Cholesterol

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a soft, fat–like, waxy substance found in the bloodstream and in all your body's cells. It's normal to have cholesterol. It's an important
part of a healthy body because it's used for producing cell membranes and some hormones, and serves other needed bodily functions. But too high a
level of cholesterol in the blood is a major risk for coronary heart disease, which leads to heart attack. It's also a risk factor for stroke.
Hypercholesterolemia is the term for high levels of blood cholesterol. You get cholesterol in two ways. Your body makes some of it, and the rest
comes from cholesterol in animal products that you eat, such as meats, poultry, fish, eggs, butter, cheese and whole milk. Food from plants В— like
fruits,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people В— such as women before menopause and young, active men who have no other risk factors В— may have high HDL cholesterol and
desirable LDL levels. Ask your doctor to interpret your results. Everyone's case is different. High risk if your total cholesterol level is 240 or more,
it's definitely high. Your risk of heart attack and stroke is greater. In general, people who have a total cholesterol level of 240 mg/dL have twice
the risk of heart attack as people whose cholesterol level is 200 mg/dL. You need more tests. Ask your doctor for advice. About 20 percent of the
U.S. population has high blood cholesterol levels. Your LDL cholesterol level greatly affects your risk of heart attack and stroke. The lower your
LDL cholesterol, the lower your risk. In fact, it's a better gauge of risk than total blood cholesterol. Your LDL cholesterol will fall into one of these
categories: LDL Cholesterol Levels Less than 100 mg/dLOptimal 100 to 129 mg/dLNear Optimal/ Above Optimal 130 to 159 mg/dLBorderline
High 160 to 189 mg/dLHigh 190 mg/dL and aboveVery High The key point to remember is the lower your LDL cholesterol, the lower your risk.
Your doctor may prescribe a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, regular exercise and a weight management program if you're overweight. If you
can't lower your cholesterol with these efforts, medications may also be prescribed to lower your LDL
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Lipid And Cholesterol Lowering Effect Of Green Vs Black Tea
LIPID AND CHOLESTEROL LOWERING EFFECT OF GREEN VS BLACK TEA– HOW MUCH, HOW FREQUENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW
DR. PERWEZ KHANAM
Lecturer, Department of Biochemistry Nursing College of King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Email – perwez_khanam2003@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Green tea, an unfermented leaves is rich in catechins. Catechins are known to lower the lipid by un–regulating lipid–metabolizing enzyme via NF–KB
and thereby stimulating fat oxidation. Black tea results from the fermentation of green tea in which catechins of green tea is converted to theaflavin
and thearubigin, which have some significant health benefits of their own. Theaflavin is responsible for reduced lipid accumulation, suppressed fatty
acid synthesis, and stimulated fatty acid oxidation by inhibiting acetyl–coenzyme–A–carboxylase activities.
A literature review of a total of 8 Randomized Controlled trials (RCTs), 5 Meta analyses consisting of 75 peer–reviewed Randomized Controlled trials
(RCTs) on 5319 subjects and 6 population based studies were selected for this study. The research related to Green tea effect on thecholesterol and lipid
lowering effect shows promising results with high dose of intake for long term. Studies and meta–analyses of CCRTs in most cases showed improved
low density

Human Anatomy And Physiology Essay
Mr. Browns Dilemma
Mona Sweetwine–Rodriguez
SC–121– Human Anatomy and Physiology I
November 24, 2015
Professor Catherine Rice
Mr. Browns Dilemma
Good Morning Mr. Brown, my name is Mona and I am a physician's assistant. Thank you for coming in to meet with me today. Today I'll be going
over your recent lab work along with the results. The last time you were in to see the doctor he ordered testing for you that is known as a lipid panel or a
cholesterol panel. A lipid panel is done to measure four main things which are your cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL
I will now tell you a little about your results and explain what your results mean for your health. You may feel free to ask any questions to gain
clarification of anything that you may not understand. First I will discuss your Triglyceride level results, I want to explain to you exactly what
triglycerides are before giving you your personal result. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. Whenever you eat something your
body automatically turns any calories it feels is unnecessary for you to have into triglycerides.
The triglycerides are then stored in your fat cells, and later on the hormones in your body will set free triglycerides to be used as energy for you in
between your meals. Your triglyceride level result is 145 mg/dl which is good. A normal triglyceride level is considered to be Less than 150
milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Both Triglycerides and cholesterol are separate types

Coconut Oil's Effect On The GI Tracts
Coconut oil's Effect on the GI Tracts of Dogs
Coconut oil has been used in human nutrition and medicine for centuries. Each of the benefits which can be applied to humans also hold true for most
animals as well. In the discussion to follow, the benefits of coconut oil on the GI tract, focusing on weight control, will be discussed. The findings for
this article opened a larger realization of the many benefits coconut water hold as well. Coconut oil happens to be a medium–chain triglyceride which
is composed of saturated fatty acids. Medium–chain triglycerides have been found to contain many benefits which trump over the long–chain
triglycerides which are more commonly consumed.
Medium–chain triglycerides are occasionally found to be overall healthier than its longer relative due to the most basic attribute: length. The shorter
the chain the easier it is absorbed in the GI tract and can be metabolized more easily and become readily available to its ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since coconut oil happens to be a medium–chain triglyceride, it will not be stored in the body as fat which triggers the bodies thermogenesis response,
burning fat. A canine which may be falling in to a 4–6 BCS may benefit mildly from this addition or substitution for dietary fat/oil. Medium–chain
triglycerides have also been found to suppress mammalian appetite. This can also aid in weight control decreasing the caloric intake of the animal
(Ward Dean, 16).
While another aid in lowering weight in a dog may be tackling the bad bacteria in a canine's GI tract. Candida has been proven affected by Extra
Virgin Coconut Oil (EVCO), in one study: "changed from equivocal to negative in Candidiasis patient", when describing the effects of adding EVCO
(DebMandal). In a second study," Coconut oil reduced colonization even when the diet also contained beef tallow", also when referring to its effects on
Candida

The Effect Of Alpha 3 Fatty Acid Supplementation On Cognition
The Effects of Omega–3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Cognition in Alzheimer's Disease
In 2015, approximately 5.3 million Americans were living with Alzheimer's disease. As the baby boom generation ages, that number is expected to
increase by 10 million by the year 2050.1 Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that causes brain cells to eventually die.2 The early and middle
stages are characterized by short–term memory loss, confusion, and difficulty completing familiar tasks.2 Researchers are not only struggling to find a
cure, but to discover ways to slow the disease's progression. One prevalent area of current study especially relevant to nutritional professionals involves
omega–3 fatty acid supplementation in individuals with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
39 male and female early–stage Alzheimer's patients over the age of 55 were the participants in a study in which Shinto et al. (2014) investigated
omega–3 fatty acid supplementation's effect on cognitive decline, as well as oxidative stress, an indicator of Alzheimer's disease. For 12 months,
randomized participants received either a placebo, an omega–3 fish oil supplement, or omega–3 fish oil with the antioxidant lipoic acid.5 In addition to
measuring lipid oxidation, researchers assessed performance on three cognitive tests: the Mini–Mental State Examination, the Activities of Daily
Living [t]est, and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale.5 Compared to placebo, the participants receiving both omega–3 fish oil and lipoic acid
showed a higher reduction in oxidative measures and a deceleration in cognitive decline, indicating that combining omega–3 with lipoic acid may slow
cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients.5 However, this study was limited by a small sample size and short trial period of only 12 months.5
Omega–3 fatty acid alone served as the investigational treatment in a study exploring fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive decline, a
precursor to Alzheimer's disease. In this study conducted by Lee et al. (2013), 36 male and female

