Factors That Impact Recidivism Rates

Factors That Affect The Process Of Recidivism
Several significant problems affect the success or failure of ex–offenders reentry back into society.
Overcrowding of prison populations and the high recidivism rates have created a cycle of
incarceration for ex–offenders as they come and go through correctional systems. Each year, more
than 600,000 ex–offenders are released back into communities nationwide from state and federal
prisons (Petersilia, 2003). It is estimated that nearly 95% of state ex–offenders will be released from
prison into communities where they often find it difficult to obtain employment due to criminal
records, limited education, and minimal vocational skills (Holzer, Raphael, & Stoll, 2003).
The process of prisoner reentry will be examined along with the policies surrounding the Indiana
Reentry Facility, the traits of the Indiana Reentry Facility inmates, environmental factors that caused
prisoners to return, and the financial situation of the communities where the highest number of
returning prisoners occurs, in order to determine if the Indiana Reentry Facility actually reduces
recidivism. Past studies have shown that is suggested that roughly 70 percent of prison inmates
released are re–arrested within the first three years post–release and almost 50 percent are ultimately
returned back to prison. Still, most of the research now focuses only on recidivism and ignores that
recidivism is currently affected by post prison reintegration and adjustment back into the
community. Shortage of ongoing
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The Recidivism Area On Juvenile Delinquency
In order to conduct research in the recidivism area, the use of secondary data will be used as an
appropriate method for analysis. This analysis consists of measuring traditional penal sanctions such
as incarceration versus alternative ways such as a rehabilitation treatment to deal with juvenile
delinquency and investigate how it affects recidivism rates. The primary attention for this research
proposal purpose is to rely only on juvenile delinquency data as the necessary specific information
is not available for the adult population. Certainly, limitations exist as data is not collected by the
author of this research proposal. However, due to limited resources this proposal utilizes
quantitative methods based on secondary data regardless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Although, there are some disadvantages about using secondary data. For example, if the expert
collecting the information had other purposes in mind or if the data is interpreted in a different way
could affect the validity of the research analysis. Also, the person or people collecting this data may
only capture the information needed to prove their point or even manipulate the statistics.
Nonetheless, a secondary data analysis is a suitable option because of the reasons previously
mentioned, albeit probable disadvantages exist. The secondary data used for this research has been
published on the Kids Count data center which is part of the Project of the Annie E. Casey
Foundation website ("Annie E. Casey Foundation," 2015). This organization's main goal is an
attempt to develop a better future for many children at risk due to low economic status, limited
educational opportunities and other difficult situations. The Annie E. Casey Foundation (2015) was
initiated in 1948 and their hard work has been compensated by accomplishing the improvement of a
numerous children as well as their families. This website presents several types of raw data
collected over the years that is available to the public for analysis or for informational purposes
only. Indeed, the Kids Count data center provides specific information labeled as Safety & Risky
Behaviors which will be the main focus

Odrc Recidivism
According to Jones, the most challenging aspect of ODRC's goal of reducing recidivism is
employment of individuals once they are released from their institution back into the community.
This relates back to the views of the community in that, much of society does not want to associate
with ex–offenders. This includes within employment. Individuals who have been incarcerated have
a much harder time finding employment than do most others due to their record. However,
according to Jones, ODRC is combating this by creating connections with area employers who are
willing to employ ex–offenders. Connections such as these, along with other connections with
churches and reentry coalitions, are extremely useful for ODRC and a crucial contributor to its
efforts. They assist in providing support and care for individuals reentering the community. Another
aspect that was mentioned by Jones as a challenge to the mission of ODRC is the overall negative
environment. As he mentioned, for much of his time with ODRC, he worked in the institutions with
the offenders during their incarceration time. As one can imagine, these are not, generally, positive
environments. This negative environment within prisons is a hinderance to the goal of ODRC. This
is combatted by programs ODRC employs within the walls, such as ... Show more content on
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However, there is still a long way to go in terms of progress. The programs it implements with
involved individuals go through changes as what works and what does not work comes to light. Not
only does the department have further improvements to make, but the community, itself, must make
changes too in order to assist ODRC in its mission. For, this mission cannot be accomplished
without the cooperation of the community. These changes, although easily mentioned here, are not
easy to

Prevention Of Recidivism Programs
Since crime in America is at an all–time high, the correctional system should utilize funding
received to implement the use of more programs like the R–N–R (Risk, Needs, Responsivity)
program methods in more Correctional facilities to reduce crime, address specific needs of mid and
high–risk offenders, and the reduction of recidivism rates.
According to the NIJ, National Institute of Justice, recidivism is defined as: "A person's relapse into
Criminal Behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for previous
crimes. A study of 30 states shows that 67.8% of approximately 404,638 state prisoners that were
released in 2005 were re–arrested within five–years." (NIJ,2014 June) Prevention of relapse into
criminal behaviors should be a top priority for Correctional facilities. There are programs that when
implemented correctly, have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Appropriate allocation of funds that our jails and prison systems receive is essential in the reduction
of recidivism

Goal Of Reducing Recidivism
As a future therapist, I have a goal of opening a non–profit community based program focused on
reducing the recidivism rate in San Diego, California, and rehabilitating nonviolent male offenders.
Once these individuals are released from jail, many of them have a difficult time assimilating
successfully back into society. Often, they have limited resources, job skills, housing, or money.
There is a stigma associated with jail and prison. With nowhere to turn and often very few resources
these individuals end up reverting back to the life of crime. For many of them, they are out of
options and resources. The purpose of this primary intervention program is to develop a program
that will assist the men with resources with a goal of helping them

The Role Of Recidivism In Prisons
Routinely in the news are stories of ex–convicts being arrested again, and sometimes for even more
serious crimes than they had been convicted for. Currently he overall recidivism rate for Oklahoma
Department of Corrections (ODOC) stands at 21 % (Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 2014).
The recidivism rate is calculated on the number of Oklahoma Inmates that reenter the corrections
department within three years of release. Faith based programs ministering within the prison walls,
and partnering with local churches to aid the convicted with reentry do make a difference (Dodson,
Cabage, & Klenowski, 2011). The desired effect is not only a change in the life of the offender, but
for their children, and in turn can reduce crime in the community.
Indeed the overall recidivism rate is 21%, however the rate for offenders twenty–five and younger
when convicted is nearly one in three. Likewise, nationwide one in three inmates participate in some
religious program during incarceration (Dammer, 2002). Studies have shown that inmates that are
very active in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By providing reentry assistance, churches can not only assist adults recovering from a criminal
lifestyle, but help prevent their children from walking the same path. The children of convicted
criminals are at an increased risk of being convicted of a crime in their lifetime (Gatescambridge,
2012). On the other hand, children raised in a faith based community have a reduced risk of being
convicted of a crime (Dodson, Cabage, & Klenowski, 2011, p.371). By providing a community of
support toward a new life for former inmates, the church may also be providing a new future for
their children. With so many parents behind bars, many foster children are the children of inmates.
Churches providing assistance with housing, job opportunities, and personal growth stand to help
these kids have healthy childhoods with their

