Machiavelli The Prince Analysis

Machiavelli The Prince Analysis
The Prince Questions:
1. Describe the political situation that prompted Machiavelli to write The Prince.
The political situation that prompted Machiavelli to write The Prince was that Italy wasn't a unified
country yet. It was a bunch of city states.
2. Identify and discuss three major themes in The Prince.
One of the three major themes of the Prince would be Hatred. For a prince to remain in power he
would have to avoid the hatred of all the people. It wasn't necessary for a prince to be loved by his
people but it's even better that he is feared by his people, but in fact if a prince is feared by his
people it could be the cause of his downfall.
A second one of the three would be virtue, Machiavelli sees virtue as great qualities that are thought
highly of others. He always thinks that the prince should always appear to be virtuous. Every action
that the prince does it affects on the the state. The last of the three major themes is cruelty.
Machiavelli says that its better for a leader to be feared than to be loved. Love can be a lie but fear
cannot.
3. What were the five "errors" committed by Louis XII of France described by Machiavelli in
Chapters 3 and 4? How did the ancient Romans and Alexander the Great avoid some of these
mistakes? The five errors that Louis XII made were that he destroyed the minor powers, he also
increases the strength of the greatest power in italy, he brought foreign power in, he didn't settle in
the country and lastly he did not send
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Baroque Era Research Paper
Rhianna DiGiaimo
Baroque
Tuesday 8:30
Materials and Props
"What is the Baroque period and why is it so important?" is something one might ask when unsure
of art periods and how influential they are to us today. The Baroque period was a time in the
sixteenth century when style was exaggerated, gardens started to become more elaborate, power was
on the rise, and straight lines in architecture were all the rage. However, one might not know that the
Baroque period in Italy, born in
Italy, that it entered France through various artists. French artists of the time were inspired not only
by paintings in Rome (the main center of innovative ideas), but also by works from the Venetian
Renaissance.
During the late sixteenth century in France, they endured ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Bibliography
"Architecture in France in the Seventeenth Century." Arts and Humanities Through the
Eras , edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and
Enlightenment 1600–1800, Gale, 2005, pp. 17–29. Gale Virtual Reference Library ,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427400798/GVRL?u=fashionidm&sid=GV
RL&xid=060e27d3. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
"French Baroque." Art That Changed the World , DK Publishing, 2013, pp.
[190]–199. Gale Virtual Reference Library ,
RL&xid=11634ed8. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018 .
Miller, Judith. "Style Guide: Baroque and Rococo." Antiques Investigator , DK
Publishing, 2009, pp. 12–13. Gale Virtual Reference Library ,
RL&xid=ed035a8d. Accessed 23 Apr. 2018.
Tortora, Phyllis. "Europe and America: History of Dress (400–1900 C.E.)."
Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion , edited by Valerie Steele, vol. 1, Charles
Scribner's Sons, 2005, pp. 418–428. Gale Virtual Reference Library ,
RL&xid=30e09a44. Accessed 23 Apr.

Socrates Summary Of The Prince
The Prince by Socrates
Over the course of the history of the earth, a multiplicity of political systems have been exhumed
and explored. This is due to the ideologies of varying political thinkers, and how their lifetimes have
shaped the way they view a successful government. Two famous politicians with similar
upbringings include Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli, and their visions for a strong government are
outlined in Plato's The Last Days of Socrates , along with Machiavelli's The
Prince . However, even with the eras of political instability they endured, Socrates would
undoubtedly reject Machiavelli's concept of a prince, and how that prince should lead his regime. To
begin, Socrates is an advocate for questioning and voicing critique upon a government because he
believes this is how (political) insight is sought. In fact, he spends the entirety of
"The Apology" section in The Last Days of Socrates voicing his unpopular opinion to the current
30–man council in place, and also trying to get the council to contradict themselves. He does this
because he wants people to be open to different interpretations, and for people to look at their
government and to form their own questions. For example, contrary to the accusations made upon
him, he corrects these unwarranted assumptions by showing he does believe in divine forces.
However his beliefs are in "supernatural" beings, or, as taken directly from the text,
"...Children of the gods by nymphs, or other mothers..." ( Apology

The Economic Origins of the French Revolution
The inflated opinion the French monarchy had about themselves and other nobles lent itself to how
they contributed to and handled the economic downturn in France for centuries prior to the French
Revolution. Forming the foundation of many of France's financial issues, the monarchial system
granted royals and the nobles who surrounded them the ability to feel as if they are intended to be
superior to the rest of France, a mentality that would last until the French Revolution began. With
this monarchial system, each king of France from 1610 to 1789 would contribute in both positive
and negative ways, depending greatly on the Chief Ministers they appointed. [ADD] Marking a
significant beginning stage of the economic downturn was the Seven ... Show more content on
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One of Richelieu's main areas of focus was with the country's military forces and wars, as he wanted
to expand and modernize the French Navy, while he is also credited with beginning the legacy of
French Kings being involved in unnecessary wars. Despite having been mentored by Richelieu,
Cardinal Jules Mazarin as Chief Minister for both Louis XIII, following the death of Richelieu, and
Louis XIV was not interested in economic or cultural development. Due to his lack of interest in
such developments, Mazarin encouraged the appointment of Nicolas Fouquet as Superintendent of
Finances, however, King Louis XIV eventually imprisoned Fouquet after eight years in the position.
His imprisonment is relatively ironic, as it was a punishment for Fouquet's overt extravagance,
which would be an issue that plagued Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI until the French
Revolution. Four years following Mazarin's death and Fouquet's imprisonment in 1661, Jean–
Baptiste Colbert assumed the position of Minister of Finances under Louis XIV. Colbert's eighteen
years in office were productive, as he would encourage the development of colonies belonging to
France, such as Quebec and Louisiana, realizing the potential of using them to create an
economically self–sufficient unit within France. Colbert would also promote industry with the use
of tariffs, subsidies and other

The Hapsburg Valois Wars Of 1494 To 1559
The Hapsburg Valois Wars of 1494 to 1559 are often confused with the Italian Wars. However the
Italian War were a completely different set of wars. The Hapsburg Valois Wars were very much
intertwined with these wars. The latter arose from the instability of the Italian peninsula, which was
divided among a number of vulnerable powers, and also from a new willingness of outside rulers to
intervene. Initially, the most influential was Charles VIII of France (1483–1498), he invaded Italy in
1494, and manage to take over Naples that following March. Charles's success was particularly
achieved due to his advanced equipment. The cannons used iron shot, which allowed smaller
projectiles to achieve the same destructive impact as a larger stone shot. This made for smaller,
lighter, and ultimately more maneuverable cannons. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately, Maximilian's grandson, Emperor Charles V (ruled 1519–1558; ruled Spain 1516–1556
as Charles II), was to succeed to the Habsburg, Burgundian, Aragonese, and Castilian inheritances,
creating a formal rival to the Valois dynasty of France and ensuring that the wars are known as the
Habsburg–Valois

