Future of Asteroid Mining and Space Colonization

Future Human Space Exploration And Operations
Asteroids will provide the means to transform future human space exploration and operations in to large scale activities. They will first provide a rich
source of minerals and material for initial economic expansion and concurrently providing platforms for operations and manufacturing. Eventually,
asteroids could be used as space vehicles to move humans across and possibly beyond the solar system effectively becoming mobile bases of operations
and even space colonies. The only significant limitations for this future growth are technological capability and legal ambiguity for large scale human
space activity. For any space activity to overcome its limitations and get off the ground, the activity must generate a great deal of interest.
Asteroids have long been of high interest to the scientific community to help answer many early solar system mysteries. However, industrialists such as
Deep Space Industries have taken an interest in these objects as well1. They are already creating companies to attempt mining some of these objects.
Upon close inspection the composition of asteroids relative to Earth something amazing appears. Asteroids contain as much or orders of magnitude
more than the Earth critical materials needed to create a thriving economy2. This explains the interest in space industrialists particularly when
considering our current capability for creating spacecraft.
Current space launches can be prohibitively expensive and dangerous. The cost per pound has always been
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Spacecraft Research Paper
Solar Nuclear Power for SpaceCraft
Although space is empty and vast, it contains the most amount of usable energy, the sun. However, even with something so mass and what appears
infinite it has its limitations. "The amount of electrical power a spacecraft requires is dictated by the mission. Uninterrupted power must often be
supplied for up to 10 years or more." Solar power requires large equipment and must maintain line–of–sight with the sun, however, solar power has the
most concentration of energy. Nuclear power can have large independent output while taking up less space. However, the power, though continuous, is
not always constant. Both methods of power are able to sustain equipment energy needs for long journeys across the universe ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, even with something so mass and what appears infinite it has its limitations. "The amount of electrical power a spacecraft requires is
dictated by the mission. Uninterrupted power must often be supplied for up to 10 years or more." Solar power requires large equipment and must
maintain line–of–sight with the sun, however, solar power has the most concentration of energy. Nuclear power can have large independent output
while taking up less space. However, the power, though continuous, is not always constant. Both methods of power are able to sustain equipment
energy needs for long journeys across the universe and even long term durations near the sun. Yet, a combination of the two seems to have worked

The History And Future Of NASA
NASA's problems with funding that caused the failure of the Landsat commercialization continued into the future, causing an increase in dependence
on foreign and commercial launch vehicles. NASA continued the downward trend of its funding, into the 1990s, even after seeing a brief jump during
the Bush administration. (Kring) From 1962, NASA had provided the framework for commercial companies to enter into the world of spaceflight,
when Kennedy signed into law the Communications Satellite Act of 1962. (Communications Satellite Act of 1962) This act provided the framework
for private companies to design, manufacture, and operate their own satellites, while still only offering their launch services on the Saturn V, THOR,
Atlas, and Antares rockets.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2011, coinciding with the retirement of the space shuttle, NASA announced the development of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion
Capsule. (Redd) The SLS is meant to serve as a heavy launch vehicle, similar to the Saturn V that launched the Apollo missions. The SLS is designed
with the capability to reach interplanetary space, with missions currently planned for Europa in 2022, and Mars in 2033. (Space Launch System) It is a
completely non–reusable rocket, helping to increase it's potential maximum payload to LEO, currently estimated at 70 metric tons for Block 1.
(Space Launch System) The SLS is designed to be upgradeable in iterations called Blocks, with the largest block being able to carry 130 metric tons
to low earth orbit, similar to that of the Saturn V at 140 metric tons. (Space Launch System) The SLS was designed to work with another NASA
designed spacecraft, the Orion capsule. The Orion capsule is designed in two parts– the crew capsule is constructed by NASA, and the service module
is constructed by the ESA. (Orion (spacecraft)) Orion is expected to be able to provide crew and cargo transport to the ISS, be capable of extended
lunar missions, and to eventually reach Martian orbit on the SLS. (Orion (spacecraft)) However, as good as this program

The Objectives Of The Mercury Project
The objectives of the Mercury Project, as stated at the time of project go–ahead, were as follows:
Place a manned spacecraft in orbital flight around the earth.
Investigate man 's performance capabilities and his ability to function in the environment of space.
Recover the man and the spacecraft safely. After the objectives were established for the project, a number of guidelines were established to insure that
the most expedient and safest approach for attainment of the objectives was followed. The basic guidelines that were established are as follows:
Existing technology and off–the–shelf equipment should be used wherever practical.
The simplest and most reliable approach to system design would be followed.
An existing launch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Items (2) and (5) have been made apparent by the manner in which the astronaut has manually controlled the attitude of the spacecraft during orbital
maneuvers, retrofire, and reentry, and by the recovery of the spacecraft and astronauts after each flight by recovery forces which included aircraft
carriers and destroyers. Basically, the equipment used in the spacecraft was derived from off–the–shelf equipment or through the direct application of
existing technology, although some notable exceptions were made in order to improve reliability and flight safety. These exceptions include:
An automatic blood–pressure measuring system for use in flight.
Instruments for sensing the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the oxygen atmosphere of the cabin and suit, respectively. Some may
argue with the detailed way in which the second basic guideline of simplicity was carried out; however, this guideline was carried out to the extent
possible within the volume, weight, and redundancy requirements imposed upon the overall system. The effect of the weight and volume constraints,
of course, resulted in smaller and lighter equipment that could not always be packaged in an optimum way for simplicity.
Redundancy probably increased the complexity of the systems more than

Technology: The Impacts Of Spacecraft
Impacts of Spacecraft Technologies
One hundred years ago ideas like humans walking on the moon or a habitable science laboratory in space were perhaps only present in the realm of
science fiction. Just within the last sixty years, this has become reality. From 1957, when the first human–made object was successfully launched into
orbit by the Soviet Union, to today, spacecraft continue to transform our society. This short essay will highlight some of these transformations.
Most obviously, spacecraft continue to quench our curiosity about our universe. Voyagers 1 and 2, launched in 1977, provided data that helped
scientists better understand the natures of Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus. In 2012, Voyager 1 went beyond our solar system and continues to
give us insight into interstellar medium (the space where the impacts of solar wind are negligible). Similarly, journeys to Mars and the Moon have given
us invaluable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ability to observe Earth from outer space dramatically improved weather models. As a result, weather forecasts are more accurate. Satellites also
play a critical role in global telecommunications. The conveniences of satellite radio, satellite television, and Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) are
all made possible by spacecraft.
Interestingly, the impacts of spacecraft technologies extend beyond the capabilities of the spacecraft themselves. Automated spacecraft, such as
Curiosity, NASA's rover that is conducting research on Mars, push the boundaries of robotics as a whole. The need for a sustainable power source in
outer space led to the invention of solar panels. The desire to have small, high quality cameras onboard spacecraft so that scientist can retrieve
meaningful pictures, laid the groundwork for cell phone cameras. These are just some of the many (what NASA calls) "spin–off" technologies that
have benefitted

