“POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT BY SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FC-TCR”

A
B.Tech
PHASE I
PROJECT REPORT
“POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT BY SIMULATION AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF FC-TCR”
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology in electrical
engineering.
BY
MR. YASHWANT H. CHAUDHARI 20140203
MR. SHUBHAM M. KALASKAR 20140218
MR. PRATHAMESH R. PATIL 20140239
MISS. SRUSHTEE P. PATIL 20140240
MISS. SHIVANI M. SHETE 20140248
Under the guidance of
PROF. ANISH SALVI.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY,
LONERE,RAIGAD-MAHARASHTRA-402103
(2017-2018)

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSIT, LONERE,
RAIGAD, MAHARASHTRA-402103
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report titled “POWER FACTOR
IMPROVEMENT BY SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FC-
TCR”for B.Tech Final Year, Project report being submitted by
MR. YASHWANT H. CHAUDHARI 20140203
MR. SHUBHAM M. KALASKAR 20140218
MR. PRATHAMESH R. PATIL 20140239
MISS. SRUSHTEE P. PATIL 20140240
MISS. SHIVANI M. SHETE 20140248
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree ofBachelor of
Technology in Electrical Engineering from a record of students’ own work carried
by them under my supervision and guidance as prescribed in the syllabus ofDr.
Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere during the academic year
2017-2018.
Prof. ANISH SALVI DR. K. VADIRAJACHARYA
(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING)
Examiners:
1]
2]
Date:
Place: University Campus, Vidyavihar, Lonere, Raigad-402103

I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere gratitude towards my guide Prof. Anish Salvi and Head of department Dr. K.
Vadirajacharya for giving me his valuable knowledge and wonderful technical guidance. I am extremely
thankful for his guidance and untiring attention, which he bestowed on me right from the beginning. His
valuable and timely suggestion at crucial stages and above all his constant encouragement have made it
possible for completion of this seminar.I also thank the other faculty members of Electrical Department
and my friends for their help and support. I sincerely thank to all those who helped intellectually and
materially in the completion of my seminar report.
MR. YASHWANT H. CHAUDHARI (20140203)
MR. SHUBHAM M. KALASKAR (20140218)
MR. PRATHAMESH R. PATIL( (20140239)
MISS. SRUSHTEE P. PATIL (20140240)
MISS. SHIVANI M. SHETE (20140248)

II
ABSTRACT
Power factor improvement is the essence of any power sector for realible operations. This report provides
literature study of a fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor type of power factor compensator by
matlab simulation and implementation in programmed microcontroller. To retaining power factor closed
to unity under various load condition the arduino ATmega8 microcontroller is used which is programmed
by keil software. The simulation is done using proteus software which display power factor according to
the variation in load whenever a capacitive load is connected to the transmission line, a shunt reactor is
connected which injects lagging reactive VARs to the power system. This report also includes the matlab
simulation for three phase power factor improvement by using fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor.
As a
result the power factor is improved. The results given in this report provides
suitable matlab simulation and proteus simulation based reactor power compensation and power factor
improvement and techniques using a FCTCR.

III
INDEX
Contents Page no.
Acknowledgement I
Abstract II
List Of Figures IV
List Of Abbrevations V
Time bar Chart VI
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Overview of FC-TCR 3
2.1 Power factor 3
2.2 FC-TCR 5
Chapter 3 System Methodology 7
3.1 Block diagram 7
3.2 Methodology 8
Chapter 4 System Description 9
4.1 Software Components 9
4.2 Hardware Components 10
Chapter 5 System Process 15
5.1 Simulation in Proteus Software 15
5.2 MATLAB Simulation 16
Chapter 6 Mathematical Calculations 27
Future Scope and Applications VII
Conclusion VIII
References IX