Full Cream Milk Lab Report
Full cream milk was used in the experiment as a source of triglyceride lipid. Triglyceride lipids can be hydrolyzed to form glycerol and fatty acid as
shown in the equation below.
Triglyceride + 3 water в†’ glycerol + 3 fatty acid
The enzyme lipase acts as a biological catalyst where it provides an alternative energy pathway for the hydrolysis of triglycerides. This will lower
the energy barrier, the activation energy needed, for this reaction. Hence the reaction will take place at a higher rate since lesser energy is needed.
This hydrolysis reaction occurs in the duodenum which is an alkaline environment. This makes the optimum pH, which the lipase works most
efficiently in. be alkaline as well. Sodium carbonate solution is used to provide the alkaline environment as it is a relatively strong base. When
sodium carbonate is added to water to form the solution, sodium hydroxide, a base, is formed as shown in the equation below.
Na2CO3 + H2O в†’ 2NaOH + CO2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the alimentary canal has a generally hydrophilic medium. This causes the lipid molecules to coalesce into a very big lipid globule. This
globule has a very small surface area to volume ratio and hence the hydrolysis of this globule would be extremely inefficient even with the
presence of lipase. Therefore bile is secreted to emulsify the globules. Bile is produced by hepatocyte cells and stored in the gall bladder below the
liver. Bile is secreted into the duodenum via the bile duct. Bile molecules have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end. This allows them to insert
themselves between lipid molecules and thus prevent them from coalescing1. This forms many small lipid globules with a high surface area to
volume ratio instead of one large molecule with a low ratio, allowing the lipids to be hydrolyzed more

Cirrhosis: A Case Study
The liver is the second largest organ in the body and carries out a variety of functions including immunological, vascular, secretory and excretory
functions. In addition, it is also a key player in the metabolic control of the body by being critically involved in protein, glucose and fat metabolism
(1). Briefly, the liver synthesizes non–essential amino acids and builds up most of the plasma proteins including albumin, clotting factors and
apolipoprotein (apo) A–I. Additionally, it removes toxic ammonia from the body by the hepatocyte–mediated conversion of ammonia into urea which
is then excreted through the kidneys. The liver plays a prominent role in regulating blood glucose levels. After a meal, excess glucose is removed from
the blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients with cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial infections that frequently result in acute–on–chronic liver failure (9–11). Cirrhosis is thought to be
the most common immunodeficiency syndrome worldwide with an occurrence of bacterial infections in 30 to 50% of hospitalized patients (12,13).
The overall median mortality rate of infected cirrhotic patients is 38% (14). In cirrhosis, sepsis is frequently accompanied by an imbalanced cytokine
response leading to excessive inflammation. Bacterial infections develop as a consequence of immune dysfunction that occurs progressively during the
course of cirrhosis. (15,16). During severe bacterial infections, disruption of the integrity of the endothelial barrier markedly increases permeability to
fluids, solutes and inflammatory cells. The activation status of leukocytes has been shown to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality
(17–19). Of particular interest, many of these studies demonstrated activation rather than a depression of peripheral mononuclear cells in cirrhosis
(20–23). Given that the liver plays an essential role in several stages of lipid synthesis, transportation and metabolism, hypocholesterolemia is
frequently found in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (24). Interestingly, low circulating cholesterol levels show a strong correlation with survival

Hyperlipoproteinemia Research Paper
The occurrence of Familial hypertriglyceridemia, an autosomal dominant condition is in approximately 1% of the population. [Boman et al., 1975]
High triglyceride level causes this form and the other lipoprotein levels are either normal or increased a little. The treatment conmprises of niacins,
fibrates and diet control. For lowering the triglyceride level, comparing with fibrates, statins are not better.
1.3.1.7Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia
Mixed hyperlipidemia or mixed hyperlipoproteinemia familial or Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia is very similar to type I, but with high VLDL in
addition to chylomicrons.
Hyperuricemia and glucose intolerance are also associated with Type V Hyperlipoproteinemia.
Characterised by increased triglyceride concentrations and LDL, often accompanied by decreased HDL, combined hyperlipidemia (or –aemia) (also
known as "multiple–type hyperlipoproteinemia") is a commonly occurring form of hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels). A rarely performed
test, lipoprotein electrophoresis shows hyperlipoproteinemia type IIB. With an occurrence of about one in 200 people, Mixed hyperlipidemia is the most
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Increased ApoB and decreased LDL receptor cause Mixed Hyperlipidemia.
2.Increased VLDL synthesis by the liver is caused by the production of excessive free fatty acid by various tissues. FCH is found commonly in patients
suffering from the other metabolic syndrome diseases("syndrome X", incorporating hypertension, CH and central obesity, diabetes mellitus type II).
After the saturation of the mechanism of converting most VLDL to LDL, the levels of VLDL elevate.
Treatment with fibrate drugs acting to decrease free fatty acid production on the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs), specifically
PPARО± is for both the conditions. The synthetic statin drugs, namely, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin can increase hepatic reuptake of LDL due to
increased LDL–receptor expression, resulting in the decrease of LDL

Case Study : Fish Oil Supplements
NatureMade Fish Oil Supplements
The company NatureMade was founded in 1971 in Northridge, California. NatureMade is a sub–brand under Pharmavite LLC, which is owned and run
by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. This company gained its status and recognition by creating USP approved products (fish oil, vitamins A–E, & iron
supplements) that are designed to promote health. They are currently the number one pharmacist recommended brand of supplements in eight
categories including letter vitamins, fish oil, and CoQ10. The active ingredient in NatureMade's Fish oil supplement is omega–3 fatty acids.
Omega–3 fatty acids are essential and therefore their consumption is a necessity for human life.1 These polyunsaturated fats come in three main types:
Specifically, studies have determined that omega–3s can be used to remedy high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoporosis, and more.10 Many studies have shown a connection between omega–3 fatty acid consumption and healthy lipid profiles, such as
high HDL cholesterol levels and a lower triglyceride level. Clinical studies have shown lower blood pressure levels when consuming a diet with higher
levels of this fatty acid. The supplement is widely used for the prevention of heart disease, since studies suggests that omega 3 reduce risk factors for
heart disease and lowers risk of death and complications in those who have already experienced a heart attack. In diabetes, it can help lower cholesterol
and triglycerides, since these markers are usually high with this condition. Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are reduced when fish
oil is consumed. Studies on osteoporosis have found a correlation between omega–3 consumption and increased levels of calcium, improvements in
bone strength, and increased bone density. Finally, omega–3 consumption has also been shown to be protective against cancer, control lupus and aid in
treatment for eczema.
Approved health claims for omega–3 fatty acids are organized by substance (DHA/EPA and DHA) and minimum daily intake.11 For a food or product
to be used to contribute to the normal

