Essay Geographical Information System

Essay Geographical Information System
GIS Geographical Information System – GIS
What is GIS?
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common
denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on thebase map. The information that is stored in the
database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings,
etc. each of these items don't just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a
specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is done using aerial photography (digital orthography). This type of photography is very high definition, and of consistent scale (all photographs
are taken from almost exactly the same altitude). The photography that is done is difficult. Times when photographs are able to be taken are few. For
instance, time is limited to the winter months due to less foliage, and from 10:00am to 2:00pm to reduce the shadows.
STEP 2 – Digital Overlay
Once the base maps have been acquired, the time consuming work begins. Each digital map section has to be gone over by a person on a computer.
That person outlines each object to be included in the gis system. These objects are the same as the ones stated previously (like sewer lines, water
lines, etc.), although they are not limited to those. Along with all of the physical information that is entered into the database, there is a lot of other
physical information to be added that is not reflected on the aerials, such as property lines, tax and voting districts, as well as zoning districts.
STEP 3 – Data entry
Following the design and creation of the basic data skeleton, the actual data need be entered. This includes all of the attribute data for all hydrants,
sewer lines, water lines, properties, buildings, streets, highways, creeks, etc. this portion of the process is the most time consuming. The bulk of the
data to be entered is on paper, and there is no easy way to convert it to
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Geographers Describe Where Things Are
Key–Issue: How do geographers describe where things are?
– cartography– the science of making maps
I. Maps – a tool for storing reference materials and a way of communicating A. Early Mapmaking – Maps are scale models of the real world. –A map is
used for two purposes: 1) a tool for storing reference material(2.) a tool for communicating geographic information. –A map is useful for finding the
shortest distance between two places when it is used as a reference tool. – A map is used as a communication tool when it depicts the distribution of
human activity or physical features. It is also useful for thinking about reasons for an underlying distribution. –A series of maps from the same area ...
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– The projection minimizes distortion in in the shapes of most landmasses.
4. U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 – In addition to the system of longitude and latitude, other mathematical indicators are used in different parts of the
world. b. Land Ordinance of 1785– it divided most of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the
west.
–Thomas Hutchins was appointed the official geographer of the U.S. in 1781.
– After Thomas Hutchins died in 1789, the responsibility for surveying went to the Surveyor General. b.Township– a square 6 mile on each side c.
Principal Meridians– the north–south line separating townships d. Base lines– some designated east–west lines – Each township has a second number,
known as range, that corresponds to its location east or west of the prime meridian. –Townships in the first column of principal meridian are designated
R1E. e.Sections– the division of a township –A township is divided into 36 sections. Each section is i mile by 1 mile. –Sections are numbered in
consistent order from 1 in the northeast to 36 in

The 's Historical Atlas Of Central Asia
For millennia, civilizations on either side of the Eurasian Continent exchanged both products and ideas through the complex networks of the Silk
Route. Central Asia, given its strategic position on this route, long served a critical role at the crossroads between East and West. However, while
cultures on both ends of the networks have by and large been extensively researched, Central Asia – despite its centrality – is frequently ignored or
marginalized; rather than claiming a separate area of study, it oftentimes retreats to the peripheries of a larger grouping, whether the Islamic world, the
Sinosphere, or the Russian Empire. Yuri Bregel, on the other hand, proposes an alternative perception of the region. He contends that CentralAsia ...
Climate is a dominant factor in the development of Central Asian civilizations. In the first map, titled "The Principal Geographical Features and
Provinces," Bregel paints the environmental conditions of each locale with rich details (3). Deserts cast a pervasive presence in the map, limiting both
human movement and patterns of settlement. Because of Central Asia's high aridity, most population centers lie on the banks of Amu–Darya and
Sir–Darya, the main rivers in the region, as well as their tributaries. These circumstances, together with the ubiquity of mountains in the south, produce
a series of sedentary provinces such as Ferghana and Khorezm that are relatively isolated from one another. Furthermore, the deserts act as a natural
barrier disjoining the mountain–based farming communities from the vast steppes to their north, where a more temperate climate and flat terrains
encourage nomadic ways of life. Conflicts often arise when the two groups intersect, and the struggle between sedentary city–states and nomadic
empires comprises a key theme in the history of Central Asia.
Nowhere is the distinction between the two categories more apparent than in the drawing of political boundaries. Bregel explains in the preface that
"various Central Asian states knew to protect their

Changing Cartograhies
Changing Cartographies
Introduction According to Silver and Balmori (2003 48) "Cartography, a term derived from the word for chart (charte) or drawing, has in recent
years undergone a radical transformation." This was identified earlier as Anson (1988 ix) noted "Today the art and science of map making is caught
in the throes of a technological revolution which shows no signs of slowing down." However, advancements in mapping have been associated with
scientific developments in mainly the computer and internet technologies. Prior to this, mapping had been quite primitive in a sense as Wikipedia
(2012) states that cartograms were created by hand before Waldo Tobler produced one of the first cartograms aided by computer visualization. During...
Cartograms, according to Wikipedia (2012) are "maps in which some thematic mapping variable...is substituted for land area or distance. The geometry
or space of the map is distorted in order to convey the information of this alternate variable." Computers alleviate the difficulties of cartogram
construction "Constructing a usable cartogram is challenging" (Peterson, 2004) but fortunately "computers are changing mapping in many ways"
(Monmonier, 1982 16). This is echoed by Krygier and Wood (2005 14) who point out "changes in technology have always affected map making."
2
Computers "can increase the value of the map as a decision–making tool" and "different goals produce different maps" (Krygier and Wood, 2005 1).
They go on to say that "the computer is fast and precise, and has a useful role to play in the production of maps." Computers and their software are
the catalyst for map production. Maps are vital in development in the form of an important decisionmaking tool but without computers, cartograms
could not have facilitated a rapid growth in cities after the Second World War. Gregory and Ell (2007 105) state that producing cartograms were a
lengthy task for a cartographer and many subjective judgements (in relation to distances, positions and areas of features) had to be made. They go on
to say that "The advent of computer mapping through GIS has led to the reawakening of interest in

