Cruciatetric Injury Essay

Cruciatetric Injury Essay
DOI: 03/19/2012. Patient is a 59–year–old male inventory clerk who fell off a ladder while taking
inventory injuring his left shoulder. Per the QME on 07/18/15 by Dr. Falkinstein, it was opined that
future medical care includes home exercises, medication and possible arthroscopic surgery for the
knees.
MRI study of the left knee doted 07/26/15 revealed Grade Ill type tear of posterior horn of medial
meniscus and anterior horn of the lateral meniscus. There is thinning and splaying of the anterior
cruciate ligament joint. However, there appears to be intact fibers. There is thickening and
intermediate signal of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), which may represent a chronic partial
tear versus tendinopathy. Mild Grade I sprain of medial collateral ... Show more content on
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Diagnoses include the following: status post blunt head injury with loss of consciousness;
posttraumatic cephalgia; cervical spine strain/sprain with radiculitis; thoracic spine strain/sprain;
lumbosacral spine strain/sprain with radiculitis; status post left shoulder arthroscopic surgery dated
07/28/14; postsurgical left frozen shoulder and stiffness; left wrist pain secondary to cane use;
bilateral knee strain; bilateral knee tendinosis, left knee degenerative joint disease, aggravated; sleep
disturbance secondary to pain; and depression, situational. He is referred for follow–up with
neurology.
Recommendation was made for a left knee arthroscopic surgery with partial medial and lateral
meniscectomy with possible patellar chondroplasty per the QME's recommendation. The trials of
rest, time off work, therapy, medications and all other conservative methods have failed.
Requested verification from the provider's office if the IW has had PT and injection for the left knee
and requested for a complete copy of the QME report dated 07/18/15, however, no callback/report
was received prior to the submission of this request to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Shouldr Joint
I am the shoulder joint but some people call me the glenohumoral joint. The shouldr joint is a ball
and socket type joint and is connected to part of the humerus and the scapula at the glenoid cavity.
This is the most mobile joint in the body, but also the most frequently injured. The rotator cuff,
which is a main component of the shoulder joint is often injured so research on how to efficiently
heal that injury is ongoing. The shoulder joint is extremely flexible compared to the rest of the joints
in the body. This flexibility is partly due to the fact that it is a ball and socket joint. By being a ball
and socket joint it means that it is capable of circumduction, angular, and rotational movement. It
allows one's arm to move up, down, to the right, to the left, and in a circle. Because it has a large
range of movement, it is unstable and easily damaged. To make up for this, it has many ligaments
and tendons to keep it in place. In addition, it also has the glenoid labrum which deepens the shallow
glenoid cavity and makes it more stable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this happens, it can very painful and even cause small, everyday things to hurt, lowering the
quality of life for someone. In some cases the tear is so severe that it causes pseudo paralysis, which
means that the patient has a very limited range of motion in their shoulder. Some ways to treat
rotator cuff injuries include physical therapy and surgery. There has been a recent study to find ways
to make the rotator cuff heal on its own. Some of these ways to improve tissue regeneration in the
rotator cuff include growth factors, platelet–rich plasma (PRP), and stem cell( Randelli et al. 2014).
Another method that helps the rotator cuff is reverse arthroplasty, which relies on other muscles in
the shoulder to keep the placement of the shoulder because the muscles of the rotator cuff are no
longer

Meniscus Research Paper
Purpose of the meniscus
The meniscus acts as a shock absorber for the knee by spreading compression forces from the femur
over a wider area on the tibia. The medial meniscus bears up to 50% of the load applied to the
medial (inside) compartment of the knee. The lateral meniscus absorbs up to 80% of the load on the
lateral (outside) compartment of the knee. During the various phases of the walking cycle, forces
shift from one meniscus to the other, and forces on the knee can increase to 2 – 4 times body weight.
While running, these forces on the knee increase up to to 6 – 8 times body weight. There are even
higher forces when landing from a jump. The important role of the meniscus in force transmission
can be seen when the menisci are removed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Magnetic field strength is proportional to the speed at which the charge moves and the size of the
charge. Protons are made up of 3 basic properties, positive electric charge, a very small mass and
spin. A protons charge is extremely small although the speed at which is spins is extremely quick.
This creates a magnetic field that can be detected. About 70% of the human body is comprised of
water and water is the largest source of protons of any substance within the human body. This is
followed by fat. The direction of the protons magnetic field is randomized when no magnetic field is
applied. Similar to a compass, the magnetic field that the proton creates can be aligned when another
large magnetic field is introduced. In MRI this field is known as B0. (Simplyphysics.com,

Collateral Ligaments Of The Knee
There are 2 collateral ligaments of the knee; lateral collateral (LCL) and medial collateral (MCL).
The LCL attaches from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the lateral part of the fibular head, and is
the stronger of the 2 ligaments. It is a thin, round ligament and is extracapsular. The MCL attaches
from the medial femoral epicondyle to the medial condyle and superiomedial part of the tibia. It also
attaches to the medial meniscus and is a wide, fat ligament (Moore et al. 2010, p. 636). They are
both well vascularised (Levangie & Norkin, 2012, p. 404).
There are 2 cruciate ligaments in the knee; the anterior cruciate (ACL) and posterior cruciate (PCL).
The ligaments consist of type I collagen fibres, separated by type III collagen fibrils. They receive
their blood supply from the middle geniculate artery and are both intracapsular (Petersen &
Tillmann, 1999 & Levangie & Norkin, 2012, p.408). The ACL attaches from posteriomedial part of
the lateral femoral condyle to the anteriolateral aspect of the tibia and is weaker than the PCL
(Dargel et al., 2007 & Moore et al. 2010, p.642). It has a fibrocartilaginous zone 5–10mm away
from the tibial ligament insertion (Petersen & Tillmann, 1999). The PCL attaches posterior tibia to
the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle (Moore et al. 2010, p.642). It has a
fibrocartilaginous zone in the middle third of the ligament (Petersen & Tillmann, 1999). The two
ligaments cross over, creating a chiasm that forms a pivot for knee

Meniscus Research Paper
Purpose of the meniscus
The meniscus acts as a shock absorber for the knee by spreading compression forces from the femur
over a wider area on the tibia. The medial meniscus bears up to 50% of the load applied to the
medial (inside) compartment of the knee. The lateral meniscus absorbs up to 80% of the load on the
lateral (outside) compartment of the knee. During the various phases of the walking cycle, forces
shift from one meniscus to the other, and forces on the knee can increase to 2 – 4 times body weight.
While running, these forces on the knee increase up to to 6 – 8 times body weight. There are even
higher forces when landing from a jump. The important role of the meniscus in force transmission
can be seen when the menisci are removed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McMurray (Figure 1) and Apley tests (Figure 2) are often positive, although these are specific but
not sensitive – specificity being 57–98% and 80–99%, and sensitivity being 10–66% and 16–58%
respectively.2,9 The most useful clinical test for meniscal injury is the Thessaly test, which is
demonstrated in Figure 3. Although rarely taught and poorly utilised, recent validation demonstrated
a sensitivity of 90%, and specificity of 98% in detecting meniscal injury.
What is MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave
energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. In many cases, MRI gives different
information about structures in the body than can be seen with an X–ray, ultrasound, or computed
tomography (CT) scan. MRI also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging
methods.
Bones and joints. MRI can check for problems of the bones and joints, such as arthritis, problems
with the temporomandibular joint, bone marrow problems, bone tumours, cartilage problems, torn
ligaments or tendons, or infection. MRI may also be used to tell if a bone is broken when X–ray
results are not clear. MRI is done more commonly than other tests to check for some bone and joint