IV
LIST OF FIGURES
SR.NO. NAME PAGE NO.
1 Power triangle 4
2 Basic Diagram of FC-TCR 5
3 Basic control Diagram 7
4 Arduinouno chip 4
5 LCD Display 5
6
ZCD basic diagram
12
7 Simulation of power factor measurement in proteus 13
8 Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor circuit 21
9 A triggering circuit for TCR 22
10 Gate pulses of pulse generator 23
11 Output waveforms of V ,I ,P ,Q. 26
12 characteristics of TCR 14

V
ABBREVATIONS
FC-TCR Fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor
S Apparent power
P True power
Q Reactive power
CT Current transformer
PT Potential transformer
SVC Static var compensation
ZCD Zero cross detector
LCD Liquid crystal display
SCR Silicon control rectifier
LED Light emitting diode

VI
TIME BAR CHART
ULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBEROCTOBERNOVEMBERDECEMBERJANUARYFEBRUARYMARCHAPRILMAY

1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In the control of electrical power systems, systems and procedures are used to compensate
dynamically the detrimental effects of non-lineal loads. The compensation process should he
camed out without important alteration of the source signals quality. Some benefits are expected
using compensation: losses reduction in the distribution lines, power factor improvement. The
dynamic behavior of industrial loads requires the use of compensator that can be adapted to load
changes. Power quality is one of the most important issue in the power system. SVC is generally
a device of FACTS family regulating the voltage and unifying the power factor SVCs are used in
two main situations: 1. Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage
("Transmission SVC"). 2. Connected near large industrial loads, to improve power quality
("Industrial SVC"). Typically, an SVC comprises one or more banks of fixed or switched shunt
capacitors or reactors. Elements which may be used to make an SVC typically include: [1]
1. Thyristor control reactor (TCR)
2. Thyristor switched capacitor(TSC)
This report is detailed analysis of fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor type compensator
for dynamic power correction to improve the quality of the power system. TCR consists of
controlling the current in the reactor L from a maximum (thyristor valve T closed) to zero
(thyristor valve T open) by the method of firing delay angle control. The fixed capacitor (FC)
and the TCR constitute a basic vargenerator arrangement (FC-TCR). The constant capacitive var
generation of C is opposed by the variable var absorption of the TCR. A simple circuit model of
fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor is modeled and simulated. The modeling is done by
using proteus software and matlab simulation for three phase is used.[2]
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
The main need of power system is voltage regulation and a power factor correction and that
should be maintained at once. A system load with a low P.F. will draw more current than a
system with a higher P.F.. A system designer considers the following: A Low P.F. draws a
higher internal current and the excessive heat generated will damage and/or shorten equipment
life .Increased reactive loads can reduce output voltage and damage equipment sensitive to

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reduced voltage Also the Low P.F. requires equipment to be constructed heavier to absorb
internal energy requirements . The Low P.F. will result in a more expensive system with
equipment able to absorb internal loads and larger load requirements .A system designer looks to
increase P.F. to lower system costs, increase reliability and increase the system’s life cycle.
Utilities will charge a higher cost to industrial and commercial clients having a low P.F.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:
The main objective of this project is to imporove the power factor in order to enhance the power
quality of line with nonlinear load.

