This document provides information about the periodic table and periodic trends. It discusses the organization of the periodic table into rows (periods) and columns (groups/families) and explains how elements in the same group have similar properties based on their electron configuration. Periodic trends are covered, including how atomic radius decreases across a period as effective nuclear charge increases, and how ionization energy and electron affinity vary periodically. Metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are defined based on their characteristic properties.

1. Periodic
Table
Geography

2. The horizontal rows of
the periodic table are
called PERIODS.

3. The elements in any
group of the periodic
table have similar
physical and chemical
properties!
The elements in a group
have the same number of
electrons in their outer
orbital.
The vertical columns of the
periodic table are called GROUPS,
or FAMILIES.

4. Periodic Law
When elements are arranged in order
of increasing atomic number, there is
a periodic pattern in their physical
and chemical properties.
When arranged by increasing atomic
number, the chemical elements display a
regular and repeating pattern of chemical
and physical properties.

5. The Periodic Table

6. Examples of Families
-Alkali Metals
- Alkaline Earth Metals
- Transition Metals
- Halogen Gases
- Noble Gases
Examples of Physical Properties
-Density
- Boiling Point
- Melting Point
- Conductivity
- Heat Capacity
Examples of Chemical Properties
- Valence
- Reactivity
- Radioactivity

7. HaLiNa Korina, Ruby, Ces,
Francisco
They are very reactive.
Why? They all have one
electrons in their outer shell.
That's one electron away from
being happy (full shells).
Alkali metals are not the type of
metals you would use for coins or
houses.
Group I: Alkali Metals

8. Group 1- Alkali Metals
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
Francium

9. Group 1- Alkali Metals
• 1 valence electron (ns1)
• Form a 1+ ion.
• Note: Hydrogen, a nonmetal, is
located in the first column because
it has one valence electron.

10. ALKALI METALS
•very reactive
metals that do not
occur freely in
nature
•malleable, ductile,
good conductors
of heat and
electricity.
•can explode if
they are exposed
to water

11. This is
the second most reactive
family of elements in
the periodic table.
Each of them has two electrons
in their outer shell. They are
ready to give up those two
electrons in electrovalent/ionic
bonds.
Group II : Alkaline
Earth Metals

12. Group 2- Alkali Earth Metals
Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium
Radium

13. Group 2- Alkali
Earth Metals
• Have 2 valence electrons.
• Form 2+ ions.

14. ALKALINE EARTH METALS
•metals
•very reactive
•not found
free in nature
From www.science-class.net

15. Transition
metals are able
to put more
than eight
electrons in the
shell that is one
in from the
outermost
shell.
Transition Metals

16. •ductile and
malleable, and
conduct
electricity and
heat
•iron, cobalt,
and nickel, are
the only
elements
known to
produce a
magnetic field.

17. These elements are also called
the rare-earth elements.
Inner Transition
Metals

18. RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
•many are man-made
From www.science-class.net

19. HALOGENS
•"halogen" means "salt-former"
and compounds containing
halogens are called "salts"
•exist in all three states of matter

20. (Group XVII).
Halogens
What Makes Them
Similar?
They have
seven electrons in their outer
shell.
Because they are so close to
being happy, they have the
trait of combining with
many different elements.

21. This group is composed
of stable gases otherwise
known as the nonreactive or inert
elements.
They have 8 electrons in
the sub shell.
Noble Gases

22. The s and p block elements
are called
REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS.

24. The periodic table is the most important
tool in the chemist’s toolbox!

25. Other Types of
Grouping
• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids or Semimetals.

26. Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids

27. Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
• There is a zig-zag or
staircase line that
divides the table.
• Metals are on the left
of the line, in blue.
• Nonmetals are on the
right of the line, in
orange.

28. Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids
• Elements that border the
stair case, shown in
purple are the metalloids
or semi-metals.
• There is one important
exception.
• Aluminum is more
metallic than not.

29. Metals, Nonmetals,
Metalloids
• How can you identify a metal?
• What are its properties?
• What about the less common
nonmetals?
• What are their properties?
• And what the heck is a metalloid?

30. OTHER METALS
•are ductile and
malleable
•are solid, have a
high density

31. Metals
• Metals are lustrous
(shiny), malleable,
ductile, and are good
conductors of heat
and electricity.
• They are mostly
solids at room temp.
• What is one
exception?

32. NON-METALS
•not able to conduct
electricity or heat very well
•very brittle
•Do not reflect light.
From www.science-class.net

33. Nonmetals
• Nonmetals are the
opposite.
• They are dull,
brittle,
nonconductors
(insulators).
• Some are solid, but
many are gases,
and Bromine is a
liquid.

34. METALLOIDS
•have properties of
both metals and nonmetals
•some of the metalloids
are semi-conductors.
This means that they
can carry an electrical
charge under special
conditions. This
property makes
metalloids useful in
computers and
calculators

35. Metalloids
• Metalloids, aka semimetals are just that.
• They have characteristics
of both metals and
nonmetals.
• They are shiny but brittle.
• And they are
semiconductors.

36. Periodic Trends
• There are several important atomic
characteristics that show predictable trends
that you should know.
• The first and most important is atomic
radius.
• Radius is the distance from the center of the
nucleus to the “edge” of the electron cloud.