Essay on Medical Billing and Coding
1. Ann Borden | SURGEON: | Mohomad Almaz, MD | DIAGNOSIS: | Right carpal tunnel syndrome
| PROCEDURE PERFORMED: | Right carpal tunnel release | 2. | | | 3.
PROCEDURE: The patient was placed in the supine position on the operating room table, where her
right hand and forearm were prepped with Betadine and draped in a sterile fashion. We infiltrated
the thenar crease area with 1% Xylocaine, and once adequate anesthesia had been achieved, we
exsanguinated the hand and forearm with an Esmarch bandage. We then created a longitudinal
incision just at the ulnar aspect of the thenar crease and carried the dissection down through the
subcutaneous tissue. We identified the transverse carpal ligament and incised this ... Show more
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LOCATION: Outpatient, Hospital
PATIENT: Judy Rain
SURGEON: Mohamad Almaz, MD
PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Chondromalacia, left knee
POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Chondromalacia, left knee, due to sudden overexertion
PROCEDURE PERFORMED: Arthroscopy, left knee, with debridement of chondromalacia
PROCEDURE: While under a spinal anesthetic the patient's knee was examined. She had a small
effusion in her knee. Physical exam of her left knee showed her skin intact. Her collateral ligaments
were intact. The Lachman's test was negative as was the pivot shift. McMurray's test was negative.
She has a range of motion 0 to at least 125 degrees flexion. Her left knee was then prepped with
Betadine and draped in a sterile fashion.
An Esmarch bandage was used to exsanguinate the leg and a tourniquet time ended up being 27
minutes. Three portals were used for this procedure. The first was placed along the superior
anterolateral aspect and a third along the inferior anteromedial aspect of the knee. We distended the
knee with Lactated Ringer's solution. We examined the suprapatellar pouch and the medial and
lateral gutters. She had significant chondromalacia starting al the patellofemoral joint. We did use
shavers to trim and debride some of the chondromalacia on the trochlea. We then moved to the
medial compartment and noted large areas of chondromalacia. We used a combination of basket
forceps and the shaver to try to

Symptoms And Treatment Of Patients
This is a 51–year–old female with a 4/6/2015 date of injury. She tripped and fell to right knee.
Diagnoses were pain in joint of lower leg and pain in right knee.
12/18/15 Progress Report by Dr. Fuhrmeister described that the patient has right knee pain with
radiation to the right leg. She is s/p right knee arthroscopy on 04/22/15. MRI of the right knee on
04/11/15 reported a lateral meniscal tear. It was recommended to have an MRI of a right knee and
try PT, over her last visit on 11/16/15. The patient is requesting refills on medications. Her current
medications include Opana 15 mg, Topamax 100 mg, Zofran 8 mg, Ambien 5 mg, Paroxetine HCL
20 mg, Omepreazole 40 mg, Baclofen 10 mg and Hydrocodone 5/200 mg. The patient is currently in
pain at 5/10–scale level. The patient stated that hydrocodone for breakthrough pain provides
inadequate pain relief. The note indicates that the patient is fully aware of risks of narcotics and
potential side effects were discussed. There is constant burning and throbbing pain from the knee
down laterally. Physical examination revealed an antalgic gait with a limp. She is wearing a brace on
the right knee. ROM of the right knee is decreased. There was tenderness to palpation over the right
knee. Treatment plan included medications, increase hydrocodone 7.5/325, PT 3 X 8, MRI, and
follow–up with surgery. Follow–up is in 1 month.
11/09/15 electro–diagnostic study described that the patient presented with right leg and knee pain
with

Osteochondral Injury: A Case Study
DOI: 8/19/2015. Patient is a 61–year–old female assembler who sustained injury while she was side
stepping at work when she felt a pop in her right knee. Per OMNI entry, she was initially diagnosed
with right knee sprain.
MRI of the right knee dated 12/09/15 showed no evidence of meniscal, cruciate, or collateral
ligament tear. There is fluid seen extending into the articular cartilage of the lateral tibial plateau
compatible with chondral injury. Furthermore, there is mild chondromalacia involving the medial
facet of the patella.
Per the IME dated 03/16/16 by Dr. Shankman, the patient has had PT for ten weeks, which have not
helped. She has had no injections and takes no medications. The patient has resolved osteochondral
bruise and pre–existing chondromalacia that was aggravated by the injury of record. It was opined
that the IW requires no further treatment from an orthopedic standpoint. ... Show more content on
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There is medial joint line pain. Pain is noted with McMurray's
Gait is antalgic.
Assessments are other tear of right knee medial meniscus, pain in the right knee and chondromalacia
patellae of the right

Anterior Cruciate Ligamentous Injury Analysis
Introduction
The most common ligamentous injury to the knee is injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
(Teske 2010), and it is the second most common injury in the lower extremity. It has become so
common of an injury that 1 in 3000 individuals in the United States will be affected with an ACL
tear (Micheo 2010) and there are 200,000 new cases per year (Wilk 2012). It is most commonly seen
in people 15–30 years of age (Teske 2010). It is also more common in females than males (Fayad
2003, Teske 2010, Bowerman 2006). This is due to increased joint laxity in post–pubescent females
compared to post–pubescent males (Bowerman 2006) and differences in muscle activation. Males
tend to have a more balanced quadriceps to hamstrings ratio ... Show more content on
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If a knee is hit from the outside, especially while the foot is planted, it will be forced into genu
valgus. This puts several structures at risk, namely the ACL, MCL and joint capsule. These
structures specifically prevent valgus forces and are expected to be damaged when subjected to
excessive genu valgus. The nature of the force can also damage the bones because valgus will cause
the lateral condyles of the femur and tibia to be compressed while the medial condyles will be
distracted. This can result in bruising of the bone or damage to articular cartilage of the compressed
side. In addition, the menisci can be involved depending on the direction of the force, especially if
rotation occurs. The lateral meniscus can be damaged without rotation if it is compressed between
the condyles or with rotation by getting torqued between the condyles. The medial meniscus is at a
lesser risk of being damaged due to compression because the medial condyles are being distracted
from one another. However, because it has attachments to both the ACL and MCL, if one or both of
those are damaged, the medial meniscus is at risk. Therefore, a 20 year–old male rugby player who
was side tackled may very well present with a torn ACL, MCL, and medial

The Knee Joint And Its Components Essay
The knee is a complex joint consisting of a capsule, ligaments, cartilage, tendons, and bony surfaces
that keep the femur aligned with the tibia (Fig .1). ( 6 ) Figure (1) : A schematic view of the knee
joint and its components in the coronal plane ( 7 )
OSSEOUS ANATOMY
The knee is composed by femur, tibia, fibula and patella bones. ( 8 ) The knee can be conceptualized
as 2 joints–a tibiofemoral and a patellofemoral joint. ( 9 )
TIBIOFEMORAL ARTICULATION
The articulation of the tibiofemoral joint is maintained in part by the bony anatomy of the femoral
condyles and the tibial plateau. ( 9 )
PATELLOFEMORAL ARTICULATION The patellofemoral joint provides an integral articulating
component of the extensor mechanism of the knee joint. ( 10 )
THE EXTENSOR MECHANISM :
The extensor mechanism consists of the quadriceps muscle group and tendon, patella, patellar
tendon, Hoffa's fat pad, medial and lateral patellar retinacula, patellofemoral and patellotibial
ligaments. ( 2 )
The patella is a large, flat, triangular sesamoid bone located anterior to the knee joint . It provides a
central of attachment for the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament . ( 10 )
PATELLAR TENDON:
The patellar tendon originates at the inferior pole of the patella and inserts onto the tibial tuberosity.
( 2 )
QUADRICEPS:
The knee extensor mechanism consists of the quadriceps muscle with its 4