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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF FC-TCR
2.1 POWER FACTOR:
Power Factor is the ratio between the real power (kW) and apparent power (kVA) drawn by an
electrical load. It is a measure of how effectively the current is being converted into useful work
output and a good indicator of the effect of the load current on the efficiency of the supply
system. Poor power factor results in increase load current draw that causes additional losses in
the supply and distribution systems. Power factor can also be measured as the cosine of the phase
difference between the voltage and the current, however, where the current is distorted such as
with electronic equipment loads, this may not be a true indication of the power factor.
Power factor can be can be determined as follows:
Power Factor = Active Power (kW)/Apparent Power (kVA)
Power factors range from zero (0) to unity (1) with a typical power factor being between 0.8and
0.95. The power factor can also be leading or lagging depending on whether the load
is predominantly capacitive or inductive in nature .Poor power factors are typically due to the
effect of inductive or capacitive loads such as with a motor or with long cables providing
capacitive coupling..[7]
The inductor stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy and capacitor stores
electrical energy in the form of electrostatic energy. Neither of them dissipates it. Further there is
a phase shift between voltage and current. Hence when we consider the entire circuit consisting
of resistor, inductor and capacitor, there exists some phase difference between the source voltage
and current. The cosine of this phase difference is called Electrical power factor.
This factor (-1 < cosφ < 1 ) represents the fraction of total power that is used to do the useful
work. The other fraction of electrical power is stored in the form of magnetic energy or
electrostatic energy in inductor and capacitor respectively. The total power in this case is, This is
called apparent power and its unit is VA (Volt Amp) and denoted by ‘S’.
A fraction of this total electrical power which actually does our useful work is called as active
power.It is denoted as ‘P’.P = Active power = Total electrical power*cosφ and its unit is watt.
The other fraction of power is called reactive power. This does no useful work, but it is required
for the active work to be done. It is denoted by ‘Q’ and mathematically is given by,

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Q = Reactive power = Total electrical power*sinφ and its unit is VAR (Volt Amp Reactive).
This reactive power oscillates between source and load. To help understand this better all these
power are represented in the form of triangle.
Fig 1 : Power triangle
Mathematically, S2 = P2 + Q2 and electrical power factor is active power / apparent power.
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
1. KVA rating of the electrical equipments increases due to low power factor as power factor is
inversely proportional to the KVA rating of the equipment. This increases the size and cost of the
equipment.
2. Conductor size increases. To transmit the same amount of power at low power factor at
constant voltage needs to carry high current. So to keep the current density constant conductor
area increases.
3. Copper loss of the equipment increases.
4. Voltage regulation becomes poor. Current at low lagging power factor causes greater voltage
drop in alternators, transformers and transmission lines causing to have low power supply at the
receiving end.
5. Handling capacity of the equipment decreases because the reactive component of current
prevents the full utilization of the installed capacity

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Benefits of Power Factor Correction (PFC)
1.Avoidance of Network Service Provider (NSP) penalties for low power factor,including
restricted access to more suitable tariffs (minimum of 0.9 for large and high voltage supply
establishments in most states).
2. Reduced losses.
4. Reduce power drawn from distribution systems, optimum sizing of electrical infrastructure.
5.Stabilized site voltage levels by reducing the inductive effect of the connected load. The
payback for PFC installations can be very reasonable and should not be over looked when
considering PFC for existing installations
2.2FC-TCR
In an electric power transmission system, a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) is a reactance
connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve. The thyristor valve is phase-controlled,
which allows the value of delivered reactive power to be adjusted to meet varying system
conditions. Thyristor-controlled reactors can be used for limiting voltage rises on lightly loaded
transmission lines. FC-TCR device consist of two types of components, TCR model which
receive reactive power AND THE SECOND IS FC which includes also higher harmonic filters.
They are an essential element when it cames to work of the TCR. FC is a source of reactive
power [2]. The simplified circuit of FCTCR is shown in the fig. below.
Fig 2: Basic Diagram of FC-TCR

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FC-TCR CHARACTERISTIC
Fig 14: characteristics of TCR

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM METHODOLOGY
Basically in our project we are using SVC mainly for unifying power factor from no load to full
load for any combination of inductive loads like motors. Thus main focus is to make a variable
capacitor generating reactive power to compensate the reactive power absorbed by inductive load
like motor load. The variable capacitor can be made by using the thyristor controlled reactor
(TCR) and fixed capacitor (FC) commonly known as FC-TCR type SVC.
For convenient and easy proposed we are mainly focusing of 1KW motor load and controlling it
power factor for no load to full load. A FC-TCR is used for controlling reactive power to the
motor load from no load to full load and its power factor is nearly unified. The base value of
inductor and capacitor to be choose would be the challenging work , for this some mathematical
analysis is to be done, and it is done later.[2]
3.1 Block diagram
Fig 3: Basic control Diagram
Block diagram description
1)Supply unit:

