Down in 1866, he found that a group of specific traits, such as upward slanted eyes, flattening of the
back of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a recent Vanderbilt Kennedy Center study, families have a lower divorce rate, if they have someone with Down Syndrome (Down
Syndrome Misconceptions vs. Reality). This was one of the largest study to date, it had 647 families participating in the study. This shows that they
are happy, because if they weren't they would have gone separate ways. Many believe having a child with a disability cause the siblings harm or slow
them down. But according a to recent study published in the Journal of Intellectual Disability Research found no long–term detrimental effects to
siblings (Global Down Syndrome foundation). Studies have documented that those sibling are more empathetic,tolerant, and are aware of more. A
multitude have jobs and live by themselves. Based on the severity of their Down Syndrome, they could have jobs at supermarkets and many more jobs,
thus supporting themselves and being more

Mosaic Down Syndrome
When a baby is conceived, the baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, equaling 46 chromosomes. Sometimes during this creation a sperm or
egg cell can causes that cell to contain 24 chromosomes. When this abnormal cell is included in the conception of a baby, that baby will have 47
chromosomes. The extra chromosome causes Down syndrome. After fertilization; cells start to divide rapidly. Depending on how thecell divides
determines what type of Down syndrome the child has. Mosaic Down syndrome is obtained when a cell divides abnormally, creating a string of cells
with the extra chromosome. A child with Mosaic Down syndrome has both cells: the normal 46 chromosomes, and the Down syndrome 47
chromosomes. It is believed that babies with Mosaic Down syndrome experience mild symptoms of the disorder.
The next form of Down syndrome is called translocation. During translocation cell division, the 21 chromosome breaks. A piece of the 21
chromosome attaches itself to another chromosome. All of the cells still has 46 chromosomes, but the extra piece results in Down syndrome. Down
syndrome affects both boys and girls and although it can be very rare Down syndrome can be diagnosed along with other developmental disorders as
well.
DSM–V ICD code
A diagnosis in the DSM–V refers to neurocognitive disorders that highlight both clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Babies with Down syndrome seem to be extremely quiet, less responsive, with weak muscles. Many physical signs of Down syndrome may be
present including: flat face, small head, flat bridge of the nose, small mouth causing the tongue to stick out and to appear large, upward slanting eyes,
extra folds of skin located at the inside corner of each eye, rounded cheeks, small ears, small wide hands, a malformed fifth finger, a wide space
between the big and the second toes, and they appear to be shorter than normal

I have decided to do Down Syndrome as my disease, because I have always been interested in this disease, and how kids end up with it on birth.
Also people with down syndrome don't take their life for granted, and they can be so happy sometimes. Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder where a
person gets an extra 21 chromosome instead of just one. Down syndrome has a very extinct feature on a person, the face is slanted a little bit and they
have low muscle tone.(https://www.ndss.org/about–down–syndrome/down–syndrome/) Some symptoms of Down Syndrome is short neck, flattened
facial profile and nose, can have a small head, ears, and mouth, wide short hands with short fingers, and white spots in the color part of the eye. They
may have poor judgement, impulsive behavior, and delayed language and speech development. When a child has down syndrome, the physical
development is slower than a normal child. It will take kids with down syndrome longer to learn how to sit, walk, and talk rather than a child with no
down syndrome. (https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/symptoms) Causes of Down Syndrome are a ... Show more content on
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The doctor might order a test for the baby to take just in case they can't tell by the appearance. Amniocentesis is a test that takes the amniotic fluid
around the the fetus and they withdraw it with a needle that is inserted into the mother's uterus. This test will be performed in the second trimester
after 15 weeks. The last type of test to determine if a child has Down Syndrome is Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) this is where the cells are taken
from the placenta and it is used to analyze the fetal chromosomes. This ia a test that a pregnant woman would take between 10 to 13 weeks of
pregnancy. When taking this test there is a low risk of a miscarriage.