Sports Injuries : Athletes And Sports
INTRO
In the world of athletics, there are numerous injuries an athlete may face in their athletic career in
sports varying from sprinting in track and field to tackling a football player in the National Football
League. In 2013 according to USA Today, 1.35 million youths a year will have serious sports
injuries resulting in a trip to local hospitals1. Research in 2011 and 2012 showed that fourteen
percent of common injuries to a youth's body was to the head, seven percent to the face, twelve
percent to the fingers, nine percent to the knees, and fifteen percent to the ankles1. Football and
Basketball were the two most common sports in 2011 and 2012 that showed athletes who were ages
nineteen and under suffered the most injuries out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the knee, the most common ligament stabilizer to regularly get injured is the MCL. Each ligament
surrounding the knee have different functions that protect the knee in specific ways. The medial
collateral ligaments function is to prevent and restrain a valgus force in the knee. Valgus force is
apparent when the human foot is involuntarily forced towards the outer part of the body in relation
to the athlete's knee.
CAUSES
A medial collateral ligament sprain is caused when a force voluntary or involuntary is greater than
the ligaments ability to resist the force. An example of a voluntary force causing the sprain is when
an athlete suddenly changes directions in rapid motion while their foot is still flexed. Jumping into
the air and landing in an uncomfortable position is an example of how an involuntary force can
cause the tear. The most common involuntary force is when an unexpected force hits the outer part
of the knee and causes the knee to move involuntarily towards the other direction. For example,
when a football player gets tackled on the outer part of their knee which can force the knee to push
inward causing the MCL sprain. In 2013, Rob Gronkowski, the New England Patriots tight end
suffered a torn MCL as well as a torn ACL in the second half of the game against the Cleveland
Browns2. Gronkowski on his second catch of the game

ACL Injuries For Athletes
Being an athlete and playing sports is fun, until you tear your ACL. Tearing your ACL is one of the
most painful injuries for athletes. ACL injuries normally occur in non–contact activities like soccer,
basketball, volleyball, skiing, and gymnastics. Not only do they occur in non–contact activities, but
they also occur when you suffer a blow to the knee. Common symptoms of ACL injuries include a
popping sensation, immediate pain, swelling, limping, stiffness, and feeling of the knee giving away.
A Torn ACL is also known as a Sprained ACL. It's common for ACL injuries to be injured along
with another knee injury like a meniscus or MCL tear. ACL tear's are categorized on a grading scale
of 1, 2, and 3. Grade 1 tears are typically just a partial

The Injuries Of The Knee Joint
The knee joint is one of many synovial joints within the human body. It is the largest joint in the
body and is known as a ginglymus, or hinge, joint involving the articulation of the femur and the
tibia. A hinge joint is a joint between two or more articulating bones, moving in only one plane. The
movements that occur at the knee are flexion and extension. The knee joint is a modified hinge joint,
therefore as well as allowing the movements of flexion and extension; the movements of internal
rotation and external rotation are possible. The knee joint has six degrees of freedom, moving in all
three planes: the frontal plane, the sagittal plane and the transverse plane. Internal rotation and
external rotation of the knee move about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ligaments are connective tissues with the function of joining articulating bones at joints, in this
case, the femur and tibia. Fibroblasts are the cells that make up the ligaments, which are made up of
between 70% and 80% collagen. The high level of collagen gives the ligament tissue high tensile
strength. The flexibility of the ligaments comes from the elastin fibers that are in the extracellular
matrix, which counters the solid nature of the bone (Prater A.M., 2010). The ligaments of the knee
assist in controlling the movements that occur at the joint.
The collateral ligaments are positioned on each side of the joint (the medial collateral ligament on
the medial side and the lateral collateral ligament on the lateral side).
The cruciate ligaments are found deep within the knee joint. The anterior cruciate ligament attaches
to the medial and anterior aspect of the tibial plateau and on the lateral femoral condyle. The
posterior cruciate ligament attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau and the medial
femoral condyle (Johns Hopkins Sports Medicine). The names of the cruciate ligaments arise from
their nature of crossing over each other between each of their attachments and from the position of
their tibial attachments. (Palastanga & Soames, 2012).
The interaction of the ACL and PCL at varying degrees of flexion accounts for some of the dynamic
stability of the knee joint (Chhabra et al. C.

Mri Specialist Case Study
MRI Specialists use Scans to Investigate Knee Problems
When a patient is suffering with knee problems and/or pain, a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
scan may be ordered. An MRI is a diagnostic test that physicians frequently order to evaluate the
knee. Following the procedure, MRI Specialists use the images obtained to investigate the source of
potential knee problems and conditions.
Incidence of Bone Bruises with Tears to the Meniscus and Ligaments
A bone bruise is one of the occult osseous knee injuries that can cause constant pain, as well as
functional loss. An MRI is necessary to identify a bone bruise because these bruises are not visible
through a traditional radiograph. For this reason, MRIs are used to diagnose and then follow bone
bruises. Many times a bone bruise helps to diagnose other knee injuries. For example, according to
the study Magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ACL ligament can be difficult to see; however, when the ligament is injured, it can be seen 90
percent of the time. MRI Specialists can also determine an injury to the ACL by looking for specific
fractures in addition to bruised bones.
Because the PCL is larger than the ACL, it is easier to see; however, isolated tears to the PCL
ligament are uncommon.
Medial and Lateral Collateral
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are located on the inside and outside of the knee. When
these ligaments become injured, swelling is evident and disruption of the fibers is visible on the
MRI Scan.
The Meniscus
The triangular shaped cartilage within the knee joint that assists with stabilizing, cushioning and
transmitting weight across the joint is the meniscus. Several conditions related to the meniscus are
visible on an MRI Scan.
Meniscus Tear
A meniscus tear is visible when a section of the meniscus is absent or there is a signal disruption
indicating an abnormally shaped meniscus.
Tendons
Patellar and