Compare And Contrast Gluckicose And Hexokinase
Hexokinase and glucokinase are similar enzymes found in different parts of the body. These enzymes are used to regulate glucose levels in the blood.
Glucose is the only nutrient which feed the brain, making fundamental in a diet. Glucose is derived from carbohydrates, and carbohydrates are the
main source of nutrients. Once, carbohydrates are broken down into single molecules of glucose. Hexokinase and glucokinase assists in the metabolism
of glucose through a process known as glycolysis. Glycolysis is a multiple step process which converts glucose into ATP or stores it as triglycerides.
Therefore, hyporcaloric people require energy, causing the cycle to proceed in ATP pathway. Triglycerides are created when the person has
excessive calories available. Once glucose enters the body, it begins to fill the requirements of the body. For Example, the first tissue to get filled
is the brain, the second is the muscle, and if there is glucose still available in the blood, then it enters the liver. Hexokinase and glucokinase have the
same function, but they react differently with in the body. Hexokinase and glucokinase work together to make glucose functional for the body.
Glucose is either used for energy or stored for later used. Hexokinase is found in most cells, and allows glucose to enter at lower concentrations. This
enzyme will proceed into ATP production if the cells are hypocaloric or low in energy. On the other hand, if cells are hypercaloric, glucose will be
stored as

Movie Review : ' Good Morning Mr. Brown '
Jessica: "Good morning Mr.Brown, How are you doing today?
Mr Brown: I'd be a lot better if I can get out of here and get back to my couch, so I can watch the game today.
Jessica: Well Mr. Brown, that's our goal today. To get you feeling much better.
Jessica: Mr. Brown I am now going to tell you your results as well as explain them so you can better understand what you're up against. And that way,
we can all come together and figure out the best plan of action to get your cholesterol under control.
Mr Brown: Okay. As long as I don't have to get up off of my couch and miss my sports. I'll think about it.
Jessica: Well Mr. Brown I'll let you be the judge. Here are your results.
Jessica: Your Triglycerides results are slightly elevated, but not necessarily high. The readings are suppose to be lower than 150 mg/dL, and you fall
slightly under that with 145 mg/dL (Schwartz, Aug. 16, 2013, para 3). That's why I said your results are slightly elevated because it has the potential to
be high at any given moment.
Mr. Brown: What the heck is "Tri–what"?
Jessica: (laughs lightly) "Triglycerides".
Mr. Brown: Yeah. What the heck is that?
Jessica: Well Mr. Brown, simply put, Triglycerides is the major form of fat stored by the body. Not only can we get it from the foods we eat but our
body produces it too (Tortora/Derrickson, n.d., para 4). Did you know that when your Triglyceride levels get too high in your blood, they can cause
plaque buildup in the arteries (Szalay, March 24, 2016,

Cage Free Egg Free Eggs
The article from Huffington Post with the heading "McDonald's Plans To Switch To Cage
–Free Eggs" mentions the announcement of McDonald's plan
on cage–free eggs. McDonald's plans to complete the transition to cage–free eggs in the U.S. and Canada by 2025.1 The article not only brings
cage–free eggs into concern, but also raises heated discussion about whether hens should be bred in the cage–free system or in the conventional way. In
this essay, I will argue that it is a right choice to switch to the cage–free system in terms of the animal welfare. Besides, I will suggest that the cage–free
system should be encouraged because eggs laid by hens raised in such system embraces better nutrition. Encouragement of cage–free eggs is a bold
move, but it is worth carrying out. In terms of the animal welfare, the cage–free system treats hens in a more humane manner and ensures them a life
with more freedom. An overwhelming majority of hens are limited in the conventional cages, where they each can share only 67 square inches of the
cage space.2 67 square inches cannot even compare with a piece of letter–size paper which takes up about 93.5 square inches. Such tiny space is not
enough for hens to spread their wings, let alone make nests or perch. The conventional system shows a lack of certain humanity. Unlike the
conventional system, the cage–free system provides more spacious room for hens, where they are able to walk around within a certain range, to spread
their

What Is The Relationship Between The Absorption Of...
Due to the close relationship between the absorption of triglycerides and fat–soluble vitamins, disorders of fat absorption are invariably always
associated with a disorder of the absorption of fat–soluble vitamins. Esters of fat–soluble vitamins, dissolved in nutritional fat, are hydrolyzed in the
intestinal lumen by pancreatic carboxylic ester hydrolases (Ballard et al., 2007, Reboul and Borel, 2011). The underlying mechanisms of water–soluble
vitamins being absorbed are more complex and less uniform than those of the fat–soluble vitamins. Some water–soluble vitamins, such as folic acid,
must be transformed in the intestinal lumen prior to absorption. The influence of high– and low–fiber diets on urinary riboflavin excretion was examined
The glucomannan konjac mannan has a lowering effect on vitamin E absorption in healthy volunteers and in diabetic patients (Jenkins et al., 20001).
This could be demonstrated with the vitamin E tolerance test when the glucomannan was added to the test meal. It is uncertain whether there are
relations between vitamin K metabolism and ingestion of dietary fiber. Investigations on the influence of dietary fiber on vitamin K absorption and
serum vitamin K concentration are not available. The prothrombin and thromboplastin times of diabetics who were treated with a high–fiber diet (25 to
35 g dietary fiber per 1000 kcal) for an average of 21 months remained unchanged. This indicates that the high–fiber diet does not impair vitamin K
absorption (Alonso–Sande et al., 2009, Scholfield et al., 1990). The underlying mechanisms of water–soluble vitamins being absorbed are more
complex and less uniform than those of the fat–soluble vitamins. Some water–soluble vitamins, such as folic acid, must be transformed in the intestinal
lumen prior to absorption. The influence of high– and low–fiber diets on urinary riboflavin excretion was examined in healthy subjects. Compared to a
control group receiving a low–fiber diet, coarse and fine bran, cellulose, and cabbage increased urinary excretion for 8 h when 15 mg
riboflavin–5–phosphate were administered orally with breakfast. The authors concluded that dietary fiber accelerates GI riboflavin

Lipids Lab Report
Dear Mr. Brown, I have received the result panel from your previous visit to check your lipids. We would like to share them with you.
TestResult
Triglycerides145 mg/dL
Cholesterol210 mg/dL
HDL33 mg/dL
LDL160 mg/dL Triglycerides is the fat found in the blood and is used for energy. Having high levels of triglycerides can increase the risk for heart
disease and could be a sign of metabolic syndrome (combination of high blood pressure, high blood sugar, low HDL, and high triglycerides). High
levels will also increase the risk for stroke and diabetes. The normal range for triglycerides is below 150 mg/dL. Your results show that you are in the
normal range being 145 mg/dL.
Cholesterol is a waxy fat–like substance that is found in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cholesterol can also be inherited: lysosomal acid lipase deficiency, type 3 hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and polygenic
hypercholesterolemia. Secondary causes for high cholesterol include kidney failure, chronic alcoholism, hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland),
and type 2 diabetes.
Medications are a last resort to treating high cholesterol. We prescribe these after changing your diet and exercise habits do not lower LDL and
result in higher HDL. There are five classes of drugs used to help lower cholesterol levels. Statins help raise HDL and lower LDL. Statins are the
drug of choice and include Fluvastatin, Pravastatin, and Lovastatin. Side effects from this class of drug include muscle pain, diarrhea, nausea, and
constipation. Niacin in prescription form helps in lowering LDL and raising HDL better than other medications. Niacin side effects include redness
and flushing of the skin, stomach upset, blurred vision, liver damage, and headaches. This drug should only be taken in prescription form due to
unwanted side effects. Bile acid sequestrants are used in treating high LDL. The most common side effects are bloating, constipation, elevated
triglycerides, and heartburn. If you have high levels of triglycerides bile acid sequestrants should not be taken. Cholesterol absorption inhibitors limits
how much LDL is absorbed in the small intestine. The side effects include muscle weakness, headaches, and nausea. The last class of drug is