Explain Why Cardinal Richelieu Was The Regent Of Louis Xiii
Cardinal Richelieu was the regent for Louis XII. A regent is someone who acts for the king until
they are ready to rule. Although, he was a Catholic priest, Richelieu's first loyalty was towards the
crown of France. As the regent of Louis, he had many goals to secularize the country. His goals
were to rid the king of domestic enemies and make France the dominant player in European power
politics.
Cardinal Richelieu's first goal was to secure the king from his domestic enemies which were the
Huguenots and the Nobility. He achieved his goal by decreasing their power. To start off, he took
actions towards the Huguenots. Richelieu's belief was that Protestantism often served as an excuse
for political conspiracies against the Catholic king. This

The Great Papal Schism In The Roman Catholic Church
The Great Papal Schism The Great Papal Schism is also known as the Western Schism that lasted
from 1378 – 1417, during which the papacy (the position itself) was in great divide between three
popes in the Roman Catholic Church. This political upheaval within the Roman Catholic Church
caused distrust of the western civilization towards the church. It began after the Avignon Papacy or
the more commonly referred to, "Babylonian captivity of the papacy" which was when the papal
court was moved to France and French cardinals who later became popes from 1309–1378 resided
in Avignon, France (a total of seven French popes by the papal names Clement V all the way to
Gregory XI, who moved the court back to Rome) while being heavily influenced by the French
kings; this also resulted to the decline of the papal power and authority (Miller, Study.com).
The Babylonian captivity ended after the death of Gregory XI in 1378, with the deposition of the
papal court from France back to Rome to end the upheaval within the holy city. The movement of
the church from Rome to France caused so much disturbance in Rome that when Gregory moved
the papal court back to Rome, the people were demanding that an Italian pope be elected after
Gregory's death. This led to the election of Urban VI, whose non–papal name was Bartolommeo
Prignano, and was chosen by the cardinals. However, the city was in major turmoil from the so–
called Babylonian captivity that the Vatican palace (or papal palace) was stormed

How Did Leonardo Da Vinci Contribute To The Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a period in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It is considered a bridge
from the Middle Ages to modern history. It started in Italy, and spread to the rest of Europe. The
Renaissance represents a cultural rebirth that lead to the discovery and exploration of new
continents, the growth of commerce, and various inventions and interest such as paper, printing, art,
literature, etc.
A painter, a sculptor, an architect and an engineer, Leonardo Da Vinci's various skills have earned
him the title of ' the renaissance master'. His fascination with science and his study of human
anatomy helped him in mastering the realistic art form. Some of Da Vinci's works are the most
influential works ever created. Many of his works

Timeline List : Karl 's Day Massacre
Timeline List: Karl – France John Calvin Louis XV Louis XIV Louis XIII Henry IV Henry III
Henry VIII Charles IX Edict of Nantes St. Bartholomew 's Day Massacre Research: John Calvin:
http://www.biography.com/people/john–calvin–9235788 Was a Theologian, and Journalist Born
July 10, 1509 and died May 27, 1564 Born in Noyon, Picardy, France and died in Geneva,
Switzerland studied at University of Paris, University of Orléans, University of Bourges He lived in
Geneva until anti–protestant authorities forced him to leave in 1508 He was invited back into
Geneva as a spiritual and political leader in 1541 He established a religious government by using
protestant principles He became absolute supremacy as leader of Geneva He executed and exiled
many people for following the faith of christianity and not protestantism He is knows as an
important protestant reformation ("John Calvin Biography." Biography) PEE: Biography.com
Editors. "John Calvin Biography." The Biography.com Website. A&E Television Networks, n.d.
Web. 22 Feb. 2016. . Louis XV: http://www.biography.com/people/louis–xv–9386921#synopsis
King through 1715–1774 His failures slowly brought up the creation of the French Revolution
became king at age 5 In the 7 years war, the French fought with Austria against Britain and Prussia.
The French lost Louis decided to rule but not with a first minister The war of Austrian Succession
was a loss for France with loss of materials and people He signed the Treaty of

Peter The Great Dbq Essay
Ayanna Pinder
Mr. Accumanno
Global 2 – period 8
October 18, 2017 DBQ Essay Throughout history autocratic leaders have exercised authority over
their countries and the lives of their people. The actions taken out by autocratic leaders have both
helped and hurt their countries and the lives their people. Two examples of such leaders are Czar
Peter the Great and King Louis XIV. Ten years after the period of disorder in Russia at ten years old
czar Peter the Great took the throne. Seven years later he took over the government . To prove he
was an autocratic leader during his reign Peter the Great established the Table of Ranks which
imposed state service on all nobility for their entire life, but it required all nobility to start at the
lowest rank of the military , naval , or civil service and work their way up
(document 5) . To prove he was an autocrat Peter also declared war on Sweden to open a road from
Russia to the west by taking over the coastal region . He raised new armies after being defeated by
Charles XII of Sweden and worked to create a good military and to construct ships to gain ... Show
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Peter westernized Russia and embarked on the ideas , technology and culture from the west. He
forced the landowning nobles to shave their traditional beards and wear western style clothes. Peter
also passed laws ensuring that nobles retained control over their lands and the serfs that were tied to
it. Peter expanded Russian territory on the Baltic Sea ( document 4) . Peter created a strong army out
of nothing that was feared by all. When he died he left behind a fleet of 48 ships and a army with
over 200,000 men. Even though Peter helped his country expand its territory his lack of initiative
and enterprise remained one of Russia's greatest social weaknesses (document