37. Atomic Radius
• Since a cloud’s edge is difficult to define,
scientists use define covalent radius, or half
the distance between the nuclei of 2 bonded
atoms.
• Atomic radii are usually measured in
picometers (pm) or angstroms (Å). An
angstrom is 1 x 10-10 m.

38. Covalent Radius
• Two Br atoms bonded together are 2.86
angstroms apart. So, the radius of each
atom is 1.43 Å.
2.86 Å
1.43 Å
1.43 Å

39. Atomic Radius
• The trend for atomic radius in a vertical
column is to go from smaller at the top to
larger at the bottom of the family.
• Why?
• With each step down the family, we add an
entirely new PEL to the electron cloud,
making the atoms larger with each step.

40. Atomic Radius
• The trend across a horizontal period is less
obvious.
• What happens to atomic structure as we
step from left to right?
• Each step adds a proton and an electron
(and 1 or 2 neutrons).
• Electrons are added to existing PELs or
sublevels.

41. Atomic Radius
• The effect is that the more positive nucleus
has a greater pull on the electron cloud.
• The nucleus is more positive and the
electron cloud is more negative.
• The increased attraction pulls the cloud
in, making atoms smaller as we move from
left to right across a period.

42. Effective Nuclear Charge
• What keeps electrons from simply flying off
into space?
• Effective nuclear charge is the pull that an
electron “feels” from the nucleus.
• The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the
more pull it feels.
• As effective nuclear charge increases, the
electron cloud is pulled in tighter.

43. Atomic Radius
• The overall trend in atomic radius looks like
this.

44. Atomic Radius
• Here is an animation to explain the trend.
• On your help sheet, draw arrows like this:

45. Shielding
• As more PELs are added to atoms, the inner
layers of electrons shield the outer electrons
from the nucleus.
• The effective nuclear charge (enc) on those
outer electrons is less, and so the outer
electrons are less tightly held.

46. Ionization Energy
• This is the second important periodic trend.
• If an electron is given enough energy (in the
form of a photon) to overcome the effective
nuclear charge holding the electron in the
cloud, it can leave the atom completely.
• The atom has been “ionized” or charged.
• The number of protons and electrons is no
longer equal.

47. Ionization Energy
• The energy required to remove an electron
from an atom is ionization energy. (measured
in kilojoules, kJ)
• The larger the atom is, the easier its electrons
are to remove.
• Ionization energy and atomic radius are
inversely proportional.
• Ionization energy is always endothermic, that
is energy is added to the atom to remove the
electron.

48. Ionization Energy

49. Ionization Energy (Potential)
• Draw arrows on your help sheet like this:

50. Electron Affinity
• What does the word ‘affinity’ mean?
• Electron affinity is the energy change that
occurs when an atom gains an electron
(also measured in kJ).
• Where ionization energy is always
endothermic, electron affinity is usually
exothermic, but not always.

51. Electron Affinity
• Electron affinity is exothermic if there is an
empty or partially empty orbital for an
electron to occupy.
• If there are no empty spaces, a new orbital
or PEL must be created, making the process
endothermic.
• This is true for the alkaline earth metals and
the noble gases.

52. Electron Affinity
• Your help sheet should look like this:
+
+

53. Metallic Character
• This is simple a relative measure of how
easily atoms lose or give up electrons.
• Your help sheet should look like this:

54. Electronegativity
• Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s
attraction for another atom’s electrons.
• It is an arbitrary scale that ranges from 0 to 4.
• The units of electronegativity are Paulings.
• Generally, metals are electron givers and have
low electronegativities.
• Nonmetals are are electron takers and have
high electronegativities.
• What about the noble gases?

55. Electronegativity
• Your help sheet should look like this:
0

56. Overall Reactivity
• This ties all the previous trends together in
one package.
• However, we must treat metals and
nonmetals separately.
• The most reactive metals are the largest
since they are the best electron givers.
• The most reactive nonmetals are the
smallest ones, the best electron takers.

57. Overall Reactivity
• Your help sheet will look like this:
0

58. The Octet Rule
• The “goal” of most atoms (except H, Li and
Be) is to have an octet or group of 8
electrons in their valence energy level.
• They may accomplish this by either giving
electrons away or taking them.
• Metals generally give electrons, nonmetals
take them from other atoms.
• Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are
called ions.

59. Ions
• When an atom gains an electron, it becomes
negatively charged (more electrons than
protons ) and is called an anion.
• In the same way that nonmetal atoms can
gain electrons, metal atoms can lose
electrons.
• They become positively charged cations.

60. Ions
• Here is a simple way to remember which is
the cation and which the anion:
+
+
This is Ann Ion.
This is a cat-ion.
She’s unhappy and
negative.
He’s a “plussy” cat!

61. Ionic Radius
• Cations are always smaller than the original
atom.
• The entire outer PEL is removed during
ionization.
• Conversely, anions are always larger than
the original atom.
• Electrons are added to the outer PEL.

62. Cation Formation
Effective nuclear
charge on remaining
electrons increases.
Na atom
1 valence electron
11p+
Valence elost in ion
formation
Result: a smaller
sodium cation, Na+
Remaining e- are
pulled in closer to
the nucleus. Ionic
size decreases.

63. Anion Formation
Chlorine
atom with 7
valence e17p+
One e- is added
to the outer
shell.
Effective nuclear charge is
reduced and the e- cloud
expands.
A chloride ion is
produced. It is
larger than the
original atom.