Recidivism And Rehabilitation
Alexander Shtindler
9 Blue Bird Lane
Marlboro Township, NJ 07751
October 14, 2016
Heather Bowlds
Deputy Director of Operations and Programs in the CDCR (California Department of Corrections
and Rehabilitation)
CDCR Headquarters
P O Box 4038, Suite 350
Sacramento, CA 95812–4038
Re: Proposing further research into the effectiveness of different types of prison system around the
world in order to make prisons in California more rehabilitating
Dear Mrs. Bowlds,
While investigating the correlation between the way in which the United States prison system treats
its prisoners, and the amount of people who return to prison after release, it became apparent to me
that there must be better ways to punish people for the crime they committed while ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The report also sheds light on some factors that affect recidivism including the fact that 73% of the
recidivists committed a new crime or violated parole within the first year of their release from
prison. Such high prison recidivism rates represent a complete failure of the prison system to
achieve its supposed goals of deterrence and rehabilitation. I believe that it is possible to improve
the state prisons in California, in an effort to lower recidivism rates by researching different prison
systems all around the world and making calculated adjustments accordingly. One country in
particular that has a prison system vastly different from that of the United States is Germany. In
German prisons, the men serving time wore their own clothes, not prison uniforms. Each cell was
bright with natural light, decorated with personalized items such as wall hangings, plants, family
photos and colorful linens brought from home. Each cell also had its own bathroom separate from
the sleeping area and a phone to call home with. With proper research it may become

The Consequences Of Prison Recidivism
Improving Prison Reentry and Reducing Recidivism
Recidivism is a social problem that continues year after year. The National Institute of Justice
claims that this is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice. They also provide some
statistic. Within three years of release, about two–thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were
rearrested. Within five years of release, about three–quarters (76.6 percent) of released prisoners
were rearrested. Of those prisoners who were rearrested, more than half (56.7 percent) were arrested
by the end of the first year. Recidivism is the act of an individual continuing a bad behavior after
they have experienced negative consequences or repercussion from that behavior. In some instances
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This title alone may cause individuals to be over looked for jobs they are qualified for. To help solve
this problem he suggests something called Second Chance Legislation. Based on the nature of the
crime, evidence supports that if an individual has not reoffended or recommitted a crime, enough
time has passed for an individual to learn from there mistake and if they have not commit a crime
will not due so. Heroux suggests expunging their criminal record as if it never happened at all.
There are other things to consider when discussing recidivism. Yes, it's important to note how the
issue can be solved, but it's also important to note why it is happening so often.
Many individuals who have been incarcerated face an addiction, or a mental health issue this
addition could be to intoxicants such as drugs and alcohol, but as mentioned it could also be a
mental health issue. These individuals face stigmas in the community and as a result may not
receive the treatment they need due to embarrassment and shame. As a result of going untreated
individuals may turn to crime time and time again to cope and handle their illness and

Arguments Against Recidivism
Recidivism. We have heard that word over and over and yet we seem to find ourselves with the
same problem, the overcrowding of jails, or even individuals reoffending. In many ways, people
believe that punishing for a crime does not work and one of the most effective ways to prevent
individuals from re–offending is simple, rehabilitation. Throughout the following essay we will be
discussing a particular drug offense and consider a type of rehabilitation program in which would
best serve that particular offender. In Arizona, like many other states they have taken drug use as a
serious manner. By enacting laws such as even prohibiting drug paraphernalia. Under the Arizona
Revised Statue 13–345, states how it is illegal to possess something

The Endless Cycle Of Recidivism
The Endless Cycle of Recidivism Recidivism is such a significant problem here in New Mexico.
Many tend to throw it off and label it "just" a prison problem. But in all reality and factuality it's a
whole lot more than that; it's a societal problem that affects our whole community, it affects our
state as a whole. Recidivism is the act of reoffending or falling back into criminal behavior after one
has been incarcerated and released. Recidivism tends to more common, than uncommon here in
New Mexico.
Never Changing History
The revolving door of recidivism is extremely different than it was only just a few decades ago
though. Nowadays there are so much more offenders being arrested and released from prison than
there was in the past. Not to mention most of them nowadays have served significantly longer
prison terms than those offenders in the past, which in turn contributes to recidivism and the
increasing rates over the years. Very few and far in between ever really received the benefit of the
vast rehab or even pre release programs in the prisons, so in turn they end up right back where there
started. They go in without and education and they come out without an education; they go in with
no social skills and come out with no skills, they go in criminal and come out an even better
criminal. How does that all work?? Who knows but lock them up.
Simple Statistics in New Mexico
Most studies that I found reported that up to 2/3 of NM offenders will reoffend within three

Simulation Strategies For Reducing Recidivism Risk
Taxman, F. S., & Pattavina, A. (2013). Simulation Strategies to Reduce Recidivism Risk Need
Responsivity (RNR) Modeling for the Criminal Justice System. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Currently, there is little use of evidence–based programs or best practice within correctional
settings. There is some consensus that offenders' programs do not produce expected outcomes. Valid
risk and assessment tools should be used, being able to identify is an offender is open to altering
their behavior. Using cognitive programs, and use quality programming and focus on recidivism
programs. This work seeks to expand the idea that offender needs be identified and program
placement should mirror needs. Since not all factors are intrinsic, such as ... Show more content on
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Criminology & Public Policy, 13(4), 503–533. doi:10.1111/1745–9133.12097
Reflected in this work is a step by step recommendation to end the issues that have created mass
incarceration in the United States. It reviews and suggests that many laws and practices were passed
that have not served humanity well. These works ask for fair and effective sentencing and the repeal
of three strikes and mandatory minimum sentencing laws. Studies suggest that many offenders after
the age of thirty–five are less likely to commit crimes. Therefore, age should be a factor in release
programs based on offenders age. This paper is important because it provides a background to
practices that have resulted in the United States mass imprisonment of its citizens
Vollaard, B. (2013), Preventing crime through selective incapacitation*. The Economic Journal,
123: 262–284. doi:10.1111/j.1468–0297.2012. 02522.x
This research suggests that crime can be prevented through selective incapacitation. This paper
supports mandatory sentencing as a method to reduce crime and prevent future crime. Increasing
incarceration lengths by harsh sentences especially for habitual offenders has been known to lessen
the return to prison. Repeat offenders are presumed to be more likely to commit a future crime. High
cost with the little outcome, since crime would naturally decrease when an offender matures.
Incarcerating offenders past a