Louis XIV And Absolutism In Europe
Absolutism in Europe, during the 17th to 18th century, was very different from France, in the west,
to the east, where countries like Russia are. The east and the west's rulers' ambitions, how their
people were treated and their rights, and the economic standings of those countries were similar and
different, shaping the country and its actions years later. In France, Louis XIII, with Cardinal
Richelieu, diminished the power of the nobles greatly, killing thousands of them to keep the nobles'
power in check. When the 30 yrs. war occurred, the nobles gained power by creating armies of their
peasants. Louis XII and Richelieu staunched their flow of power, and set the stage for Louis XIV.
Louis XIV was extremely driven to obtain complete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ivan the III gained independence for Russia, and Ivan the IV (Ivan the terrible) instituted a stronger
military, a draft, and diminished the power of the nobles (boyars). Later, Peter the Great became the
'tsar of Russia. Peter came into a time when Russia was nearly 100 years behind Western Europe. As
such, his main goal was to "modernize" Russia, as well as increase military power. Peter created a
military ranking system in which increasing a rank took hard work, not money, allowing non–nobles
to increase their social standing. Peter spent roughly 75% of the national budget on his military.
And, in the Great Northern War, which lasted from 1700–1721, he lost the first battle. He then
created academies in which his people could become experts in a certain field, which allowed for
him to have many specialized leaders leading his army and navy. One of Peter's crowning
achievements was the creation of St. Petersburg. He built it in nearly 25 years, and was the most
modern city in Eastern Europe. Peter the Great's aim was to "modernize" Russia, which he did. A
key aspect of absolutism is that the monarch is the "boss" and no one is equal to him. Both Louis
XIV and Peter the Great did this, but Peter the Great was not as successful in this tactic as Louis
XIV was. Peter exchanged peace between Russian provinces for power over his peasants. The lords
now had control over their

Research Paper On The Chanson
Burgundy, the mostly French–speaking area unified with the Kingdom of France in 1477, was the
musical center of Europe in the early and middle 15th century. Many of the most famous musicians
in Europe either came from Burgundy, or went to study with composers there; in addition there was
considerable interchange between the Burgundian court musical establishment and French courts
and ecclesiastical organizations in the late 15th century. The Burgundian style gave birth to the
Franco–Flemish style of polyphony which dominated European music in the late 15th and early
16th centuries. However, by the end of the 15th century, a French national character was becoming
distinct in music of the French royal and aristocratic courts, as well as the major ... Show more
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Influenced by Calvinism, the Protestants produced a type of sacred music much different from the
elaborate Latin motets written by their Catholic counterparts. Both Protestants and Catholics
(especially the Protestant sympathizers among them) produced a variation of the chanson known as
the chanson spirituelle, which was like the secular song but was fitted with a religious or moralizing
text. Claude Goudimel, a Protestant composer most noted for his Calvinist–inspired psalm settings,
was murdered in Lyon during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. However, not only Protestant
composers were killed during the era of conflict; in 1581, Catholic Antoine de Bertrand, a prolific
composer of chansons, was murdered in Toulouse by a Protestant

Machiavelli's Attitude To Florence In 1494
In 1494, the ruling Florentine family, the Medicis, was expelled. Shortly after their expulsion,
Savanorola, a Dominican religious zealot, took control. During this time, Italy suffered from intense
political conflict. The city–states of Florence, Milan, Venice, and Naples fought for control as did
the papacy, France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. Each tried to play others off of others and
engaged in blackmail and violence. When Machiavelli returned to Florence in 1494, Italy was
invaded by Charles VIII of France. The events of this tumultuous era influenced Machiavelli's
attitudes toward government and formed the background for his later pleas for unity. Savanorola's
criticism of the Church brought the reign of pope Alexander short, excommunicating him in 1497.
In 1498, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as ... Show more content on
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He was vocal about the altruism of the citizen soldier. He was both a peace seeker and a war fighter
rather than the mercenary whose entire focus was on war. The citizen soldiers were loyal and
effective but also took the time to advance through personal opportunity and education as citizens
wanting to better the state. Machiavelli's ideals on the value of a militia were strong in politics and
leadership, but he also knew that if the army could not win on the field, the ideals and philosophies
he used to inspire individual thought became useless. By 1512, the Medici family regained control
of Florence and Machiavelli was dismissed from office. A year later, he was wrongly accused of
participating in a conspiracy to restore the republic and held for three weeks. He left Florence and
decided to pursue a career in writing. His first book Discourses, begun in 1513 and completed in
1521, focused on states controlled by a politically active citizenry. During this time, he also wrote
The

Machiavellian Monarchs During The Renaissance
In the 14th and early 15th century, rulers in Europe were undertaking the task of reestablishing the
power of the monarch after its age of weakness during the Middle Ages. The age that led up to the
Renaissance was a constant struggle for the monarchs. They depended on councils of nobles and the
church for financial and militant support. This confined their ability to accomplish goals for their
nation without the approval of someone else. They lacked the capability to make any move without
being consented by the nobles and/or church. This soon changed. When the Renaissance came
around, scholars and thinkers started to develope new political ideas that influenced and encouraged
the modern rulers. One such scholar was Machiavelli, who proposed ... Show more content on
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They, like a fox, slyly gained political influence over the church by negotiating with the pope. They
were given the ability to choose who would be the Church's clergy and priests. This is extremely
important to the throne, for with this capability, the monarch would be able to control the faith of
their nation. Not only would they manage the finances and property of the people, but also the
hearts. Another "fox–like" quality of the French monarchs is the astute way in which Edward IV and
others conducted foreign policy. They focused on diplomacy when dealing with foreign affairs,
which helped them to avoid expensive wars. This saved their nation a large amount of money,
because instead of constant fighting, there was continual growth. In a similar manner to England,
the French monarchy displayed sneaky characteristics by choosing from among smaller landowners
and urban lawyers for a government council. By choosing these landowners and lawyers, the
monarch received more financial support and power than they would have by choosing nobles and
aristocrats. Along with the "fox–like" actions, France also showed "lion–like" characteristics with
Edward, Richard III, and Henry VII who attempted to reinstate prominence, suppress the influence
of the nobility, and demonstrate law and discipline a local level around France. By lessening the
importance of nobles, the rulers gained control and started to rebuild the position of the monarch.
They were fierce in their endeavors to gain power and enforce law in their nation. This, along with
the newly established influence on the church and careful efforts to avoid expensive and
unnecessary wars, showed how France both had "fox–like" and "lion–like"

