Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
柏林洪堡大學文件伺服器
1. Chapter 2: An Introduction to Three Publication Models 29
第二章: 三種出版模式
The Edoc-Server at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: An Example of an Open Access Repository /
By Susanne Dobratz, University Library, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
柏林洪堡大學文件伺服器: 開放近用典藏所案例 / 蘇珊·多博拉特斯 柏林洪堡大學圖書館
The edoc-server ••••••••••
文件伺服器
The document and publications server of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, known as the edoc-
server, celebrated its tenth birthday in 2007. The server operators, the university library and the
university’s computer and media service, regard it as the Open Access repository of the Humboldt
University. These two institutions maintain the edoc-server through the joint working group ‘Electronic
Publishing’. All the articles, journals, reports, dissertations, etc. published on edoc are available
worldwide, free of charge and without any access restrictions.
柏林洪堡大學的文件與出版品伺服器又稱為文件伺服器，於 2007 年慶祝其十週年。該服務器的
營運者是大學圖書館與電腦媒體中心，把它視為洪堡大學的的開放近用典藏所。所有在該伺服
器出版的論文、學刊、報告、學位論文等，都是全球可得的, 免費的，沒有任何近用的限制。
When we started in 1997, like many of the 109 German document servers in existence today(19), we
had a different goal in mind. This was to provide doctoral students at the Humboldt University with a
platform allowing them to publish their dissertations digitally. The so-called ‘Dissertations Online’
initiative(20) enabled the use of a more up-to-date, quicker and cheaper medium to comply with the
German obligation to publish dissertations.
1997 年始建時，就像德國今天存在的其他 109 個文件服務器一樣(註 19)，各有不同的目標。當
時, 係供林洪堡大學博士生使用的平台，讓他們把數位化的博士論文在上面出版。所謂的'線上
論文中心'(註 20)是較先進、較快速且更便宜的媒介，足以滿足德國出版學位論文的義務。
註 19: 見德國網路資訊中心的清單: http://www.dini.de/wiss-publizieren/repository/
註 20: http://www.dissonline.de
In the meantime, the spectrum of publications made available via the edoc-server has completely
changed. It is now a genuine Open Access repository. Three-quarters of its publications are articles,
conference papers, research reports or monographs forming part of a series. All in all, there are some 7
020 documents(21) of different types on the server. Compared with international Open Access servers,
such as the arXiv(22), the most widely recognised physics preprint server containing 415 000
ocuments, this is not very much. However, if we consider the fact that these are all primary
publications, and that the authors received individual assistance, this is a noteworthy achievement.
到了今天，經由文件伺服器的出版情況, 已經完全改變。現在已成為真正的開放近用典藏所, 四
分之三的出版品的論文、會議論文、研究報告或專書等, 自成一個系列。所有的一切，還有
7020 份不同類型的文件(註 21), 典藏在同一個伺服器裡。當然還不能和國際矚目的物理學印前
2. 伺服器阿西檔案(註 22)相提並論, 它已典藏 415000 份文件。然而，如果我們考慮到文件伺服器
裡都是一手出版品，並且讓作者取得個別的支助，這是一個值得注意的成就。
註 21: as of May 2007.
註 22: http://www.arxiv.org
The edoc-server is incorporated into the university’s information infrastructure. Together with a media
server, a course-management system, and the digital library, it forms just one source of information
available to members of the university for teaching and research purposes.
該文件伺服器是大學資訊基礎建設的一部份, 與媒體伺服器，課程管理系統、以及數位圖書館等
單位，共同成為大學成員教學與研究的資訊來源。
Open Access at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin• ••••••••••••••••
柏林洪堡大學的開放近用
Every university pursues its own path when it comes to dealing with the topic of Open Access. The
Humboldt University’s path has been as follows. As early as August 2005, an Open Access working
group was set up under the Vice-President for Research. Following a decision by this working group, a
first activity was the attempt to provide the technological basis for publishing already published articles
(‘the green road’) and to involve selected professors in order to publish a critical mass of articles in the
form of so-called postprints. Only later was the Open Access Declaration(23) of the Humboldt
University passed by the Academic Senate and officially made public on 16 May 2006 at a public
colloquium(24). In this declaration, the scientists and scholars of the university support the worldwide
Open Access initiative and join the ‘Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities’. Since then, it has been the task of the working group on ‘Electronic Publishing’ to
assist members of the university in matters of electronic publishing. This applies both to the ‘golden
road’ and to the‘green road’ to Open Access. In this sense, the edoc-server is one of a number of
instruments promoting Open Access at the university.