Case Study Of Cholesterol
8 CHOLESTROL LVELS Cholesterol is a waxy substance that comes from two sources: your body and food. Your body, and especially your liver,
makes all the cholesterol you need and circulates it through the blood. But cholesterol is also found in foods from animal sources, such as meat,
poultry and full–fat dairy products. Your liver produces morecholesterol when you eat a diet high in saturated and trans fats.
Excess cholesterol can form plaque between layers of artery walls, making it harder for your heart to circulate blood. Plaque can break open and
cause blood clots. If a clot blocks an artery that feeds the brain, it causes a stroke. If it blocks an artery that feeds the heart, it causes a heart attack.
View an animation of cholesterol. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's important to know the levels of cholesterol in your blood so that you and your doctor can determine the best strategy to lower your risk.
8:1 .Personal Context Our bodies need healthy levels of cholesterol to function. Cholesterol is a fatty substance made by the liver and distributed
throughout the body. It allows our bodies to make vitamin D and hormones, and makes up bile acids. We also get less than 25 percent of our body's
cholesterol from the foods we eat, especially animal fats.
High cholesterol means you have a lot more cholesterol in your blood than you need. Most people who have high cholesterol don't have any obvious
symptoms. A simple blood test can tell you if you have high cholesterol. If you do have high cholesterol, dietary changes, exercise, and targeted
medications can help lower it and reduce your risk of developing heart disease. Changing some of your lifestyle habits may also help to reduce your
cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Suggestions

Reducing Blood Glucose Levels
The null hypothesis is RP2017 compound is unable to reduce circulating blood glucose levels and triglycerides levels because the researcher is unsure
whether it can be a definite compound in reducing blood glucose levels and triglyceride levels. Also, due to the fact that null hypothesis is defined to
be unbiased and neutral, it is proper to state the status quo that compound RP2017 is not an effective compound in reducing blood glucose levels and
triglyceride levels. As such, the alternative hypothesis is that compound RP2017 is able to reduce blood glucose and triglyceride levels.
After forming the hypothesis, the errors that can occur with respect to the hypothesis are:
Reality My conclusionCorrect/Error
Drug is not effectiveDrug is not effectiveCorrect
Drug is not effectiveDrug is effectiveType I error
Drug is effectiveDrug is not effectiveType II error
Drug is effectiveDrug is effectiveCorrect
Since the hypothesis is that the drug is not effective in reducing blood glucose levels ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The alpha value (О±) which is the probability that type I error will occur and the p–value. The alpha value should be determined before the experiment
and in this case, the value can be 0.01. Also, the population size of the number of experiments must be taken into consideration. Bigger the population
size, the standard deviation number is smaller and the widespread is smaller. Finally, come up with an experiment to find out whether the compound
RP2017 is effective. Plot a histogram graph from the values found out from the experiment.
If the p–value given is smaller or equal to the О± value, the null hypothesis is rejected. If the p–value given is larger than О±, the null hypothesis is
failed to be rejected. Thus, using these detailed procedures, the researcher can determine whether compound RP2017 is an effective

Carbohydrates Lab Report
Carbohydrates: Pg. 33, A–E
A. The waste product of dehydration synthesis is water.
B. The overall chemical formula of each of the three molecules is C18H36O18 , the ratio for the monosaccharides is 1:2:1. C. Glucose and fructose
have the same chemical formula but the atoms are arranged differently. Therefore they are structural isomers, however due to the atoms being arranged
differently it will give rise to different functions/abilities that make them different.
D. Cellulose is the polysaccharide similar to the beta–glucose chain we made, since cellulose consists of thousand linear chains of beta–glucose and
forms beta(1–>4) linkages. Amylose is the polysaccharide that can be made if we were using alpha–glucose since it consists of alpha ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carboxyl groups and amino groups are involved in the dehydration synthesis reaction. C. The acidic properties will be lost after the reaction because
the hydroxyl group in the carboxyl group will be removed to make the by–product water. Resulting in amino acids not being able to give away the H+
ions that will increase ph. Overall it will decrease the acidity of the molecule
D. The amino acids I made were alamine, serine, and aspartic acid. They all have the same basic structure of an amino acid, which consists of an
amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen. Although they are similar they have difference side chains that will give each one a different function. The
function groups that connect to the side chain will determine if it is ionic, polar or non–polar. The side chain for the alamine is a hydrocarbon chain
resulting in non–polar properties, while the serine has a hydroxyl group which will give it polar properties. Also the aspartic acid has a charged
carboxyl group making the molecule more

Top Brain Foods For Mental Focus
Top Brain Foods for Mental Focus Mental focus and concentration is one of the keys to athletic excellence. How many times have you seen a team
take the lead during a game, but then blow the lead later in the game by allowing the opposing team to come back and take the win? It's no surprise
that the lack of focus from an athlete or an athletic team can lead to disappointing ties or loses. This is why it is important that athletes keep their
head in the game and remain focused. When athletes are "in the zone" they are not as easily distracted and they are totally involved with what they
are doing. In this state, it's like time has stopped and they are tuned in to the task at hand. One of the most important skills in sports is having the
ability to focus. All athletes, regardless of skill level, can benefit greatly from an improvement in their ability to focus and concentrate. Luckily
enough, there are foods that you can eat that are known to help improve your mental focus. If you want to keep your head in the game, make sure you
are ingesting these top brain foods for increased athletic focus. 1.Oatmeal This breakfast favorite is a nutritious one that not only helps your endurance
and strength, but also keeps you full as well. This low–calorie food is chock full of magnesium, which has been shown to help improve your memory
and boost your brain. Oats also release their sugar as glucose slowly, and having a steady glucose level means better attention levels and focus. 2.

Fats and Lipids: What Is the Difference? Essay
1.Lipids
A lipid is a group of naturally occurring molecules. That group includes fats, waxes, steroids, fat–soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) phospholipids, etc.
They are broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules. The amphiphilic molecules form structures such as vesicles, liposomes, and
membranes in an aqueous environment.They are insoluble in water, yet soluble in alcohol. (Human Biology)
Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but they have far less oxygen than carbohydrates. They have high melting points. (Human Biology) The
saturated acids have a higher melting point than unsaturated acids. Lipids can be extracted from plants and animals using solvents such as ether,
chloroform and acetone. (Chemistry: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a person doesn't get enough of these unsaturated fats, they can see problems such as skin problems or a delay of growth. These types of lipids are
typically seen in foods such as canola oil, fatty fish, and soybean oil. (Diet for a Small Planet)
Saturated fats, however, can put your body at a risk of bad cholesterol, heart problems, and many other harmful health risks. They usually come from
foods from animals, such as meat, milk, and butter. Those foods tend to have a high concentration of saturated fats.
There is a fat type that is worse than saturated fats. They are trans–fats. These types of lipids can actually hurt the function of the membrane receptors
that help the body clean out cholesterol from the blood. These kinds of fats occur when unsaturated oils are hydrogenated. (Diet for a Small Planet)
3.The difference between fats and lipids
"Although all fats are lipids, not all lipids are fats." Fats are only one type of lipid. Lipids include a wide variety of different molecules. A "lipid" is a
general name that is assigned to a group of fat soluble compounds found in the tissues of plants and animals. They compose the building blocks of
structure and function of living cells. (Combining Forms)
Fats have become synonymous with lipids, but really, they are just a sub–group of lipids. They are known as triglycerides. Fats are the fatty acid esters
of glycerol and are the primary energy base of animals. The energy bases are used for storing energy