Pro Prison Recidivism
Recidivism is the act of re–incarceration for inmates upon release of prison or jail and return with a
new conviction. One who partakes in recidivism is referred to as a recidivist. "The Massachusetts
Department of Correction (MA DOC) defines a recidivist as any criminally sentenced inmate
released to the street from MA DOC jurisdiction who is re– incarcerated in a Massachusetts state,
county or a federal facility for a new criminal sentence." (mass.gov). In FY 2014 it costs about
$53,040.87 to house an inmate in Massachusetts and with an average of 10,000 inmates incarcerated
or in pre–release programs that's an astonishing $530,408,700 (a little over 1/2 billion dollars) of
taxpayer dollars funding incarceration in Massachusetts. Also, ... Show more content on
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These movements can be classified as a reform movement. Reform movements pursue changes that
will implement the existing value scheme more adequately. Reform because the pro prison reform
initiatives aim at allocating funding from prisons and jails to education, rehabilitation, and job skill
programs that actually save the society billions of dollars a year and educate felons so they are most
likely not to reoffend. Most of the recidivists are of African American or Hispanic ethnic
background and between the ages of 17–25 and lack education and or skills needed to meet our
labor force. With the cost of an average inmate at $53,000 in MA versus the $20,000 average cost of
participating in rehab programs aimed at deterring criminally aimed lives. The clash over resources
and values is what struck this growing social change for recidivism. Resources being monetary
factor in incarceration and the value of prison. We incarcerate and place people in the same
environment we are trying to release them from and they have no institutional programs aimed at
solving this issue of recidivism. The value as pointed out by the federal government is the notions
that if the government doesn't start hiring "felons" or ex–cons how do they suppose that others will
take on the same practice. No one left behind is the model of the USA and is the main reason that
we cant outcast our felons. President Obama issued an executive order to combat this social problem
demanding that all federal agencies are prohibited of asking for ones criminal record before the offer
of employment. Only when a job is offered, is the time when a felon is supposed to disclose such
information. This will lead us into a new era of reducing recidivism as a society and lower crime
rate in urban areas of the States. It is the role of the government to lead such initiatives so that other
local and state governments take head and continue to

Recidivism Is The Act Of A Person
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced
negative consequences. Recidivism refers to a person 's relapse into criminal behavior and is
measured by criminal acts that resulted in rearrest, reconviction or return to jail within a three–year
period following the criminal 's release. Approximately 6 in 10 released inmates are rearrested or
reincarcerated within three years of release from prison (The Bureau of Planning, Research and
Statistics, 2013). Many criminals go to jail after doing time because they find it hard to fit back in
with the normal life due to returning to high risk places and finding a job. In order to eliminate high
recidivism with the jail system, it is necessary to provide education and vocational training. Drug
addiction typically propels the criminal behavior of inmates whom recidivate soon after release.
Many prisoners report commit their offense while under the influence of drugs. Recidivism rates for
drug offenders are depressingly high (Hynes). Rapper Gucci Mane, a lean addict has been arrested
many times. He has been arrested for terroristic threats, marijuana possession, reckless driving,
driving without a license, driving on the wrong side of the road, failure to maintain lane, obstruction
and interference with government property, possessing a firearm as a felon, aggravated assault and
assault with a deadly weapon (The many mug shots of Gucci Mane, n.d.). Gucci Mane is currently
in jail and

Literature Review On Recidivism
The study, "Recidivism among Participants of a Reentry Program for Prisoners Released without
Supervision" (2012) by Wikoff, Linhorst, and Morani, discusses if reentry programs with direct
financial assistance leads to a lower recidivism rate and predictors of recidivism among offenders
who have maxed–out. In the study, there were 122 inmates that were a part of the Project Re–
Connect (PRC) group and 158 offenders were part of the nonparticipation group. The participants
were monitor to see if they would get convicted of other charges after initially being released. While
the article was overall well–done, there are some aspects that could be changed and/or interpreted
more. There are various sections within the article that help to further explain the steps of the study.
For instance, the abstract of the article provides a well described summary of the study as a whole.
The literature review at the beginning of the article explains the a brief history of the problem being
studied and how more studies need to be conducted on the topic of recidivism among released
prisoners. For examples, the literature review provides data and statistics that show the rise in the
prison population by 475% within a 30 years spanned and the rise of prisoners who are released
without supervision. Also, it explains how many offenders are often sent to jail for new charges and
they need for programs that can create an easier transition process for released prisoners. The
literature review

The Benefits Of Recidivism
With the American prison population reaching an alarming high of over 2 million adults
incarcerated in federal and state prisons, one must wonder whether prison is creating a solution to
crime or building upon a problem. As crime rates continue to trickle upwards, states are pushed
against a wall paying a hefty price to house criminals. Furthermore, there seems to be no
overbearing improvement in the mental and social well–being of those housed, as recidivism
continues to grow as much as two thirds of released prisoners rearrested ("Recidivism"). While
some believe in the power of punishment in reducing crime, others offer a rehabilitative solution
which would restore faith and humanity in the system for inmates. Author Stuart Henry offers his
argument that rehabilitation is the most proactive solution to decreasing imprisonment rates;
alternatively, author Francis Murphy claims that punishment is the most logical and practical
solution to crime, instilling a sense of strict morality. Ellsworth Fersch's perspective aims to value
both rehabilitation and punishment as effective techniques to handle criminals; Graeme Wood
proposes that instead of attempting to solve the crime problem within prisons, technology should be
utilized to save funds and restore humanity for criminals.
Stuart Henry deduces that ultimately, recidivism and imprisonment rates can only be reduced
through the use of rehabilitative methods, and that punishment has failed to discourage crime. He
highlights