Reid Davis: What Fins Do On A Rocket
What Fins Do on A Rocket
By Reid Davis
Fins are used in many different ways when building a rocket. For example fins help with stability whenever the rocket or spacecraft is going out of the
atmosphere. Without them they could go in an odd direction. If you had fins in a non–equal position they might act up, causing the the spacecraft to
crash. Some fins on a rocket need pressure to take action. This works because when a rocket is going into space it needs to have pressure so the
aerodynamics of the ship will be able to fly where it is intended to go because you probably don't want to have a semi uncontrollable ship/spacecraft.
Like I said earlier you need to have them spaced out in a reasonable amount so about 120 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fins can also incorporate with the twisting of the rocket. During flight, a rocket rotates on its center of gravity according to its motion in flight
arrangement, including the fins. A rocket in flight is set to an angle as it forces its way through the atmosphere, creating a lift force made through the
body of the rocket, according to NASA. The fins are designed to act against aerodynamic differentiations that may affect the rocket's movement
along its intended flight path. And if there were too many details to process Mr. Bukont and anyone else who views this (4th wall break, I should get
to the point) The purpose of putting fins on a rocket is to provide stability during flight, to allow the rocket to maintain its "began with" and intended
flight path. If a typical regular, plain jane rocket was launched without fins, it would soon begin to tumble after leaving the launcher, expected to the
way that aerodynamic and other forces (such as wind) act upon the rocket, in relation to the forces that are broughtwith the rocket by the motor and by
gravity. The problem here is that the rocket's center of pressure would be forward of its center of gravity. Fitting fins on a

Space Research Paper
The defining feature of mankind has been the continual desire to transcend boundaries. The late 1950s signalled the beginning of the Space Age, or an
age of discovery on a completely unexplored medium, outer space. We have not looked back since the 1957 launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik,
sending satellites, mammals, and eventually men and women into space with missions every year after 1957. While manned space exploration has had
many successes in the past fifty years, one of the main issues facing it today is the availability of food to astronauts. Quite simply, carrying the
requisite amount of food on board spacecraft is devilishly problematic.
Currently, the only manned mission in space is the International Space Station, aboard which six astronauts consume more than 8,200 pounds of food
per year, all of which comes from Earth. Rockets lug this vital food into orbit, costing NASA alone $400 million per year at $10,000 per pound of food.
While this is a lot of money, it is only slightly more than 2% of NASA's budget–and not all food on the ISS comes from NASA.
However, astronauts on board the ISS are lucky in that they can get resupplied from Earth. The only way to resupply a spacecraft rocketing away from
Earth is with a resupply vehicle that can catch up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the ISS itself was given engines and made into a spacecraft that could not be resupplied from Earth, astronauts on it would have consumed over
$1.27 billion dollars of food since the first astronauts arrived on it in November 2000, comprising an additional 127,000 pounds to accelerate in
space. Furthermore, the ISS would have to be completely redesigned as it is only built to carry slightly more than 2,700 pounds of food at a time. Its
food storage capacity would have to be made 47 times greater. For the 300 day journey to Mars, the ISS's food capacity would have to be made 2.7
times greater–and this does not take into account staying on Mars or a return

How Have Spacesuits Changed Over Time
Ever since the first man traveled from Earth, spacesuits have played an essential part of an astronaut's job. For decades, these suits have allowed
humans to travel to and work in space. What many people may not know is that spacesuits have changed drastically over time. As scientists have
challenged themselves to improve upon space missions, an astronaut's spacesuit has changed to allow such ventures to be possible.
The first spacesuits were very different from the ones that are worn by astronauts today. When human space travel first began, spacesuits were silver
and made of rubber, cloth, and other materials. They were also much thinner. As the earliest astronauts never left thespacecraft, their suits were not
intended to be worn in space.

Spacecraft and Mars Orbiter Mission
Mars Orbiter Mission
Mars Orbiter Mission Artist's rendering of the MOM orbiting Mars
Mission typeMars orbiter
OperatorISRO
COSPAR ID
2013–060A
SATCAT в„
–
39370
Websitewww.isro.org/mars/home.aspx
Mission duration300 days
Spacecraft properties
Bus
I–1K[1]
ManufacturerISAC
Launch mass1,337 kg (2,948 lb)[2]
Dry mass500 kg (1,100 lb)[3]
Payload mass15 kg (33 lb)[4]

Dimensions1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) cube
Power840 watts[1]
Start of mission
Launch date5 November 2013, 09:08 UTC[5]
Rocket
PSLV–XL C25[6]
Launch siteSatish Dhawan FLP
ContractorISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference systemAreocentric
Periareon
365.3 km (227.0 mi)
Apoareon
80,000 km (50,000 mi)
Inclination
150.0В° [7]
Period
76.72 hours
Epoch
Planned
Mars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radhakrishnan announced that the launch had to be postponed by a week as a result of a delay of a crucial telemetry ship reaching Fiji Islands.
The launch was rescheduled for 5 November 2013.[27] The PSLV rocket lifted off at 09:08 UTC (2:38 p.m. IST), and placed the satellite into Earth
orbit at 09:50 UTC,[28] with a perigee of 264.1 km, an apogee of 23,903.6 km, and inclination of 19.20 degrees,[29] with both the antenna and all
three sections of the solar panel arrays being deployed.[30]
During the first three orbit raising operations, ISRO has progressively tested the autonomy functions of the spacecraft that are essential for trans–Mars

injection and Mars orbit insertion.[31] The systems tested satisfactorily are:
The prime and redundant chains of gyros and accelerometers.
Liquid motor attitude control thrusters.
Attitude, orbit control electronics and associated logics for their fault detection isolation, and reconfiguration.
Functioning of the prime and redundant star sensors.
Orbit raising manoeuvres[edit]
Orbit–raising burns
DateBurn timeResulting apogee (Km)
5 November
(Launch)15:35 min in 5 stages[32]
23,903
6 November416 s28,825
7 November570.6 s40,186
8 November707 s71,636
10 NovemberIncomplete78,276
12 November
(Supplementary)303.8 s118,642 [33]
16 November243.5 s192,874
Several orbit raising operations were