面對開放近用議題時, 每個大學都有自己的做法。洪堡大學的做法是這樣的; 早在 2005 年 8 月，
在研究副校長之下成立開放近用工作小組, 第一項活動就是企圖提供相關的技術，出版已經發表
的論文('玉律')，並讓選定的教授出版相當數量的論文, 即所謂的印後出版。後來才有經柏林洪堡
大學通過學術評議會通過的開放近用宣言(23), 並於 2006 年 5 月 16 日一場公開的討論正式公佈
(註 24)。在這項宣言中，大學裡的科學家和學者支持全面地開放近用倡議，並加入'柏林宣言-
開放近用科學與人文學知識'。從此以後，開放近用成為'電子出版'工作小組的任務, 協助大學成
員的電子出版事宜, 包括開放近用的'金科'與'玉律'。文件伺服器成為大學推動開放近用的工具之
一。
註 23: 全文參見 http://www.edoc.hu-berlin.de/e_info/oa-erklaerung.php/
註 24: http://www.cms.hu-berlin.de/ueberblick/veranstaltungen/kolloquium/jahreskolloquium
3. Through the edoc-server as a university Open Access repository, the Humboldt University pursues the
following goals:
做為大學的開放近用典藏所, 洪堡大學的文件伺服器追求下列目標:
making available university content, in particular types of content that have been difficult to access till
now, for example dissertations, etc.;
將大學產出的內容, 尤其是難以取得的學位論文等內容, 供社會大眾近用;
making a university’s scientific and scholarly work visible;
提高大學的科學與學術作品的見光率;
supporting staff and professors with electronic publishing and in the use of modern publication
technologies;
運用當代的出版技術, 支援職員與教授的電子出版;
maintaining a university bibliography.
維護大學本身的書目。
At some universities, for example the Technische Universität Berlin, the document and publications
server is coupled with the operation of a university press(25).
柏林工業大學之類的大學裡, 將文件與出版伺服器融入大學出版社的運作(註 25)。
註 25: 德國大學出版社聯盟列出其他的名單: http://www.ubka.uni-
karlsruhe.de/portale/ag_univerlage/verlage/.html
What makes a good document server?•••••••••
優良文件伺服器的要件
In order to standardise the quality of the service provided by a document server within Germany, the
Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation (German Initiative for Network Information, DINI) has
created the DINI-certificate for document and publication services(26). This certificate defines the
organisational and technological conditions and characteristics that a server should fulfil if it is to be
interoperable with other services and integrated into a nationwide network. These conditions relate to:
the visibility of the service as a whole, the existence of guidelines, assistance for authors, legal aspects,
security, authenticity and integrity of server and documents, the bibliographical registering of the
documents and classification by content, the existence of technical interfaces, the export of metadata,
4. the maintenance of access statistics, and to measures to ensure the long-term availability of the
documents. The edoc-server of the Humboldt University fulfils these conditions.
為了將德國境內文件伺服器的服務品標準化，德國網路資訊倡議組織(DINI)已經建立文件與出
版服務的認證(註 26) 。若需要與其他服務互動, 或整合入全國性的網路, 就必須符合此認證界定
的組織和技術條件與特性。這些條件是：整體服務的能見度, 備有準則, 對作者的協助, 對伺服器
與文件提供法律、安全、認證與整合的服務務, 登錄文件的書目資料及依內容分類, 備有技術性
介面, 匯出元資料, 維護近用統計資料, 以及確保長期取得文件的措施。柏林洪堡大學文件伺服器
完全符合這些條件。
註 26: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-10075687 (英文版).
The edoc-server as the platform for publishing the university’s e-journals• •••••
文件伺服器做為大學電子學刊的出版平台
For years and in some cases decades, some scientists and scholars at the Humboldt University have
been editing their own journals or publication series. With the increasing importance of the Internet as
an instrument for disseminating knowledge and in particular over the past two years, we as operators of
the edoc-server have increasingly been receiving requests from academics to assist them in the
conversion of their publications to this medium. In doing so, we concentrate primarily on providing the
technological base, while confining ourselves to providing only useful tips in other areas, e.g.
organisational and legal matters. The organisation of quality control stays with the editors. The
technological basis includes the provision of a database with a WWW-based input facility, so that the
descriptive metadata for the e-journal and each individual article in the e-journal can be registered. In
addition, for every projected publication, a user-view is worked out and implemented jointly with the
editors. Furthermore, templates are made available to authors along with conversion tools to allow
editors to produce their own archive and Internet versions.