Health Benefits Of Salmon Essay
The Health benefits of Salmon
American ideals about diets and body images are constantly changing. It seems as though we are always searching for a "perfect" food, one which
will keep us slim while providing the vitamins, minerals, and nutrients necessary for survival. In recent years, the focus has shifted from concerns
about fat and carbohydrates to overall health and wellbeing. There has been an increasing emphasis placed on 'organic' foods – foods grown without
pesticides, chemicals, and inorganic fertilizers. Cancer has become a huge concern, as it is being linked to many of the chemicals and pesticides used in
food production. The 'perfect' food has become one which is capable of blocking the growth of cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) have been known to decrease in children who consume the fish. The risk of asthma in
children is reduced as well. Finally, there is a decreased risk of strokes and stress–induced aggression in people who consume salmon.
In addition to containing high levels of vitamins and minerals, salmon is also low in fat and cholesterol. 'An average portion of salmon provides over
half of the daily allowance of protein, and between four and ten grams of fat'. Not all varieties offer the same benefits, however. Farmed salmon, while
often easier to obtain, is the less healthy choice. While they are being raised, farmed salmon are fed a combination of fish protein, antibiotics,
pesticides, vaccines, chemicals, and other drugs. These present a risk not only to wild salmon living near the farms, but to humans and the
environment as well. Farmed salmon contain more of the 'bad' fats than wild salmon, and fewer 'good' fats. Wild salmon, while often more difficult to
locate than farmed, are the healthier choice and the one preferred by the majority of chefs and consumers throughout the country. The flesh is darker
in color and firmer, direct results of an active, migratory lifestyle. Wild salmon are 'harvested' only after their feeding and spawning cycles have
concluded, but despite this fact their species have become severely endangered.
If faced with

The Effect Of Acute Administration Of B Carboline Harmine...
ABSTRACT :
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of acute administration of B carboline harmine on the behavioral and physiological of rats exposed to
CMS procedure. To develop this study we used 40 animals divided into four groups as follows: (G1) Non– stressed– Saline. (G2) Non– stressed –
Harmine; (G3) stressed– Saline; (G4) stressed– Harmine. ). After 30 days of exposure to CMS, rats were treated with harmine (20 mg/kg/day) for 7
days. In this study, the time spent in the open arms and in closed arms, arm and closed entries ,cholesterol and triglycerides levels were assessed.The
results we obtained during the experiment show that treatment with harmine induced:, Increase time spent in open arms, , the number of arm entries
and number of closed–arm entries were not altered by CMS or this treatment. normalized cholesterol levels, We concluded that harmine could be used
to improved depressive disorders.
Keywords: DГ©pression, CMS, О’–carbolines, Harmine and rats.
INTRODUCTION : Anxiety is a common consequence of chronic stress. In humans, stressful life events may lead to anxiety even in the absence of a
chronic physiological stress response [13]. Many studies have been conducted to identify the role of different factors that contribute to the development
of depression and anxiety [A,B].It has been reported that decrease anxiety related behavior in humans and animals.( ?) Among trusty models of
depression, chronic mild stress (CMS) model of

Essay On Phospholipids
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are created by two fatty acids with a phosphate group, they are classed as fats and they are made up of lipids. The fatty acids in the
phospholipid are hydrophobic and the phosphate head is hydrophilic and it is outwards and the tail is inwards, this causes to create the cell membrane.
Triglycerides
Triglycerides contain three fatty acids and glycerol molecule, whereas phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Triglycerides stop the
loss of heat by insulation and they have ester bonds.
The difference in uses of triglycerides and phospholipids
Phospholipids
The cell membrane is formed by phospholipids, the cell membrane controls what substances and gases go in and out of the cell. When inside the water
the phospholipids organize themselves into position, the hydrophilic head is on the outside of the membrane because they can handle water, however,
on the inside of the membrane the hydrophobic tail does not like water. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Triglycerides are aqueous at room temperature or sold at room temperature and some are saturated fats, they consist of single bonds triglycerides are
commonly known as oils, such as butter or sun flower oil.
Reference: Btec level 3 90 credit diploma Author – Catharine Richard Title – Carbohydrates Date and time – 3/14/2016 8:22PM
Reference of image:

Chelation Therapy Research Paper
An alternative way to lower cholesterol – without the danger of statin drugs
There are many alternative remedies to lower cholesterol offered by all kinds of clinics. There are homeopathic remedies, herbal remedies, and natural
remedies. But there is one remarkable, proven and safe way to lower your cholesterol, without using statin drugs – it's called Chelation Therapy.
What is Chelation Therapy?
The word "chelation" comes from the Greek word "chele", which means "to claw" or "to bind".
It is a safe and non–toxic way to get rid of all the toxic metals in your body. Chelation consists of EDTA ( ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) which is
administered into your body. This synthetic protein binds all toxic metal ions and removes them from

Essay about Lab Report
Roy Levin Bio 11 Lab Dr.Izquierdo Analysis of Macromolecules in Tissue Homogenates of Bos taurusMaterials and Methods The homogenates
provided were made by homogenizing tissues in a sucrose phosphate buffer in a 1:20 ratio. The protein concentration in bovine cells was measured by
diluting the homogenate with a 1:5 ratio; 50 microliters of homogenate and 200 microliters of water. Then 5 known protein concentration samples
which were 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 mg/ml of bovine serum were used to determine absorbance with a spectrophotometer. Two additional samples were
made; one was blank and the other was for the specific homogenate sample. Then 3 microliters of bradford assay reagent, which indicates the amount of
protein present... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gel electrophoresis method. Qualitative analysis shows protein concentrations in kidney, heart, and liver. 1–6 are kidney tissue. 7–14 are liver and
15–19 are the heart tissue. The protein/DNA ratio indicated a greater ratio in the heart homogenate in comparison to the liver and kidney. The relative
cell size in the heart homogenate could be inferred to be much greater because of such a high ratio. (Table 1) Homogenates Protein concentration (mg
/ml) DNA concentration (Ојg/ml) Protein/DNA Ratio (mg/Ојg) Average standard deviation (Protein concentration) Heart Liver Kidney 5.915 3.224
2.709 0.55 3.39 6.54 3.28 0.78 0.44 2.490366439 0.310940777 0.737809895 Table 1 Concentration of protein, DNA, and ratio of the two in heart,
kidney and liver of bos taurus. Average standard deviation of protein concentration is also shown. Triglyceride concentrations in the liver are much
higher than the heart and kidney. The differences between triglyceride and glycerol concentrations were triglyceride includes the free glycerol plus the
glycerol. Pure glycerol concentrations were not determined because of reagent availability. The triglyceride concentrations were assumed to be
proportional to glycerol concentrations. (Figure 2) –1143002095500Figure 2. The average triglyceride concentrations of heart,