Apollo John F. Kennedy Space Center
Where Apollo 13 took place and launched, was at the complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. It happened at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970. What
had caused it to orbit the moon and come back, was a ciple in the oxygen tank. One thing that happened was on the Apollo 13 spacecraft, a oxygen tank
was crippled and they had to orbit the moon and return home. The main event was that for the third time, they successfully lifted off once more, just to
run into a problem with the oxygen tank. The people involved (meaning on the Apollo 13) were: Fred Haise, Jack Swigert, and Jim Lovell. It kind of
ties in with Apollo 11 because they both went to the moon but, Apollo 11 was made up to beat the Soviet Union in the Space Race by John F. Kennedy.
Apollo 13 ties in with the three theme words, Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in these three different ways: Exploration, they explored outer space
and learned many new things about plants, if anything grows on the planets, if anything lived there they didn 't know about, etc. Encounter, they
encounter many new materials (plastic is one of those things). They had encounter a cripple and the oxygen tank that happened on the Apollo 13.
Exchange, they exchanged ideas about what to do about the cripple of the one of the oxygen tank. They were trying to exchange communication on
how they were doing in space. A fun fact about Apollo 13 is that it is the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo Space Program. Shortly after
the incident with the

Disney Ride Apollo 18
The new Disney ride, Apollo 18!!! Why ride this ride? First off, you are an astronaut that is going on his/her maiden mission. You will enter the
staging area for all astronauts that are ready for their mission. You will get some background on what your mission is. You will then proceed to the
launch area where you will suit up and get ready for your first adventure. While you are at the launch area you will suit up and talk to other veteran
astronauts about their experiences throughout their career. You will proceed into yourspacecraft and be prepared to be launched. Sitting in anticipation
you will have your mission explained to you again in a little more detail for clarity before you leave for space. After your full briefing, you will

The Human Race : Dr. Samuel Miller
Martian News: Year 39 Sol 594 [1] Today the human race celebrates the anniversary of what seemed to be our destruction, but what turned out to be
a vital turning point in our history as a planet. Five short martian years ago we awoke on our then home planet, Earth, carrying on with our day to
day lives. Suddenly our lives were turned upside down, and thanks to the efforts of one man and his team, we were able to survive and preserve
the human race. Today we celebrate this man, Dr. Samuel Miller, and all that he has accomplished and done for our survival. Dr. Samuel Miller,
one of NASA's best NEO (Near Earth Object) researchers called San Jose, California home. He resided there with his two daughters, Anna and
Sophia, and worked at NASA's San Jose research facility as a NEO specialist. Miller has discovered countless NEOs and tracked their potential
threats to life on Earth. These asteroids or comets that are pushed into an orbit that has the potential to cross Earth's cause small amounts of local
damage approximately once every 20 years. Samuel is working to discover all of these NEOs, which can range in size from mere meters to several
kilometers, to satisfy Congress' mandate in 2005 to find 90 percent of all NEOs greater than 140 meters by 2020 [2], and to prevent further damage
to Earth. In his 25 years working at NASA none of the NEOs that he has seen have been considered hazardous. That all changed, however, in Earth
year 2018 when Miller made a shocking discovery.

The Design Of A Spacecraft
The design of a spacecraft was derived from already successful Chandrayaan–1 and INSAT (Indian National Satellite System). Mixing a design from
previous spacecraft made the project cheaper. The space probe had a mass of 1337 kg (475 kg of dry mass, 15 kg of payloads and 852 kg of fuel).
The structure is of AL and composite fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sandwich construction. It was developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(HAL) and delivered in September 2012 to ISRO Satellite Center where the remaining spacecraft subsystems and payload instruments were built onto
the structure. The probe had a bottom ring with a provision for an interface to the PSLV launch vehicle. Additional flow lines and valves were used to
ensure LE 440 N engine restart after almost 10 months of Martian Transfer Trajectory (MTT) without any fuel flow issues. ISRO also tested the main
engine at Liquid Propulsion Systems Center (LPSC) in the state of Tamil Nadu.1
The Mangalyaan carried five scientific payloads to study Martian atmosphere, surface and outer most layer of 80,000 km. These payloads consisted of:
Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP): The Lyman Alpha Photometer consist of an ultra violet detector which has a pure molecular gas filled hydrogen and
deuterium cells weighing about 1.5kgs. The LAP would be normally operated in the range of 3000 km before and after Mars perimeter. It measures the
proportion of deuterium and hydrogen from Lyman–alpha emissions. Its main function is study the Mars

Juno Spacecraft Observation
The planet Jupiter has always been a point of interest for mankind, being the largest of the planets and named after the king of the Roman gods. Since
Galileo pointed his small, simple telescope at the gas giant, scientists and astronomers have been on the journey to discover the secrets the planet holds.
Launched in August, 2011, the Juno Spacecraft will be able to peek through the clouds of mystery that shroud Jupiter, and improve on mankind's view
of the great planet.
The main objective of the Juno spacecraft is to investigate the formation of Jupiter's atmosphere, and the amount of water and nitrogen the planet
contains, to consider whether people could live there. The second objective is to examine the diversity in the deep atmosphere of Jupiter, relating to
meteorology, atmospheric dynamics, etc. The third ambition of Juno is to study the structure of Jupiter's magnetic field, the distribution of mass, and
the gravitational field. In addition, Juno will investigate the magnetosphere of Jupiter.
The Juno spacecraft is structured around a hexagonal bus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Juno is expected to arrive at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, which isn't too far away. Juno will provide mankind with transformative information about the
great planet we have pondered over for centuries. Every discovery we make about the universe around us brings us closer and closer to a brighter,
intelligent future.
The planet Jupiter has always been a point of interest for mankind, being the largest of the planets and named after the king of the Roman gods. Since
Galileo pointed his small, simple telescope at the gas giant, scientists and astronomers have been on the journey to discover the secrets the planet holds.
Launched in August, 2011, the Juno Spacecraft will be able to peek through the clouds of mystery that shroud Jupiter, and improve on mankind's view
of the great