Sir Richard F. Burton's Trip To Congo
Geographers are known to research both the human and physical geography of foreign lands. They make connections of the information gathered
between human and physical geography through their experiences. Geographers must interact with people and be aware of their own views of the
world and should aspire to communicate unbiased opinions and understanding of the people's cultures. In their writing authors ability to understand and
work across cultural boundaries is the framework for an individual to attain knowledge while engaging in the culture and develop cross–cultural
competence. On a "Trip to Congo" Sir Richard F. Burton writes a story during his exploration to the Yellalla or Cataracts of the Congo leaving some
detail insights of the customs and behavior of the African communities. He only gives his point of view from an imperialist position and sometimes
denigrates and diminishes the people and their culture. Even though Burton had a translator throughout his trip the language barrier prohibits
interaction with the communities and the ability to empathize with the natives. Interaction and understanding is the key to appreciate their behaviors,
instead Burton... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Froude's imperialistic and ethnocentric point of view manifests the differences between the "inferior race", the blacks and the minority group, the
British. His beliefs of superiority of his own culture are shadowed through a forceful and aggressive tone by using "we" to get the message of white
supremacy across to the reader. His views on the superiority of the British rule despite the white majority are expressed through his despiteful tone
throughout the excerpt. He describes the Greater Antilles as "weak nations" that are "subject to the rules of others who are at once powerful and just"
diminishing the natives

Does The State Coordinate System?
The State Plane Coordinate System (SPS or SPCS) is a set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United
States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. Multiple state zones are used to limit
distortion errors due to map projections. The system is widely used for geographic data by state and local governments. Its popularity is due to at least
two factors. First, it uses a simple Cartesian coordinate system to specify locations rather than a more complex spherical coordinate system like the
geographic coordinate system of latitude and longitude. By using the Cartesian coordinate system 's simple XY coordinates, plane surveying methods
can be used, speeding up and simplifying calculations. Second, the system is highly accurate within each zone (error less than 1:10,000). Outside a
specific state plane zone accuracy rapidly declines, thus the system is not useful for regional or national mapping. The State Plane system provides a
common coordinate reference for horizontal coordinates over county and multi–county areas while limiting distortion error to specified maximum
values.
Most state plane zones are based on either a transverse Mercator projection or a Lambert conformal conic projection. The choice between the two map
projections is based on the shape of the state and its zones. States that are long in the east–west direction are typically divided into zones that are

Christopher Columbus Case Study
There are many technology that would had help Christopher Columbus with his journey to Asia, however the main three are the global positioning
system, the Concorde, and a submarine, therefore the main three technology would had help Christopher Columbus with his journey to Asia are global
positioning system, the Concorde, and a submarine. If Columbus had a global positioning system, GPS, sea navigation would be much easier,
considering the use of satellite technology to hone into the exact location of the Americas. This would ease the travels and judge which currents to ride
on. If Columbus had a GPS he could had type in Asia and would had been much easier. A GPS would had probably made the trip to Asia easy and
faster. If they had a GPS they would had probably had less stroms. If Columbus had a GPS he would had never want to the Bahamas. A global
positioning system would had been the best technology for the trip to Asia. Also, with the addition of GPS, Columbus could easily locate any
destination and determine the amount of time needed to get there. With this knowledge, he could settle many more lands than just America.
Columbus could gain control of any unclaimed territory. Columbus could have made his journey much easier by turning it into a flight instead of a
voyage. The Concorde is the fastest passenger plane in the world, reaching an astonishing 700 miles an hour. This plane could easily carry all of
Columbus's crew. This would also shorten the trip down to around three hours at most and provide a much more comfortable ride. As this plane
relied on jet fuel, there would also be the invention of today's modern aircraft, which would not only affect the people in Portugal, but in other
civilizations too, such as the peoples of Britain, the Dutch, and the Spaniards. With the addition of a plane there also led to a place where all
materials could be easily kept safe and did not leak. On the SantГ Maria, food was easily perishable. Because of the high pressure surrounding the
plane and less oxygen, food did not perish easily. Planes also came at another advantage, and that was the emptiness of the sky at the time. No other
planes were present, so air travel would be optimal for

What Is Mapinfo Software?
Mapinfo software uses the vector coordinates for virtual mapping. I was assisted by a land surveyor for collecting the vector coordinates of the
area covering the new site. I noted the data provided by the land surveyor based on the GPS receiver as excel (.XLS) format and I updated the
vector coordinates in the Mapinfo software. CE1.12 In Mapinfo software, I used Raster image option for generating detailed topographical features
and calculating the geographical distances and areas. I implemented 2 stage processes for the creation of raster image. First, I updated the vector
coordinate values of the new location site from the GPS receiver from the database Mapinfo software. Second step was the correlation of the scanned
satellite images... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I documented all measurements and findings based on the land survey and submitted it to the operation manager for further verification and allocation
of the new site for the cell site. CE1.16 I was also in–charge for providing pre–deployment survey report for installation of the new BTS tower. I
investigated the terrain feature obtained from the Mapinfo software. The information obtained from software were used as the basis for the identifying
the ideal location for the cell site. CE1.17 A survey was conducted by using a wireless adapter for detecting the existing active access points and
measuring the signal strength in new location site. Since pre–deployment survey was initial process for coverage site survey, I decided temporary
access point as the reference point and applied trial and error method to identify different APs located within the limited boundary. CE1.18 I used a
spectrum analyser with a wave length of 2.4 GHz which was connected to PC for the survey to detect the RF activity in the location and was used to
calculate the signal as well as the noise intensity in the region. I noticed variations in the power as I moved along from the reference point; I noted
and referred this variation was due to the channel interference. I used the PC to generate the graphical and numerical data based on the spectrum
analyser. CE 1.19 For the accuracy of measurement and data, I simulated

Gis Questions
Part one: Watch the youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V_Mz7NDy3ohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9V_Mz7NDy3o Answer
the following questions How does GIS allow us to re–examine what we know about the world? ___GIS allows us to re–examine what we know about
the world by allowing us to study and understand places in the world in a much deeper level. How does GIS allow for increased interconnectedness
of people across the globe? ___GIS allows for increased interconnectedness of people across the globe by allowing people to observe and understand
life in another country and can help them incase What are practical implications of GIS (Using the case study of Borneo)? People in Borneo can
manage the use of differrent types... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive A map drawn from memory. ( A mental map) A map drawn that shows the outline of the United States 7) Why are maps important to the
study of Geography? Maps are important to the study of geography because maps help with understanding geographic features and why something
happens based on where something is located. 8) Why do you think we have different types of maps and projections? I think we have different types
of maps and projections because each map and projection is good for one certain thing. For example, for navigation, you would use the Mercator
projection, but you can't show navingation 9) Why do you think maps distort what they represent? I think maps distort what they represent because
they want to emphasize a certain point and in order to do that, they have to distort another map