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The supply unit is normally a 230V 50Hz alternating current suppy which we used generally in
commercial and residential purpose. As our project is mostly related with the fixed load type and
load is generally an induction motor type.
2)CT & PT:
These are nothing but current transformers and potential transformers used in power system. The
supply is firstly sensed by CT’s and PT’s from which the rated current and voltage is given to the
control unit.
3)Control unit:
This system is targeted towards power factor detection and correction in single phase and also 3
phase system with minor modifications. For this we plan to use Arduino microcontroller
platform based system. The reason is ease of using and programming Arduino platform. Arduino
is open source general purpose prototyping platform based on AVR 16 bit microcontroller series.
Voltage and current from power line is stepped down to low power level suitable for Arduino
processing using PT and CT transformers. Then zero crossing of both signals is found using
Opamp based ZCD circuit. From the two ZCD signals a pulse is generated using digital EXOR
gate. Arduino is programmed to find pulse width. The width of this pulse is proportional to the
phase difference between voltage and current in power line. From this data power factor can be
estimated.[6]
3.2 ALGORITHM
The general algorithm can be step as:
Step 1. Measurement of initial reactive power consumed by load.
Step 2. Calculation of required triac gate pulse using arduino controller by coding.
Step 3. Generation of reactive power using FC-TCR by suitable firing angle.
Step 4. Displaying the VAR generated by FC-TCR for compensation of reactive power in LCD
module. In above algorithm the flow of project is shown, our project works in such process and
we are designing our project in such manner that all above processes are covered under it. Thus,
the software model is designed and it can be observed as in following sections as well as a
hardware model for the same.

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CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION:
4.1Software components:
1)MATLAB software:
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:
 Math and computation
 Algorithm development
 Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
 Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
 Scientific and engineering graphics
 Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
2) ARDUINO ATmega8
Arduino is very helpful for people who have little knowledge of programming or electronics.
The user does not need to understand the hardware or the low level coding of the AVR
controller.Arduino is easy to use and can be learned with very little effort. Hence, the
development/prototyping time using Arduino is considerably less. Arduino is based on
WinAVR, a gcc compiler for AVR. You can create an Arduino project in Atmel Studio and even
simulate it. At present Arduino uses ATmega328, ATmega168, ATmega1280, ATmega2560
and ATmega8 boards/controllers. Here we have used arduino ATmega8.The ATmega8 provides
8 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512 bytes of
EEPROM, 1 Kbyte of SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a
serial programmable USART, a byte oriented two wire serial interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight
channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) with 10-bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog
Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five software selectable power saving
modes.

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3) PROTEUS SOFTWARE:
Proteus is a Virtual System Modelling and circuit simulation application. Proteus is a software
package for computer aided design, simulation and electronic circuit design. It consists of two
main parts, the ISIS, the circuit design environment, which also includes the simulator VSM , and
the ARES , the PCB designer. Developer and manufacturer of the software package is the
company Labcenter Electronics. It is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily
for electronic design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit boards.
4.2Hardware components:
The hardware components used here are as follows:
1) Arduino Uno:
Fig 4 : Arduino uno chip
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
In arduinouno we are provided with input and output port. To the input pin INTO and INT1 we
provide output of voltage and current zero crossing to measure the existing power factor.

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2) LCD module 16*2:
Fig 5: LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of
displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A
16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command
is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
The LCD module 16*2 is used for the input output interface and the value of power factor to be
measured and reactive power to be compensated to unified the power factor is displayed in real
time.
3) TRIAC:
TRIAC, from triode for alternating current, is a three terminal electronic component that
conducts current in either direction when triggered. Its formal name is bidirectional triode
thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. A thyristor is analogous to a relay in that a small voltage
and current can control a much larger voltage and current. TRIACs are a subset of thyristors and
are related to silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs). TRIACs differ from SCRs in that they allow
current flow in both directions, whereas an SCR can only conduct current in a single direction.
Most TRIACs can be triggered by applying either a positive or negative voltage to the gate. Once