Cycle Of Recidivism Essay
A long–term study conducted by Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the average five–year
recidivism rates of 404,638 prisoners released in 2005 is 76.6% among thirty states in America
(Matthew, Alexia, & Howard, 2014, p. 1). In other words, most of the released prisoners did not
escape the cycle of recidivism and were sent back to the prison after time. This indicates that the
present American justice system, which focuses on punishment as Benson (2003) noted, fails to
rehabilitate prisoners efficiently and is far from achieving the goal of reducing crime rates (p. 46).
What is more, the recidivism of prisoners is becoming a great plague of society, because it not only
imposes a threat to public safety but also places an enormous ... Show more content on
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Although details of Sycamore Tree projects running in different countries, such as length of the
project, are slightly different, they all aim at helping offenders realize the impact of crime and
making them become more responsible (Marshall, 2005, p. 2; Feasey & Williams, 2009, p. 3;
Bakker, n.d., p. 3). It is a creative project. In daily life, victims and offenders seldom meet each
other after the court. However, this project provides a platform for victims and offenders to
communicate, to find out the distress others have experienced and to learn how to lead a better life
together. Thus, it may be a promising way to reduce re–offending rates.
This project was evaluated to be effective in raising the average level of victim empathy and
lowering the average level of anticipation of re–offending. However, it is not working for all
offenders, and it may increase the level of shame, which can lead to re–offending. Evaluations of
Sycamore Tree projects running in the United Kingdom and New Zealand revealed that offenders
had lower anticipation of re–offending and higher victim awareness after Sycamore Tree projects
(Feasey & Williams, 2009, p. 17; Bakker, n.d., pp. 7–8). Although no research has been done to
show the direct impact of Sycamore Tree project on re–offending rates, Pithers (1999) found that a
high level of victim empathy

Is Recidivism Inevitable? Essay
Prisons are intended not only to hold prisoners, but, also to rehabilitate them and turn them into
productive members of society. Though it seems prisons are not doing their job correctly, most
prisons, either due to budget constraints or corrupt officers, do not try to rehabilitate them. They
serve their time and then are thrown back into the world worse criminals than before. The prison
system, in its current form, is flawed. It is nearly impossible to truly rehabilitate someone after
prison time. The prison system, as it is now, has existed for a long time. Only recently has it has it
become flawed. Recidivism, or the tendency to relapse into a previous undesirable type of behavior,
especially crime, rates are at their highest. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because at the end of their sentence prisoners are thrown out into the real world with no help
and with parole–based restrictions. Some places, however, are trying to help like Wisconsin's
"Windows to Work" programs. "Inmates participate in weekly group sessions, and develop a release
plan with a coach, who will also help them after they are released" (Lawrence 20). This program
gives them a much needed support system that is very important to their success out of the prison
system. If other states began to adopt similar programs more prisoners may be able to rejoin society.
Another problem is that people are not given the help they need to be rehabilitated. When someone
is put into jail for a drug related charge they should be given help in the form of drug rehab.
However since these inmates are not given any kind of assistance they are exposed to the inter–
prison drug trade with no support to help them stay away. Prisoners also face the challenges of
illiteracy. "nineteen percent of adult inmates are completely illiterate." (Frolander–Ulf 114) These
inmates should be given the opportunity to take classes that would help them to find jobs once they
are released from the system thereby improving their lives in general. Yet another problem within
the prison system is the general lack of education among the inmates. "Not only does education help
in terms of helping incarcerated persons get on with life after prison... but it also makes life more

Criminal Recidivism Research
This study makes use of data and statistics to discuss on the topic of criminal recidivism. It shows
issues such as the overcrowding inside prisons, the lack of funding to correctional programs, and a
few others factors that lead a criminal behavior.
Lori began her study by demonstrating in first place that the American has the highest incarceration
rate, in second place the overcrowding in the consequence of a mass incarceration, the lack of
funding, and social factors such as economic, race, gender, and employment that can lead a criminal
behavior or effect the recidivism.
Lori purposes that it is essential to have an effective correctional program to reduce the rate of
recidivism. This include more funding in educational programs inside

The Pros And Methods Of Recidivism
As a nation that constantly strives to progress, there is a consensus that those who commit unlawful
behavior should be sent to correctional institutions, yet the United States government fails to
question whether their traditional prison system legitimately works. One method scholars utilize to
measure a nation's public safety and criminal justice effectiveness is by analyzing the recidivism
rate, which is defined by the National Institute of Justice as the number of released inmates that
return to crime within three years. According to sociologist Victor L Shammas, for every 100,000
people in the United States, there are 707 incarcerated, with over 75% released relapsing back into
crime. The way minor criminals are stripped of opportunities within society following their release
turns them to harder crime, which transforms into a viscous cycle. It appears that Norway has found
the correct formula for breaking this cycle, a nation in which for every 100,000 people, only 75 are
imprisoned, and only 20% released relapse into crime. The 2016 Legatum Prosperity Index rated
Norway as the sixth safest country globally, and the United States as the fifty–second, clearly
demonstrating that the United States government needs to reform its prison policy. Norway's method
of imprisoning a significant portion of offenders into minimum security prisons decreases the crime
rate through implementation of educational and occupational rehabilitation programs and quality
healthcare during

Prison Recidivism
Abstract
This paper will demonstrate whether the length of prison stay for an inmate effects recidivism.
Determining whether the prison sentence for an inmate will deter the criminal from any criminal
activity or if they will recidivate is a key component to see if a prison sentence keeps a criminal
from engaging in any criminal activity. The paper will discuss whether the longer the prison
sentence will reduce recidivism or if the minimum of a sentence will have a higher recidivism rate.
The research conducted will help determine whether a prison sentence has any effect on the relapse
of criminal offenders. This research could help a judge determine to give the appropriate prison
sentence to a criminal. The research conducted comes from a ... Show more content on
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According to Mitchell, Cochran, Mears, & Bales, (2016) state that it is abnormal considering that
the incarceration rate in the United States has increased on a yearly annual basis over the past 40
years, making the United States the leader in incarceration rates. Even though the targets correlated
with imprisonment incorporate incapacitation of active offenders, retribution, and general
deterrence, the reduction of recidivism account for the critical inducement for the rising use of
incarceration in the United States. Research by Mitchell et al.'s (2016) article states that classifying
and learning the outlook of prisons increases offending by seen as "schools of crime" or enable
offenders to increase their tendency to engage in criminal behavior in the future. Learning about the
prison system from the inside gives a greater outlook on the life of a criminal while in prison and
their ways of doing things than being out in the free world.
Mass Incarceration in the United States
Research by Traum (2013) supports the growth of incarceration rates in the United States traces
back to the legal policies that have gone to the increase of the lengths of prison sentences and the
imprisonment. Mitchell et al. (2016) studied the imprisonment rate of the United States in the year
of 2012 to be 471 per 100,000 residents; if the ones who are in jail are to be included, then the rate
would increase to 707 per 100,000 residents. According to Mitchell et al. (2016) states that given
that the United States has these rates for imprisonment makes it to exceed than any others in the