Ap Human Geography Essay
Human geography is the study of spatial characteristics of humans and human activities.
Cartographers use maps in order to display human geography and all of the characteristics behind it. Many people rely on maps on a day to day basis.
These visual aids are used for reference tools, communication tools, and data. Cartographers are precise with the information displayed in order to refer
/communicate data accurately. A thematicmap is a map that communicates this data. Thematic maps can be broken down into subparts: dot
distribution, proportional symbol, isoline, cartogram, and choropleth. To focus in on a specific map, a choropleth uses color to represent data. This
type of map is shown through the Indian Literacy
Rate Map. This choropleth map shows the geographic spread of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The percentages of literacy rates are made visual by various colors. The map uses warm tone shades that are appealing/attractive to the eye and
distinctive from one another.
The percentage rates below forty are represented with a dark shade of orange. The map then transitions into different oranges, yellows, and greens
to show the increase in rates. A darker green shade represents places in India that have the highest literacy rates. The cartographer of this choropleth
map chose to exclude symbols purposefully. This is known as data classification. Data classification; how the map is divided according to data in
order to change the message. The map shows a message of how literacy is shaping people's lives with the rising use of human technology. The scale
of a map is what makes this information definite. A scale is a ratio between the size of an area on the map and the actual size of the area on earth. This
map measures approximately one–hundred miles per centimeter. Also, the map shows one–hundred kilometers per one–half of a centimeter. To a
relative extent, India is divided into northern, central, eastern, north eastern, western and southern regions. By using this map,

Captain John Smith : An English Explorer, Soldier, And...
Over 400 years ago in the Atlantic Ocean, three ships, complete with 105 men and 39 crew members aboard, steadily paced themselves across an
uncharted and unfamiliar territory. One of the three ships contained Captain John Smith – an English explorer, soldier, and self proclaimed author.
Unbeknownst to Smith at the time, he would journal and create the first ever "accurate" map of both Virginia and New England. Smith's accuracy of
coastlines and physical landmarks has long been hailed as nothing short of astounding when put in context with the technology (or lack thereof) in his
possession. His original maps were sent back to England with the hopes of capturing the minds – and pocketbooks – of wealthy potential investors. Fast
forward 150 years from Smith's maiden voyage and over thirteen colonies and two and a half million people inhabited the once mysterious coastline.
For the first time ever, a massive influx of foreign colonists to the New World was set into motion, some say solely by Smith's intricate and persuasive
map–making skills. His illustrations painted a beautiful land, one in which Powhatan's Indian tribe and Smith's crew worked side–by–side, one with
hundreds of small villages located so closely together that trade between the two cultures would lead to prosperity of an unfathomable magnitude, and
most importantly, a land so magnificent, it convinced Puritanical settlers that their true destiny lay an ocean away. Due to the historical impact of Smith's

The Ancient Inventions Of The Future
The Ancient inventions of the future Socrates was one of the greatest philosophers of the ancient world. His teachings inspired young philosophers to
go and explore the world. In addition, His Knowledge even influenced boundless minds like Plato, who help make gigantic pushes in geometry. Or
Aristotle, who mad giant leaps in astronomy (also made a theory that the earth was round in about 384 B. C.). therefore, a new era of philosophy was
inaugurated and the course of western civilization was decisively shaped. Modern mathematics, Medicine, and cartography was all modernized during
this age of philosophy. Without the Greeks, present ideals and the way we live our life would not be the same. So it is important that we know what
the Greeks invented and their power over our civilization.
First of all, the use the same form of democracy that we use in America. They decided that a dictator would have too much control and power. So
they got a cabinet of over 500 people for democratic voting. They voted on taxes all the way up to executions. It worked a lot like our jury system,
with people randomly chosen to serve. As it was said by Scott J. Cooper; "Demokratia, Greek for "power of the people," was born in Athens in the 7th
century BC. As the city–state's oligarchy exploited citizens and created economic, political and social problems, Athenians were inspired by the
successful, semi–democratic model Sparta had adopted. They turned to lawmaker Solon, who tried to help the

The Origins, History, Value, and Future of Cartography
THE ORIGINS, HISTORY, VALUE AND FUTURE OF CARTOGRAPHY
Introduction
Cartography has existed for thousands of years. From the early days of tribes marking off where their best hunting grounds are, to the modern day
of mapping flight paths, cartography has evolved and developed in various ways to what it is today. There are now technologies that allow for
people to design maps in ways never imagined before. Computer programmes exist that allow for different types of data to be stored so that accurate
representations can be formed. It has been said that,"Maps are pictures of the world's land surface, showing its features, resources and the way it has
been developed." (Bondi, et al., 1977)
Origins and History
The beginnings of Cartography
It has been said that Cartography originated thousands of years ago. Wall paintings believed to represent a maps of the heavens exist all around the
world. The oldest maps that have been preserved on Babylonian clay tablets are from around 2300 B.C. Cartography as a whole was dominant in
Greece as the subject was more advanced than other locations and so the spherical Earth was well known amongst Greek philosophers. (Aber, 2008).
The reference–line principle was created by one of Aristotle's disciples. Dichaearchus was this disciple's name and he obtained this theory by placing
an orientation line that ran from east to west. (Fuechsel, 2013)
The Roman Era is the next part of history where Cartography was involved in. Maps in this time

Reflection About Geography
Every other year, my high school offers a College in the Schools (CIS) geography course. In this course, there is one assignment that all the
upperclassmen would always complain about. As an underclassman, I had dreaded the year that I was going to be receiving this assignment due to
having a tendency to save my projects for last minute. I will never forget the map that taught me that procrastination makes the process of completing
assignments more difficult, especially on a project that is for a college class.
In the beginning of November 2016, my junior year, our college geography class received our quarter project: a map of the world. Our teacher,
Mr.Sharstrom, assigned our class a large number of physical features that our maps needed to include such as rivers, lakes, islands, mountain ranges,
seas, oceans, and deserts. Mr.Sharstrom required us to include all seven continents and a key that showed distinctions in the different physical features
of the world. The maps needed to be to scale and show a minimum amount of distortion as possible. When we received our project, our geography
teacher warned us, "This project will be time–consuming and you will not want to wait until the week before to start your maps."
After communicating expectations with the class, a majority of my classmates began to work on their maps. I knew that my family was traveling to
Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, for Thanksgiving break, so I wanted to attempt to complete as much of the map as possible