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, And Nucleic Acids
There are four types of biomolecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are large chains of sugar found in food and
living tissues. This includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. They have the same ratio of hydrogen and oxygen that water has, 2:1. They are broken
down to release energy in the animal body. Lipids are any organic compounds that are fatty acids and don't dissolve in water but do in organic
solvents. Fatty acids can be found in natural oils, waxes, and steroids. Proteins are macromolecules that do everything in the cell. They are tools and
machines that make things happen. Nucleic acids are long strands of nucleotides, and function primarily in storage and transmission of genetic
information. There are two types of nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. DNA is the genetic material of all cellular organisms, and RNA sends out
messages from the information that is held in the DNA. These four biomolecules are metabolized by the animal body. Each biomolecule is broken
down in a different process. The end result of each process is the creation of usable energy for the body. This energy is used to work and generate other
chemical reactions that help the body move and think. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids each provide energy to different places within
the body that, in turn, stimulate other chemical reactions to occur, creating a chain reaction of chemical reactions throughout the body. The
metabolization of these major

Biodiesel Synthesis Lab Report
Leah Romero 04/30/2018 Lab 13 Chem. 102L In lab 13, synthesis of biodiesel, the main purpose was to test for the presence of contaminants like
soap, and to determine the purity of the sample. This was done by performing a transesterification of vegetable oil when a solid catalyst is present in
order to produce biodiesel. In the lab procedure the outcomes that were observed were biodiesel being synthesized using a solid–state catalyst,
biodiesel being tested for quality, and being able to explain the synthesis pathway for biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced from a variety of
renewable sources. The chemical properties that lie behind this lab all tie in with the components of biodiesel. The biodiesel production process is just
a few simple... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The volume of biodiesel was 1.5mL. The mass of the graduated cylinder and the biodiesel was 10.41. The mass of biodiesel was calculated by the
equation mass biodiesel = mass of g.c. w/biodiesel– mass of g.c. and the results were 0.49. The density of biodiesel was calculated by the equation
density = mass/volume and the results were 0.32. The pH of the biodiesel was tested and was 5. The glass test tube containing 1mL of biodiesel and
7mL of methanol was shaken and an insoluble layer did form. This shows that the reaction was incomplete and there were unreacted triglycerides or

Huey Ho Research Paper
Why is the shape of an enzyme important to its function?
Huey Ho
Living Environment
Once upon a time, there was a locked golden treasure chest that laid in the middle of the town. Inside of the chest, was rumored to contain a vast
amount of treasure. The king of the town informed all of the people that one person had possession of the key (aka the substrate molecule.) that
opened the chest. The chest was guarded with a heavy lock. (aka the enzyme) The king emphasized that whoever opened the treasure chest would be
greatly rewarded. People became desperate to open the treasure chest. Every day, citizens would flock to the chest in numbers and try to fit their own
key into the keyhole (the active site). Smaller keys, larger keys, or incorrectly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Excessive consumption of lipids leads to higher rates of obesity.
For carbohydrates, consuming the right amount of carbs will give you energy to complete tasks such as eating and exercising. An overconsumption of
carbs will lead to multiple, deadly and life threatening diseases such as type 2 diabetes. This is because when a person overeats on carbohydrates, their
body will produce excess insulin. Such insulin overproduction can overwhelm their body and cause serious irregularities in insulin production.
With protein, consuming the correct amount of proteins will slow the aging process. Proteins helps the body synthesize glutathione. Glutathione helps
us reduce and detox carcinogens, which age people significantly. Consuming too much protein can cause intestinal irritation. Too much protein has been
linked with harmful side effects, such as constipation, diarrhea, or excessive gas. After my research on macromolecules, I concluded that your diet was
balanced between all of the macromolecules. Your diet composed of a satisfying amount of proteins, carbs, and lipids dishes throughout the day. By
continuing this type of diet, you can live a healthy and carefree

Bos Taurus Tissue Essay
Lab 2–3 Lab Report
Analysis of Protein, Carbohydrates, and Triglycerides in Bos taurus Tissue
I) Materials and Methods:
Homogenates were provided made from liver, kidney, or heart in a 1:20 ratio with sucrose–phosphate buffer that was stored at –70В° C. The tissue I
tested was the liver homogenate. To qualitatively analyze proteins of the homogenate, 5Вµl of original liver homogenate was combined with 2 Вµl of
protein gel sample buffer and heated in a water bath at 80В° C for 10 minutes. After centrifuging the sample for 5 seconds, the contents were loaded
onto a polyacrylamide protein gel set at 100V for Electrophoresis and stained Coomassie blue for an hour and results were observed the next class
period a week later (Clendening).
To ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Glycerol standard sample was given to the class. One sample of 3 ml Triglyceride reagent was heated at 37В°C for 5 minutes, then mixed with 30 Вµl
of Bos taurus homogenate and incubated for 10 more minutes at the same temperature. Absorbance of the glycerol standard and homogenates were
measured, and converted to concentration of glycerol (Clendening).
( A520 homogenate / A520 of the standard ) x 2.5 mg/ml glycerol
The average triglyceride amount for each homogenate was determined.
To make a standard curve of glucose, 6 samples of 3 ml of Trinder reagent were heated at 37В°C. After 5 minutes, 30 Вµl of 0.2 M citrate buffer was
added to one sample, 30 Вµl of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 were added to one of the remaining 5 samples of Trinder reagent and heated for 10 minutes at
the same temperature. Absorbance of the standards was measured (Clendening).
Y= .3985x – .0005, R2 = .9871 To measure the free glucose and glycogen, 2 samples of 3 ml of Trinder reagent were warmed at 37В°C. After 5
minutes, from the digestion of glycogen process, 30 Вµl of the amyloglucosidase–treated reaction was added to one sample and 30 Вµl of the free
glucose control was added to the other sample. The samples were heated for 10 minutes at 37В°C and absorbance was recorded. Concentration of free
glucose was calculated when solving for x using the absorbance of the reaction without amyloglucosidase

Glucose And Prostate Cancer Case Study
this large prospective study, we observed a weak positive association between serum levels of glucose and prostate cancer death, but no associations
were observed for triglycerides and total cholesterol. Similar positive associations were seen for glucose and triglycerides with overall, CVD or other
deaths. Hypercholesterolemia was positively associated with CVD death.
Glucose
Consistent with other studies we found positive associations between glucose and prostate cancer death (10,29). Other studies yielded non–significant
associations between diabetes and prostate cancer death, but the associations were positive in most of these studies (30–32). Although, previous
epidemiological studies provide evidence suggesting that the severity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast, another study reported a non–significant inverse association between triglycerides and prostate cancer–specific death (32).
Despite the lack of association between triglycerides and prostate cancer in the present study, experimental studies suggest that triglycerides may induce
prostate cancer progression. For instance, several studies found that triglyceride–rich remnant like particles stimulated PC–3 cell proliferation by
increasing activity of MAPK, MEK/ERK and/or Akt pathways, which are associated with controlling cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, cell
cycle arrest and lipid biosynthesis (39,40).
Total cholesterol
Similar to the HUNT 2 study, we did not find any association between total cholesterol and prostate cancer death in the overall study population (32).
Interestingly, though, the findings based on quartiles of total
cholesterol and our spline model suggested a non–significant inverse association between total cholesterol and prostate cancer death. Haggstrom et al.
also reported an inverse, but non–significant, association between total cholesterol and prostate cancer death (8). This finding may be due to the
influence of latent cancer. However, in analyses where we excluded the first two years of follow–up, the tendency remained.
Although epidemiological studies, so far, do not support an association between total cholesterol and prostate cancer survival, an association between