Prison Recidivism Essay
Prisons have been in the news recently focusing on issues such as mass incarceration and rioting.
Many politicians have called for the use of super–prisons in order to accommodate the drastically
increasing inmate population. Some individuals, however, have advocated for the development of
stronger rehabilitation and reform programs. The purpose of these programs is to prevent recidivism
and to help reintegrate an offender back into society. Education is a prime factor in which these
ideas can be achieved. One overlooked educational institution is the prison library where inmates
can keep themselves occupied while locked away. Prison libraries are a useful and necessary
investment in educating and rehabilitating offenders to avoid recidivism and to lower growing
incarceration rates.
Libraries that are available to inmates can boost their literacy rate and as a result, it can help make
getting a job easier. In the England and Wales, the prison population is around 85,000 and around
"three quarters cannot read, write, or count to the standard expected of an eleven year old" (May,
2014). Many jobs require literacy beyond that making it difficult for those to find work once out of
prison. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A prison library can be looked at as an institution targeted towards those who have already
committed crimes. Inmates who have access to libraries have the resources to improve their
education and consequently, will be less likely to commit a crime in the future. Libraries do not act
as a for profit institution which is one of the main causes as to why they are massively underfunded.
Although, libraries can prove to be economically beneficial in the long term because it provides an
educational solution in which recidivism can be prevented. It requires a lot of money to incarcerate
an individual and a decreasing prison population will be cost

Rehabilitation and Recidivism
Unit 4 Project
Larinda K. Kimbrell
Kaplan University
CJ499–01P: Bachelors Capstone in Criminal Justice (P)
Barbara Mitchell
June 16, 2010
Abstract
Over many years there has been great debate about whether rehabilitation reduces the rate of
recidivism in criminal offenders. There has been great controversy over whether anything works to
reduce recidivism and great hope that rehabilitation would offer a reduction in those rates. In this
paper I will introduce information and views on the reality of whether rehabilitation does indeed
reduce recidivism. Proposed is a quasi–experiment, using a group of offenders that received
rehabilitation services and an ex post facto group that did not? I intend to prove that rehabilitation
services do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cullen & Gendreau (2000). Cullen and Gendreau (2000). give us some history on the
restorative incarceration. The original theory of restorative justice was based on simple human
behavior regulated by incentive instead of punishment, which instituted the concept of parole as a
means of reward for a prisoner for rehabilitation. Further studies in criminology proved that this
idea was too simplistic and married it to the positivist theory of criminology and instituted
individual assessment and treatment for each prisoner based on their specific needs for reformation.
As Rothman (1980) and many others have pointed out, this ideal system was never implemented as
intended. Although the contours of the correctional system changed–the juvenile court,
indeterminate sentencing, probation, parole, and discretion became integral features of this system–
the resources and knowledge needed to provide effective treatment to offenders were in short
supply. Cullen and Gendreau (2000).
Cullen and Gendreau compare and contrast the many studies on this subject, the meta–analyses
conclusions, their strengths, weaknesses, inconsistencies, and the trends that follow the studies of
the time. They offer their insight on effective corrections and individualizing treatments based on
predictors for crime and behavioral knowledge, as well as conclude that recidivism is reduced by
rehabilitation.
Solution
Cullen and Gendreau (2000). conclude that although rehabilitation

Causes Of Recidivism
In Today's society former offenders are reverting back to criminal activity, leading to a reoccurring
issue within the U.S. criminal justice system. These former offenders are reentering society with
little or no progress after prison. Recidivism Law and Legal Definition (N.d.) defines the term
recidivism as the tendency to lapse into a previous pattern of behavior, especially a pattern of
criminal habits. Specifically, to rearrests, reconviction, or reincarnate former inmates. Currently,
there is no single cause for recidivism. However, a few explanations for recidivism may include, the
lack of education, inability to obtain employment, and psychological dysfunctions inherited during
incarceration. Education provides access to economic and social success in any field of life.
Commonly, inmate's ender prison with very low skill levels. So forth, official statistics show over
fifty percent of both male and female offenders do not have any educational skills. In Today's
Society education and incarceration inevitably cycle back to one another. For instance, in
neighborhoods in towns that spend millions of dollars to lock up residents, the education department
suffers more. Hence, zip codes to high rates of incarceration can be linked to low performing
schools. Thus, poor communities suffer the most, leading to poor education systems in the
community. Specifically, Hawkins (2010) reports sixty–eight percent of the Los Angeles' high
performing schools are in neighborhoods with

Key Factors Of Recidivism
Factors Influences Recidivism in Prison Seberang Perai: A Proposed Framework
Rajan Nagarajan rajan9590@gmail.com Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that contributing to the recidivism in Prison
Seberang Perai. The research will also examine the factor which is matter most to the cause
occurrence of recidivism in prison. On the strength of literature revised it is proposed that self–
recidivist, family and social are the major factors affecting the recidivism rate in prison. The study
suggests a model which is suggested for empirical study. The research also suggests an instrument
for the collection of data and also highlight the methodology should be carry out for the analysis and
interpretation.
Keywords: Self–Recidivist, Family, Social, Recidivism, Prison ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that these factors become the main cause of recidivism which their basic needs are not
met. Culture likes do not want to accept former prisoners as part of society, revenge and not
bothering must be removed and swapped by a culture of opportunity and help.
Theoretical Framework
This section includes the exploration about the factors that affecting recidivism in prison. The
theoretical framework in this study based on Social Learning Theory, Social Control Theory and
Labelling Theory. These theories would be justified in an integrated manner to explain the factors
that influence recidivism in prison. In this research, self–recidivist, family and social environment
become independent variables (IV) while recidivism becomes dependent variable (DV). Thus the
model has been developed that is shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Conceptual Research Model relating factors that influences recidivism
IV