How Did Louis Xiv Build Versailles?
Versailles was a huge and extravagant project conducted by Louis XIV. Louis single–handedly build
the largest hunting lodge in the world, or at least it started as a hunting lodge. He had hired the best
artists, sculptors, and gardeners that France had to offer, but even with their help Versailles took
over thirty–two years to complete! That's almost double my current lifespan. The palace was so
huge it could accommodate over ten thousand people and had hundreds of rooms. It was furnished
with the finest marble columns, tapestry, fancy rugs, and painted ceilings. Can you imagine how
much a mansion like this would cost? well keep imagining because Louis XIV burned all financial
documents concerning it's construction. All we have is a rough estimate ... Show more content on
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After the death of Charles XIV the palace was almost completely forgotten. Versailles had been a
bustling building of absolutely bolstering banquets, the palace was used for plays, parties, and large
gatherings of many kinds. Even the courts were established on the premises for quite a while. Many
foreign rulers visited and enjoyed their time. However, after Charles kicked the bucket the place was
"no mas!" Not many cared for the place, and those who did only did because they wanted the
valuables inside of its corridors. Still every once and a while the site was used for a grandiose play
or opera of some sort, but for the most part the place had become the home of squatters. Almost
anyone was allowed on the premises, and no once really lived there anymore. It is said that during
the French Revolution, many of the homeless lived in its hallways, It is also said that its walkways,
gardens, and terraces were laced with human left behinds. The palace was now at the lowest of
lows. Miracoulsy during the full heat of the revolution the manor was left untouched. No damage
was done to it, and most of its possessions were left unshaved. Perhaps the place had offered so
much help for the homeless the harbingers of doom couldn't bring themselves to harm the hamlet.It
was not until long after that the lovely hunting lodge was ever used

Comparing Henry VIII's Government in 1509 to 1514 to His...
Comparing Henry VIII's Government in 1509 to 1514 to His Father's
From the transition of Old king to Young king we can assume there will be lots of differences in the
personalities between Henry VII and Henry VIII, these differences are what makes Henry VIII's
policies and government different to that of his father. Henry's personality was quite amazing, his
intelligence, learning and curiosity impressed the ambassadors who littered his court, and his thirst
for knowledge was insatiable. Like his father, he was caught in the transition from medieval
England to renaissance England. And like his father, he was well–versed in English history and
desperate to continue the Tudor dynasty, to secure his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He rewarded some nobility through Patronage, doing favors for others, usually titles and things
which were free to give rather than his precious land. He created the order of the Garter and elected
the important nobility to join his council.
Henry VIII treated the Nobility rather differently, the first thing he did was to imprison and order the
death of Empson and Dudley, two figures hated by the nobility in order to show he was on the
nobilities side and so that he would hopefully gain support from them. Through Henry VII's time he
never seemed to do anything which benefited the Nobility and Henry VIII wanted to clean the slate
and begin new relations with the important and possibly useful people during his reign.
Henry VII introduced the Acts of Attainder during his reign, a means of money and land
confiscation without legal means and courts, during his reign there were 138 Acts of attainder,
however this number was greatly reduced when Henry VIII became King.
Both Henry VII and his son wanted control over the Nobility, they achieved this in different ways,
Henry VII did this through bullying them and policing them to do the right thing, Henry VIII had a
less tough stance on them, and especially during the beginning of his reign as he

Machiavelli The Prince Rhetorical Analysis
Niccoló Machiavelli's The Prince is very harsh and opinionated. It is chalk full of information
regarding multiple empires and leaders and their ways of governing their subjects. He bases his
ideas off of their rulers and adds to their thought processes as well. Another one of his tactics when
presenting this information is using analogies and thinking of theoretical circumstances such as, " A
prince being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast must imitate the fox and the lion, for
the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves" (72–73).
This is why The Prince leans more towards a persuasive argument rather than an informative essay.
However, because Machiavelli did not write this specifically ... Show more content on
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Before Machiavelli wrote The Prince, he was a respected Florentine diplomat. When Machiavelli
lost his title, he wrote this work for Lorenzo de' Medici, the governor of Florence at the time in
hopes of obtaining his stature again. Machiavelli's sole purpose was for Lorenzo de' Medici to
accept his 'offering' and give him back his title. Machiavelli says, "I have not sought to adorn my
work with long phrases or high–sounding words or any of those superficial attractions and
ornaments with which many writers seek to embellish their material, as I desire no honour for my
work but such as the novelty and gravity or its subject may justly deserve" (4). Machiavelli clearly
states that he in no way was writing this for anyone but Lorenzo nor did he intend on receiving any
literary acknowledgment. This proves that The Prince could also have been an informative writing
because he was not telling Lorenzo how to run a government or treat his people. However, when he
did present the information in his work, he backed up his arguments and had many examples to
show that his tactics had been proven to work or would work in future

Voltaire's Candide Essay
Candide On November 21, 1694, Francois–Marie Arouet, otherwise known as Voltaire, was born in
Paris. The youngest of five, son to Francois and Marie Arouet, Voltaire grew up in a household that
had come to know the pleasantries of upper class french society.
Marie, his mother, had gained the family access to Louis XIV court through her realtives. Because
of Voltaire's priviledged lineage he was able to study under the Abbe de Chateaneuf, at the Louis–
le–Grand Jesuit College in Paris. Voltaire spoke very highly of his Abbe in later years. After ten
years at school, he was sent to study law in Paris under his fathers orders. Early the following year,
1715, Frances most famous absolutist monarch died and five year old ... Show more content on
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The man in blue, later takes Candide and fits him with a Bulgar army uniform. His companions find
him to be a prodigy because the lashes he recieves decrease rapidly each day. Once Candide is
facing battle he says, " Nothing could have been more splendid, brilliant, smart or orderly then the
two armies. The trumpets, fifes, oboes, drums and cannons produced a harmony whose equal was
never heard in hell." (pg 22)
Though Voltaire may not have had this personal experience, the story had been heard many times.
Go to war fight and die for the power of a far off monarch. Candide may be simple, but he is not
stuipid. Once he sees the equal attrocities caused by the Bulgars and enemy Avars he takes the
opportunity, provided by chaos, to flee. Many of Voltaires writings are inclusive of the theme of
wrongful war. In Charles XII, one of his earlier works, he addresses the lust for conquest and its
consequences. At the age of eighteen, Charles XII had learned his talent for conquest and by the end
of the book he had lost more than he had gained. (green voltaire) Voltaire finds war to be the same
everywhere, his use of the words, "international law," and, " natural law," prove this. "The Bulgars
burned the Avars village in accordance with International law."( ) It was declared, by the old
woman, that international law involved searching for diamonds where, "...we women usually allow
nothing but the nozzle of an enema."