7 Minutes Of Terror Essay
"Sometimes when we look at it, it looks crazy," said Adam Steltzner. Adam is an engineer who works for NASA, a part of the United States
government that explores space. Adam was talking about landing something on Mars. "It is the result of reasoned engineering thought. But it still looks
crazy."
Adam and some of the people he works with made a video called "Seven Minutes of Terror" about aMars landing. In the video, they introduced people
around the world to one of the most daring and creative achievements of engineering ever completed. That achievement was the pinpoint landing of
Curiosity on Mars. Curiosity is a machine called a rover, and it was built to explore the surface of Mars.
The seven minutes described in Adam's video refer to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead, engineers came up with a maneuver that would allow the craft carrying Curiosity to turn quickly. Then, rockets would turn on and allow
Curiosity to make a vertical landing.
Switching from a parachute to a controlled rocket descent could have gone wrong at any time. Still, even getting the descent right was not enough to
succeed. Once the parachute was cut free, the force from the rockets could raise so much dust that the dust itself could damage the rover.
Always thinking ahead, the engineers came up with a solution. They created a device to complete the last step of the landing. The device was called
a "sky crane." When the sky crane was close to Mars's surface, it used a set of cables to lower Curiosity onto the ground.
At last Curiosity landed, going from 13,000 miles per hour to zero in just seven minutes. The capsule that had been carrying Curiosity still had all its
rockets firing. It blasted back into the sky and landed somewhere else on the planet. The landing was a success.
The Ongoing Mission
NASA says that the MSL mission is part of a long–term plan. This plan uses robots to explore Mars. The most popular question is whether there ever
was life on Mars. Looking for the answer to that question is just one piece of a bigger

Advanced Rocket Personal Statement
Through participating Science Olympiad and Society of Advanced Rocket Propulsion and learned how to design, build, and test engineered
devices, I found that I would love to be an astronautical engineer. Even though we can see far into the space with telescopes but I believe that to
truly explore space, we have to use rockets and spacecrafts. With all the theories and assumptions about, there is always a need for exploration,
which requires engineers to build these instruments. Since my childhood, I've always found rockets and spacecrafts to be fascinating and exciting,
however, they had always seemed so far away from me because of the silly thought: "they are expensive". Indeed, this is a problem. I want to reduce
the cost of space explorations... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, I joined SARP (Society of Advanced Rocket Propulsion). This year, I got hands on experience on the structures team from building the body
tubes to co–designing the new composite layup turnpike mechanism to allow for more efficient composite layups. These involvements not only
contributed to the building of the rocket, but also granted me the opportunity learn the process of engineering of a rocket. The result of joining SARP
further ensures that my passion lies in the aerospace industry. Therefore, I would love to continue my journey in SARP. In addition to the experience
that I have in SARP, I am also currently working in the Mechanical and Hydraulic department as an intern at the Boeing Company. I will be working
with the hydraulic system analysis team as well as with the components team to conduct certification tests for Boeing Commercial airplanes. At the
Boeing company, I work with professional engineers who design and test flying machines that carry millions of people crossing the world; I constantly
expose myself to new knowledge that I've never thought existed and challenges that provoke further interest in the aerospace

The Future of Spaceflight and Why It Should Be Private Essay
High above our beloved watery globe, on the shore of the cosmic ocean, a winged spacecraft approaches a gigantesque space station pirouetting in the
vast dark. The pilots of this vessel make use of flat–screen computer displays to match their rotation with that of the massive orbital outpost. As the
shuttle spins, a logo of the world's largest airline, emblazoned on its side, comes into view.
This is not the present, but it was to be the past. A scene from Stanley Kubrick's 1968 science–fiction epic, 2001 A Space Odyssey, it was lauded at the
time for its realistic portrayal of a human future in space (*1). Now, ten years after this future failed to manifest, spaceflight is still a privilege reserved
only for the most powerful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Obama Administration's policy of support for the COTS program and apparent lack of support for NASA–led manned exploration has aggravated
many. Criticism includes a bemoaning of the transformation of America's once–proud NASA into a shell of an organization with no "git'r'done"
capability of its own.
The continued launching of spacecraft by NASA and other national space organizations however, as this essay intends to demonstrate, is an antiquity
that is nearing the end of its usefulness. The appropriation of space launch capabilities by the private industry is fundamental to increased accessibility
to space; furthermore, it is essential for the long–term health of the scientific pursuits to which NASA is dedicated. The national space programs of
Earth have, so far, failed to provide a reasonable alternative to the obscene costs incurred through the crude launching of payloads into orbit atop
massive and failure–prone chemical rockets. While no alternative to the use of chemical rocketry has yet been proven, one for reducing its price is just
getting off the ground. The increasing privatization of the launch industry has already seen dramatic reductions in the cost of lifting a satellite from the
surface of the Earth to LEO.
One private organization, SpaceX, has seen enormous success in this area. The company website advertises current

Communication Between Aliens And Human Beings
Yue Zhang
02/04/2015
Space Communication
In every space mission, communication is one of the most important part but there is not so many people put their focus on it. I would like to write
my fiction depend on the communication between people on the Earth and people in the space. My story is happened in 22nd century and people
have a developed technology to send the robots to the very far planets. At a different galaxy, aliens find our robots are sending signal back to thesatellite
around the Earth. They change the signal and begin to communicate with the people on the Earth by our space communication function of the robots or
the satellite. The difference of hopes between the aliens and the human beings can be shown during the communication. The war is about starting.
Since my story is mainly depend on the communication between aliens and human beings, my research paper will focus on the different ways and the
basic principles about aliens and human beings used to communicate.
At first, I would like to talk about DSN which is a basic telecommunication systems in the world. According to the NASA DSN official website, the full
name of DSN is Deep Space Network, which is famous as the system used to do the two–way communication between the Earth and the spacecraft or
satellite in the space. (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)Two–way communication, contains the uplink and downlink, means it can send information to
the space and collect information from

The Physics Of Satellites Orbiting Earth
Satellites orbiting earth will experience external perturbations that can affect the orbit. The primary force acting on the satellite depends on the altitude
of the orbit. The most significant effect is caused by atmospheric drag which affects satellites in low earth orbit. Outside of low earth orbit, satellites
still experience external forces that could change the orbit however unlike atmospheric drag, the orbit altitude will not necessarily decrease. In addition
to atmospheric drag, satellites are subject to thermal drag and gravity perturbations.
Atmospheric Drag: (Author: Emma)
Atmospheric drag effects all spacecraft orbiting earth below 2,000 km, producing both short periodic and slow perturbations. It is the is the largest
source of error in modeling the force on many satellites because it is difficult to predict [2]. Atmospheric drag is caused by the collisions of gas
molecules with the spacecraft. Over time, the collisions start to decay the orbit. Demonstrating a positive feedback effect, where drag decreases the
orbital altitude where the density is greater which produces more drag which then decays quicker. Factors that influence drag are the atmospheric drag
surrounding the spacecraft, as well as the spacecrafts drag coefficient, area, mass and velocity [1].
The atmospheric density is not constant and changes with solar activity. The solar magnetic activity cycle is the periodic change in the sun 's activity that
lasts around 11 years. During solar maximum,