The Upside Of Down Syndrome
Lauren Thometz
November 11, 2014
Anatomy/Physiology 1
Research Paper
The Upside of Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder that is caused by abnormal cell division resulting in extra genetic material from Chromosome 21.
Down syndrome occurs frequently in that 1 out of 800 babies are born with this disorder. Those born with Down syndrome tend to experience specific
physical characteristics, cognitive impairments, mental and medical help problems. Down syndrome is extremely special to me because I grew up
with an aunt who has this disorder. My aunt Lisa is beautiful, funny, outgoing, and smart. She lives and enjoys life as it is thrown to her. Some days
are harder than others, but she is 62 years old and refuses to let her disability hinder her life. Down syndrome is not who she is, but something she has.
Dr. John Langdon Down was an English physician who had a strong calling towards mental retardation and was the first to describe what he felt was
someone with Down syndrome. He based his findings off of distinct characteristics. Before this syndrome got the name Down syndrome he used the
term 'Mongloid' due to the similarities that were shared in the Mongolian race. It wasn't until later when they determined the cause of Down syndrome,
which is an extra chromosome. Therefore making Down syndrome a chromosomal disorder. This condition is characterized by a combination of major
and minor differences in body structure. Typically, doctors are able to

The Effects Of Down Syndrome On The Body
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects several people. Chances are, you have met or have seen somebody living with down syndrome.
Down syndrome is caused when an individual has a full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This additional piece of genetic makeup leads to changes
throughout the body. Some of the notable changes are having a low muscle tone, small stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a deep crevice in the
center of the palm. Down syndrome does not affect one single part of the body, it affects the whole body.
Down syndrome has many affects on the body. These affects are having a distinct facial appearance, some intellectual disabilities, developmental
delays, learning disabilities, short stature, and speech delays as

Pennington Down Syndrome
According to Pennington, Down syndrome is one of the oldest and most common forms of mental retardation. In spite of this, not all people with
Down syndrome suffer from mental retardation; yet when it manifest, it is severe in some. Consequently, severe cases could result in delays both
mentally and physically. One developmental problem is having a smaller brain size. The smaller brain could cause a lost in short and/or long term
memory. Considering the possibility of both parents suffering from memory lost, a supportive family and understanding how their brain compares with
their child's is imperative. These parents must understand that the hippocampus, which is in the limbic system, plays a precarious role in their memory.
At the same time,

A Child With Down Syndrome
Piaget believed that children went through stages of development at specific times. Child development is the biological and psychological changes that
occur in human beings between birth and adolescence. Typical development refers to the milestones that a child reaches at a particular time during
child development. Atypical development refers to not typical; not conforming to the type; irregular; abnormal: atypical behavior.Down syndrome is
characterized as a chromosomal condition in which an individual possesses extra genetic material, specifically an extra complete or partial duplicate of
chromosome 21 in some or all of an individual 's cells. During the developmental stages, a child with Down syndrome will experience developmental
delays in the areas of motor development, cognitive development, language development, and social and emotional development. Down syndrome is
identified at birth and is a common condition.
Characteristics of Down Syndrome Children with Down syndrome have physical characteristics that resemble a family member. A child with
Down syndrome may have a face that is slightly broader with a flatter nasal bridge. The eyes may slant upward and appear to have a small fold of
skin on the inner corners called epicanthal folds. The mouth may be small which may cause the tongue to appear large and protrude due to poor
muscle tone. The ears are small and their hands and feet are smaller. The palms of the hands might have a single crease across it called