The Palace Of Versailles
1. The Palace of Versailles was constructed in 1624. It was constructed for the residence of the
Kings of France. Occasionally the government would hold meetings here. It did originally begin as
a small hunting lodge for Louis XIII.
2. The Grand Trianon was originally a family retreat for Louis XIV. It was known as a retreat for
relaxing and leisure time. The Petit Trianon was originally built for King Louis' mistress. It was also
a place filled with orange trees and green shrubs beautifully landscaped. When King Louis XVI
took over he provided the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette. The Petit Trianon was Marie
Antoinette's personal estate. The layout of Petit Trianon was a more relaxing, peaceful environment.
The Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon differed greatly with the palace in the design and layout.
Grand Trianon was a unique architectural building that was used by the king as his own personal
residence. It also had a colder design and not as warming as the Petit Trianon. The Petit Trianon is a
warm, peaceful, relaxing environment. Moreover, it was stocked full with gardens and beautiful
ponds.
3. My favorite spot that intrigues me the most would be the gardens at the Petit Trianon. After
reviewing the photos it looks like it comes from a children's storybook. I love peaceful, beautiful,
quiet places so I can think and find answers. I love to marvel and let my mind wander in places like
this. I am the most creative when I can do that.
4. Maria Theresa of Austria

Enlightenment Ideas And Causes Of The French Revolution
French Revolution
The kingdom of France was ruled by an Ancient Régime of the Monarchy, the clergy and the
nobility for centuries and centuries. During the XVIII there was a lot of inequality between the
moneyed and powerful clergy and the commoners. All the inequality of the time caused the French
Revolution, a period in which the people gave an end the absolute monarchy and took control of the
Government. There were two main reasons the French Revolution started; the Enlightenment Ideas
and the social inequality of the moment. The commoners outraged and fought against Louis XVI
and the absolute monarchy of the moment.
There are several things that caused the French Revolution. One of them are the Enlightenment
ideas, all this ideas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since only the Third State ended up paying taxes, they were asked for amounts of money they
couldn't afford, this caused the commoners to live an inadequate and atrocious life while the
monarchy enjoyed of a luxurious life.
This inequality and mistreatment outraged the Third State to started a revolution. Louis XVI locked
them out of the meeting hall, so the Third State decided to create the National Assembly that took
place in a old tennis court, in this they did the Tennis Court Oath in which they swore that they will
not stop meeting until they have a constitution for France's people. Obviously, the King was totally
against the National Assembly; and rumors said that he will use the army to shut down the National
Assembly, so they decided to storm the Bastille.
The Bastille was a fortress built in the XII century to protect Paris in the Hundred Years' War. By the
late 1700s, it was used as a state prison by Louis XVI. The National Assembly attacked the Bastille
for two reasons. First, they were they own army but they needed gun powder and the rumors said
that there were loads of gun powder in the Bastille. Second, the king saw the Bastille as a sign of
power. This means that once the Third State took it, the monarchy will know that there is a new
government in France.
On August of 1789 the National Assembly wrote a document called the Declaration of Rights of
Men which ended the Three Estates. This

Machiavelli Research Paper
In Florence, Italy, on May 3, 1469 Niccolo di Bernardo del Machiavelli was born into a middle class
and influential family. His father, Bernardo was a lawyer and owned a small personal library that
included books by Greek and Roman philosophers and volumes of Italian history. Though little is
know about Machiavelli's early life we do know that he shared of love for literature, learning Latin
and reading the classical Roman and Greek authors, particularly the histories. In 1494 the Medici
family lost power, which was also the same year Machiavelli entered the Florentine government.
Niccolo Machiavelli was known as a political theorist, philosopher, statesmen, and is often referred
to as the "father of modern political theory". (PUT IN TEXT

Inaccuracies In The Tudors
The Tudors is a show following the early life of King Henry Eighth, focusing mainly on his political
and love life. However, when the show compares to the real–life history of Henry, the Eighth lots of
inaccuracies began to pop up. The TV show "The Tudors" is full of historical errors using most of
them to make the show's plot more enjoyable and more comfortable to watch, these changes mostly
revolve around the character's appearances and actions. Episode Three begins with Henry the Eighth
telling Charles Brandon that he wants him to take Margaret to Portugal for her marriage with the
King of Portugal as he believes he is the only one he can trust. At this time Brandon is currently
engaged with Lady Elizabeth Grey so he would have no reason ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He would be named Duke of Suffolk in 1514 as opposed to 1521. Steven Gunn states in his book,
Charles Brandon: Henry VIII's Closest Friend, By Spring 1514 he was Charles, Duke of Suffolk, by
Tudor rules of precedence Henry VIII fifth most exalted subject (1)." Brandon's entire voyage to
France with Margaret was completely fictional as well. He was only responsible for taking her back
home after Louis XII died of natural causes. Steven Gunn also writes in, Henry VIII's Closest
Friend, The death of Louis XII on 1 January 1515, and the selection of Suffolk as the ambassador to
return to France and bring home his widowed sister, Mary

Josquin Des Prez Research Paper
Most influential and highly admired Renaissance composer,in the history of western music, Josquin
des prez is believed to be born in Condé–sur–l'Escaut of Hainaut ,Belgium. Yet, there is great
controversy about his birth place.Some other scholars believe that he was born in somewhere under
Duchy of Burgundy.Moreover, his birth was dated to be in sometime between 1450 and 1455.
Earlier, it was supposed that he was born in 1440; but later it was found that it was not Josquin des
Prez who was born in that particular year, but Milanese singer Josquin . An archival document of
1459 suggests that Josquin first started his career working as a singer of Cathedral in Cambrai in
1470. A historical document mentions that he was employed as a singer

Who Has More Power : The Pope Or A King?
Who has more power: the Pope or a king? The power struggle between religious leaders and leaders
of nations came into fruition around the eleventh century and lasted for hundreds of years afterward.
As Popes tried to gain power, their decisions were seen as corrupt by numerous Europeans. Dante
Alghieri, through his book The Inferno, establishes his negative opinion by his portrayal of Popes.
Machiavelli does the same in The Prince, often pointing out the shortcomings of Popes. At the time,
Popes portrayed themselves as leaders of political and spiritual issues throughout Christian Europe
and this reputation was solidified through the description of Popes in The Inferno and The Prince.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Pope was the highest level bishop in the West, giving
symbolic leadership to Christians. There was a certain theological confidence about Popes, with
many believing they never made mistakes regarding theological issues. Eventually, Popes regarded
themselves as leaders that were in charge of spiritual and political issues, mainly through the
Doctrine of Two Swords. With this idea originally from Pope Gregory I, other Popes furthered their
boundaries of leadership outside of spiritual matters. They regarded themselves as Vicars of God,
essentially meaning they were God's "lieutenant" or a representative of God. The use of the word
"lieutenant" played well into how Popes viewed themselves, for they were becoming more and more
prominent military leaders.