The Effects Of Space Debris
Since the early years of the space age in 1957, scientists have immensely contributed to our understanding of the Solar System and beyond by
conducting numerous space missions. However, with Earth's atmosphere encircled by debris from defunct space crafts, the future of the space
exploration may be at great risk. Space debris, or "space junk" is the waste byproduct of non–functioning spacecraft and spacecraft fragments in Earth's
orbit (NASA 2017). This paper examines the origin of space debris, how debris threatens the future of spaceflight, and possible measures to mitigate
the effects of space debris.
Debris origin
A–Mission related debris. Space scientists sometimes overlook the amount of debris ejected into space during the satellite launch process. In fact,
satellite launches are responsible for approximately 12 percent of the current space debris in Earth's orbit (International Academy of Astronautics
2005). During the launch process, satellites eject debris of varying sizes into space. Some of the debris stays in space much longer than others. For
example, the upper stage of the satellite's launch vehicle has pyrotechnic fasteners, usually explosive bolts or nuts, that separate violently during the
launch of the satellite. This type of debris, which can vary widely in size, may roam around the Lower Earth Orbit (LEO) – an orbit around Earth with
an altitude of 2,000 kilometers or less – for nearly two weeks before they return to Earth's atmosphere (Dunn 2008).

NASA Mission
NASA is panning to complete a man–based mission to Mars in the future due to the similarities is has with Earth. There is evidence, that in the past
Mars had surface water and possible some sort of life form. In order to complete a man based mission to Mars, NASA has begun taking the many
different steps in order to complete a successful mission. NASA has a three Phase Journey they have come up with in order to get to Mars.
The first step is called "Earth Reliant." This phase is devoted to research on the International Space Station (ISS). Their goal during this phase is to test
different technologies and to advance human health and performance while in outer space for extended periods of time. This is the phase that NASA is
actually currently

New Horizons Spacecraft
The most dramatic moment in the interplanetary New Horizons spacecraft's nine–plus year mission came today (see video below) when, after a
planned, many–hour silence, it phoned home and all systems were confirmed healthy. Thirteen hours after its flyby of the farthest planet in the solar
system, Pluto, New Horizons confirmed that all was well and reams of data had been recorded.
The video focuses on New Horizons Operations Manager Alice Bowman, affectionately referred to even in official communications within New
Horizons Mission Control as "Mom." Bowman has been the steady hand guiding the mission for years. Among many other things, she has reviewed
every line of instruction code sent to the spacecraft.
The decades–long anticipated signal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Principal Investigator Alan Stern said, today marks the end of "the historic first era of planetary reconnaissance.
The approach to the Pluto system over the last few days has yielded previously unexcelled images of the planet, as well as its moon, Charon
(pronounced equally as "Sharon" or "Karen"). But Stern promised the next few days will bring forth much better photos, with ten times the resolution
of previous images.
New Horizons Administrator John Grunsfeld explained that now begins a 16 month stream of data, detailed observations New Horizons has recorded
about the Pluto system. With untold discoveries about to be revealed "This really is the beginning," he said.
New Horizons still has many years of fuel and power. It will continue its more–than–10–year mission, exploring the primordial material of the Kuiper
Belt. When asked by a young person what the mission will do now that the big event of the Pluto flyby has happened, five–time space shuttle astronaut
Grunsfeld said the interplanetary spacecraft will–in a nod to Star Trek–"go where no New Horizons spacecraft has gone before."
In attendance at one of today's press conferences was a group of children, all of whom were born the day mission was

Mars Solar Conjunction Essay
Mars Solar Conjunction Disrupts Mar missions 'commanding during:
Mars will move almost directly behind the sun from the perspective of Earth In June 2015. A reduction of communication level with the spacecraft on
Mars would occur as a result of this celestial geometry.
When the sun is centered between Mars and Earth, the arrangement is called Mars solar conjunction, which occurs in every 26 months while both the
Earth and the mars revolve in their defined sun–centered orbits. During the Mars solar conjunction the radio communication system disrupts because of
sun, the Mars orbiters' operators stop sending any commands temporarily, in order to avoid the receiving of any misinterpreted information that could
be harmful.
A video showing solar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To get reliable retransmission at the end of June, the science data transmitted during Mars solar conjunction will also be stored elsewhere. Opportunity
and Curiosity, the active Mars rovers will send confined bits of data to orbiters for relay to Earth throughout conjunction period.
Mars Odyssey that reached Mars in 2001, now in its seventh solar conjunction. For Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Opportunity, the 2015 solar
conjunction is the fifth and sixth, respectively.
The Curiosity and Orbiter teams have been preparing the spacecraft memories to optimize the memory for the storage of important science data during
the conjunction period. During the conjunction, no data from Opportunity will be stored on the rover. However, Opportunity will operate in the
specific mode to avoid the usage of flash memory (non–volatile memory that retains data in case rover overnight powers down).
The current Five NASA missions at Mars would pave the way for human crews there in the 2030s and later, in NASA's journey to Mars

The Space Mission
In addition to considering the main goals of the base, one must also consider the costs. Due to the high cost and limited space within a spacecraft,
everything aboard must serve a purpose. After the spacecraft lands, the internal structure in which the astronauts had been living will serve as the main
building due to its capacity to sustain human life in the more extreme conditions of space. The first spacecraft which arrived on Mars, unmanned,
contained rovers to collect information about the base site as well as assist in the construction of the laboratory and greenhouses contained within the
spacecraft. To function correctly as a laboratory and a greenhouse however the inclusion of a life support system including water recycling, oxygen ...
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The lack of proper nutrients and vitamins can lead to increased bone atrophy, muscle atrophy, and decreased energy, while creating a susceptibility to
other diseases or infections which can spread to the other crew members. The contamination of an environment leads to the psychological effect of a
ruined area or the loss of security which can affect the whole group (Enrico, C. 2013). The nature of this risk will last in–transit as well as upon the
surface of Mars. In addition, if malnutrition occurs to one crew member, then likely the problem lies with the food stores which would be a disaster
for the mission. Therefore, a good alternative to the prevention for food contamination would be to grow crops in space as a reserve. It would serve
two purposes; it could be used to do research upon the growth of plants in a microgravity environment, and it will serve as a preventative security
measure. A pre–flight instruction session of the symptoms of malnutrition will allow for the recognition and increase the amount of time in which the
astronauts have to address the problem. However, the constraints in these sessions might occur when regarding the operations of the mission, and the
capability of growing food would be greatly reduced by the limited space onboard,