12
triggered, SCRs and TRIACs continue to conduct, even if the gate current ceases, until the main
current drops below a certain level called the holding current.
Fig 6: Triac PIN diagram
TRIACs' bi-directionality makes them convenient switches for alternating-current (AC). In
addition, applying a trigger at a controlled phase angle of the AC in the main circuit allows
control of the average current flowing into a load (phase control). This is commonly used for
controlling the speed of induction motors, dimming lamps, and controlling electric heaters.
A TRIAC is basically used to control the value of reactive power to be compensated for nearly
unifying power factor. It is trigger from the signal generated from arduino uno.
4) CT’S and PT’S:
CT’s
In electrical engineering , current transformers are mainly used to measure electric currents.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly in measuring instruments, current
transformers are used to reduce the current in proportion to the currents in a circuit it can then be
connected conveniently to the measuring or recording instruments. It also gives current sensing.
PT’s
Potential transformers mainly works to the reduction of voltage and current levels, these
transformers isolate the measuring or protective circuit from the main circuit which is operating
at high power levels. Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the
voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower level for the purpose of measurement. These are
connected across or parallel to the line which is to be monitored.

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5) ZCD:
Fig 7: ZCD basic diagram
In alternating current, the zero-crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage or
current present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during
each cycle. It is a device for detecting the point where the voltage or current crosses zero in
either direction The zero-crossing is important for systems which send digital data over
AC circuits.
In this, we use op-amp is generally used. When the voltage wave completes a one cycle and
crosses zero then at zero crossing the op-amp generate a 1 signal. Similarly in case of current
waveform. Then the time difference between the zero crossing of voltage and current waveforms
is detected and this time difference is then converted into radians and after that we get the power
factor from obtained values.
6) Inductor:
An inductor, also called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows through it.
An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound into a coil around a core. Inductor
stores reactive power.
7) Capacitor:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in
an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. Here we are using a fixed

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capacitor having a fixed VAR value which is decided from the maximum VAR value of the load
which we are using. The capacitor mainly produces the reactive power.
8) Opto-isolator:
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a
component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-
isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. A common type of
opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types
of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-
photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques
allow them to be used with analog signals. The optoisolator is used for isolating the AC and DC
side.
9) Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Relays are mainly used with all power system
components for the purpose of protection. Relays trips when the pramaeters values goes beyond
their specified limit and such tripping protects the circuit from damage.

15
CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM PROCESS
5.1 Simulation in proteus software:
While simulating in proteus the complete circuit for the process of measuring power factor
shown:
Fig 8: Simulation of power factor measurement in proteus
The current and voltage zero crossing signal is given below:
Fig 9: current and voltage cross detection
The upper triangular pulses shows the voltage zero crossing and the lower shows the current zero
crossing signal. Each pulse train generated at the difference of 10ms.[4]

16
5.2 MATLAB simulation:
For simulation, three phase AC voltage source is taken of 100V , 50Hz. The parameters for load
which is connected 100V, 50Hz of 10KW and 10 KVar RL type fixed load. The source is
connected by transmission line with fixed capacitor in parallel with thyristor controlled reactor
(TCR) branch with parallel load the load is fixed. The operation of the circuit breaker after
specific time duration affect the voltage and the reactive power means power factor. For
implement FC-TCR in system first thing is calculation of capacitor and inductor used.
If breaker is open there is no need to put SVC in operation. Initial firing angle alpha must be
such that under this condition that Svc does not exchange any power with AC system. The
current measurement block is used to measure the instantaneous current flowing in the
transmission line. The voltage measurement block is used to measure the source voltage. The
scope and display is used to view the current and line voltage. The real power (P) and reactive
power (Q) in load is measured using the active and reactive power measurement block AC
source voltage. The required active and reactive power is displayed. This measured active and
reactive power is used to determine the power factor with the help MATLAB program. At
starting where the system is not connected to compensator at power factor of 0.7555. When
power factor improvement needed the FC-TCR circuit is connected to the system. It tries to
acquire the approximate unity power factor. This power factor is display that time the circuit
breaker is closed.[3]
Pre-calculation for simulation:
Load 10 KW ,10KVAr QL = Qc = 10KVAR
FC-TCR = 3KVAR ,
Firing angle generated by pulse generator
α = (2.222*10-3
/10*10-3
)*180 phase delay=2.222 ms
α =39.999 ≈ 40º