Outline: The Renaissance In Italy
Michael Wall
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
: The Renaissance in Italy Some Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375–1527)was a transition
from medieval to the dawn of modern times
Different from the feudal differences of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was shaped by
growing national and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and
capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and cultureThe Italian City State
2. Growth of City–States
When commerce revived in the eleventh century, Italian merchants mastered the organizational
skills needed for trade: book–keeping, scouting new markets, securing new markets, and banking
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Early humanists
Francesco Petrarch–the father of humanism
Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace
Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman
men
Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work
Classical and Christian values coexist in his works b. Dante Alighieri
Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch's works c.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and seven women in a
country retreat away from plague–ravaged Florence; it is a social commentary about sexual and
economic misconduct as well as a sympathetic look at human nature
8. Educational Reforms and

Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV...
Giuliano della Rovere, aforementioned nephew of Sixtus IV fled to France shortly after Alexander
VI's ascension to the papal throne. From there he slowly gained support on top of the influence and
wealth he already had in Rome. In 1503, he returned to the Vatican for the conclave that followed
Alexander VI's death. For the second time, his attempt at the papal seat failed when the cardinals
chose Cardinal Francesco Todeschini–Piccolomini, nephew of Pius II and a renowned man of virtue
as the new pontiff who then took the name of Pius III. The newly elected pope died twenty–six days
later. In this conclave, Giuliano finally succeeded in gathering enough votes for his claim of the
papal seat .
Most notably known as the Warrior Pope, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large areas in Romagna had fallen outside the jurisdiction of the papacy or claimed by Venice after
Alexander VI's death. In 1508, the circumstances forced Julius II to create the League of Cambrai or
more melodramatically known as the Holy League, an anti–Venetian alliance between the papacy,
Louis XII, who then ruled Milan, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand II of Spain, who was king
of Naples. The league troops defeated Venice in May 1509 near Cremona, and the Papal States were
restored.
Although the League was initially successful, by 1510, King Louis XII was regarding Pope Julius II
as a greater threat than Venice. For that reason, France changed sides in the war and allied itself with
Venice. Not long after, Venice submitted to Julius II and allied itself with the papacy against France.
Following a year of fighting over the Romagna, during which the Veneto–Papal alliance was
repeatedly defeated, the Pope proclaimed a Holy League against the French in October of 1511.
This league rapidly grew to include England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1512, Julius II successfully drove French across the Alps, but it was at the cost of the occupation
of Northern Italy by other powers, and Julius II, though he had secured the papal authority in the
states immediately around Rome, was essentially as far as ever from realizing his dream of an

How Did King Louis Keep Faith
Through King Louis XII's failure to acquire, Machiavelli teaches that one's moral restraint to keep
faith leads to the Prince's ruin. Machiavelli teaches that in order to keep one's state, one must do
what is necessary. That is, if breaking faith, even with the pope, is necessary, then that is virtue.
Throughout Machiavelli's analysis of King Louis's failure to acquire states in Italy, he investigates
why Louis felt obligated to keep his promises. This obligation leads to the issue of staying faithful
to Christian ideals of what virtue is and connects to Machiavelli's claim that one can not be wholly
Christian and preserve their state simultaneously. In order to easily acquire a state, one needs the
support of the inhabitants. King ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Necessity is the standard for what a prince should or should not do meaning, if breaking faith is
necessary for preservation then one must follow through. The question is why did King Louis keep
faith when it would only lead to his ruin. Unfortunately for Louis, he lived in thoroughly Catholic
times in Italy that had political implications that made it necessary to keep faith in order to keep
control. This is explicitly why he needed one of his own men to be a bishop in the Church in order
to have both control in Church and in state. Louis had a personal stake in increasing the Church's
power in Italy because he needed the allegiance with the Pope in order to be granted a divorce and
have an heir, which makes it easier to maintain peace in the state once the prince dies. The problem
with an allegiance of Church and state is that the Church does not care about political health and
instead preaches virtue, which Machiavelli argues that virtue in the old sense is ruining the state and
only makes political life weak as, "princes who have done great things are those who have taken
little account of faith," (Machiavelli 69). This is why one can not have a Christian ruler because if
he is concerned with material well–being, war, and procreation, then he is a divided man and is
corrupting the Church. This explains why Louis lost his state because he was exactly that, a divided
man. His obligation to the Church, whether it be because breaking faith means that you are breaking
faith with God, which is not only punishable in the next life but punishable by the Church through
excommunication, or his need to an honest man, caused him to have a less rational view of political
life. For this reason, Machiavelli teaches that one should not rely on honesty but instead rely on the
desire to acquire as this makes for a strong political life and will bring more peace

Henry VII Essay
Henry VII In 1485 Henry Tudor became Henry VII he seized the throne by force at the battle of
Bosworth with great help from his mother lady Margaret Beaufort. He was already promised to
Elisabeth of York. However, didn't marry her until after he became king because he didn't want the
people to think that he was on the throne because of her. He wanted them to think that he was on the
throne because of his power and great leader skills. Within a year they had a baby son and an heir to
the throne and they went on to have many other children both boys and girls. This marriage was a
very clever and important one, by marring Elisabeth Henry brought the houses of Lancaster and
York closer together, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also made a fantastic start by claiming back all the lands that had been lost since 1455 this meant
war and he became very successful in war. When Henry took over the country there were a great
many barons and they were rich and powerful like kings so Henry had to come up with a way to
control them and make them respect him. He set heavy fines for any barons that were planning
secret armies against him, he heavily taxed them to reduce their wealth and with this money he was
able to develop his army, a powerful army lead by the king would also be a threat to the barons. He
also used 'The Court of Star Chamber' a court run by men the king trusted and they were relied on to
severally punish any baron who angered the king. Henry made some very good alliances with
France, Spain and Scotland this helped him to avoid war with these countries. His eldest son Arthur
married the princess of Spain, his daughter Margaret married the king of Scotland James IV and
Henrys youngest child Mary married the king of France Louis XII and later Charles the duke of
Suffolk. Henry encouraged trade with forern countries making more friends meaning a lower chance
of war with those countries. By not going to war Henry saved lots of money as war was very
expensive in those

The World Of Columbus And Sons Summary
History is dead. And it tells of remembrances of the past. It speaks of lives that were once led,
breath that was once breathed. In her book, The World Of Columbus and Sons, Genevieve Foster
rejuvenates that breath. She brings to life the people who have added a stitch to what the world is
today. She delves into the lives of historical figures from the mid fifteenth century to early sixteenth
century, and sheds light on all aspects of their lives. She paints a picture of not only famous events,
but also the people that made up the events. The events that take place during the book circulate
around the lifetime of renowned explorer, Christopher Columbus. Christopher Columbus, born in
1451 in Genoa, Italy, lived in a period of exploration and new beginnings. People were just
beginning to speculate if the sun truly did revolve around the sun, as was the common theory.
Though the discovery was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Foster brings emphasis upon the benefactors of Columbus's explorations: Isabella I of Castile and
her husband Ferdinand II of Aragon, rulers of Spain. She explains of the turmoil Isabella endured by
her brother while waiting for the crown all the while sprinkling in passages about the Wars of the
Roses occurring in England between the two royal houses of Lancaster and York. While exploring
the ways of European royalty by journeying through lives, I was struck by the system of arranged
marriages. Kings and Queens would arrange the marriages of their children with the royalty of other
countries to serve as treaties between borderlines. Often, children were promised to those who were
tens years or more their senior or junior, such as the case of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary
Tudor. Mary was betrothed at age eighteen to the recently widowed 52–year–old Louis XII of
France. This marriage was arranged as an act of peace that settled any rivalry between France and