Case Study Freeflyer
Hi Jun,
Thank you for evaluating FreeFlyer and your patience while we worked through your issue. Our Tech Support team has spent some time analyzing
your Mission Plan's (MP). We are happy to see you using the Orbit Determination (OD) abilities of FreeFlyer. We do have some suggestions to help in
simplifying your MP and evaluating your results.
To recap, you have three separate MP's; the first is to setup your spacecraft and export the state vector as an ephemeris. Then the second MP is used to
apply the Black Jack point solution data file to the ephemeris file using a Kalman Filter tool. The final MP then uses the Tracking Data Editor to
generate a new Black Jack point solution data file from the original Black Jack point solution. Although, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
oIn your spacecraft GUI there is a tab for the propagator step size (Spacecraft1 пѓ Motion Model пѓ Propagator пѓ Step Size) set to 300 seconds,
where as your Kalman Filter step size is only 60 seconds. The Spacecraft step size should be identical to the Kalman Filter step size. This is mainly
due to the Kalman Filter step size taking precedent in FreeFlyer and wanting to ensure that the spacecraft propagation is synced with the Kalman
Filter. o Also under the "Motion Model" you are using 22 Zonal and Tesseral potential fields and the "Analytic" density model. Although this is not
incorrect you would receive a better estimate if you used the Jacchia Roberts density model and increased your Zonals to a larger number. I have
updated the Zonals and Tesserals, in the attached MP, to use 40

Why I Want To Be A Aerospace Engineer
Being an Aerospace Engineer has been a goal of mine since high–school, and the main reason I wish to become an Engineer is because it is a
challenging field that will directly impact the future of the entire human population. The implications of Aerospace Engineering makes me want to be
involved in building spacecraft that will further the human race, create more and more efficient propulsion systems, and create technology in the
Aerospace Engineering field that can better life here on Earth. A reason I want to be involved in the propulsion field is so that we can find an
affordable means of getting materials and equipment into orbit, whether it be low earth orbit, or high earth orbit. This efficiency would allow us to
build larger spacecraft than we can launch from here on earth. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is one of the many reasons I am interested in propulsion, because to build the spacecraft for galactic exploration, one would have to reduce the
cost of an earth to orbit flight so that it would be affordable in the public's eye. A recent development in the aerospace field, or rather a development
that has occurred in the past 15 years, has made me very excited to be alive, and it also has made me want to become an Aerospace Engineer even
more. The RF resonant cavity thruster, or in layman's terms, the EmDrive, has been a topic of heated debate and study for the past few years. If the
proposed propulsion system is actually capable of creating thrust in a vacuum with no reaction mass, then this technology could revolutionize the space
industry, and make galactic exploration possible in the foreseeable future. I am hesitant to believe anything before I firsthand witness it and conduct
research, and that is one of the reasons I would like to become an Aerospace

A Success In Space And Spacecraft
I have recently read the two texts "A Success in Space", and "Americas New Spacecraft". They both talk about space and spacecraft. Although, one
text has more successful points and strategies than the other. In the excerpt "A Success in Space "it talks about how a small probe helped scientists
take a huge leap forward in space exploration , on the other hand the other excerpt " Americas New Spacecraft" talks about a spacecraft launching
into the air to discover critical data for future mission crews. In the excerpt "A Success in Space" it talks about a probe called "Philae Lander" it is
the first spacecraft to set down on a comet. The goal for this spacecraft is to take photos and dig up samples and pieces from the comets surface, the

How Did Elon Musk Introduced The Mars Mission Spacecraft
Elon Musk reveals Interplanetary Transport System; Promises a joyful ride to Red Planet travelers
The much–awaited Interplanetary Transport System (ITS) of SpaceX has been finally unveiled. Founder and CEO Elon Musk introduced the Mars
mission spacecraft in Mexico on Tuesday and also promised a fun ride to the people who wish to take a trip to the Red Planet.
Elon Musk brought down the curtains on his company's flagship spacecraft i.e. Interplanetary Transport System in Mexico during a conference,
reports Space.com. The CEO said that ITS will combine the most powerful rocket and it will be able to carry at least 100 people in every flight to the
Red Planet. Disclosing his vision, he said that if everything happens according to the plan, it

Pluto: Spacecraft Analysis
New Horizons launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Stations in Florida in January of 2006 and flew past Pluto a little over a decade, eleven
years, later sending back zoomed in photographs of the planet's surface. This paper will explore numerous topics about how the spacecraft could reach
its destination and beyond. There are numerous challenges in sending a craft that far such as powering the contraption without utilizing solar energy
since it is too weak to generate power at that distance. There is also the choice of what sort of instruments should be incorporated on the exploration
spacecraft that would get the most accurate results and be least susceptible to wear and tear. Also, there are concerns about how spacecraft might ensure
that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most important thing the probes search for is water because it might have indicated life of some sort at some time and they might have found some
at the outer rim of our solar system but how they have formed, since they are relatively young, is the greatest mystery and must continue to be
speculated. Scientists have also figured out how to combat their energy supply conundrum by utilizing nuclear fuel, plutonium, from the radioisotope
thermal generator (New). Since plutonium decays over time, it gives off heat as it decays and that is how it works with the radioisotope to generate
energy when it solar energy is not viable anymore. They have also thought of ways to reduce the wear and tear on the spacecraft thought its decade long
plus journey by having it go into hibernation but routinely check that its instruments are still functioning (New). The contraptions added onto the
spacecraft come in a variety of acronyms that could send a multitude of data to Houston about different components of Pluto. To name a few, for
examples there is the REX which stands for Radio Science EXperiment is designed to measure the atmospheric composition and temperature of a

Nasa's Commercial Crew Program
NASA's Commercial Crew Program
The Future of Accessible Space Exploration and Human Spaceflight
Introduction
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy addressed the Congress on Urgent National Needs and presented them with a challenge– landing a man
on the moon. He announced America's commitment to an ambitious space exploration program, saying :
"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely
to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long–range exploration of space [1]."
With his speech John F. Kennedy captured America's imagination with the promise of space exploration. Eight years later, on July 16, 1969, a Saturn
V rocket launched Apollo 11 at the Kennedy Space Centre; and on July 20th, astronauts Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
made the first manned landing on the Moon 's surface, in the Sea of Tranquility [2].
Now, nearly five decades after the success of the Apollo 11 mission realized Kennedy's goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely
to the Earth", space travel has dramatically changed.
The 1960's was the peak of space exploration, and the golden age of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During this time, the
United States government committed an average of 2.79% of the Federal Budget towards NASA, and allocating 4.41%