Parameterization Essay
3.2.6.3 Parameterization This refers to analysis parameters and input layer preparation to run FRAGSTATS in order to calculate spatial metric
indices. This includes categorical map formatting and setting analysis parameters (sampling strategies and specifying neighbor rule to delineate
patches). FRAGSTATS accepts several types of input image data formats, ESRI grid, ArcGIS raster grid, GeoTIFF grid (.tif), ERDAS Imagine grid
(.img), SAGA GIS binary format grid (.sdat) and several others. For this study, classified maps with ERDAS Imagine grid (.img) formats used as an
input. All input maps were integer grids i.e., each cell assigned an integer value corresponding to its class membership or patch type with the
measurement units in meters.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.2.7 Statistical Layer Generation and Zonal Metrics Analysis This is conducted mainly to address and measure the direction and location of
urban sprawl in the study area using ZonalMetrics Toolbox. ZonalMetrics toolbox is a new open source tool developed by Adamczyk and Tiede
(2017) and written in python script to be added as toolbox in ArcGIS 10.2 or latest versions. It is such an important python tool with a specialized
functionality for calculating spatial metrics at zonal level. The tool computes selected spatial metrics such Class Area (CA), Number of patches
per class (NPC), Zone Area (ZA), Percentage of zone (PZ), Total Class Edge (TE), Edge Density (ED) and Diversity (SHDI) indices in the same way
they are calculated in FRAGSTATS but here indices are calculated per class and per specified zones. The toolbox has the following 3 available
utilities (Adamczyk, and Tiede, 2017): it accepts user–defined vector based categorical (polygon) layers for direct analysis; it provides landscape
metrics designed to calculations within any user–defined zones for example regular gridded zones, administration zones, environmental zones, and last
it provides functionalities to generate specific zone (pies, hexagons) to serve as statistical

Why John Greens Is Called Paper Towns
"It's a paper town. I mean, look at it, Q: look at all those streets that turn in on themselves, all houses that were built to fall apart. All those paper
people, living in their paper houses, burning the future to stay warm." (Green, p57) Quentin is also known as Q in the story, falls in love with his
neighbor Margo after they take a late night trip to go and play pranks, getting revenge on old friends and break into SeaWorld, as Margo wanted.
She's not the typical girl, she has a passion for electric music and breaking into people's houses and old, abandon buildings. After their crazy night,
Margo goes missing, no one had any idea where she went. They thought she was just going out for a few nights, but they come to realize she wasn't
coming back, she wanted someone to find her, someone meaning Quentin. Paper towns are a confusing yet very meaningful title to this book, she also
leads Q to these paper towns ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These reasons are very cool and intelligent of the author to put these into his story. One of the reasons this book is called Paper Towns is because
where the author says that Margo and Q live is actually a real paper town. Where they play mischievous pranks on people is also an actual paper
town. Another reason is because Margo does research on paper towns and marks paper towns on the maps that Q finds as some of the clues she
leaves for him to find her. She uses the paper towns because they lead to abandoned places and the middle of nowhere and it confuses him and
makes him sometimes believe that she is dead, yet he still never gives up. He was determined to find her dead or alive. A third reason this is called
paper towns is because Margo sends Q to the paper towns and some of the places he actually finds clues to where to try and look next. Quentin
actually ended up finding her at a paper town she had marked. She was in an old, rundown, crumbling piece by piece

Summary Of Ann: She Drinks Blood
This is Ann: She Drinks Blood , is a historical malaria map used during WW2. This map was created in June of 1943 by the US Army. This map
features a cartoon mosquito commissioned by the famous children's author Dr. Seuss. The cartoon mosquito is named Ana short for Anopheles
Mosquito. The purpose of this malaria map, was to spread the word about the dangers of Malaria, and to spread the word on what parts of the world,
are you more at risk of getting Malaria. To briefly set the stage, this was right around the time when Germany blocked the Allies' supply of the
anti–malaria drug Quinine. 1 Since access to the anti–malaria drug was blocked, Dr Seuss created a booklet explaining to the troops how to avoid
harmful encounters with Ana (Add Citation) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seuss's previous history with political cartoons, and knowing how often they took on or carried very racial undertones, I believe there is too much
here, to just entirely disregard his political cartoonist past. That also has to do, with not just the racial undertones coming from Dr. Seuss, the racial
undertones that were coming from most of America. Not to excuse Dr. Seuss for having these views, but his sentiment was common among the
American Public. People weren't happy about the war. Being in a World War wasn't pretty. Being attacked the way we were, one can see why people
may have held such views back then. This sentiment can even be seen with the wars of today. With our wars in theMiddle East, you see many people
making sweeping generalizations about Middle Eastern people. Knowing full well, that the few committing these crimes, are actually a very small sect
of their

Information Age, All Share A Common Underlying Purpose
While there are a great variety of maps available in the information age, all share a common underlying purpose. The fourth edition of Elements of
Cartography concisely defines a map's objective as "to add to the geological understanding of the viewer; it is a carefully designed instrument for
recording, calculating, displaying, analyzing and, in general, understanding the interrelation of things in their spatial relationship" (Robinson et al.
1978). This is a truly holistic definition of a map, addressing not only geographical features but quite literally anything that can be displayed
spatially on Earth. An excellent example that fits this definition is the clichГ© map of Canada distributed to the class. This map would not fit a
more archaic definition, like G. R. Crone's assentation that "the purpose of a map is to graphically express the relations of points and features on
the Earth's surface to each other, determined by distance and direction" (1953). Yet, the clichГ©s do form a map. Indeed, a representation of things
in their spatial relationship to add to the geological understanding of the viewer is truly what a map is. These representations are invaluable in a
number of different ways. The second edition of Map Use describes seven key roles of a map: to "record and store information, serve as
computational aids, serve as mobility aids, summarize complex representations and voluminous data, help us explore data, help us visualize what
would be otherwise obscure, and

Gis : An Abbreviation For Geographic Information Systems...
Introduction GIS is an abbreviation for Geographic Information Systems. GIS is a perfect blend of geography and technology. People can accumulate
various forms of location data (both tangible and intangible) and produce living, breathing maps. By utilizing the power of Geographic Information
Systems, users can create powerful applications. These applications can range in size from being small (surveying a single farm) to large (displaying
real time voting across the country in a presidential election). The paper will begin with a literature review on the sources used for research including
conference papers, lectures, and trade magazines. Immediately following the literature review, there will be the discussion which entails a thorough
explanation of the fundamental concepts that contribute to the foundation of Geographic Information Systems. After the explanation of concepts, there
will be a brief introduction regarding the company that pioneered the way for GIS. This paper will then discuss the current trends and major industries
that are utilizing GIS. In the end, there will be a conclusion that will include a future analysis on GIS. Literature Review Discussion Geographic
Information Systems is a basic input/output mechanism. The user collects geo location data such streets, buildings, or rivers and non–geo information
including populations, compensations, or other meta data. After careful research, the user can compile the data and enter it into the system. With the