How Did The Western Schism Affect The Catholic Church
The Western Schism:
And Its Impact on the Catholic Church
Jacob Stickney
Western Civilization II
Professor Jennifer Fast
November 14, 2016
The Catholic Church's response to the Western Schism was vastly important to its respectability and
authority in regards to the faithful of that time. "The Western Schism was only a temporary
misunderstanding, even though it compelled the Church for forty years to seek its true head; it was
fed by politics and passions, and was terminated by the assembling of the councils of Pisa and
Constance."1 After the Avignon Papacy, the Catholic Church had three men claiming to be pope.
One man elected in Rome, one in Avignon, France, and one elected by the Council of Pisa. This was
very detrimental to the Catholic theology which states that it can trace every pope back to St. Peter,
the first pope. The Catholic faithful were not sure which of the three men was the true pope and
which, if any of them, they should listen to. It was a very confusing time for all the faithful living in
this time, and a very annoying situation for the true pope who was now seen by many to be as
questionable as the other two in regards to not being the true pope. The three men knew what a mess
this situation was and two of them wanted to deal with the situation, so as to reduce confusion
among the faithful. The anti–pope John XXIII called the Council of Constance to deal with this
situation. He offered to resign from the papacy, that he was never in possession of, if the other two
men would as well. The council met to depose of the two anti–popes, to deal with heretical
teachings, and to protect the succession of the papacy. This council is one of the most important
ecumenical councils, as it helped to affirm the succession of the pope and to help to resolve the
confusion caused by these anti–popes. The Council of Constance was called in 1414 by the Anti–
Pope John XXIII. It was called to resolve the conflict regarding the papacy and to identify the true
successor of St. Peter. Between November 1414 and June 1415, the council had a total of 13
sessions, dealing with the papacy and how the pope was chosen. The council, "enacted Haec Sancta
(fifth session, 15 April 1415),

Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be
extremely powerful.
 Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
 The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
 Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent
forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
 Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
 Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman
Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o
Conciliar Theory of Church Government
 conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate
the actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o
Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
 Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
 Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI
nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The Council of Constance (1414–1417)
 Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

The Emergence Of Italian Nationalism
The emergence of Italian nationalism began in the Renaissance Era and was then encouraged by key
Italian figures, leading to the unification of Italy which was overall beneficial for the country.
(mention benefits for Italy and how it is today)
Before unification, Italy was a collection of different independent states. The Italian Wars, which
went on from 1494 to 1559, were fought for the control of these Italian states by European powers.
The most consistently fought over city–states in Italy were Naples, Florence, Venice, Sicily, and the
Papal State of Rome. Many European powers were involved in the beginning, but soon the wars
became a struggle between mainly France and Spain. While the Italian Wars were harsh on Italy,
they helped to spread the Italian Renaissance throughout Western Europe. The Renaissance Era
began a new way of thinking, which has been traced to the beginnings of Italian nationalism, which
has contributed to the Unification of Italy.
The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles VIII of France invaded Italy, and in 1495 conquered
Naples. When challenged by Spain, the Roman Emperor, the pope, Venice, and Milan, France was
forced to retreat. Charles' VIII successor, Louis XII had control over Milan and Genoa in 1499. The
second Italian War occurred when Louis then gained control of Naples by getting permission from
Pope Alexander VI, and agreeing to share it with Ferdinand V of Spain. This resulted in
disagreements between France and Spain

King Henry V Character Analysis
A loved and feared leader must surely exist, no? Perhaps he is unpredictable and reasonable in many
situations? According to Niccolo Machiavelli, he believes that such a leader can unite his people,
however, he conjectures that fear is better as it is the "safest" way to rule. Nevertheless, it all comes
down to a ruler's actions that influence a person to conclude their ruler is a good ruler, and
Machiavelli has his own standards that define such a ruler. Shakespeare has the perfect example of
this, King Henry V from his play "Henry V". Throughout the play, Henry's advisers expected him to
handle all situations like an indifferent king. Instead, he takes the risk of uniqueness and gets his
word across the people through his symbolical and yet radical actions. He matches Machiavelli's
propositions since his facets convince people to fear and love him; but at the same time, is mindful
of his actions. Therefore, Henry has three essential traits that make him a loved, feared,
Machiavellian ruler: he is devoted to his military operations and is confident in his soldiers, he is
resourceful, and he is merciful and cruel when necessary.
When Henry wages war, he is committed, and when Henry commands an army, he is never boastful
or careless of them. In such case, his rhetoric and charismatic abilities encourage his army to keep
on fighting, and he "take[s] up quarters, lead[s] armies, plan[s] battles and lay[s] siege to towns with
advantage," as Machiavelli would describe his ideal

Similarities Between Henry III And Absolutism
When kings violated the moral order, they were subject to canon law like other members of the
Church, and could be excommunicated. The pope punished Philip Augustus in this way for the sin
of adultery. Boleslaus of Poland and Henry II of England were disciplined for the murders of St.
Stanislaus and St. Thomas A. Becket. The pope could release a ruler's subjects from their oath of
allegiance, and could even dispose the king. Pope Gregory VII did this in the case of Henry IV in
1080. Innocent IV did it against Frederick II in 1245. The Council of Lyons in 1274 laid down
definite rules about the role of Cardinals in papal elections. On the tenth day after the pope's death
they were to assemble and remain absolutely locked away from the rest of the world in "conclave".
Cardinal's meetings with the pope were called consistories. The clergy worked to promote the
people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second was the arrival of new teachers and of the mendicant orders in these universities.
The final cause was the revival Aristotle's teachings by those orders. The great universities of the
Middle Ages were Salerno for medicine, Bologna for law, and Paris for theology. The popes looked
on Paris as the official school of theology. Under the leadership of many outstanding professors, it
soon became the greatest university of the Middle Ages. The mendicant orders supplied the
universities with famous teachers. St. Dominic was the first to establish an order having study and
teaching among its chief duties. St. Albert the Great and St. Thomas Aquinas were the most famous
Dominican professors. St. Bonaventure was the most outstanding professor. St. Bonaventure, the
Seraphic Doctor, received his master of theology degree in 1257. In his work, The Threefold Way,
he describes the three ways that lead to God: meditation, prayer, and