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome is a chromosomal condition related to chromosome 21. It affects 1 in 800 to 1 in 1000 born infants. People who have Down
Syndrome have learning difficulties, mental retardation, a different facial appearance, and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.
Individuals with Down Syndrome also have an increased risk for having heart defects, digestive problems such as "gastroesophageal reflux or celiac
disease", and hearing loss. Some people who have Down Syndrome have "low activity of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)" – an organ in the lower
neck that produces hormones.
Down Syndrome can be diagnosed in infancy based on the characteristic medical findings. When Down Syndrome is assumed in a person, a genetic
test called a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When there is a heart defect currently in an infant with Down syndrome, the infant is referred to a "pediatric cardiologist" for medical attention or
to a "pediatric cardiac surgeon for early surgical repair." Some infants with Down Syndrome have difficulties with swallowing or they may have
blockages in their bowels. Surgery can be performed to correct these problems. After they are corrected, they usually cause no further health issues.
Children with Down syndrome may have "frequent colds and sinus and ear infections." These are treated early and aggressively to prevent hearing
loss and chronic infections. Low thyroid levels are more common in infants who have Down syndrome. It is recommended that "thyroid level testing"
be performed at least yearly. Some infants with Down syndrome have eye problems such as cataracts (cloudy lenses) or crossed eyes (strabismus).
Surgery can help with these problems. Sucking problems related to low muscle tone or heart problems may make breast feeding difficult to begin
with. "Occupational therapists, speech therapists, breast feeding consultants and support groups usually have exact sources for the mothers of infants
with Down syndrome." Intelligence in individuals with Down syndrome ranges from low normal to very slow to learn. At birth it is not possible to
tell the level of intelligence a baby with Down syndrome will have. All areas of development including "motor

The Problem Of Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Although many theories have been developed, it is not known what actually causes Down syndrome. Some professionals believe that hormonal
abnormalities, X–rays, viral infections, immunologic problems, or genetic predisposition may be the cause of the improper cell division resulting in
Down syndrome.
It has been known for some time that the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with advancing age of the mother; i.e., the older the
mother, the greater the possibility that she may have a child with Down syndrome. However, most babies with Down syndrome (more than 85
percent) are born to mothers younger than 35 years. Some investigators reported that older fathers may also be at an increased risk of having a child ...
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Instead of the normal number of 46 chromosomes in eachcell, the individual with Down syndrome has 47 chromosomes. This condition is called
trisomy 21.
The second type is called translocation since the extra 21 chromosome is attached or translocated onto another chromosome, usually on chromosome
14, 21 or 22. If translocation is found in a child with Down syndrome, it is important to examine the parents' chromosomes, since in at least one–third
of the cases, a parent may be a carrier of the translocation. This form of chromosome error is found in 3 – 4 percent of the individuals with Down
syndrome.
Diagnosis
The child with Down syndrome is in need of the same kind of medical care as any other child. The pediatrician or family physician should provide
general health maintenance, immunizations, attend to medical emergencies, and offer support and counseling to the family. There are, however,
situations when children with Down syndrome need special attention.
Sixty to 80 percent of children with Down syndrome have hearing deficits. Therefore, audiologic assessments at an early age and follow–up hearing
tests are indicated. If there is a significant hearing loss, the child should be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist.

Forty to 45 percent of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Many of these children will have to undergo cardiac surgery and
often will need long term care by a pediatric

Mosaic Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a cell malfunction that affects people on a day to day basis all across the world. Down syndrome is a condition in which a
person has all or some of the third copy of chromosome 21 present. There are three types of Down syndrome. The first one is called trisomy 21, the
second one is called translocation Down syndrome, and the third one is called mosaic Down syndrome. Down syndrome is the number 1 genetic
condition in the United States and there is an excess of 350,000 people living in the United States with this condition.
As human beings we have 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosome 21 is one of those pairs. There are two copies of chromosome 21,
one from each parent. This chromosome is the smallest chromosome in the human body. There are approximately 200 to 300 genes on chromosome
21. The main job that this chromosome as a whole has is simple. The sole purpose of chromosome 21 is to manufacture protein cells.
The reason as to exactly why people have Down syndrome is based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mosaic Down syndrome, just like trisomy 21 cannot be inherited and is also just a random event. Like translocation, mosaic Down syndrome is
also very rare, with under 2 percent of cases falling under this category. The word mosaic Down syndrome comes from the term mosaic art. The
reason being is the fact that mosaic art contains different color tiles, and some mosaic Down syndrome cells contain trisomy 21 and others contain
the normal amount of chromosomes. There are two differences between mosaic Down syndrome and the other two types of Down syndrome. The
first reason is the fact that mosaic Down syndrome consists of 2 or 3 copies of chromosome 21 rather than a half or a whole. And the second reason
is that the copies of chromosome 21 are only in some of the body's cells not all of them. In most cases, the children with mosaic Down syndrome
scored higher on the IQ test than children with trisomy 21