Back Injury Case Studies
DOI: 4/8/2009. Patient is a 41–year–old male lead receiver who sustained a back injury when he
slipped on a kiwi while pushing bins. The patient underwent a left L5–S1 microdiscectomy on
8/15/2014 and left–sided transfacet far lateral discectomy, facetectomy, foraminotomy,
decompression of nerve root at L5–S1, and right –sided medial facetectomy, foraminotomy and
decompression of nerve root at L5–S1, arthrodesis interbody and posterolateral at L5–S1 on
07/11/16. Patient has attended 13 PT sessions per PT attendance report dated 11/04/16.
X–ray of the lumbar spine with 2–3 views obtained on 09/23/16 showed posterior fusion hardware
present at L5–S1, laminectomy changes at L5–S1 and adequate appearing alignment.
Based on the progress report dated 11/10/16, the patient complains of constant lumbar spine pain,
rated as 2/10. Pain is described as sharp, stabbing and throbbing. Pain is aggravated by prolonged
sitting, standing and walking, and relieved by rest.
On examination of the lumbar spine, there is a well healed surgical scar on mid lower back. Range
of motion ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Straight leg raise causes pain on the left.
IW was diagnosed with low back pain.
Urine drug screening monitoring is to continue while medications are prescribed no less frequently
than monthly.
He was given a prescription for Norco 10/325 mg 1 tablet every 6 hours when necessary for pain,
not to exceed more than 3 tablets per day. An interferential unit is requested for ongoing pain and
discomfort in the lumbar spine.
Attached is the QME report dated 12/12/09.
Current request is for 30 Days Trial of Interferential Unit between 11/18/2016 and

Question Paper: Billing and Coding Applications with...
User | Kristin Maze | Course | BC3030X: Billing and Coding Applications with Simulations (5–21–
2012) Section 5 | Test | Week 1 – Coding Applications Test | Started | 5/27/12 1:52 PM | Submitted |
5/28/12 9:46 PM | Status | Completed | Score Time Elapsed | 59 minutes out of 1 hour. | Instructions
| | * Question 1
0 out of 4.5 points | | | LOCATION: | Outpatient, Hospital | PATIENT: | Larry Frost | SURGEON: |
Mohomad Almaz, MD | | |
DIAGNOSIS: Localized degenerative arthritis, left distal clavicle, with persistence of arthritic
symptoms
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE: Removal of distal 1 cm (centimeter) left clavicle
After satisfactory level of general anesthesia was reached and patient was in the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first was placed along the superior anterolateral aspectof the knee.
The second was placed along the inferior anterolateral aspect and the third along the inferior
anteromedial aspect of the knee. We distended the knee with lactated ringer solution. We examined
the suprapatellar pouch and the medial and lateral gutters. No loose bodies were noted. The articular
surface of the patella and the adjacent surface of the femur appeared to be in excellent condition. We
then examined the medial compartment and probed the medial meniscus. She had a previous partial
medial meniscectomy involving the posterior one half or so of the medial meniscus,but there
appeared to be a horizontal tear within this posterior half of the medial meniscus.
We eventually ended up performing an excision of this portion of the meniscus. We left the anterior
one half of the meniscus intact. We excised the posterior one half of the meniscus back to what we
felt was a stable rim using a combination of basket forceps and the shaver. At this point then, we
thoroughly irrigated the knee. We then examined the notch area and probed the anterior cruciate
ligament. It was intact. We then examined the lateral compartment and probed the lateral meniscus.
It was intact. We examined the medial compartment once again finally, looking for any remaining
loose fragments. We then drained the knee and removed the hardware. The skin incisions were left
open, and sterile dressings were applied under a

Postoperative Analgesine Essay
Introduction:
Significant postoperative pain following major surgical procedures for breast cancer is a common
and well–known complication which may lead to a lot of negative consequences as more hospital
costs with extended hospital stay, and the increased incidence of chronic post–mastectomy pain (2).
Procedural interventions involving regional blocks are found to be more effective than
pharmacologic pain relief methods(3). Pecs1 and 2 can provide effective postoperative analgesia for
such procedures (4). They are field blocks that aim to deposit the local anesthetic between the
pectoralis major and minor muscles and between pectoralis minor and serratus anterior respectively
to block the different peripheral nerves supplying the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis was that adding ketamine or dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine would result in
improved the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound guided PECS block.
Methods:
This prospective randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted in accordance with the
Declaration of Helsinki and FDA Regulations. After institutional approval of this study by the
ethical committee of Saudi German Hospital Saudi Arabia (#REC 11/01/2017), the study was
registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000851369).
90 Patients ASA physical status 1–3 aged between 18 and 60 years scheduled for modified radical
mastectomy were included in this study and all the patients signed an informed consent for the
procedure. Exclusion criteria was settled to include patients with history of advanced cardiac
disease, sepsis, patients with prior surgery in areas above or below the clavicle or in the axillary
region, those with opioid dependence or alcohol or drug abuse, those with coagulopathy, and those
with psychiatric illness that prevent them from proper perception and assessment of pain.
In the pre–induction room the patients were taught how to assess their own pain score using the
numerical rating scale (NRS) (0–10; 0 = no pain, 10 = worst imaginable pain) and how to use the
device for a patient–controlled analgesia (PCA) (CADD–Legacy® PCA ambulatory infusion pump,

Essay On Mcl
Coming Back From an MCL Injury
When it comes to your ability to move around, participate in sports, and simply walk, your knee
joints are vital. The knee itself is made up of multiple ligaments, bones, and tendons and of all of
these different parts that need to work together to make the joint work. One of these parts is called
the medial collateral ligament or MCL. It is responsible for adding a little more stability to your
knee and leg as well as preventing your knee from bending in dangerous directions. If you are
noticing some pain in the inside portion of your knee or possibly you feel unsteady on one or both of
your feet you may have injured your MCL.
Symptoms
Your medial collateral ligament is on the inside part of each leg and ... Show more content on
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These may be signs of damage to your MCL and if you find yourself experiencing some of these,
you should probably have your knee and leg checked out by a medical professional.
Causes
Damaging the tissue of MCL can be common in sports, especially contact sports such as football.
Injuring this part of your knee may also commonly be the result of a direct hit or impact on the
outside of the lower leg and/or knee, which can cause the tissue on the inner side of the leg and knee
joint to stretch or even tear in more traumatic situations. This ligament can also end up being
damaged if the joint becomes hyperextended causing the tissue to stretch and possibly tear.
Treatment
Recovery from an MCL injury is not always fun but there are some things that you can do to help
speed it along and maybe make it a little less painful. Rest is usually always helpful when healing
from just about any injury and MCL injuries are no different, so rest as much as possible and try to
stay off your feet when you are able to. Using a compression brace on your knee might help to
improve blood flow and reduce swelling and it may also aid in reducing the pain you are probably
living with through the healing process.
Another thing that you might want to consider to aid in treating your pain may be ice. Icing the area
of your leg and knee that hurts could lower the level of pain you experience and it could help lower
the amount of swelling

My Love For Soccer, My True Love : My Life
Throughout the course of my life I have always been an athletic kid, I played various sports like
tennis, swimming, boxing soccer and ballet. Out of these sports, which are all unique and amazing,
I've always been the most passionate for soccer. My parents saw my love for soccer and decided to
take me out of all my other sports and allow me to focus on one; with their dedication as well as
mine, I have become the player I am today. I have played soccer since I was about 5 years old until
now, present day. Soccer has been my life, my true love, my everything. (107) However, my team
enrolled in a tournament located in Escondido, California. I thought this tournament would be just
like all the others but this one was going to be very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After a month of being on crutches and being in the process of getting my MRI and my physical
therapy for my knee, I thought I was in the clear, until I got my MRI results back. (210)
This was probably going to be the most important day of my life, these simple results would decide
whether or not I could continue with my soccer career. Walking into the orthopedic center I had the
most anticipation i've ever experienced. After waiting about an hour I finally was seen by my doctor.
He told me the results were not good and that I partially tore my medial collateral ligament also
stretching my lateral ligaments out as well and without surgery I wouldn't be able to ever have a
chance to play soccer again. My family and I did not take this news very great. I stayed on crutches
for five months while we tried to decide what the actions we should take would be. During those
five months I am pretty sure my armpits almost fell off because the pain the crutches gave them but
not only that but I was taken away from soccer, my friends and my life was put on pause. Life went
on and I didn't know how to handle it. I still attended school, soccer practice but unable to play and
the world just kept going. (176)
After the course of those six rough months my family and myself came to a conclusion, not to go
forward with the surgery. As a substitute I was put into physical therapy with amazing trainers.
Three months went by and I began playing soccer again with