The Evolution Of The Spacecraft
The Evolution of the Spacecraft "When I first looked back at the Earth, standing on the Moon, I cried." explained Alan Shepard when asked about his
experience on the moon in February 1971 (8). Space travel had humble beginnings with the first object reaching space orbit in the late 1950s.
Technology improved such that a rocket could be sent to the moon. Studying space teaches us about our universe and our own planet. The space craft
that scientist predict in the future will travel further into the unknowns of space. In this research paper I will outline the history, the benefits, the
present state, and the future of space travel.
The construction of the first spacecraft was in a chaotic period known as the Cold War. The Cold War was a war that started after of World War 2 with
high tensions between the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union. There were no shots fired between the two countries, however
threats of nuclear warfare still lingered (3). During the Cold War science and technology grew into a major source of national pride.
The Soviet Union made incredible advances during the "Space Race". The Soviet Union made their first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 orbited
the Earth for 21 days before burning up in the atmosphere in October 1957. The United States quickly fired a satellite about one fourth of the size of
the Sputnik 1, the Navy Vanguard, up into the atmosphere. Unfortunately the Navy Vanguard only made it a few feet off of the

Capsule Spacecraft
Andrew Jones
The Expedition of the mars Rovers are nice , They gather a bunch of evidence on how mars could possibly be hospitable NASA's current mission to
send an astronaut to Mars is driven by development of the Orion crew exploration vehicle. The capsule spacecraft is being designed to take humans
back to the moon by 2020. In later years, by rendezvous with Mars–bound vehicles assembled in orbit, it may take the first humans to the Red Planet.
These future possibilities are exciting, but unmanned spacecraft have already greatly enhanced our knowledge of Mars.
Dozens of spacecraft have been sent to Mars, but only about one of every three missions has been a success. This sobering statistic underscores just
how difficult it remains to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mars 3 orbiter returned some eight months of data that revealed much about the planet's topography, atmosphere, weather, and geology. Though the
mission's lander was able to touch down on the surface, it returned data for only about 20 seconds before it went dark.
Later, orbiting spacecraft such as like NASA's Mariner 9 returned far more detailed data on the planet's atmosphere, mapped its surface, revealed
Martian topography, and captured many more images of this strange and distant world.
These missions solved some mysteries, such as dispelling the long–held myth of Martian canals that evidenced an ancient civilization. They also raised
many new questions, such as the nature of ancient riverbeds that point to the presence of ancient liquid water on the planet.
Viking 1 and 2, a pair of orbiter/lander missions, reached Mars in 1976. These long–lived spacecraft continued to return data as late as 1982. They
captured photos of the Martian surface that astounded the public and excited scientists. The mission's landers also conducted biological experiments on
Martian soil that were designed to uncover signs of life in space–but their results were inconclusive, though

Safe Re-Entry of Spacecraft
In safe re–entry, there are various issues that need to be considered such as re–entry angle, heat build–up, high g–forces, ionisation black–out and
landing on the ground. The Apollo spacecraft returning from the moon, the US space shuttle and the Russian Vostok spacecraft are examples of
spacecraft which have successfully addressed these issues, and have safely returned to Earth.
Re–entry of spacecraft begins with astronauts usually retro firing their spacecraft's rockets where they position rockets to point ahead of themselves
and execute a short burn that will slow down the spacecraft, allowing it to drop down into the atmosphere into an elliptical orbit at an altitude of about
100 kilometres. The time, direction and duration of the burn must be controlled carefully to achieve an optimum re–entry angle. The trajectory on
re–entry into the atmosphere must be at precisely a correct angle that is specific to the velocity of the spacecraft involved. The re–entry angle must be
chosen carefully as it also affects the space–crafts heat build–up and ionisation black–put period. If the spacecraft enters too steeply, it enters the
atmosphere too fast, penetrating to the deeper denser layers before slowing, increasing the heat built up and the spacecraft may burn up due to the heat.
The high g–forces experienced in such an entry could also destroy the spacecraft and injure the passengers. If the angle of re–entry is too shallow, the
spacecraft may 'bounce' or 'skip' off the

Space Launch System Research Paper
Humans are imaginative lifeforms. We, as humans, tend to think outside the box; find solutions for the unsolvable, transform the impossible into the
possible, and take enormous dreams into even bigger and better reality. As the curious people we are, and with recent technological advances, we and
will continue to venture into the solar system and the new territory of other stars and galaxies. A recent breakthrough in modern technology are
reusable rockets. SpaceX believes Chief Musk, the backbone of this project, is onto something. Although this mind–boggling advancement could do
wonders for the space industry, there are some risks we are going to have to take to make our way there. The SLS, the Space Launch System, could
have extreme advantages... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The potential for the SLS reaches the stars! In theory, we could be able to travel light years in a matter of minutes. Concerning recent plans for
exploration, the trip to Mars one way would take about 9 months– a grand total of a year and a half to and from. Furthermore, we would be flying in 3
separate parts of a rocket. The SLS would shorten that time and would only take one rocket because it only needs to be refueled through a
pre–assembled plug on the spacecraft. Another great struggle with creating modern spacecraft is the need for compact vessels. These limitations cause
complications for engineers during construction; The shuttle can't be too heavy or it will not have enough thrust power during takeoff . The Space
Launch System can resolve these problems and allow us to be able to make a better, more efficient rocket. The possibilities are absolutely

Spacecraft Research Paper
For spacecraft traversing millions of miles through space, the harshest part of the journey is re–entry into a planetary atmosphere. On Earth the reentry
of the spacecraft begins at the Karman line1, where the lift necessary to sustain plane flight equals the orbital velocity at that altitude. However, at such
extreme speeds the air compresses at a high Mach number resulting in a shockwave and rise in temperature of up to 1500 degrees Celsius1. Thus,
controlling for and mitigating the effects of high temperature conditions are of utmost importance for survival of the spacecraft. The earliest solutions
for shielding the spacecraft were the use of heat sinks made of titanium and beryllium alloys and use of heat tiles made up of porous silica. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2) Excellent thermal insulation. 3) Resistance to thermal and mechanical shocks. 4) Easily manufactured in large sizes. There are three common types
of ablative materials, including polymers that depolymerize due to the intense reentry heating, materials such as graphite that combust at the surface
and release CO2 gas, and materials which undergo pyrolysis and vaporization. Recent studies have focused on a few different classes of materials,
including traditional phenolic resins, nanocomposites, Teflons, carbon based materials, and ultra–high temperature ceramics. In order to accurately
characterize these materials and assess their performance, it is necessary to perform tests which mimic the environmental conditions of atmospheric
reentry as closely as possible. By combining physical principles, numerical modeling approaches, and high temperature arcjet testing experiments, it is
possible to evaluate a potential ablative material during reentry conditions. In this study, we intend to do a broad survey of the current materials being
investigated, the testing facilities available, and some of the most successful numerical models, in order to construct an accurate picture of the current
developments in spacecraft heat