Geostor Essay
1. Why is a data warehouse needed in the GeoStor system?
Answer: A data warehouse contain pool of data both current and of the past/historical which in turn are used to support decision making by the
managers., Without it, GeoStor would lack the variety of data it needs to be able to perform different tasks for different functions. 2. List the major
benefits of GeoStor to Arkansas and to private–sector users.
Answer: GeoStore is used by Arkansas state agencies for different tasks such as reducing the time needed to search for documents by a factor of 15
thereby reducing time from 23.5 hours per document to 1.5 hours. This saved $2 million of tax payer's money in the first 18 months it was in ... Show
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4. The state of Arkansas was the first to have such a system, so it has a competitive edge in attracting new business to the state. Explain why can this
advantage be sustained when other states will use a similar system in the future?
Answer: One big advantage for the state of Arkansas is that the product in offered is first of its kind and as such has an edge over other states. As
discussed in Answer 1, GeoStor which used by private sector will offer incentives for these companies to relocate as opposed to states that do not
offer such services. As such competition will automatically be at a disadvantage. First time use4rs of this system will have a competitive advantage
as they become competitive necessities which are required by every organization. Some of the examples are online package tracking, buying of
concert ticket and reserving seats for transport. 5. Can any GIS data be combined with GPS data? For what uses?
Answer: Not all GIS data can be combined along with GPS data especially static GIS data.
It can be used by a company to portray GIS to about products, available at different locations, discount on the product. This gives a static picture
intended to get the customers coming in. For this purpose GPS data is of little use. In majority of cases though, GIS is used along with GPS data in

Essay On Retrieval Process
Texture is one of the crucial primitives in human vision and texture features have been used to identify contents of images. Examples are identifying
crop fields and mountains from aerial image domain. Moreover, texture can be used to describe contents of images, such as clouds, bricks, hair, etc.
Both identifying and describing characteristics of texture are accelerated when texture is integrated with color, hence the details of the important
features of image objects for human vision can be provided. One crucial distinction between color and texture features is that color is a point, or pixel,
property, whereas texture is a local–neighborhood property. The main motivation for using texture is the identifying and describing... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mag(p)= gradient magnitude.
Dir(p)=gradient direction.
c. Laws Texture Energy Measures:
For detecting various types of textures it uses local masks. To compute the energy of texture it uses convolution masks of 5Г—5 which is represented
by a nine element vector for each pixel.
SHAPE
Shape is an important visual feature and it is one of the basic features used to describe image content. However, shape representation and description is
a difficult task. This is because when a 3–D real world object is projected onto a 2–D image plane, one dimension of object information is lost. As a
result, the shape extracted from the image only partially represents the projected object. To make the problem even more complex, shape is often
corrupted with noise, defects, arbitrary distortion and occlusion. Further it is not known what is important in shape. Current approaches have both
positive and negative attributes; computer graphics or mathematics use effective shape representation which is unusable in shape recognition and vice
versa. In spite of this, it is possible to find features common to most shape description approaches Usually, Shape features can be extracted from an
image by using two kinds of methods: contour and regions. Contour based methods are normally used to extract the boundary features of an object
shape. Such methods completely ignore the important features inside the boundaries. Region–based image retrieval methods firstly apply segmentation

The Origin Of The Land
Enticingly, the Spanish colonists came to this land with a passionate goal to develop the land and extract its natural resources for their profit. To this
day, the Spanish's action on this land has brought prosperity and has propagated California to be the leading roles in the innovation of new
technologies and the production of movies. Despite of having this reputation, people seldom discuss on the origin of the land. When the Spanish
came, the Indian are the inhabitants of the land; ruling the land and surviving with all the natural resource. As history is depicted by the victor, the
fate of the right owner of the land has always been untold. Their once peaceful time had ceased to continue as the Spanish colonized and stole the
land from the Indian. Trickeries and militaries were used by the colonists to exploit the land for their benefits. The Indian population begin to decline
as the newcomers were "[gobbling] up native foods and undermined the free or "gentile" tribes efforts to remain economically independent" and the
outbreak epidemic of "European diseases" had declined "60% of the population of mission Indians (Castillo). To not disremember the suffering of their
people, poems like Indian Cartography by Deborah Miranda and Itch Like Crazy: Resistance by Wendy Rose are composed to capture their
heart–breaking moments and to disclose their suffering to the world, but both poems have a different goals: Indian Cartography emphasizes on
sympathy; while Itch Like Crazy

Geogram And Ecomaps
Throughout this entire semester, I have gained a lot of knowledge as it pertains to genograms and ecomaps. I would look at videos just to
understand how to actually put the geogram and the ecomap together so that it may be beneficial to me in the near future. This essay paper will be
a break down into how I was able to understand what a geogram and a ecomap is and how I was able to put it together to the best of my ability. I
learned that a geonogram is a tool to display an individual family tree. An ecomap is a display of informal and formal systems in the child's
background. Both can be information gathered about an individual's mother, father, children, caregiver, network, or even someone outside the family.
In the beginning process, a counselor,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Married couples are to be indicated with a solid line connecting the square and the circle with a "M" for married and also put down how many
years the couple has been married. If a couple has gone through a separation or a divorce, then it should have a double slash through the solid line
with an "S" and a date of the separation or a "D". If there are intimate couples then it should be indicated with a dotted line. Even affairs should be
shown with a dotted line. The children as well are indicated with a circle, square, or triangle (if the individual can't remember the sex). Children that
are born with a couple, should be indicated with a line that connects the parents. It should also be shown the name of the child and the age. Finally, a
deceased member of the family should be indicated with an "X" over the circle, square, or triangle while putting the year of the passing and

Hudson River Analysis
Geography is another of Nathan's favorite science subjects. He enjoys locating geographical features on maps and globes, and readily identifies
cardinal points, land masses and bodies of water. He also studies different types of maps (physical, political, and road) to learn various legend keys.
We've covered physical and political features such as major rivers, mountain ranges, and most powerful countries. All places discussed during our
history lessons, routine conversations, and news stories also are pointed to on a map.
Nathan has explored nearby geographical features such as Beaverdam Lake and Moodna Creek. Prior to our recent excursion with his 4–H club, he
read about the history of the Hudson River and discussed its health at the outing. He explored Schunnemunk Mountain during a hike on one of its trails
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He's located four caches so far while appreciating the challenge of the hunt and the terrain around him. We used both a GPS and compass with a map
during these chases.
We watched the sun rise on the east, and followed its path across the sky while painting hash marks on a sundial in the backyard at the top of every
hour, and discussing why day and night, and seasons happen. Viewing the recent partial solar eclipse was a most opportune highlight on this topic.
Nathan created a Styrofoam model of the solar system using balls mounted with wooden skewers on a base, and the sunrays were represented by
toothpicks. Each celestial body was painted characteristically with poster paint.
Nathan also attended an Earth, Moon, and Sun projection at the Hudson River Planetarium, wherein lunar phases, eclipses, and other puzzles were
explored. We introduced the study and identification of constellations and dabbled with sky maps and a stargazing mobile app as initial