幾十年來，柏林洪堡大學的科學家和學者持續編輯自己的期刊或出版叢書。網際網路的重要性
與日俱增後，將它視一種傳播知識的手段，特別是在過去兩年裡，我們做為文件伺服器的營運
者, 不斷收到學界的請求, 把他們的出版品轉換至網際網際。我們以技術為基礎提供協助, 在組織
及法律事宜上，祗能提供有限的服務，品質控制仍是編輯的責任。技術基礎的服務，包括提供
經由全球資訊網輸入的資料庫，可以由此登入電子學刊的描述性元資料及其論文。此外，經由
與編輯的合作，每個出版品都有使用者的介面。而且，提供模板及轉換工具給作者，允許編輯
製作他們自己的檔案和網際網路版的論文。
In order to increase the effectiveness of the publications, the edoc-server additionally offers editors a
series of previously unavailable services, such as automatic registration with the German National
Library, the journal database, and other index instruments as well as a print-on-demand component for
the articles, and integration into international search engines, in particular Google.
為了提高出版的效率，文件伺服器提供一系列以前沒有的服務給編輯，如自動登錄入德國國家
圖書館、期刊資料庫、和其他索引工具以及指數的文書，以及隨選列印論文, 並整合入谷歌之類
的國際性搜尋引擎。
The edoc-server as an institutional repository supporting the ‘green road’ to Open Access••••••••••
文件伺服器做為機構典藏所支援開放近用的'玉律'
5. The edoc-server supports the inclusion of academic articles already published elsewhere by making
available a special input format for these articles, which, based on the concept of the EPrints server at
the University of Southampton, registers all the potentially necessary information and takes into
account the conditions imposed by individual publishers, who sometimes require an indication of the
original place of publication or other details. The scientists and scholars deliver their documents in
PDF-format and are given support in researching the legal framework conditions. This begins with
consulting the German interface of the SHERPA/RoMEO database(27), which lists the conditions of
individual publishers regarding Open Access, and goes all the way to addressing enquiries to the
publishers and providing help with the technical preparation of articles.
該文件伺服器可將已經發表的論文納入，以英國南安普敦大學研發的 EPrints 伺服器概念為基
礎，提供特別的輸入格式，登錄所有可能的必要資料，並考慮各出版社的特別需求, 有時需要指
明原文的出處及其他細節。科學家和學者提供 PDF 格式的文件後，文件伺服器提供法律方面的
服務。首先諮詢夏爾巴/羅密歐資料庫的德國界面(27)，其中列出各出版社對開放近用的條款，
並向出版社查詢可能的解決方案，提供準備該論文的技術工作。
<圖>
註 27: http://www.dini.de/oap/
Challenges• ••••••••••••
挑戰
Among the great challenges in the preparation and operation of Open Access repositories are the
procurement of scientific and scholarly papers and the need to convince authors of the value of this
approach. According to a study conducted by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) in 2005(28), many academics do not know what Open Access means
and have not yet integrated this form of publishing into their normal publication activities. Many of the
authors also demand that an Open Access publication in an institutional repository be accorded the
same recognition as a publication in learned journals. The latter provide what are known as ‘impact
factors’, which measure an article’s scientific or scholarly importance according to the number of times
an article is cited. This is of great significance for the reputation of young academics, in particular
when negotiating a professional academic position. An overall assessment system of this sort has not
yet established itself for Open Access publications appearing in institutional repositories. We shall
continue to work on this particular problem while establishing further services for authors and editors.
籌備和運作開放近用典藏所的最大挑戰是, 取得科學和學術論文，並說服作者開放近用的價值。
根據 2005 年德國研究基金會(DFG)的研究(註 28)，學界並不知道開放近用的意義，還未考慮把
它納入常態的出版活動裡。許多作者還要求開放近用出版於機構典藏所時，應有等同於在學刊
出版的認可。即所謂的'影響係數'，根據固定時間內, 該論文被引用的次數, 計算出該論文的科學
或學術重要性。在協調專業學職位時，對於年青學者的聲譽有重大的意義。在機構典藏所的開
放近用出版品裡, 尚未建立這類的全面評估系統。對作者及編輯提供進一步服務的同時, 我們將
繼續深究此具體問題。