Down Syndrome Myths
I don't remember what exactly startled her or why she was crying in the first place. It happened during Sunday school. We were all about eight
years old and she was about twelve years old who was placed in your class. I don't know what happened but while our teacher tried to start the
lesson, she started to freak out. She was sitting underneath a table, yelling for her mom and crying. We all didn't know what to do. The teacher
chose to just ignore her while she cried very loudly. I was the one sitting the closest to her. I had a bible that had pictures included in it at the time. I
gave her my bible and showed her the pictures. I don't understand how that calmed her down, but she took the bible from me and looked through each
page in awe.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is still unknown why this happens. Down syndrome is viewed as a very rare disorder. It is one of the most common chromosomal condition.
According to the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), it is estimated that there are about 400,000 people in the United States with down
syndrome and one in 641 babies are born with down syndrome. The likelihood of a 20–year–old women giving birth to a child with down syndrome is
one in 2,000. The chances of a 35–year–old women giving birth to a child with down syndrome is one in 350. "More and more Americans are
interacting with individuals with Down syndrome, increasing the need for widespread public education and acceptance," (NDSS). About 38 percent of
Americans know someone who has down syndrome. Down syndrome is more common than people

The Effects Of Down Syndrome
Children are our future; our future scientists, doctors, teachers, president and so much more. It is hard not to notice the number of young parents
nowadays that have children. the average age range for mothers giving birth is 20–34. With the current up rise of babies being born to young mothers, I
could not help but think about how age plays a factor into birth effects. Down syndrome is the most common single cause of human birth defects. The
most common form of Down syndrome is known as trisomy 21, a genetic condition where individuals have 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of
46. Trisomy 21 is caused by an error in cell division called nondisjunction, which leaves a sperm or egg cell with an extra copy of chromosome 21
before or at conception. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Web addressed that end in ".edu", ".gov" or ".org" are published by educational institutions, government organizations, and non–profit organizations,
seldom giving information that is inaccurate or misleading. A website ending with ".com" belongs to a for–profit company usually ran by companies or
business, and often times are trying to profit off of the site. being able to identify who published the information, the author, and their credentials and if
the information peer–reviewed are some key factors in determining whether a site is credible. A website that I found with very credible information
about down syndrome was NADS.org. This website is run by the National Association for Down Syndrome and provides its readers with an abundance
of information and resources. NADS.org includes parent support, resource referrals, public awareness and self–advocate program resources for
down–syndrome. another credible website is NDSS.org. This website is run by the National Down Syndrome Society. The information on NDSS is
updated by a list of publications including medical doctors which adds to its creditability. NDSS provides links to valuable resources, including
education, publications, and research in regards to down syndrome. Both websites collect demographic information and publish accurate information.
each website includes reliable and up–to–date information which validates its accuracy on down syndrome. The websites also have links to PubMed
which gives you access to current journals and books in regards to down syndrome. Most of the journals on PubMed are peer reviewed, knowing that
a publication has undergone peer review by a