Information Systems And The Geographic Information System
Ms. Clare has 12 years of professional experience working in the Geographic Information System (GIS) field. She is proficient in using Economic and
Social Research Institute's (ESRI's) ArcGIS software for spatial analysis and map creation. She uses ArcMap for analyzing sites, soils, hazards,
proposed developments, watersheds, wetland impacts, endangered species, and wildlife habitats. She converts and projects Global Positioning Systems
(GPS) data and AutoCAD data for GIS analysis and uses current cartographic techniques in creating quality maps and graphics.
Ms. Clare also has several years of experience researching geographic data and historic cartographic data both as a GIS Specialist and as a student.
During her graduate studies, she worked as a teaching assistant for a physical geography class, and instructed a freshman practical geography laboratory
class.
Significant Projects
GIS Specialist – PG&E Road Assessment Project – California
Mrs. Clare created road assessment maps and managed a large geodatabase containing road condition, hazard, and facility route information. She
worked directly with PG&E personnel to configure the database and associated metadata to work seamlessly with PG&E's existing data structure. (July
2012 to October 2014)
GIS Specialist – Hilgard Project – Union County, Oregon
Mrs. Clare performed channel bed analysis and created cross–section profiles using LiDAR and bathymetry data. She made maps showing existing
geomorphic conditions as well as

Similarities And Differences Between Two Life Maps
"Maps are projections"; they usually represent a whole or part of an area on a flat surface. Maps describe the relationship between the space and the
specific features that the map aims to signify. Mapmakers according to Klinghoffer, "superimposes his own vision upon the world" and show their
interests and proclivities in culture and politics while drawing their maps. In this essay, I will be describing and explaining the similarities and
differences between 2 life maps. The first map shows the important spaces and objects, peoples and places in my life; the other map shows the same
thing but in my schoolmate life.
The similarities between our maps are few, for example we both included our homes and they took the same amount of space, also they are the biggest
objects on our maps, because it symbolize our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The differences between our maps is defiantly noticeable, starting from the overall colors of the maps, were you can see that I drew a street and
several buildings that took a big part of the map, that's why dark colors like black and brown were dominating the map, while her map was more
colorful, because she added some natural attractions. In terms of locations, according to Klinghoffer, "when a child draw a map of his
neighborhood, he egocentrically tends to place his own home near its center", and that's what I saw in her map, where she located her home at the
bottom center, while my home is at the bottom left, the reason why is it on the left side, it is because in reality it is on the left the side of my
neighborhood. The distance between her house and Zayed University is small, since she lives in Mohamed bin Zayed city, which is near to Zayed
University, and since I live in new Shahama, my map showed a clear big distance between my house and the university. Another difference is that she
included

The Basic Principle of Close Range Terrestrial Photogrammetry
The basic principle of close range (terrestrial) photogrammetry will be explained in this section. "Photogrammetry is the art and science of deriving
accurate metric and descriptive information from analog and digital images" (Habib et al., 2006; Habib Ghanma Al–Ruzouq Kim a; Ayman Paper A.F.
Habib, K.I. Bang, M. Aldelgawy). Wolf, 1983 defined thephotogrammetry as the art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information about
physical objects and environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic
radiant imagery and other phenomena. It is obviously stated, in the definition, that photogrammetry can be used 3D model of real objects for many
areas of discipline such as geological and geotechnical engineering, archeology, architecture, biomedical engineering, civil engineering, and
environmental science. Photogrammetry is non–intrusive, cost–effective, is ideal for recording data of a complex nature, has high level of achievable
accuracy, uses digital data which results in total flexibility across a multitude of platforms, plus images may be catalog and compared over time. The
3D data from imagery reconstructed through a photogrammetric triangulation (bundle adjustment) technique using converging overlapping images from
different viewpoints around the area of interest.
Photogrammetry can be divided into two categories: aerial and close range (terrestrial) photogrammetry. Aerial photogrammetry

Significant Places In The Wizarding World Of Harry Potter
1.Generally, what information is your map trying to communicate (e.g. the population density of bears across Finland or roadways and significant
points of interest in Singapore)? A.The location of significant places in The Wizarding World of Harry Potter. 2.In what ways does the map use
symbols to identify different features or conditions in the map? A.The map use symbols of trees, building, roads, footsteps, and bridge to identify the
castle, plants, and circulation of people. Overall, the symbols are very easy to recognize. 3.Which supporting elements does the map include? Which
does it omit? Why do you think those were omitted? A.The map uses a title, north arrow, label and a scale bar. The map omit the legend and a
graticule and

Ap Human Geography Chapter 1 Essay
Chapter 1 Assessment
Questions–
1. Describe the problems that arise when the curves of a globe become straight lines on a map. Answer: The problem is that distortion can happen in
shape, distance, area or direction.
4. List three examples of things a map can show. Answer: Amap can show you a legend or a key to explain to you what the different symbols mean like
(roads, highways, railroads building and more things that are man–made) The second example is that the map can show you a compass rose and that
will indicate directions, it will show the North, South, West, and East. Third example is Line symbols and that can show like boundary lines, roads,
streets, or routes of trade and transportation.
5. Why is the U.S. Corn Belt considered

Data About Data And Information About Information
The term metadata first used in 1969 is called 'data about data' or 'information about information'. The term 'meta' derives from the Greek word
denoting a nature of a 'higher order' or more 'fundamental kind' , or 'above', 'beyond', and 'of something in a different context' , metadata is data
associated with objects which relieves their potential users of having to have full advance knowledge of their existence or characteristics. It helps in
finding data and tells how to interpret and use data. Metadata gives descriptive information about the producer, content , quality, condition and other
characteristics of a dataset. Metadata ensures use of right data for right purpose, Metadata assigns quality and defines limitation, improves the
appropriate use of data, provides entity and attribute information about the following: Originator
Publication date
Title
Format
Description
Purpose
Date of completion
Status(e.g. completeness)
Accuracy
Scale of maps Metadata contains the data quality information which plays important role in determining the quality of dataset and it is very useful for
data producers and consumers. Metadata provides users of spatial data with information about the purpose, quality, actuality and accuracy of spatial
datasets and performs the vital functions that make spatial data interoperable, that is, capable of being shared between systems. Metadata enables both
professional and non–professional spatial users to find the