The Effects Of Recidivism On The United States
Reviewing Literature
Sociologist, psychologist, and political figures have made concerted efforts, to analyze, predict, and
resolve the detrimental social and economic impact of recidivism as it relates to communities within
the United States. Yet recidivism remains a problem in the US. The focus here is not recidivism
itself, but to understand which aspects of case management services may assist in lessening
recidivism after an offender's incarceration.
Nationally within three years of release, about two–thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were
rearrested (National Institute of Justice, 2014). In Illinois, over 45 percent of offenders released
from prison each year recidivate (Green, "Illinois Policy," 2015). There are many possible factors
contributing to recidivism. However, this study will only explore the lived experiences of ex–
offenders and their case management services. This study will focus on identifying the phenomenon
that exists within participants lived experiences who received case management services in a
transitional homes setting after incarceration.
Case Management
Case management assists ex–offenders returning to the community through a vast array of
programs. Case managers coordinate and expedite the use of medical screening, housing assistance,
parenting classes, and employment (Sheedy & Whitter, 2013). Case management assists with
leadership philosophies that initiate change within the offenders and provided needed skills for
offenders to

Why Recidivism Is So Common?
his paper examines multiple factors that help determine reasons for why there is such a great amount
of people relapsing back into criminal behavior once released, which only leads them into a federal
or state prison. Recidivism can be perceived into different category's based upon the why factor.
Criminal acts that result in rearrests, and reconviction or return to prison with or without new a new
sentence during a three–year period following the prisoner's release is considered recidivism. There
are many different reasons why a person goes back into prison once being released, whether by
choice or force or even just nature of habit. Many studies have been conducted to find a pattern or
reason on why recidivism is so common. Available ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most talked bout problems on the definition of recidivism is how unclear it can be. It has
such a broad measure due to it not being broken down to one topic (ex. just convictions, just arrests,
or even more importantly just acknowledging the amount of returns to prison). The BJS mentioned
earlier (Bureau of Justice Statistics) studies the measures that the rate of recidivism by number of
arrests, yet the one problem with it is just because you're arrested doesn't mean you are found guilty.
Professor Edward Latessa, director of the School of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati
claims "If you define it as a return to prison and you follow for a year, you'll have a much lower
rate,"
The Truth behind Recidivism – The Reasons for Recidivism
There is no single exact reason for the cause of recidivism and why prisoners return to a life of
crime living with imprisonment, but some of the reasons do include the following: lack of
socialization, inability to reintegrate into society after returning from prison, antisocial attitudes,
association with other criminals, lack of support, substance abuse, neglect or abuse of parents of
guardians.( http://study.com/academy/lesson/recidivism–definition–causes–prevention.html).
According to The Daily Beast "One of the biggest factors is age. The prison population is getting
older," (http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/22/america–s–recidivism–nightmare.html)
In a recent

Recidivism Rates: The Benefits Of Rehabilitation
According to the studies doing by Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.5% of prisoners released in 1994
were rearrested within 3 years in the United States. This high recidivism rate clearly indicates that it
is important to rehabilitate prisoners in an efficient way to prevent them committing a second–time
crime. Ignoring such a high recidivism rate, some people argue that they don't need a rehabilitation
program since it costs too much. However, the 67.5% recidivism rate suggests that society
necessarily needs to establish a complete rehabilitation program to solve this problem. Opponents of
rehab argue that building a rehabilitation program, comparing to the positive effects, is more
irrational followed by plenty of problems. They assert that rehab program costs too much money,
which will decrease the budget in other aspects such as education and support for the poor. Also,
they assert that many prisoners with serious crime cannot be rehabilitated to prevent from a second–
time crime for the reason that the bad habits they have already developed cannot be corrected easily.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When prisoners get rehabilitated, there will be treatment but not punishment, which makes them feel
like they are not "typical" criminals. They have rights to acquire job training and education in
prison, which convinces them they are not abandoned by society. For example, a Ugandan human
rights lawyer said prisoners who learn conflict resolution are less likely to repeat their crimes(). In
addition, prisoners in Philippine said that they develop confidence, feel useful by dancing, a subject
of rehabilitation (Seno, 2008). They are proud of what they are doing, showing the world that they
are able to go back to society successfully. Thus, rehabilitating programs offer prisoners chances to
change themselves mentally that ensures them not to commit

Essay on Recidivism Rates
Lower education rates will raise recidivism rates because many prisoners who lack education and
re–enter society will not be self–sufficient as education provides the basis for employment.
Heather Ongley
Lorena Quintero
Amanda Winter
Darren Robinson
CJA/334
Philip Russo
September 17, 2012
Introduction Before understanding the research to be conducted, one must understand the who,
what, when, and why of the issue. Many people know and understand that with a better education
they will have a better chance in succeeding in the business world. Getting a good paying job
without an education is very difficult to do. Those in prison have it even harder, not only do they
lack the necessary education; they also have a criminal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to "Bureau of Justice Statistics" (2012), "Recidivism is measured by criminal acts that
resulted in the rearrests, reconviction, or return to prison with or without a new sentence during a
three–year period following the prisoner's release" (Recidivism, par. 1).
If the hypothesis is confirmed the theory will suggest that the lower the education level of an
individual, the more apt that individual is to having a hard time finding work. If an individual, who
has been to prison or jail, gets released into society with a low education level they will have a hard
time finding a job. If this individual cannot find a job they will most likely turn to crime to get
money to support themselves or their families, thus proving that the lower the education rate the
higher the recidivism rate is.
If the hypothesis is not confirmed it will suggest that there is no connection between education
levels and recidivism rates back into jail or prison. If not proved the hypothesis will also show that
individuals released back into society turn back to crime for other reasons and not anything to do
with their education levels, thus proving that education levels have no effect on recidivism rates.
Background/Literature review Recidivism is the result of a former prisoner relapsing into criminal
activity and returning to prison for a new offense. It is estimated that approximately two–thirds of