College Essay On Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a congenital disorder resulting from a chromosome defect. Down syndrome affects people of all ages, race, and economic status. It
causes an increased risk of health problems and developmental issues. Researchers have found that centuries ago there were people who seemed to
depict the same features of those with Down syndrome today. In 1866, John Langdon Down was the first to identify Down syndrome as a disorder.
Before he described it as a disorder, those with Down syndrome were killed, abandoned, or excluded from society. Many were also institutionalized and
received improper treatment because of the uncertainty of the disorder. In 1959, the French physician JГ©rГґme Lejeune identified Down syndrome as
a chromosomal condition. Instead of the usual 46 chromosomes present in each cell, Lejeune observed 47 in the cells of individuals with Down
syndrome.
Down syndrome occurs by nondisjunction. Nondisjunction is the failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during egg, or sperm, formation. The
embryo ends up with three copies of chromosome 21 when the defective chromosome's egg joins with a normal sperm ... Show more content on
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Although there is no direct treatment for Down syndrome, there are treatments for the complications that go along with the disorder. According to the
Mayo Clinic, persons born with Down syndrome have a higher risk of heart defects, leukemia, infectious diseases, obesity, and other related
complications (Mayo Clinic Staff). There are available treatments for these conditions such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, and regulated diets.
The defect in the chromosomes in a person with Down syndrome causes their immune systems to be quite weak. These weak immune systems cause
them to be much more susceptible to infectious diseases such as strep throat or chickenpox, which can typically be treated with

Down Syndrome
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM
A. INTRODUCTION
Having a Down syndrome is such a difficult situation for an individual to have. They have slow physical and mental capabilities that lead them to
discrimination. Physical features of having a Down syndrome. Including flattening of the head; slanting of the eyelids; a gap between the first and the
second toes; a depressed nasal bridge; relatively small ears, mouth, hands and feet; short stature; decreased muscle tone and loose ligaments among
others. Not every child with Down syndrome has all of these characteristics and some may have only a few. But other characteristic, if not appropriately
can be including hearing deficits, congenital disease, eye abnormalities, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HISTORY English Physician John Langdon Down first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct form of Mental disability in 1862, and in more
widely published report in 1866.[9] Due to his perception that children with Down syndrome shared physical facial similarities with those of
Blumenbach is Mongolian race. Down used the term mongoloid derived from prevailing ethical theory.[10] By the 20th century Down syndrome had
become the most recognizable form of mental disability. Most individuals with Down syndrome were institution zed, few of the associated medical
problem were treated , and most died in infancy or early adult life. With the rise of the eugenics movement, 33 of the United States and several
countries began programs of force sterilizations of individuals with Down syndrome and comparable degrees of disability. The ultimate expression of
this type of public policy was ''action 7–4'' in Nazi Germany , a program of systematic murder court challenges , scientific advances and public
revulsion led to discontinuation or repeal of such sterilization programs during decades after World War Until the middle of 20th century, the causes of
Down syndrome remained unknown. However, the presence in all races, the association with older maternal age, and he rarity of recurrence had been
noticed. Standard medical text assumed it was caused by a combination of inheritable factor which had not been

Down Syndrome Outline
I.Attention Getter: Approximately one in every 700 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome, that makes approximately 6000 babies
born each year with Down syndrome. Although physical and cognitive traits are affected by this genetic disorder, individuals can attend school, work,
participate in decisions that affect them, have meaningful relationships, vote and contribute to society in many wonderful ways.
II.Thesis: Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in the United States and it accounts for much of the learning disabilities found in
children today (Staff 2014). Every person with down syndrome can display different characteristics, including physical, intellectual, and emotional
characteristics. There is no cure for down syndrome but its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion
I.Thesis Restatement: Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in the United States and it accounts for much of the learning disabilities
found in children today. Every person with down syndrome can display different characteristics, including physical, intellectual, and emotional
characteristics. There is no cure for down syndrome but its symptoms are treatable and much can be done to improve the lives of those with the disorder.
II.Review: There are three forms of Down syndrome, with three different variations of having an extra chromosome 21. Although there are three
different types, they all portray the same characteristics and all individuals with the disorder should receive individualized care based on their disorder.
III.Re–Tie Statement: One of the most common chromosome disorders there are people with Down syndrome leading functional lives in society and I
believe as a community people should better understand the syndrome, that they can lead normal lives with the educational implications I stated