Lipid Chromatography Lab
We are testing for the presence of lipids, the amount and how polar they are. The bigger the dot, the higher the concentration and the farther the dot
the more nonpolar it is. A positive test for lipid chromatography appears to have phospholipids, fatty acids and triglycerides in that order on the
powdered strip while a negative test appears to not have those three in that order or even have all those three show up. We tested chromatography
solvent and placed it on the silica gel strip. Our hypothesis was that the nonpolar molecules in the solvent would move up farther from the solvent
causing the Triglycerides to be at the top of the paper but the polar molecules would move slower causing the phospholipids to stay at the bottom of the
paper.

Factors That Elevated Levels Of Cholesterol Ldl, Hdl, And...
Journal Article Summary
Article reference
Leritz, E. C., McGlinchey, R. E., Salat, D. H., & Milberg, W. P. (2016). Elevated levels of Serum Cholesterol are Associated with Better Performance
on Tasks of Episodic Memory. Metabolic Brain Disease, 31(2), 465–473. doi:10.1007/s11011–016–9797–y
Purpose of the study
The main purpose of this study was to ascertain how lipid transport molecules LDL, HDL, and triglycerides are linked to neuropsychological function.
Hypothesis (es)
The authors of this study made the hypothesis that elevated levels of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol would be related to decreased
neuropsychological function, with a greater link in the scopes of memory and executive function.
Participants
A total of 74 females and 46 males participated in this study. All these participants were taken from two different studies, yet it is to be noted that
these studies overlapped one another. The participants were chosen on the premise of having existing or an absence of cerebrovascular disease (CVD)
risk components, for example, cholesterol, blood pressure, and an atypical regulated glucose. Out of the one hundred twenty–three participants in this
study, thirty–one of these participants were chosen from a larger sample taken from the Harvard Cooperative Program on Aging (HCPA) Clause Pepper
Older American Independence Center. The participants that partook in this program were taken from their respective community, and their reasoning
to partake was due to

Making Soap: Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of a Triglyceride
Abstract: The main reason for this experiment is to prepare a simple soap made from vegetable oil. The physical properties will be tested in order to
demonstrate the reactions that occur.
The experiment can conclude that the vegetable oil had a primary fatty acid called linoleic acid, which was evident during the saponification
reaction. The simple soap did appear to be a good emulsifier because the soap did dissolve in the mixture of mineral oil and water. In hard water the
calcium and magnesium did loose their effectiveness and became insoluble in the solution. When magnesium was added to acidic water, the salt was
converted to a fatty acid, and was also insoluble.
Background:
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The test tube was observed and recorded. 2.) A soap solution was prepared in a small beaker by adding 25 mL of distilled water and a small amount of
the soap. The contents were gently warmed in a warm water bath in order to dissolve as much of the soap as possible. 3.) 5 test tubes were prepared
and labeled 1–5. 5 mL of the soap solution that was previously prepared, was added to each test tube. 4.) 2 drops of 5% CaCl2 were added to test tube
1. The test tube was observed and the observations were recorded. 5.) 2 drops of 5% MgCl2 were added to test tube 2. The test tube was observed and
the observations were recorded. 6.) 2 drops of 5% FeCl3 were added to test tube 3. The test tube was observed and the observations were recorded. 7.) 2
mL of tap water wad added to test tube 4. The test tube was observed and the observations were recorded. 8.) Test tube 5 served as the control
because it only contained the soap solution. A drop from test tube 5 was placed onto pH paper in order to test the pH. The pH was recorded.
Data:
Mass of oil and graduated cylinder 74.57 g
Mass of empty graduated cylinder 66.43 g
Mass of soap product (with filter paper) 18.72 g
Physical properties of soap light yellow, slimy and clumpy, appears like apple sauce
Physical properties of soap from another group yellow, soft, porous, and thick
Observations of solubility of Mineral oil:
Distilled water appears

Essay On Ablooproteinemia
Abetalipoproteinemia (ABL) is a rare inherited disorder affecting fat metabolism. Abnormal fat metabolism prevents the body from completely
absorbing dietary fats, cholesterol, and fat–soluble vitamins. Without treatment, people affected by this disorder can experience progressive
neurological deterioration, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, and blood abnormalities in which the red blood cells deform resulting in low levels
of circulating red blood cells (anemia). Dietary fats and vitamins are essential for proper growth and development of various body systems.
Consequently, degeneration of the retina of the eyes may also occur in affected people. This can potentially result in loss of vision, a condition known
as retinitis pigmentosa.
This disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and is caused by mutations in the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) gene.
Beta–lipoprotein that work to carry fats and cholesterol in the blood is missing due to the MTTP gene mutations. The MTTP gene provides instructions
for making microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, which is essential for creating beta–lipoproteins. The mutations in this gene lead to abnormally
short microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, causing the nutritional and neurological problems. ABL is also called Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome
because Dr. Bassen and Dr.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This signifies that individuals with ABL inherited two abnormal alleles from the same trait from each parent. Those that receive one normalallele and
one allele for the disease are considered carriers for ABL. They usually do not show symptoms of ABL, however their offspring can inherit the
disorder. Two carrier parents have 25% chance of having affected child indicating they both passed their defective gene to their child. Two carrier
parents have 50% chance of having a carrier child and 25% of chance of having a normal

Clinical Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Study
4.e. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG)–
The presence of clinical type 2 diabetes (fasting plasma glucose of в‰Ґ 126 mg/dL or 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose of в‰Ґ 200 mg/dL) is a
major risk factor for CVD, and its presence alone places a patient in the category of very high absolute risk (see above). IFG (fasting plasma
glucose 110 to 125 mg/dL) is considered by many authorities to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (macrovascular) disease, justifying
its inclusion among risk factors contributing to high absolute risk. Although including IFG as a separate risk factor for CVD departs from the ATP II
and JNC VI reports, its inclusion in this list may be appropriate. IFG is well established as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
4.f. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The relationship between high triglycerides and CHD is complex. Triglyceride–rich lipoproteins may be directly atherogenic. In addition, elevated
serum triglycerides are the most common manifestation of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (high triglycerides, small LDL particles, and low
HDL–cholesterol levels) [142, 549]. Moreover, in the presence of obesity, high serum triglycerides are commonly associated with a clustering of
metabolic risk factors known as the metabolic syndrome (atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, hypertension, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance,
and prothrombotic states). Thus, in obese patients, elevated serum triglycerides are a marker for increased cardiovascular risk. According to current
guidelines (ATP II and JNC VI), the presence of high triglycerides does not modify the intensity of cholesterol or blood pressure–lowering therapy.
Their presence in obese patients, however, calls for an intensified effort to achieve weight reduction and increase physical activity. Both will reduce
the various risk factors characteristic of the metabolic syndrome, and thus should reduce overall cardiovascular risk as well as decrease the risk for
type 2