Pros And Cons Of Recidivism Rates
As of the end of 2015, there were 1,526,800 prisoners in the United States being held in state or
federal correctional facilities. Every year, thousands of people are released from jail or prison. Most
people who are incarcerated today will eventually be released. Most of these individuals return to a
life of freedom without the skills they need to survive. Recidivism rates suggest that many of these
individuals will re–offend within six months of release, and most will reoffend within three years.
This is not because they're bad people; it's because they are trying to thrive in a system that sets
them up to fail.
Given grim post–release arrest rates, it's hard to understand why our government is not doing more
to help those transitioning from incarceration to life on the outside. It doesn't make sense for
taxpayer dollars to go towards incarcerating people over and over – it seems that the money could
be better spent improving rehabilitation programs for inmates. Increased funding for programs
aimed at helping former inmates transition to life on the outside would likely lead to better
outcomes for those individuals, fewer crimes being committed, and lower recidivism rates. One
would hope that our society would want to see people who are incarcerated serve their time, get
rehabilitated, get released, and become productive members of their communities.
It is well–known that former inmates face significant challenges upon being released. Some of these
challenges include

Summary Of Juvenile Recidivism
Recommendation Overall, I would not recommend ART as an intervention tool to prevent future
recidivism of violent juvenile offenders, mostly due to ART not having a significant effect on
violent felony recidivism in the Washington study. ART shows promise on promoting prosocial
behaviors that significantly reduce overall juvenile recidivism; however, further research is needed.
Currently, Washington State is in a good place to recreate their 1999–2003 study because (1) the
state has utilized ART since 1999 and, at this point, all courts and ART trainers should be operating
at a "highly competent" level, (2) the state has shown a dedication to evidence–based practices, and
(3) the initial study occurred nearly two decades ago and is in need of an update. However, an
updated study would require some updated methodology.
First, the state must conduct the study with a random assignment process consistent across all
participating courts instead of the pseudo random assignment previously ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Second, to better capture the long–term effects of ART, WSIPP should track each participant's
criminal records annually throughout their lives and regularly update their study results because,
previously, WSIPP only checked recidivism up to 18 months after ART. Additionally, this more
accurate information on long–term effects may better inform the cost–benefit analysis. Third,
further investigation must examine why there was no significant reduction of violent felony
recidivism. One way that this information could come out is through the use of the community
functioning follow–up in the New York implementation evaluation which tasked probation/parole
officers with rating the juveniles to gauge their community functioning within six different settings:
Home and Family, School,

Rehabilitation And Recidivism
According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, there are over 2.2 million people incarcerated in
the United States and about 4 million on parole. Prisoners in the United States face tests upon parole
that present challenges that non–incarcerated persons would not understand, reformation while in
punitive society can be difficult if not handled correctly. While research has shown that
rehabilitation programs have a small effect on recidivism, public support for these programs remain
high as long as it works (3). Locking prisoners up and "throwing away the key" approach is
expensive and limited because most offenders will someday return to the public population (3).
According to Webster, rehabilitation is defined as "the process of restoring an individual to a useful
and constructive place in society especially through some form of vocational, correctional, or
therapeutic retraining." In 1986, 62% of the participants on parole or probation were rearrested for
another felony or violated their terms within a three–year period (4). This is troubling since the
population of incarcerated or the supervised released increased nearly 800% from 1971–1991 (4).
The public favors a balanced approach to rehabilitating these offenders (3). Rehabilitation is not for
every offender though. Low risk offenders of non–violent crimes usually already have the building
block to be successful in society. High–risk violent crime offenders are the main target for
rehabilitation. The public has

Incarceration And Recidivism
This article provides information on a faith–based program initiated by Bishop T.D. Jakes which
provides assistance to released inmates returning to their communities. As a source, this article
presents a comparison of statistics on recidivism of inmates participating in the program versus
inmates who do not participate. The data shows that for inmates to re–enter society they must have
formal help and assistance until they are able to establish themselves in the community. This
research focuses on how incarceration affects the health and overall well–being of prisoners as well
as their families. The article is unique in that it contains many first–hand interviews with prisoners
and family members sharing their experiences of social support

Education And Recidivism Essay
Though there is evidence that educational programs are needed to help in reducing crime, politicians
and policy makers have not really understood this finding and thereby support the programs they
assume are better suited at deterring criminals. Thus, they directed funding from educational
programs to other areas, such as in security and anger management or drug treatment (Batiuk et al
2005). Furthermore, studies have shown that those inmates that are released from prison, about two
thirds of them end up being re–incarcerated within three years of their release (Klein et al 2004). As
a result, when these policy makers ignore empirical research and findings and set up own policies,
they are setting up the offenders for failure and anyone else affected by the policies, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However most of the research did in fact have controls for some of these risk factors indicated
above, thereby reducing structural inequalities that may be there in crime occurrence (Lori 2015). If
there is no control on these risk factors, it can be said that there is a correlation but no causation
between correctional education and recidivism, which is what most policymakers argue (Lori 2015).
Public opinion also has a big impact on political will and what policies will be implemented and
how. Thus, empirical research is more or less useless as it is hard to influence public opinion just by
data (Latessa 2004). This can be seen historically, asin 1994, a law was signed in US called the
"Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (VCCLEA)" which was the one of the main
reasons of budget cuts of towards correctional education. VCCLEA allowed funding from the
education programs to be used in other departments (Brazell 2009) and thus slowly correctional
education programs were dying

Effectiveness Of The Reduction Recidivism Rates
Effectiveness
Effectiveness is the reduction in recidivism rates; more specifically, the reduction in the likelihood
to be arrested for a new crime, or for committing a parole violation. Unlike research on the
implementation of DRC's, there is not a need for a more in depth look at the benefits of
overcorwding jails and increasing incarceration costs. Costs, as mentioned earlier, are significantly
more than the costs associated with the implementation of a DRC. In addition, the steady increase in
occupants of the RHRJ has lead to contracting out of beds at other jail facilities due to the lack of
space and reduction in offenders. A continuation of the status quo, housing offenders in the RHRJ
until an additional facility with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, in addition to the trained personnel, the building infrastructure must also be included
in the feasibility of administrative capcity. Unlike the staffing for the DRC, the staffing required for
the continuation of housing offenders in the RHRJ until an additional facility is built, is heavily
reliant on the number of offenders in jail at a given time. As seen in figure 1 in the appendix, there
are several staffing needs to be met. Given the projected growth in the jail population, the number of
personnel required to provide services and programs is not adequate; it is especially not supportive
of future expansion of programs and services for the community (Moseley Architects, 2014).
Cost
Several cost components factor into the traditional incarceration model. The figure that is commonly
discussed within the correctional system is the per day incarceration cost. It represents the amount
of funding necessary to house one inmate for one day at the RHRJ facility. According to Captain
Shortell, the per day incarceration cost for 2013 was $73.35, and there was a slight reduction for
2014 down to $72.33. These figures will be used in subsequent calculations to compare costs of the
Day Reporting Center to the traditional incarceration option. With an average per day incarceration
occupancy of 350 beds, the yearly figure for housing the inmates equals a staggering $9.24–million.
As the Mosely study identified, the RHRJ often was operating at well over 150%