17
Fig : MATLAB simulation for three phase power factor improvement by using FC-TCR

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1)Three-Phase Source
Library
Powerlib /Electrical sources
Description
The Three-Phase Source block implements a balanced three-phase voltage source with an
internal R-L impedance. The three voltage sources are connected in Y with a neutral connection
that can be internally grounded or made accessible. You can specify the source internal
resistance and inductance either directly by entering R and L values or indirectly by specifying
the source inductive short-circuit level and X/R ratio.
Here the three phase source consisting of phase to phase voltage 100V, 50 Hz frequency.
2)Three-Phase V-I Measurement
Measure three-phase currents and voltages in circuit
Library
Fundamental Blocks/Measurements
Description
The Three-Phase V-I Measurement block is used to measure instantaneous three-phase voltages
and currents in a circuit. When connected in series with three-phase elements, it returns the three
phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase peak voltages and currents.
The block can output the voltages and currents in per unit (pu) values or in volts and amperes.

19
3) Three-Phase Series RLC Load
Implement three-phase series RLC load with selectable connection
Library
Fundamental Blocks/Elements
Description
The Three-Phase Series RLC Load block implements a three-phase balanced load as a series
combination of RLC elements. At the specified frequency, the load exhibits a constant
impedance. The active and reactive powers absorbed by the load are proportional to the square of
the applied voltage.
Only elements associated with nonzero powers are displayed in the block icon.
Nominal phase to phase voltage(Vrms) 100V, Nominal frequency 50Hz,
active power P(W) is 10e3, Inductive power Ql (+veVer) 10e3
Load of 10 KW and 10 KVar Y-grounded.
4) Three Phase instantaneous active and reactive power measurement
This power block is computes the three phase instantaneous active P and reactive power Q
associated with periodic set of three phase voltage and currents.
P=VaIa+VbIb+VcIc
Q=1/root(3) *[(Vb-Vc)Ia +(Vc-Va)Ib +(Va-Vb)Ic]

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5)MATLAB Function
Include MATLAB code in models that generate embeddable C code
Library
User-Defined Functions
Description
With a MATLAB Function block, you can write a MATLAB function for use in a
Simulink model. The MATLAB function you create executes for simulation and generates code
for a Simulink target. Add our own
Here the programmed used for the power factor calculation
PROGRAM
Function y=fcn (P,Q)
%#eml
B=Q/P
y=cos(atan(b))
6)Subsystem, Atomic Subsystem, Nonvirtual Subsystem, CodeReuse Subsystem
Represent system within another systemLibrary
Ports & Subsystems
Description

21
A subsystem block contains a subset of blocks or code within an overall model or system. The
subsystem block can represent a virtual subsystem or a nonvirtual subsystem.
7)FC-TCR based
It consist of thyristor, capacitor bank of 10e3
Y-grounded also the RLC load.
Fig10: Fixed capactorthysistor controlled reactor circuit
8) Thyristor
Implement thyristor model
Library
Fundamental Blocks/Power Electronics
Description