Summary: Radiographic Signs Of Osteoarthritis
It has been shown, patients that have experienced an ACL tear will have clear radiographic signs of
osteoarthritis.1 These signs appear in 10–20 years after the incident whether they had reconstruction
surgery or opted out of surgery.1 In the article, Meniscus treatment and age associated with narrower
radiographic joint space width 2–3 years after ACL reconstruction: data from the MOON onsite
cohort, the authors goal was to find out whether radiographs of the metatarsophalangeal view would
notice differences in the width of the joint space between an ACL reconstructed knee and the
contralateral control knee within 2–3 years.1 Secondly, they wanted to indicate risk factors for early
signs of post–traumatic osteoarthritis through an analysis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With article one having a larger sample size, it allowed them to have better validity towards their
study. Articles two and three both state they have no conflicts of interests that concern their study.2–
3 However, article one differs in the fact that it does have competing interests. Two of the authors of
the article have received consultant fees from the National Football League, the Service Excellence,
or Smith and Nephew.1 By the authors receiving consultant fees from these associations, it allows
for some bias to be involved because they receive money from a patent for intra–articular healing.1
As an athletic, trainer articles two and three can be of clinical significance because it addresses
biomechanics, strength, and kinematics post–ACl reconstruction surgery.2–3 By reading this article
the athletic trainer can know how to help the athlete who has endured an ACL tear after their
surgery. The first article doesn't have any clinical significance for an athletic trainer. Article one has
more significance for a radiologist or a orthopedic surgeon who is reading radiographs and

Differences Between Medial And Lateral Arthroscopic...
Comparison of prognostic differences between Medial and Lateral Arthroscopic Partial
Meniscectomy in development of Osteoarthritis
Shawn Clavell, BS, SPT
Introduction
Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is the most prevalent procedures performed on the knee
joint.1 The location, size , and vascularity of area which the meniscus is torn are the most important
factors in determining a treatment plan.2 The larger medial meniscus is the more often injured
tissue; lateral meniscectomies represent only about 20 % of isolated meniscectomies, whereas
medial meniscectomies represent 78% of all cases.
Rehabilitation after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy is without restrictions and can be aggressive.
The early stages of rehabilitation are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This review was conducted to present longitudinal research which directly compared the long–term
outcomes, structurally and subjectively, narrowing between individuals who have undergone a
lateral arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus a procedure to the medial compartment. Following
the review, this paper will describe the treatment and outcomes of a clinical case of a person who
underwent a lateral partial meniscectomy. Finally, the literature review will be used to reflect on the
clinical case and treatment.
Patient Description
SG is a 32 year old active male Police officer presented to the Physical Therapy clinic on May 20,
2013 one week post arthroscopic partial lateral meniscectomy of the right knee. The surgical
procedure was conducted to relieve the symptoms of a bucket handle tear sustained on March 14,
2013. The patient 's history revealed that he was a very active individual. On the particular day of
his injury the patient recalls participating in cross–fit in the morning, followed by a soccer game
later that day. During the match the patient states that he "Tweaked" his knee, but continued to play
on it. In the days following the patient complained of symptoms which included sharp pain, edema,
and 'catching '. The symptoms persisted for 12 weeks until the patient

MCL Injuries: A Case Study
A medial collateral ligament (MCL) is one of the four ligaments in knee. The MCL is on the inside
of the knee and connects a person's thigh bone with the lower leg. An injury or tear to the MCL is
common especially among athletes.
The MCL injury can cause pain, tenderness, and swelling which will limit the range of movement of
the knee which effects the simplest of daily routines. Bruising may also occur on the inside of the
knee area. Configuring the cost for treatment for MCL injuries has numerous contributing factors,
including type of methods used, degree of injury and the amount insurance coverage.
Insurance Coverage
The major factor in the cost of treatment for MCL injuries is the amount of health insurance
coverage. A potential patient may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Symptoms of the injury
Physical examination
Testing, including x–rays and an MRI
Explanation of the treatment options and the expected outcome
Non–Surgical Treatment for MCL Injuries
.In some cases, reducing activity for three or four weeks will be enough to help a patient heal
without surgery. Non–surgical treatment for MCL injuries may be the least expensive approach for
care.
In the beginning, over the counter pain relievers may only be a few dollars. Continuous use may
increase the expense and mask the true injury. The pain relievers will reduce swelling and help fight
inflammation.
Bracing and elastic bandages can be used to help keep the knee immobilized during the healing
process. The costs of these support aids are usually under $50. In some cases, the support aid may be
partially coverage by medical insurance.
Rest and keeping the knee elevated may help the injured area heal. The cost of this approach is
actually nothing except when a person has to miss work.
Ice the injured area is another minimal cost approach.
Depending on the amount of health care coverage, physical therapy sessions may quickly add up.
Surgical Treatment for MCL

Meniscal Tears
Introduction: Acute meniscal tears may interfere with the normal biomechanics and functions of the
knee joint during motion and thus, may lead to severe pain accompanied by mechanical symptoms
throughout daily living activities as well as impairment of the quality of life.
Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to identify the major predictors of the
clinical outcome following arthroscopic partial meniscectomy performed for acute trauma–related
medial meniscal tear leading to mechanical symptoms in patients over 60 years of age.
Methods: In this retrospective study, the clinical data of 154 arthroscopic partial medial
meniscectomies performed for acute symptomatic tears in patients over 60 years of age were
evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), duration of symptoms, the hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA), type
of the meniscal tear, presence of any chondral lesions, degenerative changes in the patellofemoral
joint, the status of the cruciate ligaments and lateral meniscus, and the presence of any plica ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mean Lysholm score improved from 43 points to 72.7 points. Visual Analogue Scale and
Lysholm scores at the latest follow–up were significantly worse in patients with a pre–operative
BMI ≥26 kg/m2, HKA >5 degrees, grade 3 or 4 chondral lesion according to Outerbridge
classification, degenerative changes in patellofemoral joint surfaces, and an ACL which was either
partially ruptured or degenerative with increased laxity. Age at the time of surgery, pre–operative
grade of medial joint space narrowing determined according to Kellgren–Lawrence classification,
duration of symptoms until decision of the surgery, degenerative changes in the lateral meniscus,
presence of a medial supra– or infra–patellar plica, and synovial hypertrophy and/or arthroscopic
findings of synovitis had no effects on the clinical

Medial Collateral Knee Ligament And Phase II Rehab
Medial Collateral Knee Ligament Sprain With Phase II Rehab
The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is a tough band of tissue that connects the thighbone to the
shinbone. Your MCL is located on the outside of your knee. It prevents your knee from moving too
far inward and helps keep your knee stable. A MCL sprain is an injury caused by stretching the MCL
too far. The injury can involve a tear in the MCL.
CAUSES
This condition may be caused by:
A blow to the inside of your knee (common).
Your knee falling inward when you run, change directions quickly (cut), jump, or pivot.
Repeatedly overstretching the MCL.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in people who:
Play contact sports, such as wrestling or football.
Participate in sports that involve cutting, like hockey, skiing, or soccer.
Have weak hip and core muscles.
SYMPTOMS
This condition is more likely to develop in people who:
A popping sound at the time of injury.
Pain on the inside of the knee.
Swelling in the knee.