Juvenile Recidivism and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Juvenile Recidivism and Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
(Participant Information Sheet and Consent Form)–Appendix B
As part of the requirements for a degree in Criminal Justice at the State University of New York at
Buffalo, I have to conduct a research study. This research looks at the effects of Cognitive–
Behavioral Therapy on recidivism rates.
Prison recidivism rates continue to be a problem in the United States. Just within the first 3 years of
release from prison, it is estimated that more than 40 percent offenders commit new crimes and are
once again incarcerated. This is an obvious sign that the implemented programs and policies to
combat recidivism are failing. This study looks at cognitive–behavioral therapy, the most known ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We ask that you provide accurate responses. You do not have to answer any question(s) you feel
uncomfortable answering during the interview(s).
This study will not be anonymous as it requires us to collect names for the purpose of completing
this research. For the purpose of this study, information will remain confidential. To ensure
confidentiality, Non–involving persons or agencies will not have access to information collected to
ensure confidentiality.
Participation in this study is completely voluntary. You have the right to refuse to answer any
question you feel uncomfortable or embarrassed to answer. You have the right to withdraw yourself
from the study at any time. No risks are anticipated as a result of participation in this study. Your
current prison term will not be effected should you refuse to participate, withdraw your consent, or
discontinue participation
Each participant who completes their participation in this study is awarded early release from prison
This study was reviewed by the Department of Ethics Committee, the Criminal Justice Department,
Sociology Department, and the Department of Applied Psychology.
If you need any further information or have questions at any time during the study, you can contact
me:

Magdalena Mpinga
(315) 383–7128 mpingam01@mail.buffalostate.edu Please sign the

Substance-Induced Recidivism In Research
Topic
Rating: 4
The topic sound like an interesting area to focus on for the proposed research, but seem a little
vague. Since this topic is something I'm not necessarily familiar with, was hoping for a clearer
explanation addressing the relationship of substance–induced deficient and recidivism. What exactly
is the recidivism relating to? Is it the substance or being treated for the substance?
Research Problem
Rating: 4
The research problem towards the end explained the purpose of the investigation. It seems as if the
last sentence would have made the topic statement more clear to decipher the correlation of
substance–induced intelligence and recidivism.
Justification for Research Problem
Rating: 4
The first sentence seem to be irrelevant

The Causes And Effects Of Recidivism
With so many studies on recidivism and rehabilitation, and so few that were considered successful,
there were aspects that made many skeptical of why these programs simply did not work. Different
researchers conducted different types of research and came up with different results. Of the 231
studies that were finalized after making it through the rigorous elimination process, some
researchers seen the net–widening process as the beginning of the entombed rehabilitation and
recidivism. Researchers did not coordinate their individual meaning of many terms, including
recidivism and rehabilitation. Whether it was for simply being arrested and charged, adding a new
charge all together, or taken into custody and being released. The diversity in the research would
become both the entombing and the rebirth on recidivism and rehabilitation. Researchers seem to
vacillate even more on the effects of recidivisms and rehabilitation "we know very little about the
recidivism effects of various degrees of security, finding out will be compounded by the probability
that these effects will vary widely according to the type of offender that we're dealing with"
(Martinson, 1974). Eliminating certain factors from the studies only skewed the results the way the
researchers wanted them to be viewed in the beginning. With each study of a successful result, there
is another with a failure result. Every program does not work on every criminal in every situation.
Having many programs can be costly,

Summary Of Reducing Recidivism
Keionna Harmon
Intro to Corrections
CRJ 1363
15 October 2015
Mrs. Jo Anne Daniels
"Can Corrections Heal?"
Reducing Recidivism and Increasing Public Safety in Virginia
Written By: Scott Richeson
Summary Article One
In 2010, the Virginia Department of Corrections (VDOC) began thoroughly investigating its
security measures, programs, human resources and their combined effort in reducing recidivism.
VDOC started to look within the system, and try to make changes internally, wanting to reconstruct
the entire system, making it the main focus of VDOC. Starting with the Article of Robert
Martinson's 1974 article, "What works? Questions and Answers about prison reform", also known
as the "nothing works" which was embedded in any corrections ... Show more content on
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prison system, psychologists had little hard data to contribute, but in the last few years the
importance of child abuse, poverty, early exposure to substance abuse and other risk factors for
criminal behavior. The findings suggest that individual–centered approaches to crime prevention
need to be complemented by community–based approaches with programs provided. Researchers
have also found that the pessimistic "nothing works" attitude toward rehabilitation that helped
justify punitive prison policies in the 1970s was overstated. When properly implemented, work
programs, education and psychotherapy can ease prisoners' transitions to the free world. Finally,
researchers have demonstrated the power of the prison environment to shape behavior, often to the
detriment of both prisoners and prison workers. The Stanford Prison Experiment, which Haney co–
authored in 1973 with Stanford University psychologist and APA Past–president Philip G.
Zimbardo, PhD, is one example. It showed that psychologically healthy individuals could become
sadistic or depressed when placed in a prison–like

Reducing Recidivism: A Case Study
According to this article, research has found that the disciplinary models of correctional boot camps
were somewhat effective in reducing recidivism and the impact of rehabilitative model is found to
be unclear at this point. According to the authors, this program model should be more effective than
the traditional prison model in reducing criminals who are labeled as high risk offenders.
Researchers found that boot camp, also known as military style of punishment did not reduce
criminal behavior, and according to this article, suggest that programs that incorporated strong
educational and rehabilitative practices may hold more of a positive effect in terms of reducing
crime (Hagan, 2010).
The research design in boot camps goals were to reduce

Factors That Impact Recidivism Rates

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