22
The thyristor is a semiconductor device that can be turned on via a gate signal. The thyristor
model is simulated as a resistor Ron, an inductor Lon, and a DC voltage source representing the
forward voltage Vf, connected in series with a switch. The switch is controlled by a logical
signal depending on the voltage Vak, the current Iak, and the gate signalg.
On state the thyristor has an internal resistance 0.001 ohm
Forward voltage Vf 0.8V ,snubber resistance Rs 500ohm
Snubber capacitance Cs 250e-9
F
9) Pulse Generator
Generate square wave pulses at regular intervals
expand all in page
Library
Sources
Description
The Pulse
Fig11 : A triggering circuit for TCR

23
Generator block generates square wave pulses at regular intervals. The block waveform
parameters, Amplitude, Pulse Width, Period, and Phase delay, determine the shape of the
output waveform. The following diagram shows how each parameter affects the waveform.
Pulse type time based, amplitude 10, period (sec) 0.02sec, pulse width % of period 20,
Phase delay 2.2222e-3
Fig 12: Gate pulses of pulse generator
The Pulse Generator can emit scalar, vector, or matrix signals of any real data type. To cause the
block to emit a scalar signal, use scalars to specify the waveform parameters. To cause the block
to emit a vector or matrix signal, use vectors or matrices, respectively, to specify the waveform
parameters. Each element of the waveform parameters affects the corresponding element of the
output signal. For example, the first element of a vector amplitude parameter determines the
amplitude of the first element of a vector output pulse. All the waveform parameters must have
the same dimensions after scalar expansion. The data type of the output is the same as the data
type of the Amplitude parameter.
Fig. Generated pulse output

24
10) Three-Phase Breaker
Implement three-phase circuit breaker opening at current zero crossing
Library
Fundamental Blocks/Elements
Description
The Three-Phase Breaker block implements a three-phase circuit breaker where the opening and
closing times can be controlled either from an external Simulink® signal (external control mode),
or from an internal control timer (internal control mode).
The Three-Phase Breaker block uses three Breaker blocks connected between the inputs and the
outputs of the block. You can use this block in series with the three-phase element you want to
switch. The arc extinction process of the Three-Phase Fault block isthe same as for the Breaker
block. See the Breaker block reference pages for details on the modeling of the single-phase
breakers.
If the Three-Phase Breaker block is set in external control mode, a control input appears in the
block icon. The control signal connected to this input must be either 0 or 1, 0 to open the
breakers, 1 to close them. If the Three-Phase Breaker block is set in internal control mode, the
switching times are specified in the dialog box of the block. The three individual breakers are
controlled with the same signal.
Initial status open
Switching timing (s) [3/50 10/50], Breaker resistance (RON) 0.001 ohm,
Snubber resistance Rs1e6
, snubber capacitance inf
11) Scope
The Simulink scope block and DSP system toolbox time scope display time domain signals

25
Here the output of following is display in the scope
Line Voltage waveform
Load current waveform
Active power
Reactive power
Positive phase A
Negative phase A
12) Display
This used for the easy visual interface with user for display
Power factor
Active power
Reactive power
RMS voltage
RMS current

26
Fig13. Output waveforms of V ,I ,P ,Q.
Output is consist of sinusoidal voltage , second plot for sinusoidal current waveform , waveform
of active power , waveform of reactive power. All this waveform have a specific changes in the
wave at the time of closing the circuit breaker means the FC-TCR is connected 0.6 sec here
reactive power is compensate.

27
CHAPTER 6
MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS
CONDITION 1: Assume first L load: For Severe condition:
Load ratings: 40 W, 220V, 0.5 PF,
P= VI COS (Ф)
40= 220* I* 0.5
I=0.4 (approx)
QL = VI SIN (Ф)
=220*0.4*0.866
=76.21=80 VAR (approx)
For maximum load : Capacitive VAR =Inductive VAR
XL= V2/QL = 635.1 ohm OR 2202 /80 = 605 ohm (Using maximum VAR)
L= XL /2*л*F = 2.02 H OR 605/2*л*F =1.92= 2H (approx)
CONDITION 2: Assuming L load :
Load rating : 20W , 220 V , 0.5
I= 0.1818 Amp (same as above)
QL = 220*0.1818* 0.866 = 35 VAR
Hence, for good power factor the required compensation = 80- 35 = 45
This will be compensated by using TCR circuit.
XL= v2/ QL = 2202/ 35 =1398 ohm
L= XL/2*л*F = 4.45H.
CONDITION 3: Assume RL load:
Load rating: R=50 ohm, Choke rating= 40W, 220V, 0.5 PF
I = 0.4 (same as above)
Drop across Resistance = I*R = 0.4*50 = 20V
Voltage Across the inductor = 220-20= 200V
XL= 2002
/ 80 = 500
L = 1.591 H [7].

