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Copyright 2016 W.W. Norton and Co.
Table of contents
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book to read offline on your current device, then click “Apply.”
To learn more about offline

3. reading, visit the Help Notes.Front MatterCoverHalf Titlei
Titleii
Copyrightiv
Dedicationv
Meet the Authorsvi
Contents in Briefvii
Mission of Psychology in Your Lifeviii
Introducing the Third Editionxvi
Appreciation for Contributors and Reviewersxvii
Contentsxxi
Chapter 1: Introducing the World of PsychologyWhy Is
Psychology Important to You?5
1.1 Psychology Explains Your Mental Activity and Behavior6
1.2 Psychology Teaches You to Think Critically7
1.3 Psychology Improves Your Life11
What Do Psychologists Investigate?12
1.4 Psychology Originated in Philosophical Questions13
1.5 Psychologists Investigate the Conscious Mind and the
Unconscious Mind15
1.6 Psychologists Explore Behavior and Mental Activity18
1.7 Psychologists Today Investigate Many Different Topics20
How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?22
1.8 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method23
1.9 Descriptive Methods Describe What Is Happening28
1.10 Correlational Methods Study Relationships31
1.11 Experimental Methods Test Causation33
1.12 Psychologists Today Follow Strict Ethical Guidelines38
Big Picture39
Putting Psychology to Work: What Can You Do with a Degree
in Psychology?42
Chapter 2: The Role of Biology in Psychology44
How Does Your Nervous System Affect You?46
2.1 Your Nervous System Is the Basis of Your Mental Activity
and Behavior47
2.2 Neurons Communicate with Each Other in Your Nervous
System50

4. 2.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Your Mental Activity and
Behavior55
How Do the Parts of Your Brain Function?58
2.4 Understanding of the Brain Has Developed over Time59
2.5 The Hindbrain and Midbrain House Basic Programs for
Your Survival62
2.6 Forebrain Subcortical Structures Control Your Motivations
and Emotions64
2.7 The Cerebral Cortex of the Forebrain Processes Your
Complex Mental Activity66
How Does Your Brain Communicate with Your Body?71
2.8 Your Somatic Nervous System Detects Sensory Input and
Responds72
2.9 Your Autonomic Nervous System Regulates the Body
Automatically73
2.10 The Endocrine System Affects Your Behavior Through
Hormones74
How Do Nature and Nurture Affect Your Brain?76
2.11 Your Genes Affect Your Mental Activity and Behavior77
2.12 Your Genes Interact with Your Environment to Influence
You78
2.13 Your Environment Changes Your Brain80
Big Picture82
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding
Biological Psychology Help You in Your Job?85
Chapter 3: Consciousness86
What Does It Mean to Be Conscious?88
3.1 Consciousness Is Your Subjective Experience89
3.2 Consciousness Results from Brain Activity91
3.3 Consciousness Involves Attention94
3.4 Unconscious Processing Sometimes Affects Behavior95
How Does Sleep Affect Consciousness?100
3.5 Consciousness Changes During Sleep101
3.6 People Dream While Sleeping103
3.7 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior106
3.8 Sleep Disorders Are Relatively Common Throughout

5. Life108
How Do Hypnosis, Meditation, and Flow Alter
Consciousness?110
3.9 Attention to Suggestions May Alter Consciousness in
Hypnosis111
3.10 Meditation Alters Consciousness and Brain Functioning113
3.11 People Can Lose Themselves in Enjoyable Activities114
How Do Drugs Alter Consciousness?116
3.12 Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain117
3.13 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects123
Big Picture124
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding
Consciousness Help You in Your Job?127
Chapter 4: Development Across the Life Span128
How Does Development Happen in the Womb?130
4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains131
4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical
Growth133
4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three
Domains135
How Do Infants and Children Develop?137
4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically138
4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally141
4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively144
4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way150
How Do Adolescents Develop?151
4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically152
4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally1 53
4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively156
How Do Adults Develop?158
4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood159
4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds160
4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline164
Big Picture166
Putting Psychology to Work: How Does Knowledge of Human
Development Help in Educational Settings?169

6. Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception170
How Do Sensation and Perception Affect You?172
5.1 Your Senses Detect Physical Stimuli, and Your Brain
Processes Perception173
5.2 There Must Be a Certain Amount of a Stimulus for You to
Detect It176
How Do You See?177
5.3 Sensory Receptors in Your Eyes Detect Light178
5.4 You Perceive Color Based on Physical Aspects of Light181
5.5 You Perceive Objects by Organizing Visual Information184
5.6 When You Perceive Depth, You Can Locate Objects in
Space186
5.7 Cues in Your Brain and in the World Let You Perceive
Motion188
5.8 You Understand That Objects Remain Constant Even When
Cues Change189
How Do You Hear?190
5.9 Receptors in Your Ears Detect Sound Waves191
5.10 You Perceive Sound Based on Physical Aspects of Sound
Waves193
How Are You Able to Taste and Smell?197
5.11 Receptors in Your Taste Buds Detect Chemical
Molecules198
5.12 Your Olfactory Receptors Detect Odorants201
How Do You Feel Touch and Pain?203
5.13 Receptors in Your Skin Detect Temperature and
Pressure204
5.14 You Detect Pain in Your Skin and Throughout Your
Body205
Big Picture208
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Sensation
and Perception Help You in Your Career?211
Chapter 6: Learning212
How Do You Learn?214
6.1 You Learn from Experience215
6.2 You Learn in Three Ways216

7. 6.3 Your Brain Changes During Learning217
How Do You Learn Through Classical Conditioning?218
6.4 Through Classical Conditioning, You Learn That Stimuli
Are Related219
6.5 Learning Varies in Classical Conditioning222
6.6 You Can Learn Fear Responses Through Classical
Conditioning225
6.7 Adaptation and Cognition Influence Classical
Conditioning226
How Do You Learn Through Operant Conditioning?228
6.8 Through Operant Conditioning, You Learn the
Consequences of Your Actions229
6.9 Learning Varies in Operant Conditioning230
6.10 Both Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Operant
Conditioning232
6.11 Operant Conditioning Affects Your Life236
6.12 Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning238
How Do You Learn by Watching Others?241
6.13 There Are Three Ways You Learn by Watching Others242
6.14 Biology Influences Observational Learning245
Big Picture246
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding the
Principles of Learning Help You Work with Animals?249
Chapter 7: Memory250
How Do You Create Memories?252
7.1 You Create Memories by Processing Information253
7.2 Your Memories Are Unique255
How Do You Maintain Memories over Time?257
7.3 You Maintain Information in Three Memory Stores258
7.4 Sensory Storage Lets You Maintain Information Very
Briefly260
7.5 Working Memory Lets You Actively Maintain Information
in Short-Term Storage262
7.6 Long-Term Storage Lets You Maintain Memories Relatively
Permanently264
7.7 Your Long-Term Storage Is Organized Based on

8. Meaning266
What Are Your Different Long-Term Storage Systems?268
7.8 Amnesia Reveals Different Long-Term Stores269
7.9 Your Explicit Memories Involve Conscious Effort270
7.10 Your Implicit Memories Function Without Conscious
Effort272
7.11 Prospective Memory Lets You Remember to Do
Something274
7.12 Memory Is Processed by Several Regions of Your Brain275
How Do You Retrieve Memories?278
7.13 Retrieval Cues Help You Access Your Memories279
7.14 You Forget Some of Your Memories281
7.15 Your Unwanted Memories May Persist283
7.16 Your Memories Can Be Distorted284
Big Picture288
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Memory
Help You Succeed at Your Job?291
Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence29 2
What Is Thinking?294
8.1 Thinking Is the Mental Manipulation of Representations295
8.2 Schemas Are the Basis of Thinking297
8.3 Schemas Are the Basis of Stereotypes300
How Do You Use Thinking?301
8.4 You Use Thinking in Three Ways302
8.5 How You Think Biases Decision Making304
8.6 You Solve Problems to Achieve Goals308
8.7 You Overcome Obstacles to Solve Problems311
What Is Intelligence?312
8.8 One General Factor May Underlie Intelligence313
8.9 There May Be Multiple Aspects of Intelligence315
8.10 Intelligence Is a Result of Genes and Environment318
How Is Intelligence Measured?319
8.11 Intelligence Is Assessed with Psychometric Tests320
8.12 Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance326
8.13 Many Factors Determine Group Differences in
Intelligence327