Bruising around the knee.
Tenderness when pressing the inside of the knee.
Feeling unstable when you stand, like your knee will give way.
Difficulty walking on uneven surfaces.
DIAGNOSIS
This condition may be diagnosed based on:
Your medical history.
A physical exam.
Tests, such as an X–ray or MRI.
During your physical exam, your health care provider will for pain, limited motion, and instability.
TREATMENT

Knee Injury Case Study
On February 28th, 2017 when the Golden State Warriors' were playing the Washington Wizards
Kevin Durant suffered a hyperextended left knee. His MRI showed that he had a Grade 2 sprain to
his medial collateral ligament (MCL) and a tibial bone bruise (Amick). Durant's injury happened
during a rebound when one of his own teammates got pushed back into him and made his knee
hyperextend. This type of injury would be classified as acute. I say this is an acute injury because
Durant did not get this injury from continued use or overuse of his knee. It was a fluke incident that
made his knee hyperextend. This type of injury could happen to almost anyone when placed into
certain situations. Initial treatment would be to ice often, especially in the first 48–72 hours after the
injury occurred. Crutches and a knee brace may also be beneficial if the knee shows weakness.
There should be some anti–inflammatory taken to help minimize the swelling and pain of the injury.
As the injury heals strength exercises can help get the knee back into full motion. One safe exercise
to help strengthen the knee is biking. Physical therapy and weight training may also be a critical part
of the healing process to get the knee back to full strength. Before returning to sports an athlete
needs to be cleared by a physician who will perform certain tests to watch the function of the knee
("Knee: Grade 11..."). All these treatments should come from a doctor and not just looking online or
hearing from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This will sometimes be paired with crutches to keep weight off the injured knee. When the injury
starts to heal and there is more range of motion the athlete can just use the knee brace. After more
healing a stabilized knee brace fits the situation better because it applies compression to the knee.
When the injury is fully healed there is no need for a knee brace as the area should be fully
strengthened ("Medial Knee

Are Sports A Bad Omens Within The Sports Sphere?
Where there are sports there are also injuries not far behind. It is easy to think only professional
athletes are prone to injuries, but often it is children who will suffer an injury because in States is
approximately 30 million children or adolescents who participate in organized sports. (Adirim, &
Cheng. 2003) Injuries are seen a bad omens within the sports sphere and they can occur for in many
different ways for many different reasons. There are three major categories of injuries; they are
acute injuries, chronic injuries, and insidious onset injuries. Insidious onset injuries occur gradually
over time and have no apparent cause. This can occur due to an exposure that does not immediately
present itself. Acute injuries usually occur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anterior lower leg pain known as shin splints is a chronic injury that can occur as result of increased
activity. Brown (2016), believes that "the medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) also known as shin
splints or medial tibial traction periostitis is a common and often debilitating overuse injury of the
lower leg associated with running and walking activities." Very strong, growing musculature of the
lower leg can become taut and pull on and aggravate the very sensitive periosteum or outer surface
of the tibia. This is a chronic injury that is common in high school athletes who specialize in a single
sport. Sport specialization can increase the incidence of this injury (Korsh, Matijakovich, & Gatt,
2017). "The highest incidence occurs in the sports of cross country running and gymnastics, with
girls having nearly twice the risk as boys." (Changstrom et al. 2014) Media Tibial Stress Syndrome
may also be seen in young athletes who participate in sprinting sports and jumping sports such as,
basketball, volleyball, and track & field events. This injury has to be ruled out by as stress fracture,
although prolonged issues with MTSS can lead to a stress reaction or fracture of the tibia. This
chronic injury is rarely treated surgically, young athletes with this injury can find relief with
modification of the offending activity and stretching of the muscles

Knee Arthribrosis Case Study
A high school runner is out for a training run through the woods. He steps in a hole hyperextending
and twisting his knee somewhat. In that moment, he felt a sharp pain inside his knee, nothing
excruciating, and it went away as fast at it came. He finished his run and thought nothing of it. Over
the next few weeks he experiences occasional sharp pains in the same spot and it begins to become a
constant pain. He tried icing, elevating and resting it, but to no avail. With this, our patient decides
to come in to I Need a Name Orthopedics. The doctor would gather what happened, where it
happened, how the injury had progressed so far, the quality, and severity of the pain as well as what
the patient had done for it so far. After hearing the subjective perspective of the patient, the doctor
begins to suspect a tear in the meniscus.
The meniscus is a smooth, glossy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "Meniscal Repair and Transplantation:", immediate knee motion the first postoperative
day after meniscus repair is not deleterious to the healing meniscus tissue and prevents knee
arthrofibrosis". Knee arthrofibrosis being stiffness of the knee caused by scar tissue formation.
Meniscal Repair Rehabilitation Protocol, by Dr. Corey A. Wulf, defines the rehabilitation prosecc as
consicting of three major stages; Maximum protection, Moderate protection, and the Advanced
phase. During the first phase, which lasts through the first six weeks, a major emphasis is placed on
recovering from the surgery. This consists of reducing inflammation and swelling, as well as
restoring range of motion and quadriceps activity9. The first three weeks of this stage consist of
icing, elevation, and use of an electrical stimulator to increase muscle function. A brace is required
and locked at 0 degrees during weight bearing, which is allowed to the extent that the patient can
bear. Outside of weight bearing activities the brace can be unlocked or removed.

Essay On Igg4-Related Disease
IgG4–related disease (IgG4–RD) is a newly recognized, multiorgan, fibro–inflammatory disease
characterized by mass forming lesion with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with large numbers
of IgG4+ plasma cells, storiform fibrosis and sometimes obliterative phlebitis. IgG4–RD was first
described in 2001 by Japanese researchers in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis with high levels
of serum IgG.[1, 2]
IgG4–RD usually affects individuals of middle to old age, with an onset at 50–70 years, although
few paediatric cases have been described. Males are more commonly affected especially for IgG4–
related pancreatitis with an M:F ratio of 3:7. However, IgG4–related dacryoadenitis and sialadenitis
may occur more frequently among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enlargement of one or more of trigeminal nerve branches is another feature of IgG4–ROD. The
most commonly involved branches are the infraorbital nerve (ION) and the frontal nerve. Other
nerves may be involved such as perioptic nerves, paravertebral nerves and great auricular nerve. The
disease involves mainly the epineurium and the affected nerves are infilterated by masses of
lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and large numbers of IgG+ plasma cells.[20–23]
EOM enlargement is not rare in IgG4–ROD especially in cases with enlarged orbital nerves. Single
or multiple muscles may be involved during the disease course in the following order of frequency:
inferior rectus, followed by superior rectus–levator complex, lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior
oblique and superior oblique. Histopathologically, the muscle biopsy shows a mixed and dense
infiltration with polyclonal B– and T–cells with some fibrosis.[24, 25]
IgG4–ROD may also involve the lacrimal drainage apparatus.[26] Furthermore, sclera and
conjunctival affection and nongranulomatous anterior uveitis have also been reported. [27, 28]
There is a correlation between IgG4–RD and ocular adnexal xanthogranulomatous disease in which
a high

