Fundamental Biology of Tea

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Fundamental Biology of Tea
Present By: GM. Rabiul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Food Engineering and Tea Technology
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet
Street Physiology
• Water and drought
• Temperature
• Salt

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World tea growing zone
Plant classification based on water
requirment
• Hydrophytes
• Mesophytes
• Xerophytes

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Drought and Tea Production
In Bangladesh tea a growing zone :
• surplus water supply in rainy season
Deficient in winter session ( November –April)
Management
• Modification of Tea Ecosystem
• soil conservation ( Mulching)
Type of water in soil
• Permanent wilting point (PWP) or wilting point (WP) :
the minimal point of soil moisture the plant requires
not to wilt
• Field capacity : is the amount of soil moisture or water
content held in soil after excess water has drained
away and the rate of downward movement has
materially decreased, which usually takes place within
2–3 days after a rain or irrigation in pervious soils of
uniform structure and texture.
• Available water capacity or available water content
(AWC): is the range of available water that can be
stored in soil and be available for growing crops.[

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Sprinkler Irrigation Systems
Factors Affecting Plant Growth
growth
-
time
• G = f (X1, X2, X3 .....Xn)
• G = measure of growth
• Xi = growth factors

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Crop development & Growth
Characteristic of Tea Plant
Factors Affecting Plant Growth
• Genetic Factor: eg verity
• Environmental Factors
- Temperature: photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, soil organisms nitrifying
bacteria
-Moisture supply: -good soil moisture improves nutrient uptake
-limiting factor fertilizer is not used efficiently
-Radiant energy: quality, intensity, Duration - Photoperiodism
-Composition of the atmosphere: O2, CO2---- air quaility
-Soil aeration and soil structure
-Soil reaction: pH
-Biotic factors: diseases weed , allelopathy
-Supply of mineral nutrients: Macro, micro nutrient
-Absence of growth-restricting substances

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Periodicity of flush shoot growth
• Which physiological factor addressing the bud
growth
Growth regulators
• Phytohormones: e.g., Auxin, gibberellins,
cyokinins, ethylene, absicisic acid (ABA)
• Growth in habitator: e.g., Phenols, flavonols,

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Auxin
• Physiological effect of auxins
-cell elongation: - osmotic solute , permeability
of cell wall water, cell wall synthesis,
- Synthesis of specific DNA dependent mRNA
and specific enzymatic protein
-cell wall pressure
- Appical dominance
- Root initiation
Auxin
-prevention of abscission
-parthenocarpy
-Respiration
-Callus formation
-Vascular differentation

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Gibberllins
Gibberellin A1 (GA1)
Gibberellic acid (GA3)
ent-Gibberellane
ent-Kaurene
Gibberllins
• Stimulate stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation.
• Stimulates bolting/flowering in response to long days.
• Breaks seed dormancy in some plants which require stratification or light
to induce germination.
• Stimulates enzyme production (a-amylase) in germinating cereal grains for
mobilization of seed reserves.
• Induces maleness in dioecious flowers (sex expression).
• Can cause parthenocarpic (seedless) fruit development.
• Can delay senescence in leaves and citrus fruits.

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Abscission in plants
• Lack of chlorophyll as a trigger
• Chemical mechanism: reactive oxygen species
or "ROS“ (namely H2O2, but
also superoxide, singlet oxygen and radical
hydroxy)
• Hormone involvement
Tea root distribution

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Auxin transportation
Auxin transportation

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Auxin transportation
Leaf Area Index
• one half the total green leaf area per unit
ground surface area. On sloping surfaces, the
LAI should be projected to the normal to the
slope. LAI is expressed in terms of square
meters of leaf (half surface area) per square
meter of ground

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Interpretation and application of LAI
LAL= measuring the leaf area per sample plot
dividing it by the plot land surface area.
Harvest index
• a measurement of crop yield: the weight of a
harvested product as a percentage of the
total above ground plant weight of a crop.

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Dormancy
Dormancy is a period in an organism's life
cycle when growth, development, and (in
animals) physical activity are temporarily
stopped
-miminimizes metabolic activity and therefore
helps an organism to conserve energy.
-Environment depend
Seed dormancy
• Seed dormancy is a condition of plant seeds that prevents
germination when the seeds are under optimal
environmental conditions for germination.
• Exogenous dormancy
-Physical dormancy
-Mechanical dormancy
-Chemical dormancy
• Endogenous dormancy
-Physiological dormancy
-drying, photo dormancy, Thermodormanc
-Morphological dormancy
Combined dormancy

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vernalization
• Vernalization (from Latin: vernus, of
the spring) is the acquisition of a plant's ability
to flower or germinate in the spring by
exposure to the prolonged cold of winter.
Practical importance of Vernalization
- Shorten the vegetative pwriod
- Increase the cold resistance of the plant
- Make Resistance to diseases
Photoperiodism
• Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of
organisms to the length of day or night.
-Short-day plants: Short-day plants flower when the day
lengths are less than their critical photoperiod. E.g.,
Coffee, Tobacco
-Lonng day plant:
A long-day plant flowers when the day length exceeds
their critical photoperiod. E.h., Potato. Oat, etc
-Day-neutral plants: do not initiate flowering based on
photoperiodism e.g., cucumbers, roses and tomatoes

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Tea winter dormancy
• bud dormancy or winter bud dormancy as the
state whereapical or lateral buds do not flush
or elongate in winter, even when kept under
optimal growth conditions
Tea seed bari
Grading and sorting
Storage of seeds
Packing

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Tea seed germination
Germinating seedling

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Potted seedling
Tea seed oil

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Use of tea seed oil
• cooking oil
• Tea seed oil resembles olive oil
and grape seed oil
• manufacture soap, hair
oil, lubricants, paint and a rustproofing oil as
well as in synthesis of other high molecular
weight compounds