Discourse analysis is the study of language in use and context. It examines both spoken and written language beyond the sentence level to understand how language functions in real world situations. Discourse analysis focuses on elements like the relationship between participants, speech acts, discourse structures, and how language varies based on context and the social activity. Both spoken and written discourse have conventions like openings, closings, turn-taking, and cohesive devices that link ideas together to aid interpretation. Analyzing these elements can provide insights into how language constructs meaning based on its form and the context in which it is used.

1. Discourse Analysis
Maria Jose Cardenas

2. What is discours Analysis
Study
Relationship
LanguageContext
In use

3. Form and function
• Grammatical form will play different functions.
• In order to clarify their intenction we can use the
intonation as guide.
• Tone contour, the direction of his pitch raises of fall.
• Grammatical form and phonological forms can´t
indicate the fuction but if we analyse the context and
together, we can make a decision about the function
of a conversation.
• Funtion: command, statement, question or
exclamation

4. • Discourse will focus in more elements that
grammatical form and phonology as the
relationship between participants and rules.
• Different types of spoken interaction: phone call,
buying things, in classroom. These situation will
have their own formulae such as: opening and
closing the encounter, different role
relationships, different purposes and different
settings.
•

5. Speech acts and discourse structures
• Speech acts: When we talk about a bit of speech
or writing is a request or question, what a piece
of language is doing.
• Discourse analysis is concerned with the
relationship between language and the contexts
of its use.
• Discourses have beginnings, middles and ends.

6. The scope of Discourse Analysis
• Discourse analysis is interested in the words
and/or sentences that should be linked to one
another in a fashion that corresponds to
conventional formulae, just as we do with
speech; therefore in the organisation of written
interaction.

7. Spoken discourse
• The Birmingham model has connections with speech acts and
the larger structures.
• We speak accordingly fixed persepction or our roles in society.
• Framing move use the the word to give a sequence and
transaction part of a formal structred conversation.
• There is a sequence in a spoken discourse of interventions of
the participants.
• Exchange: includes question, answer and comment.
• Functioning of moves: questionnins (initiation move), answer
or non verbal response (response move) and feedback (follow
-up move)
• Different sittuation will require different formulae

8. Conversations outside the classroom
• Vary in their degree of structureness
• Politeness and sensitivity appear to prepare the
ground.
• Other features such as intonation, gestures, etc…
to make us confidentof the analysis.
• Ran scale:
Transaction
Exchange
Move
Act

9. Talk as social activity
• When we hava a casual o spontaneous dialogue
will vary the diagram.
• How people behave and cooperate in discourse
process and the use of adjency pairs, turn taking,
how conversational openning and closing is
managed, how topics enter and disappear.
• And everybody has the right to intervent and say
something.

10. Written Discourse
• The writer has time to thinks and write well
structured sentences.
• We start organizing by units that are paragraphs.
Creating link between clausules that are called
cohesion.
• Grammaticals links such as: pronominalisation,
ellipsis and conjunction of various elements.
• Cohesive item will guide us to interpret the text.
Coheren is to make sense to whole the text.

11. Text and Interpretation
• Cohesive markers create links across boundaries and
pair and chain together items that are related.
• We have to make sense of a text and that is to interpret.
• Procedural: the process of interpretation textual patern.
• Textual patterns: certaon patterns that reoccur in time to
time is deeply ingrained in our cuture. Present in bit of
text as phrases, clauses and senteces called segments.
• Reading a text is like a dialigue with the writer.

12. • Cause relational approach: phenonenon- reason,
cause-consequence, instrument-achievement.
• The phenomenon- reason united two sentences of a
extract with cause –consequence will bring logical
sequencies.
• Matching relationships: when segments of a text are
contrasted and compared.
• Illocutory act: relationships betwee the textual
segments enter into with one another.

13. Larger patterns in text
• The clause -relational approach is related with
long text. Present problem solution pattern that
is in the first sentence present a situation,
secodnd sentence the problem and third
sentnence the solution.
• Reader and writer be aware about signallign
devices such as but.