Left Knee Pain Case Studies
DOI: 5/3/2014. The patient is 43–year–old right–hand dominant female grapes farm worker who
sustained injury while she was pulling leaves and felt that she was going to fall so she grabbed onto
a wire and heard her wrist pop and hurt her left knee. Per OMNI, the patient is diagnosed with left
subacromial bursitis and impingement. MRI of the left knee performed 1/22/2015 reveals abnormal
signal within the anterior horn and body of the lateral meniscus which has a linear appearance and
communicates with the superior articular surface consistent with a tear. There are mild degenerative
changes of the posterior horn. There is mild amount of bone edema within the posterior lateral
femoral condylar epiphysis consistent with contusion. There are mild degenerative changes of the
lateral femorotibial compartment with marginal osteophyte formation. There is tiny joint effusion.
Per medical report dated 04/13/2016, patient continues to have left knee greater than left shoulder
pain. Her left knee pain is increasing. Lower extremity examination ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The patient inquiries regarding to requested surgery as conservative treatment to date have failed.
He complains of instability, near falls, actual falls. He also failed neoprene sleeve. The patient also
has left shoulder pain that is rated as 7. Current medications include hydrocodone, tramadol
Extended release, Naproxen, and pantoprazole. Objective findings revealed tenderness of the left
knee greatest at medial aspect. It was noted to have positive McMurray's, medial. There is mild
varus/valgus laxity. Range of motion is 0 degree to 100 degrees. It was also noted that the patient
favors right lower extremity with ambulation. There is tenderness of the left shoulder. Range of
motion revealed a flexion of 120 degrees, abduction of 110 degrees, external and internal rotation of
70 degrees. There is also positive impingement

A Report On Unhappy Triad
Madison Kruse
Athletic Training II
Spring 2015
Alternative Paper
Unhappy Triad The unhappy triad is an injury involving three major ligaments, hence "triad", being
completely or partially torn. As imagined, the pain felt from this is excruciating, therefore earning
the name unhappy or terrible triad. Being a very common injury in contact sports, the background,
characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of the unhappy triad are all essential to
understanding this injury.
The unhappy triad, also known as "blown knee", "terrible triad", or "O'Donoghue triad", is named
after Dr DH O'Donoghue, an American orthopaedic surgeon who described this injury back in 1950.
This injury includes full or partial tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), the Medial
Collateral Ligament (MCL), and a meniscus. The unhappy triad happens to about 25% of athlete's
knee injuries. The unhappy triad is a very common sports injury, especially in contact sports where
the knee can often be hit. It is thought to be the most common knee injury in football and can occur
when the knee is clipped during a tackle.
Normally, the unhappy triad occurs when the foot is planted and the knee is hit and pushed in
another direction. This causes the ligaments and tendons to tear and rip, thus causing the terrible or
unhappy triad. The most common and serious thing that happens to cause a unhappy triad starts with
the ACL. The ACL provides stability to the entire knee and it can be difficult to

Idk Research Papers
Introduction:
The knee joint is one of the most commonly injured joint in day to day life and in many popular
sports. A comprehensive modality is needed to diagnose all the pathologic conditions of the injured
knee including that of the ligaments, fibrocartilages & articular cartilages. The information obtained
from conventional skiagrams, ultrasound or computed tomography of the knee is limited. Since its
introduction to musculoskeletal imaging in the early 1980s, MRI has revolutionized diagnostic
imaging of the knee[1,2].
Internal Derangement of the Knee (IDK) is the term used to cover a group of disorders involving
disruption of the normal functioning of ligaments or cartilages of knee joint thereby impairing its
normal mobility[1]. Arthroscopy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The absence of an intrameniscal high signal was considered as a normal meniscus. The presence of
an intrameniscal high signal not extending to the articular surface was considered grade 1 and 2
degeneration of the menisci, while intrameniscal high signal intensity reaching the articular surface
was regarded as a tear.
The ACL and PCL were considered normal when it appeared as a band of fibres of low or
intermediate signal intensity on both sagittal and coronal images. It was considered partially torn
when it appeared fuzzy with an ill–defined outline and abnormal signal intensity within, and as
completely torn if there was disruption of all fibres, discontinuity or avulsion from its attachment.
Arthroscopies were done within 1 week of MRI after the patients had provided signed consent. The
Orthopedic surgeons were aware of the MRI results, as we thought it was better to emphasise MRI
findings to decrease the time needed to revise the videotapes in cases of contradictory results.
Structures included in the study were medial and lateral menisci and anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments. We considered meniscal tear and degeneration as one group and compared against the
normal menisci. Cruciate ligaments were studied considering the complete and partially torn
ligaments as one group and compared against the

Meniscal Tear
Speech 101
10/24/11
Topic – My meniscus injury and the processes in which I went through
Intro – About a year and a half ago I was training pretty hard to get into shape for the fire academy
here at rio hondo. I would run atleast 5 miles a day to keep good cardio, haha I don't do much of any
running any more. Well, One of those days I went on an uphill run with a 20lb weight pack and
experienced some pain in my left knee, about a month later It still hurt so i went to the doctor and
after an MRI it was determined that I may have torn my meniscus and I would not be able to attend
the academy until it healed. Today im going to go over some knowledge I gained about these types
of injuries by experiencing one first hand.
Body – 1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Works Cited
"Meniscal Tears – Your Orthopaedic Connection – AAOS." AAOS – Your Orthopaedic
Connection. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00358>.
The Center of Orthopaedic Surgery. "KNEE JOINT – ANATOMY & FUNCTION." THE
CENTER FOR ORTHOPAEDICS AND SPORTS MEDICINE. Nucleus Communications.
Web. 24 Oct. 2011.

Knee Injury Research Paper
The knee is a complex joint. There are many different injuries that can occur during sports. The
most predominant type of injuries to the knee is those done to the Meniscus and the ligaments.
There are two areas of ligaments that are commonly affected; the cruciate ligaments and the
Collateral ligaments. Within the Cruciate ligaments there are posterior and anterior injuries, and
within the Collateral ligaments there are medial and lateral injuries. It is very important that these
injuries be taken seriously in athletics due to the seriousness of their affects to the knee.
One of the most commonly injured parts of the knee is the meniscus. The meniscus is a wedge–like
rubbery cushion where bones of your legs connect. The meniscal cartilage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A partial or total tear can occur and the serious of the injury depends on the location of the tear.
When an athlete tears the meniscus he might experience a "popping" feeling, but he may still be able
to continue playing. The following days after the tear the player will experience more pain
accompanied by stiffness and swelling, tenderness in the joint line, and collection of fluid on the
knee. Sever pain may occur if a fragment of the meniscus gets caught between the femur and tibia.
Treatment for a mild meniscus tear is basic. Using the "RICE" formula, rest, ice, compression, and
elevation; the knee may be able to heal on its own.
Some doctors may recommend therapy to strengthen the muscle. If the tear does not heal on its own,
repair may be necessary. Either through arthroscopic surgery or open surgery, these two surgeries
will be performed to trim off the pieces of cartilage damaged by the injury.
Injuries to the Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments are generally referred to as sprains. The
ACL, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, is usually stretched or torn while when the feet are pointed in one
direction and the knees are turned in the opposite direction. The PCL, Posterior Cruciate Ligament,
is usually injured by a direct blow to the