The Spanish Empire: The Rise Of Imperial Spain
Origin of the empire
In 1504, Queen Isabella died, King Ferdinand ruled Isabella's side of Spain with their eldest
surviving child Joanna of Castile, who also known as "The mad". In 1516, Ferdinand's death led to a
new chapter of Spain, Joanna and Phillip I's son Charles ruled the Spanish empire and created the
Holy Roman Empire. In 1556, he stepped down and passed the Holy Roman Empire to his brother,
Ferdinand. The Spanish empire to his only surviving son Phillip II who after a succession crisis in
Portugal also became Phillip I of Portugal.
Politics
There are many reasons for the rise of Imperial Spain. First of all, political advantage was one of the
main factor.1469 marked the union of two major dynasties, with the marriage of Ferdinand ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The linguistic advances of the 15th century, the development of new literary genres, the refinements
of plateresque art all foreshadowed it. Isabel called scholars together, encouraged the importation of
text hooks and printing" (Pierre Vilar, Robert Brian Tate 41). Technology played an important role
that made Spanish powerful and the vanguard of the colonization. Before the exploration started,
they improved or self–invented many essential things for navigation such as sextant and astrolabe.
So Spanish exploration really success towards the end of 15th century due to the new technology of
triangular sails, these sails allowed ships to sail into the wind further than ever before, which
precipitated a major rise in explorative

A Paper On Art Appreciation
A Paper submitted to Webber International University. In partial fulfilment for the Bachelor of
Science degree in Marketing.
By: James Urquhart
Date: 02/10/16
Course: Art Appreciation
Semester: Fall
Words: 1273 (Not including cover page or reference page)
Museum Project
The Louvre:
'The Louvre' is the museum I researched, and 'Virgin of the Rocks' is the painting I decided to
choose. The Louvre Museum is the largest in the world, and is situated in Paris, France. Around
35,000 objects are exhibited over an area of around 40 square miles. The Louvre is also the second
most visited museum in the world, trailing only the Palace Museum in China. The louvre has more
than 9 million visitors annually. (Louvre, 2016)
The museum opened to the public on August 10, 1793. At this point it only had a little over 500
paintings in its possession. Most of these works were either royal art, or confiscated church
property. During the years of 1796 until 1801, the Louvre was closed due to maintenance and
construction. Eventually, this collection was added to with contributions during the reigns of Louis
XVIII and Charles X. Furthermore, the Second French Empire helped to contribute a further 20,000
pieces to the Louvre. (Louvre, 2016)
Virgin of the Rocks:
Leonardo's painting "The Virgin of the Rocks celebrates the mystery of Incarnation in portrayals of
the Virgin Mary, Christ and Saint John the Baptist." For the first time, these holy figures, bathed in a
gentle light,

What Are Leonardo Da Vinci's Accomplishments
Leonardo da Vinci was the greatest masters of the Renaissance. He was a famous painter, sculptor,
architect, engineer, musician, inventor, and scientist. No other man has been gifted in as many
different ways as he was. Leonardo was born in the small town of Vinci, Tuscany. He was the son of
a Florentine notary and a peasant girl. In the mid–1460S, Leonardo and his parents moved to
Florence. He was then given the best education that Florence could possibly offer. He advanced both
socially and intellectually. Leonardo's extreme artistic talent took him to Verrocchio's' workshop in
1466. It was there that he met Botticelli and Ghirlandaio. While Leonardo was working alongside
Verrocchio, he learned many things: painting altarpieces, and making ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He worked on the composition for a long time, but again, he did not finish his work. From 1495 to
1497, he worked very hard on his masterpiece, The Last Supper. While Leonardo stayed in Milan,
he made many more paintings, theater designs, and even a model for the dome of the Milan
Cathedral. His largest piece of work was the bronze monument to Francesco Sforza. However, when
the Sforza family was chased out of Milan by French forces, the statue was left unfinished and
ended up being destroyed by French archers who used it for target practice. In 1503, Leonardo was a
member in a group of artists who would decide where the marble statue called The David should be
located. Florentine Sculptor, Michelangelo, did the statue. Near the end of 1503, Leonardo began to
think of a decoration for the great hall of the Palazzo Becchi. He was to paint the Battle of Angier,
which was a Florentine victory in its war with Pisa. Leonardo made many ideas and sketches but he
never actually finished the wall painting. During his stay in Florence, Leonardo painted more
portraits, however only one survives still today. It is the Mona

Pope Julius II: Pope Julius II
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and perspective. A time where artists thrived. Some
Renaissance artist included Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, and
Titian. Each of these artists worked for Patrons, the people who paid them to create art.
Michelangelo, along with many other artists during the renaissance, was very famous and turned out
to be very wealthy. One of his patrons was named Pope Julius II. Pope Julius II has the nicknames,
fearsome pope and the warrior pope. He paid Michelangelo to paint in the Sistine Chapel. The
ceiling of the the chapel contains paintings of people in depth and figure. Michelangelo also got
portions of money from grateful popes and princesses.
Leonardo was first

Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince
A Republic is representative government ruled by law, where democracy is a direct government
ruled by majority of the people. Republic is based on individuals and inalienable rights. In The
Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli the book expresses how to become and stay a prince through
numerous obstacles. From the beginning, different forms of government are stated and described,
but Machiavelli focuses on the different types of principles a prince should maintain within a
kingdom and why a kingdom fails or thrives. He expresses in great detail the different governments.
However, the book is not based upon republics but of monarchies, old and new. Through the book
Machiavelli describes how certain principles within a family are passed throughout ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To maintain the kingdom respecting and honoring a king or prince he must be polite but not too
generous to his people. Machiavelli reminds the reader, yet again, that it is important to be liked and
not to be weak and handle decisions and complications wisely. However, a leader should change
thing from time to time to keep things new and people enlightened. To be a good ruler, they must
gain respect of the people by keeping them pleased. When changing things however, make sure
they're good things such as lowering thing rather than taking things from your people such as
firearms. The people will begin to wonder why their things were taken and hate the one who implied
such catastrophe. Also Machiavelli believes in Fortresses because of the fear in the people, however,
it doesn't last. Therefore, a prince should stick to trying to please their people rather than Fortress.
By a king winning wars, changing things, allowing freedom, and thinking of their people a king
shouldn't be

Machiavelli The Prince Analysis

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Machiavelli The Prince Analysis