9. Big Picture330
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Thinking
Help You Succeed in Your Career?333
Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion334
What Motivates Your Behavior?336
9.1 Many Factors Influence Motivation337
9.2 Some Behaviors Are Motivated for Their Own Sake343
What Are Your Most Important Motivated Behaviors?344
9.3 Motivation to Eat Is Affected by Biology345
9.4 Motivation to Eat Is Also Influenced by Learning348
9.5 People Have a Need to Belong349
9.6 People Have a Need to Achieve Long-Term Goals351
How Do You Experience Emotions?353
9.7 Emotions Are Personal but Labeled and Described
Consistently354
9.8 Three Major Theories Explain Your Emotions356
9.9 Your Body and Brain Influence Your Emotions360
9.10 Most People Try to Regulate Their Emotional States364
How Do Emotions Affect You?366
9.11 You Use Facial Expressions to Interpret Emotions367
9.12 Your Display of Emotion Varies369
9.13 Emotions Influence Your Thoughts370
9.14 Emotions Strengthen Your Interpersonal Relations371
Big Picture372
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding
Motivation and Emotion Help You Work with Customers?375
Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality376
How Does Biology Make People More Male or Female?378
10.1 Genetics and Hormones Influence Biological Sex379
10.2 Biological Sex Is Not Always Clear384
Why Do People Act Masculine or Feminine?386
10.3 People Have Mental Categories of What Is Masculine and
What Is Feminine387
10.4 Gender Roles Affect How People Act389
10.5 Gender Identity Also Affects How People Act391
10.6 People Vary in Gender Identity393

10. How Do People Vary in Sexual Orientation?396
10.7 Variations in Sexual Orientation Are Normal397
10.8 Biology Influences the Development of Sexual
Orientation400
What Motivates People to Have Sexual Relations (or Not
To)?404
10.9 Biology Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity405
10.10 Environmental Context Influences the Motivation for
Sexual Activity410
10.11 Individual Differences Influence the Motivation for
Sexual Activity412
Big Picture415
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Lead to a
Career Supporting People with Variations in Sex, Gender, and
Sexuality?419
Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being420
What Affects Your Health?422
11.1 Biology, Psychology, and Social Factors Influence Your
Health423
11.2 Obesity and Disordered Eating Have Many Health
Consequences425
11.3 Exercise Benefits You Physically, Cognitively, and
Emotionally432
11.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Can Be Prevented by
Practicing Safer Sex433
11.5 Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health437
How Does Stress Affect Your Health?439
11.6 Stress Has a Negative Impact on Your Health440
11.7 You Can Have Several Responses to Stress443
How Do Mediating Factors Affect Your Stress?446
11.8 Personality Influences the Impact of Stress on Heart
Disease447
11.9 Coping Mediates the Impact of Stress448
Can a Positive Attitude Keep You Healthy?451
11.10 Positive Psychology Emphasizes Well-Being452
11.11 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health455

11. 11.12 Several Strategies Can Help You Stay Healthy456
Big Picture458
Putting Psychology to Work: Can Psychology Help You Be
Successful in a Career in Fitness?461
Chapter 12: Social Psychology462
How Do You Think About Other People?464
12.1 You Tend to Make Snap Judgments About Other People465
12.2 You Make Attributions About Other People466
12.3 You Tend to Stereotype Other People468
12.4 Stereotypes Can Have Negative Effects469
How Do Your Attitudes Affect You?472
12.5 You Form Attitudes Through Experience and
Socialization473
12.6 Discrepancies Between Attitudes and Behavior Lead to
Dissonance476
12.7 Your Attitudes Can Be Changed Through Persuasion477
How Do Other People Influence You?478
12.8 Groups Affect Your Behavior479
12.9 You Conform to and Comply with Others482
12.10 You Probably Obey People Who Have Authority485
12.11 You May Hurt or Help Other People487
How Can You Develop Strong Relationships?491
12.12 Situations and Personalities Affect Your Relationships492
12.13 Love Is a Key Part of Romantic Relationships495
Big Picture497
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Help You
Succeed in a Career in Advertising and Marketing?501
Chapter 13: Self and Personality502
How Do You Know Yourself?504
13.1 Your Sense of Self Is Who You Believe You Are505
13.2 Self-Esteem Is How You Feel About Your Sense of Self507
13.3 You Try to Create a Positive Sense of Self511
13.4 Your Sense of Self Is Influenced by Cultural Factors513
How Can You Understand Personality?514
13.5 Psychodynamic Theory Emphasizes Unconscious
Conflicts515