Down Syndrome:
The Disorder and the Role of the CSD Professional
Anthony J. Genovesi
Miami University
Down Syndrome
The Disorder and the Role of the CSD Professional
Down syndrome is a genetic defect attributed to an abnormality of the human chromosome 21. The National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), a
national advocate organization for the value, acceptance and inclusion of people with Down syndrome, notes that modern research has successfully
identified three types of Down syndrome. The NDSS reports that Nondisjunction Trisomy 21, in which there are three copies of chromosome 21 instead
of two, is the most common type of Down syndrome. Prior to or at the point of conception, a pair of 21st chromosomes in either the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children will benefit from aggressive treatment for hearing and ear care. There are three main areas of focus for this treatment. The first is to ensure
normalized hearing through either the insertion of ear tubes or in some cases the use of hearing aids, secondly, proactive measures should be used to
limit recurring fluid in the middle ear through the use of medication and lastly, it is important to prevent chronic ear infections or ear disease through a
regiment of adequate ear care (Stoel–Gammon, 2001). For children with hearing loss, including an approach utilizing the teaching of sign language
may help to improve language development (Venail et al., 2004). There are misperceptions that introducing sign language to infants/very young
children will slow language development; this has been found to be untrue. Sign language will not interfere with the progress of acquiring speech and
language, but rather it may actually aid in its development. (Fowler,

Down Syndrome Outline
Elena Anderson: (in a frightened voice) But.... But..... What is Down Syndrome? Jane O'Brien: (In a comforting voice) First, calm down, Miss
Anderson. I know it's hard for you to hear your baby has Down syndrome but please take a deep breath, I will explain everything you need to know.
First of all, Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that involves birth defects, intellectual disabilities, and characteristic facial features. Additionally, it
often involves heart defects, visual and hearing impairments, and other health problems. if you thinking what is genetic disorder is. Genetic disorder is
altered or faulty gene or set of genes. The four broad groups of genetic disorders are single gene disorders, chromosome abnormalities, mitochondrial ...
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Although there is been a rare chance (pause) for people with Down Syndrome to become a parents. Men with Down Syndrome are considered as
sterile although the causes of sterile are not known in detail yet. sterile meaning us a male with Down Syndrome not be able to produce children or
young.There are confirmed cases that male with Down Syndrome became fathers. Many scientist have working on to find out why can't most of the
people with Down Syndrome can't became parents. The percentage of female become parent is 25% and foe the male is 5% of a change that they can
be parents. There is a 50% chance that they will have a child with Down Syndrome.
Elena Anderson: (sadly) so, how long my child can live?
Jane O'Brien: We can't tell the exact age your child going to live, some people with Down Syndrome live up to age 50s, 60s and even 70s. As
medical remains, the life span of many individuals will be even longer. It is true that people with Down Syndrome on average don't live long as other
normal people. However, we are working on, to give better treatment to cure Down syndrome.
Elena Anderson: Thank you doctor for explaining what Down Syndrome is and also helped me to understand about this disease. I want to ask you
more questions about Down Syndrome, but I think this is all I can take for

The Problem Of Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a situation in which a person is born with too many copies of the twenty– first DNA segment. Every human being has a total of
twenty–three genetic factors, in which about fifty percent are paternal. This disability has three causes which include Trisomy twenty–one, Mosaic
Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome with Trisomy twenty–one being the primary. Many people feel Down syndrome is hereditary but
this carries a very small percent of proof. Down syndrome does not affect each effected the same but studies and progression has proven to be less
than the average person. This makes it imperative for Teachers to find many different ways to make sure that every child with DS is gaining the same
amount of education as other children. This can be done by speaking clear while reading to the children and being extremely patient when the children
are taking longer than most students.
Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a situation that effect many families around the world. For numerous years there were no answers to what caused
the disability. Researcher found that there was one too many copies of one of a genetic segment in the incapacitated. Normally every person has a
nucleus in each cell which is made up of twenty–three pairs of chromosomes which are genetic and in this case there were too many duplicated of the
twenty– first gene. People affected with Down syndrome, for so long, were branded by their ability, communication and knowledge. So a man by the

Understanding Down Syndrome

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