A Zombie Apocolypse: Guide To Survival
A Zombie Apocolypse:Guide to Survival
Some Things You May Want To Do During A Zombie Apocalypse.
There are many different ways to get ready for a disastrous occurrence. Geography would be important in a case like this. Like, in the case of a
zombie apocalypse, Yuko Caras said that he would try to understand the characteristics ofthe zombies. It would be useful to see what they can and
can't do. You would want to know how fast, or slow they move, where they were at first, so you can estimate where they will be in the future, and
the amount of space they take up. You would also want to know where natural resources are, and get to those natural resources, but only if they don't
have zombies. It would be of importance to know your coordinates. You would want to know what the climate of where you are, where you are
headed, and everything in between. Additionally, something that you would want to know is where the major rivers are.You would want to know the
states that are boardering the state that you are in. Something else that would be of importance would be to do research on not only the zombies, but
your surroundings. You would want to know where you libraries are so that you... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are different kinds of maps you could use, like a Road Map, Physical Map, Climate Map, Political Map, Economic Map, and Climate Map,
which would all be useful in the event of a zombie apocalypse. A compass would be useful so that you know what way you are traveling. Another
thing that would be helpful is the use of paper, pencils, and pens. Hand sketches would be better than having it on an electronic. It would be better
than having on a computer because if the electronics stop working, then you would have none of your information anymore. Of course, weapons
would be useful, so that you can fight the zombies. They would also be useful so you can fight invaders,and also, the could help you get

Military Technology In The Military
Introduction Rapidly adapting military developments has opened up new fronts on the stage technology throughout the ages. These developments acts
as a shell that leads to the growth of a stable nation, which can foster the advancements of modern civilization. The growth of civilization grows with
the benefits of the technological research achieved through the military's strive for the protection and advancement of humanity. Over time, these
developments are given to push the boundaries of human advancement and to secure our position as the dominating species in this world. Civilian use
of military technology has been present in society and it has been implemented in the advancement of the medical field, visuals, and travel.
Medical Applications Many medical appliances have been produced and developed by and for the military, includingepinephrine (epipens). Epipens are
auto–injectors that release a synthetic version of adrenaline– epinephrine. Epipens were originally used to give soldiers an adrenaline rush in the
1970s.2 The study of epinephrine gave rise to other medical uses from the battlefield, in succession epinephrine became a conventional drug that is
used to relieve allergic reactions. A prime example of medical use of military technology today is the implementation of tourniquets in the EMS (
Emergency Medical Services). Tourniquets are devices used for stopping the flow of blood through a vein or artery. Pneumatic tourniquets are
involved in more than a million surgical operations a year in America and they would ordinarily have a high chance to cause injury, according to
James A. McEwen a biomedical engineer from the University of British Columbia. But these claims are proven inaccurate due to the evidence of safe
operations done by recent use of tourniquets in the military in the opinion of Gerard S. Doyle, the medical director of the Emergency Education center
at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. An example of future use of military tech in the medical field would be the
development of exoskeleton limbs. The Pentagon's Third offset strategy, which began in 2012, seeks to use robotics and artificial intelligence to
enhance humans on the battlefield. In the

Analysis Of Julie Mehretu 's Paintings
Julie Mehretu's paintings are loosely termed history paintings by Douglas Fogle and called psychogeographies by the artist herself. A viewer is
supposed to find something in themselves much like exploring a city and figuring things out for one's own self–interest. Mehretu is quoted as saying
"my aim is to have a picture that appears one way from a distance–almost like a cosmology, city, or universe from afar– but then when you approach
the work, the overall image shatters into numerous other pictures, stories, and events. Historically drawing is seen as inferior to painting which makes it
interesting that Julie Mehretu would employ so much drawing into her canvases because drawing is important to architectural drawings. How does
the mapping nature of Julie Mehretu's paintings convey a sense of identity in a very political nature and how is it a representation of the post
colonialist world in which we inhabit? Scholars all seem to agree that Mehretu's canvases are maps, but what do they seek to accomplish? My
analysis of Mehretu's Stadia III will use a biographical and post colonialist methodology to explore the ways in which Mehretu's own upbringing and
how the very nature of her map making, though very artificial, can be seen as a way of both bringing us together and giving those groups that have
previously been neglected throughout history a voice.
John B. Ravenal, the curator for the Modern and Contemporary Art collection at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts (VMFA),

Mapinfo Essay
CE1.12 I used the Raster image option in Mapinfo for generating detailed topographical features and calculating the geographical distances and areas.
I developed a two stage process for the creation of raster image. First, I initialized the vector coordinate values of the new location site obtained from
the GPS receiver from the database Mapinfo software. Second step was the integration of the scanned aerial photographs obtained from Google Earth
and paper map of the site location provided by the surveying agency, Survey of India. I added the coordinate values manually in the MapInfo table
tool box, as there were some areas where GPS signal was unavailable.
CE1.13 I noticed that the spatial data of the new BTS site data were provided by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I documented all measurements and findings based on the land survey and submitted reports to Team lead for further verification of the report.
CE1.16 I was in–charge for submitting pre–deployment survey report for installation of the new BTS tower. I investigated the terrain feature obtained
from the Mapinfo software. The information obtained from Mapinfo was used as the basis for the identifying the ideal location for the cell site.
CE1.17 I conducted a wireless survey by using a wireless adapter for detecting the existing active access points and measuring the signal strength in
new location site. Since pre–deployment survey was initial process for coverage site survey, I decided temporary access point as the reference point
and applied trial and error method to identify different AP located on the new site within the limited boundary.
CE1.18 I used a spectrum analyser with a band of 2.4 GHz which was connected to the PC for the survey to detect the RF activity in the limited
location and was used to calculate the signal as well as the noise intensity in the region. I noticed variations in the power as I moved along from the
reference point; I noted and referred this variation was due to the channel interference of the neighbouring BTS towers. I used the PC to generate the
graphical and numerical data based on the spectrum analyser.
CE 1.19 For the accuracy of measurement and data, I