12. 13.6 Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Goodness in People519
13.7 Social Cognitive Approaches Focus on How Thoughts
Shape Personality520
13.8 Trait Approaches Describe Characteristics523
How Does Biology Affect Personality?526
13.9 Personality Has a Biological Basis526
13.10 Personality Is Influenced by Genes527
13.11 Temperament Is Innate529
13.12 Personality Stability Is Influenced by Biology and
Situation531
How Can Personality Be Assessed?533
13.13 Several Methods Are Used to Assess Personality534
13.14 Behavior Is Influenced by Personality and Situation537
13.15 Assessment Can Reveal Cultural and Gender Differences
in Personality538
Big Picture540
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding People’s
Personalities Become a Career?543
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders544
What Is a Psychological Disorder?546
14.1 Disorders Interfere with Our Lives547
14.2 There Are Two General Ways to View the Causes of
Disorders550
14.3 Disordered Thoughts, Emotions, and/or Behaviors Can Be
Assessed and Categorized553
How Do People Experience Disorders of Emotion?555
14.4 Anxiety Disorders Make People Fearful and Tense556
14.5 Some Disorders Have Unwanted and Intrusive Thoughts
that Increase Anxiety559
14.6 Depressive Disorders Consist of Sad, Empty, or Irritable
Mood562
14.7 Many Factors Influence the Development of Depressive
Disorders564
14.8 Bipolar Disorders Involve Mania567
How Do People Experience Disorders of Thought?569
14.9 Schizophrenia Involves a Disconnection from Reality570

13. 14.10 Schizophrenia Is Caused by Biological and Environmental
Factors572
How Do People Experience Disorders of Self?574
14.11 Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating
to the World575
14.12 Dissociative Disorders Involve Disruptions in the Sense
of Self579
What Disorders Affect Children?581
14.13 Children May Experience Neurodevelopmental
Disorders581
14.14 Autism Spectrum Disorder Involves Social Deficits and
Restricted Interests582
14.15 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive
Impulse Control Disorder585
Big Picture587
Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding
Psychological Disorders Become a Career?591
Chapter 15: Psychological Treatments592
How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?595
15.1 Some Types of Psychotherapy Focus on Providing
Insight596
15.2 Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments Aim to Change
Behavior, Emotion, and/or Thought Directly598
15.3 The Context of Therapy Matters600
15.4 Biological Therapies Are Effective for Certain
Disorders602
15.5 Scientific Evidence Indicates Which Treatments Are Safe
and Effective604
15.6 Various Providers Assist in Treatment for Psychological
Disorders606
What Are the Most Effective Treatments?608
15.7 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Are Best
Treated with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy609
15.8 Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depressive
Disorders614
15.9 Psychotropic Medications Are Most Effective for Bipolar

14. Disorders618
15.10 Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Are the Best
Treatment for Schizophrenia619
Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?620
15.11 Dialectical Behavior Therapy Is the Best Treatment for
Borderline Personality Disorder621
15.12 Antisocial Personality Disorder Is Extremely Difficult to
Treat623
How Can Disorders Be Treated in Children and
Adolescents?624
15.13 Using Medication to Treat Depressive Disorders in
Adolescents Is Controversial625
15.14 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Benefit from
Structured Behavior Therapy627
15.15 Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various
Approaches629
Big Picture631
Putting Psychology to Work: Do You Want to Become a
Counselor or Clinical Psychologist?635
Appendix A: How Do Psychologists Analyze Research Data?A-
1
A.1 Descriptive Statistics Summarize the DataA-2
A.2 Inferential Statistics Rule Out Chance FindingsA-7
Big PictureA-8
Appendix B: Answers to Red Q Questions and Self-Quiz
QuestionsB-1
GlossaryG-1
ReferencesR-1
Permissions AcknowledgmentsP-1
Name IndexN-1
Subject IndexS-1