I
FUTURE SCOPES AND APPLICATION
The main theme of our project is to optimize the use of FC-TCR over the domestic level and using it for
both voltage regulation and power factor unitization, this means we are replacing the transformer tapping
voltage regulator by SVC and in advance as a bonus point we are unifying the power factor too. Thus
personalize SVC can be used widely in domestic loads and in small scale industrial too.
Besides, the FC-TCR can be used for the practical purpose in laboratory and demonstration of prototype
of SVC model in any realm of power system and control. This prototype can also be used for the
controlling of reactive power for leading loads which may not be available in the industrial load but may
be available at scientific research and exploration. Thus the use SVC can be made coherence in the field
of voltage regulation and power factor correction at domestic and industrial level too.

II
Conclusion
Power factor correction has become one of the most important issue in whole power system due to the
increased integration of sensitive loads in the AC mains. The conventional bridged power factor
controller converters are not effective and appropriate in high voltage applications due to high conduction
and switching losses. Hence, this research works are being focused on design of bridgeless PFC circuits.
The highly developed graphics facilities available in the MATLAB/ Simulink are used to conduct all
aspects of model implementation and to carry out the extensive simulation Hence it is concluded that
Fixed capacitor Thyristor Controlled Reactor will successfully control the dynamic performance of power
system and voltage regulation of the power system. The variation of reactive power with the variation in
the firing angle is studied. The range of reactive power control can be increased by using the combination
of Thyristor-controlled reactor and fixed capacitor system. The circuit model for FCTCR is obtained and
the same is used for simulation using MATLAB Simulink and Proteus software. From the simulation
studies it is observed that the reactive power variation is smoother by using FC TCR system. Reactive
power drawn by the load increases with FC-TCR, since the bus voltage increases. The control of reactive
power in system using FC-TCR is analyzed. The variation of reactive power with the variation in the
firing angle is studied. The range of reactive power control can be increased by using the combination of
thyristor controlled reactor and fixed Capacitor system. The circuit model for FC-TCR is obtained and the
same is used for simulation using MATLAB Simulink. From the simulation studies it is observed that the
reactive power variation is smoother by using FC TCR system.

III
REFERENCES
[1] Shobha R. Mane,Ashwini Kolekar “Arduino based power factor correction”International journal
of electrical,electronics and data communication ISSN:2084 issued on 4 april 2016.
[2] Dhurvang R. Gaikwad, C R Mehta “Automatic reactive power control using FC-TCR”Internation
journal of advance computer research ISSN:22497277,volume-4,no-2,15june 2014.
[3] Jitendra Kumar dash “Control statergy for reactive power using using FC-TCR by MATLAB
simulink” I.J.EEE, volume-2, E-ISSN: 2310.Issed on 4 august 2015.
[4] G. Premkumar and B. Muthukumar “ Design, fabrication and implementation of microcontroller
controlled SVC” Internation journal of computer application, (0975-8887) volume-81, 19
November 2013.
[5] Sumit k rathod ,Chintan Patel “Simulation and implementation of FC-TCR.” International journal
of innovation research in advanced engineering, ISSN no- 2349-2163 volume-1, issued date-4
may 2014.
[6] “Understanding FACTS-Concepts and technology of flexible ac transmission system.” By Narain
G. Hingorani.
[7] “Power electronics” by P.S. Bhimbra.

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