Memorial University Application Essay Sample
Many of my studies have focused on subject matter relevant to the teachings of the faculty at Memorial University such as the topics of climate
change, the geology of coastal landscapes, oceanography, cartography, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic information
systems. I hold an affinity of interests toward technology used for geospatial data acquisition such as ERDAS Image and ArcGIS. Map making is a
big interest of mine. Recently, I have spent many long hours designing maps with various software including Adobe Illustrator, ERDAS Imagine, and
ArcGIS that were largely enjoyed. When I graduate from San Francisco State University in Spring, I will have fulfilled degree elective requirements for
both resource management and geographic analysis techniques.
I am environmentally conscious and have an enormous interest in studying sustainability (reduce, reuse, recycle). A geographer can survey the world
to discover what resources are being used and with what frequency, how the use of the resources impacts the environment in a negative or positive
way, how to manage environmental impacts, and what action can be taken to preserve resources for as long as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
John's harbor about the fact that there wasn't always a sewage treatment plant there, despite the fishery; this was a subject that fascinated me and
sparked my curiosity. While searching for graduate schools to apply to, I came across Memorial University without remembering the name of St.
John's and became very interested in the program offered. A few weeks ago, it suddenly dawned on me that the two places are the same place. My
heart settled. I like what I have heard about St. John's of Labrador and Newfoundland and will be comfortable moving there to study. Initially, after
having researched the Department of Geography faculty members, the thesis subject I desired to pursue was the spatial distribution and impact of
weather systems in the vicinity of St.

Crim Mapping Crime Chapter Summary
In chapter 2, Short discusses the many ways that maps have advanced over centuries. Without the satellites and technology that we have today, maps
were first created from educated guesses. Some people thought the Earth was flat. Others believed that the universe revolved around the Earth.
Although maps have not always had the accuracy that they do today, they have still played a large role in how we solve problems, especially when it
comes to crime and public health. The latitude and longitude on a map may be able to tell us where a neighborhood is located, but it doesn't explain
much about the area itself. Mapping crime began in France in the early 1800's. It was first used to show where different types of crime were
occurring. Throughout the years, mapping crime has advanced, giving law enforcement a visual of where crime occurs most frequently. These maps
help detectives and police officers to understand crime. They have learned that crime is most likely to happen far enough from a criminal's home to
not raise suspicion, but close enough that the criminals are still feels comfortable with the area. A great example of the positive effects of... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a certain illness that is targeting one area of a map, then it is easier to narrow down the cause of the illness. Maps can also help us learn
where we need to build hospitals, urgent care facilities, and doctor's offices. Mapping crime lets us know where "hot spots" are located. If we
know that a specific area has a higher crime rate, we can increase the police presence in that area to stop the crime before it happens. Mapping of
crime and public health have helped the government and general public learn how to improve the quality of life for the people living in that area.
Mapping is not just about knowing the latitude and longitude of a specific place, but it can help us to learn how we can improve the world around

Expanded Application of Gis/Gps
Expanded Application of GIS/GPS When I started my GEO 215 class I was quite unsure exactly what we would be talking about. First thing that came
to mind was maps, then it was on different areas in the world, then how different cultures survive and adapt to different areas etc. So my mind began
wondering down this Geography journey. So once I got the first assignment about the Expanded Application if GIS and GPS, I was stomped. So of
course that's exactly where I started my research. First thing I looked up was what is GIS or Graphic Information Systems. "A GIS combines visual
data concerning information about shapes, sizes, and locations that can be analyzed" (Wikipedia 2016). A GPS also known asglobal positioning system
uses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While physical geography is more about the study of the characteristics of physical environment. These two subfields are related and have major
effect on each other. Human survival relies on air, water, and food. When natural disasters occur it can gave an effect on alot things like so have
influences on climate, air, water and food . Natural Disasters have the power to shift land, take lives and change climates. Sometimes these natural
disasters don't happen where there is mass civilization or technology. This is where the GIS and GPS comes into play. The satellites that orbit
world catch all these natural disasters and climate change and the send the data over to the GIS and GPS who informed that maybe a climate
change is heading out way or whatever. I think the GIS and GPS are amazing tools that should be implemented in everyone's life. Now most
phones have a GPS but not a GIS. So I believe the till itself should be solar powered just in case a natural disaster happen that didn't allow us to use
wifi or even electricity. That year happen in the post my area were all the electricity was down for a week. Nothing worked including cell phones. I
am currently going to school to become a social worker. I know plenty ways that the GPS could come in handy as far as going to different meetings
and what not. But during a time of natural disaster I think we should be trained on how to survive doing our job without electronics. I

All Maps Distorts Reality?
Mohamed Jalloh
GEO–1010
Prof. Bachmann
October 9, 2016
All Maps distorts reality
Human beings have always been fascinated by exploring the earth, and that fascination led people to design ways in exploring the world. Explorers
faced difficulties in understanding how to navigate around this complex world. Greek explorers tried to ease that distress by deriving the concepts of
mapping places and movements as they tried to expand their empire. By 300 B.C. Cartography, which can be defined as the art and science of making
maps, began to gain pace among explorers, traders, and militaries. Maps were used for strategic and tactical war purposes to conquer new lands and
expansion of empires. Moreover, maps are great because they engineer a sense of discovery which shows the visible beauty our planet that can be
captured in fine cartographic mapping. When the captured cartographic detail has fueled further the insights of humanity from political, movement, and
commerce. This new insight has shaped the world and powered civilizations with simulated realities that can be valuable. Additionally, maps add vital
context to patterns and creating conversations about those patterns. For example, the soda consumption map clearly defines the context of how soda is
called in certain location that will raise the conversation among consumers as to what name is popular. Despite maps simplifying complex patterns and
adding vital context to those realities; maps do distort realities. The reasons

Aerial Photography: Capturing Spectacular Images Up in the...
The Main Branches & the Many Uses of Aerial Photography
Watching Tony Stark controlling his Ironman suit to save the 13 passengers of the Air Force One from facing imminent deaths by free
–falling at 30,
000 feet was one of the highlights of the Ironman 3 movie.
The heart–stopping action scene, which captures the spectacular aerial view of Miami, left audiences in awe because of how magnificent the city
looks when viewed up in the air.
So, how do blockbuster movies (like the Ironman series) capture unique bird's–eye–view images of various cities, skyscrapers and people from different
angles?
With the use of aerial photography, cinematographers can capture unique and visually stunning images that are unlike the ones they get from shooting
at a ground level.
What is Aerial Photography?
Aerial photography is a method of capturing photographs that are taken from a high point or elevated location. It captures different subjects from a
completely new perspective, thereby producing shots that are great and unique. Aerial photographs are taken from an aircraft such as drones, balloons,
helicopters, parachutes, satellites, kites, etc.
Why Use Aerial Photography?
Aerial photography can be a challenging yet rewarding experience because it can give you spectacular and memorable aerial photos that are different
from terrestrial photographs. Unlike ground level photography, aerial photography enables you to view the whole area and observe everything, rather
than just a

Essay Geographical Information System

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