Apollo John F. Kennedy Space Center
Apollo 13
Where Apollo 13 took place and launched, was at the complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. It happened at 2:13 p.m. EST, April 11, 1970. What
had caused it to orbit the moon and come back, was a ciple in the oxygen tank. One thing that happened was on the Apollo 13 spacecraft, a oxygen tank
was crippled and they had to orbit the moon and return home. The main event was that for the third time, they successfully lifted off once more, just to
run into a problem with the oxygen tank. The people involved (meaning on the Apollo 13) were: Fred Haise, Jack Swigert, and Jim Lovell. It kind of
ties in with Apollo 11 because they both went to the moon but, Apollo 11 was made up to beat the Soviet Union in the Space Race by John F. Kennedy.
Apollo 13 ties in with the three theme words, Exploration, Encounter, Exchange in these three different ways: Exploration, they explored outer space
and learned many new things about plants, if anything grows on the planets, if anything lived there they didn 't know about, etc. Encounter, they
encounter many new materials (plastic is one of those things). They had encounter a cripple and the oxygen tank that happened on the Apollo 13.
Exchange, they exchanged ideas about what to do about the cripple of the one of the oxygen tank. They were trying to exchange communication on
how they were doing in space. A fun fact about Apollo 13 is that it is the seventh manned mission in the American Apollo Space Program. Shortly after
the

Mission Plan For Missions
In addition to staging emergency crew, the ISS could stage mission specialists for missions traversing in or near LEO. One example of this is the
Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) retrieval mission called the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). The current ARM mission plan is to dispatch an unmanned
spacecraft collect and redirect a boulder from a NEA to lunar orbit14. Once there, a human mission would be dispatched to study the asteroid. As the
drive of the mission would be primarily scientific discovery, the composition of astronauts would lean heavily toward scientists. To support the mission
or series of mission, the mission team can be launched to the ISS as jumping off point allowing the astronauts to become acclimated and practice their...
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Besides constructing a station, lunar missions could utilize the ISS as a debarkation and destination point for space only spacecraft traveling between
Earth and lunar orbit which NASA already has planned for the Deep Space Gateway16. By utilizing this kind of spacecraft for lunar missions, the
overall design would relieve engineers from creating a spacecraft capable from reentering the Earth's atmosphere and operating in deep space. Creating
a simpler spacecraft would make the spacecraft much easier to refurbish and resupply for multi–use and multi–purpose deep space missions.
Although the Moon is close enough to consider launching an entire mission from the Earth's surface on one rocket, Mars and other places would
require a much more complex mission profile. Designs for human missions to Mars typically involve building a deep space vehicle. This assembly
alone would require either an effort similar to the construction of the ISS or utilizing the ISS as a construction area for the spacecraft. Similar to what
could be done for lunar missions, the ISS could provide the same kind of mission preparation and support for Mars missions to build a spacecraft and
provide an in–orbit staging area for supplies and crew. However, unlike lunar missions, the ISS may be critical to keeping costs manageable as it
provides a significant support capability which would not need to be launched during mission

Expedition 47 Anthropology
Space is one of the most researched and government funded fields internationally. Globally, researchers have been attempting to discover more about
the universe far before Sputnik was launched on October 4, 1957. NASA has launched over 100 flights to space, but one of the most recent flights is
Expedition 47. This team has gone to microgravity to investigate spaceflight's effect on the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and neurovestibular
systems in the human body. The crew members are also trying to discover how to make the workout equipment more practical and create more room
for future space crews during long–duration missions. The Expedition 47 began on March 1, 2016 and will end on June 5, 2016. This three month long
research expedition... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These machines are made to specifically target the muscle and bone that are prone to deterioration in microgravity. Crew members are required to
exercise to maintain optimal health during spaceflight, due to the face that they go on physically demanding trips outside of the spacecraft. The regular
exercise on the flight helps counteract the effect of bone and muscle loss. Without exercise during these trips, not only could they encounter bone
and muscle deterioration, they can develop cardiovascular problems. Part of Expedition 47's research is to find a way to create smaller, more
convenient exercise machines. Astronauts who have been exposed to microgravity in long duration flights are at a high risk of bone fracture, and
subsequently need to be under specific attention and care. Research shows that in microgravity, bone mass can decrease up 20% after six months
(ESA, 2008, para. 2). Expedition 47's research can help find new and more convenient ways to keep muscle and bone mass regulated. These "mini"
exercise machines can give the crew much more body space but also give them the equipment they need to keep their musculoskeletal system in

Space Shuttle Research Paper
Technology
Operation of space craft
In order to launch a spacecraft, detailed calculations must be made to predict the spacecraft destination, timing of launch and speed to meet the target
in space. The gravitational pull of other planets and the sun need to be taken into account. This gravity can also be used by the spacecraft to do a swing
by or to be pulled into orbit.
The Space Shuttle is the world's first reusable spacecraft, and the first spacecraft in history that can carry large satellites both to and from orbit. Each of
the three Space Shuttle orbiters now in operation –– Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavour–– is designed to fly at least 100 missions. The space shuttle was
NASA's space transportation system. It carried astronauts and cargo to and from Earth orbit. The first space shuttle flight took place April 12, 1981.
The shuttle made its final landing July 21, 2011. During those 30 years, the space shuttle launched on 135 missions. The Shuttle has the most reliable
launch record of any rocket now in operation. Many modifications have been done to the original design over time that has made it more safe, reliable
and capable than ever before.
(Picture of launching)
The space shuttle is composed of several components – two solid rocket boosters, one external fuel tank (which holds 500,000 gallons of liquid ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There's no need for astronauts to walk, stand or lift in microgravity, and their muscles, particularly in their legs, atrophy. Underused, flabby leg muscles
affect balance, posture and strength, and can increase the risk of tendonitis, injuries and accidents. Nutritional supplements may aid reduction of
muscle mass. Astronauts currently exercise to help maintain their muscle mass.
Cardiovascular system
The heart does not have to work as hard in a microgravity environment leading to de–conditioning and a decrease in the size of the

Future of Asteroid Mining and Space Colonization

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