Coconut Oil Brain
Coconut Oil For Brain
Coconut oil has a wide array of health benefits, including being extremely good for your brain in a variety of ways. Coconut oil contains medium chain
triglycerides and MTI's have been shown to boost cognitive function in seniors with everything from minor memory disorders to more serious matters
such as Alzheimer's.
Medium chain triglycerides are not like other types of oil you eat because they are not stored in your tissues, rather they are moved immediately to
your liver where they are oxidized and turned into ketone bodies so your body can use it for energy and fuel for your brain's mitochondria, instead of
your body storing it as fat.
Coconut oil is good for your brain in so many ways. Your brain requires healthy

Case Study of Hypertension Essay
Case Study of Hypertension
During my experience in volunteering, I chose a patient for the case study assignment. The subject I chose was identified as GKM. The patient's chief
complaint upon her visit to the clinic was for a follow–up on her hypertension and for more medication for this disease. GKM is a 56–year–old
Caucasian female with the date of birth on 12–14–43.
Her past medical and surgical history consisted of childhood diseases, heart and cardiovascular problems, and cancer. The childhood diseases she had
were chicken pox, mumps, and scarlet fever. Regarding to her heart and cardiovascular problems, she has had high blood pressure, ankle swelling, and
dizziness. She had cervical cancer as well, which was removed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She had previously visited the clinic for the same illness and the medical practitioner kept her on Diovan HCT, a diuretic. On her current visit, she
complained about dizziness and how she was stressed. Her husband had a myocardial infarction 2 weeks prior to her visit and she was concerned
about her blood pressure. She also had run out her prescription for Diovan HCT for hypertension, but resumed taking it the day of the exam. She also
has gained excessive weight after January 2000 when she was 163 pounds. She has gained 13 pounds since then and currently weighs 176 pounds. She
has had normal cholesterol, high and low–density lipoproteins, and triglycerides on her last visit. Her blood glucose has been normal.
Significant Hospital and Clinic Events
I.1987–hysterectomy for cervical cancer
II.Jan. 25, 2000– Mammogram abnormality indicated in left breast
III.Feb. 4, 2000–Left breast biopsy done as same day surgery
IV.Feb. 20, 2000–Indicated as fibrocystic disease breast disease (benign)
V.June 20, 2000– Orthopedist concluded a whole body scan needed due to multiple areas of tenderness; exact etiology difficult to identify.
VI.July 15, 2000– Indicated osteoarthritis present and degenerative joint disease.
VII.Oct. 16, 2000– Triglyceride, blood pressure, and cholesterol abnormally high; intervention to reduce began.
Primary hypertension is of unknown etiology. The hemodynamic and pathophysiologic derangements are unlikely to result from a single

Mr. Brown How Are You Today?
Hi Mr. Brown how are you today? On today`s visit we will be going over your cholesterol panel we receive back all your test results for your
cholesterol levels. Your triglycerides levels are at 145 milligrams per deciliter. Your levels are under the normal range of 145 milligrams per
deciliter, which is good because your levels are under the high borderline which is between 150 to 199 milligrams per deciliter. This is great that
your levels are normal Mr. Brown because Triglycerides are a type of fat known as lipid that's found in your blood. When you eat food, your body
converts any calories it doesn 't need to use right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. After the hormones are
released into triglycerides for energy between meals. If you eat more calories than you burn, then the calories like fats and carbohydrates, can cause
you to have a high triglycerides result. So basically, Triglycerides help in the digesting process and breaking down the fats in the food we eat. The
results for your cholesterol level are 210 milligrams per deciliter which is borderline high considering, the normal range for cholesterol levels are less
than 180 milligrams per deciliter. Since your body has to have cholesterol to make Vitamin D, your hormones, and it also helps with the digestion of
the meals you eat. See cholesterol is like a wax, fat like substance that is found in the cells in our bodies.
Good cholesterol which is known as HDL it helps keeps the

Macromolecule Tests Lab Report
1.Hypothesis– (from lab manual)
a.It can be determined if the unknown solution contains reducing sugars, polysaccharides, proteins or lipids by subjecting the solution to the reagents
that test for these molecules.
Prediction–
a.If I mix 2 ml of Benedicts, Lugol, Biuret and Sudan solution with 2 ml of the unknown solution, I will discover the unknown has at least one if not all
the macromolecules in the substance.
2.Data Unknown #2
Type of Test
Starting Color
Ending Color
Macromolecule Tested For
Present (+)
Or Absent (–)
1A. Benedict's and Unknown white yellow
Reducing Sugar
+
1B. Benedict's and Water blue blue
Reducing Sugar
_
2A. Lugol's and unknown white colorless
Polysaccharide
_
2B. Lugol's and water colorless colorless
Polysaccharide
_
3A. Biuret and Unknown white Light purple

Protein
+
3B. Biuret and water colorless Clear blue
Protein
_
4A. Sudan and unknown white Pink mixed
Triglycerides
+
4B. Sudan and water colorless unmixed
Triglycerides
_
3.Explanation–
a. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We tested water each time due to needing a solution to compare each tube to. When Benedict's Reagent was added to unknown #2 and then boiled, the
substance turned yellow indicating that a reducing sugar was present. After adding Lugol's reagent to the unknown #2 there was no change in color,
therefore the presenting the absence of polysaccharides. After adding Biuret reagent to the unknown #2 substance, the substance turned a light purple
color; indicating the presence of protein in the unknown solution. Lastly, after adding the Sudan solution to the unknown #2 substance a pink mixed
solution was present in the tube. This reaction indicated that there was a presence of Triglycerides in our unknown

Case Study
A detailed description of the Swedish Apolipoprotein MOrtality RISk (AMORIS) cohort can be found elsewhere (14,15). Briefly, this database
comprises 812,073 Swedish men and women with blood samples sent for laboratory evaluation to the Central Automation Laboratory (CALAB) in
Stockholm, Sweden, during the period 1985 to 1996 (16–18). Individuals recruited were primarily from the greater Stockholm area and, were either
healthy and having laboratory testing as part of a general health check or outpatients referred for laboratory testing. None of the participants were
inpatients at the time of sampling. In the AMORIS cohort, the CALAB data was linked to several Swedish national registries such as the Swedish
National Cancer Register, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this study, we excluded men without any information on PSA levels, Gleason grade, and TNM stage (n= 5995) and those whose glucose, total
cholesterol and triglycerides measurements were not taken at the same health examination (n= 2991). After exclusion, our study comprised 14,150
men aged 20 and older who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1996 and 2011. See Figure I for schematic representation of the study
population. The primary exposures for our study were pre–diagnostic serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol. For the purpose this
study we selected the most recent serum measurement. These measurements were taken on average about 14 years prior to diagnosis. Glucose was
measured enzymatically with a glucose–oxidase/peroxidase method. Total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured enzymatically as previously
described (21). All methods were fully automated with automatic calibration and performed at one accredited laboratory (17). Serum glucose, total
cholesterol and triglycerides levels were analysed using clinical cut–off points in accordance with the American Diabetes Association and National
Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) guidelines (22–24) and quartiles. For the clinical cut–off points, serum glucose levels were categorised as
6.9mmol/l, while serum total cholesterol was

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