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.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-prev { right: 2px; left: auto; }
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-next { left: 2px; right: auto; }
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-prev:hover { right: 1px; left:
auto; }

32. .ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-next:hover { left: 1px; right:
auto; }
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane { clear: right; }
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button { float: left;
}
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-buttonpane button.ui-
datepicker-current, .ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group {
float: right; }
.ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group-last .ui-datepicker-
header, .ui-datepicker-rtl .ui-datepicker-group-middle .ui-
datepicker-header { border-right-width: 0px; border-left-width:
1px; }
.ui-dialog { overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 0px; left:
0px; padding: 0.2em; outline: 0px; }
.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar { padding: 0.4em 1em; position:
relative; }

33. .ui-dialog .ui-dialog-title { float: left; margin: 0.1em 0px;
white-space: nowrap; width: 90%; overflow: hidden; text-
overflow: ellipsis; }
.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-titlebar-close { position: absolute; right:
0.3em; top: 50%; width: 20px; margin: -10px 0px 0px; padding:
1px; height: 20px; }
.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-content { position: relative; border: 0px;
padding: 0.5em 1em; background: 0px 0px; overflow: auto; }
.ui-dialog .ui-dialog-buttonpane { text-align: left; border-width:
1px 0px 0px; background-image: none; margin-top: 0.5em;
padding: 0.3em 1em 0.5em 0.4em; }
.ui-dialog …
Rubic_Print_FormatCourse CodeClass CodeAssignment
TitleTotal PointsPSY-102PSY-102-O501Mini Brain
Project110.0CriteriaPercentageUnsatisfactory (0.00%)Less than
Satisfactory (65.00%)Satisfactory (75.00%)Good
(85.00%)Excellent (100.00%)CommentsPoints
EarnedContent85.0%Conduct scholarly research with solid
academic writing for each question45.0%Project omits or
incompletely describes scholarly research with solid academic

34. writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words.Project
does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project
inadequately describes scholarly research with solid academic
writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words.
Description is vague and missing evidence to support claims.
Project demonstrates a poor understanding of the topic.Project
adequately describes scholarly research with solid academic
writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words, but
description is limited and lacks some evidence to support
claims. Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the
topic.Project clearly describes scholarly research with solid
academic writing for each question of a minimum of 50 words,
and description has sound analysis with some evidence to
support claims. Project demonstrates an understanding that
extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly
describes scholarly research with solid academic writing for
each question of a minimum of 50 words, and description is
comprehensive and insightful with relevant evidence to support
claims. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of
the topic.Creation of activity, including picture of activity with
student.40.0%Project omits or incompletely creates an activity
including a picture of the activity with student present.Project
does not demonstrate understanding of the topic.Project
inadequately creates an activity including a picture of the
activity with the student present. Project demonstrates a poor
understanding of the topic.Project adequately creates an activity
including a picture of the activity with the student present.
Project demonstrates a basic understanding of the topic.Project
clearly creates an activity including a picture of the activity
with the student present. Project demonstrates an understanding
that extends beyond the surface of the topic.Project expertly
creates an activity including a picture of the activity with the
student present. The project is comprehensive, insightful, and
relevant. Project demonstrates an exceptional understanding of
the topic.Organization and Effectiveness5.0%Mechanics of
Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language

35. use)5.0%Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede
communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or
sentence construction is used.Frequent and repetitive
mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in
language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence
structure is correct but not varied.Some mechanical errors or
typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the
reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-
appropriate language are employed.Prose is largely free of
mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer
uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of
speech.Writer is clearly in command of standard, written,
academic English.Format10.0%Paper Format (use of appropriate
style for the major and assignment)1.0%Format is rarely
followed correctly.Some format elements are missing or
mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.Formatting
is correct, although some minor errors may be present.There are
virtually no errors in formatting style.All format elements are
correct.Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes,
references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and
style)9.0%Sources are not documented.Documentation of
sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to
assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.Sources
are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style,
although some formatting errors may be present.Sources are
documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format
is mostly correct.Sources are completely and correctly
documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format
is free of error.Total Weightage100%