Symptoms And Severity Of A Knee Ligament
Miller (2015) depicts that the symptoms and severity of a knee ligament sprain relies on upon the
level of stretching or tearing of the ligament. In his study he has included 3 grades of knee ligament
sprain.
1) In a mild grade 1: knee ligament sprain, the ligaments may extend but they don't actually tear.
The joint cannot swell or hurt very much. It can increase the risk of injury again.
2) With a moderate evaluation II sprain: Bruising and swelling are most common sign. Ligaments
get partially torn and more painful.
3) With a severe grade III sprain: A ligament tears totally, bleeding under the skin, and swelling.
Thus, the joint become unstable and not able to bear weight. In grade –3 sprain, all pain fibers are
torn so there is no pain at the time of the injury.
Medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament injuries are most common in Soccer
players.
Management:
Mangine et al (2015) in "Management of the Patient with an ACL/MCL injured knee" He has
established a treatment plan based on type of ligament injuries. 1) Medial or lateral meniscus tear 2)
Degree of MCL tear and ACL tear 3) Capsular damage and chrondral surface injury. The period of
time between injury and surgery depend on tissue included and severity of the injury.
1) Grade1 MCL: ACL surgeries with or without damage to meniscus within 1 week. No pre–surgery
movement restriction.
2) Grade 2 MCL: ACL surgeries with or

What Was The Rationale For Doing The Study?
What was the rationale (reasons) for doing the study? (2 marks)
Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is one of the most commonly performed orthopedic
surgeries for a degenerative meniscus tear in the knee. Damaged fragments of the meniscus are
removed in hopes of alleviating pain and symptoms caused by the tear. Unfortunately, there is not
enough evidence supporting the efficacy of this procedure. This study was conducted in order to
evaluate the true efficacy of the partial meniscectomy surgery in relieving degenerative meniscal
symptoms in comparison to a placebo (sham) surgery. In other words, the rationale for doing the
study was to see if there is another way to successfully alleviate patients of symptoms caused by
meniscal tear damage without the use of surgery.
Briefly explain the design of the study (2 marks)
In this study, a randomized, placebo–surgery–controlled approach was employed to asses the
viability of APM. A total of 146 patients ranging from 35 to 65 years of age with a degenerative
meniscus harm were recruited and were told that they would either be receiving a sham surgery or
APM surgery. Participants were randomly assigned either APM or diagnostic arthroscopy (sham
surgery) on a 1:1 ratio. Specifically, they were randomly divided into the two conditions based on
information of age, sex and absence/presence of minor degenerative changes on a radiograph prior
to commencement of the experiment (on the Kellgren–Lawrence scale; 0– no abnormalities or

Meniscus Trauma
One of the most common injuries that can occur in a person's life is an injury to the meniscus. The
meniscus is a vital part of cartilage located between the bones of the knee. It helps with stability,
mobility and also cushions the knee. There are several menisci within the knee and this along with
the variety of motions and impacts that can occur to one's knee are what cause the likelihood of
injury to increase dramatically. The various types of tears require different kinds of rehabilitation.
Some of these tears may require surgery. By understanding the injury and different types of
treatment options, an injured person will have a better chance at a full recovery.
There are two menisci in the knee. The lateral meniscus is the one further ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The at home treatment, R.I.C.E., is recommended with minor tears. R.I.C.E is the acronym for rest,
ice, compress, and elevate. Rest means not to overuse the injured area; keep the knee mobile, but cut
down on its use. Ice means to ice the injured area for ten minutes and then ten minutes off several
times, and repeat this pattern three times a day; these numbers may change depending on your
doctor. Compression helps diminish swelling of the injured area. Keep the injured area firmly
compressed with a wrap or compression band and make sure it is not too tight because this will
restrict blood flow and slow the healing process. The tightness of the compress should limit
expansion and not cause severe compression. The knee should be elevated at least twice a day. Raise
the injured area above the heart. In the knee, this is easily done by lying down on your back and
raising your leg. Anti–inflammatory medications such as ibuprophin, advil, motrin and naproxen
may be recommended, but ask your doctor before using any medications. For more serious tears,
such as moderate to large tears in the "red zone", surgery will be a likely solution. This surgery is
called a meniscectomy . This is where the doctor will remove the entire injured meniscus. For tears
that spread from the red zone to the inner two–thirds of the meniscus, surgery may not help. Another
option is a partial meniscectomy. This surgery is where only a part of the meniscus is removed.
Talking with your doctor will be the deciding factor. Decisions will be made based on the meniscus'
ability to heal as well as the patient's age, health, and activity

Ulnar Collateral Ligament Research Paper
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) (Elbow) Tear
The Ulnar collateral ligament that will be discussed is the ligament in the inner part of the elbow
that connects your Humerus to your Ulna, its purpose is to help support and stabilize the arm ( ). An
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) tear occurs when that ligament that connects the Humerus to the
Ulna is put under repetitive stress or trauma that causes the ligament to tear. Movements that can put
stress on this ligament are actions such as repeatedly throwing a baseball or spiking a volleyball.
These actions move the elbow in a way that does not work in the flex/extend motion that the hinge
joint of the elbow works in. Because of this, Baseball and Volleyball are the most common sports
where this injury occurs ( ).
Signs and Symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Athletes that throw claim that the pain mainly occurs in the acceleration part of the throwing
motion. A UCL tear is often an obvious injury as it usually occurs in the throwing motion when the
elbow is already sore and there is often a distinct 'pop' that happens when performing the injury
causing throw ( ). An elbow with a UCL tear will also become slightly inflamed and there will often
be numbness in the Digitus Minimus Manus (Pinky Finger) of the injured arm as the Ulnar Nerve, a
nerve that runs down the medial part of the arm to the pinky finger, will usually also be slightly
affected in the elbow injury (

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is located inferior (underneath) to the Femur and superior
(above) to the Tibia. The ACL allows range of motion the Tibia.
An ACL Sprain may happen when a person rapidly changes direction. Once it is torn, it is not able
to heal on it's own.
A sudden changing of direction may cause an ACL Sprain.
Example: Roda walking with her skis on and caused her to slip, which caused her to change the
direction of her right leg very suddenly and falling and landing on the leg
A loud "pop" noise coming from the knee at the time of injury
Loss of range of motion
Swelling
Severe pain
Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
Knee brace
Many young people, who are involved in a sport, choose to get surgery to reconstruct

Headline: ACL Surgery
Headline: ACL Surgery: Is Reconstruction the Best Option?
Keywords: ACL Surgery, options, meniscus, reconstruction, orthopedic, knee
Page Description: ACL surgery is one of the best treatment options for ACL tear. There may be other
injuries in the knee like torn meniscus along with ACL tear. Reconstruction surgery can be helpful
as suggested by the orthopedic surgeon.
Text:
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ACL Surgery
ACL surgery is the procedure performed for reconstruction of ACL tear. ACL surgery helps in
repairing the torn structures in knee. ACL stands for anterior cruciate ligament which is a ligament
in the knee. Movement of bones is controlled by ligaments in the knee. Knee joint is held together
by 4 ligaments. Abnormal motion can damage the functioning

Cruciatetric Injury Essay

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