Medicine Is Not Only A Science

Medicine Is Not Only A Science
"Medicine is not only a science; it is also an art. It does not consist of compounding pills and
plasters; it deals with the very processes of life, which must be understood before they may be
guided." –Paracelsus. Medicine is the secret to understanding the human recovery. Everything about
us is related in some way to medicine, it is a powerful thing. However, it's only as advanced as we
are. At times we require assistance. MRI scans help physicians diagnose health problems. I became
interested in this field of study because as a kid, I always wanted to help other people. I was very
interested in the lives of these doctors that one day, even I hoped to become one. MRI's aren't as
complicated as I used to think they were when I was a child. I now know that MRI's are used to
capture and project images from inside your body, onto a screen so that physicians can examine it.
MRI's are highly expensive and use high powered radio waves in order to get a high definition
image of the inside. CT scans are in a way the same as MRI's in that they also project images from
inside the body but I believe they are less accurate, but cost a fortune less. In my opinion, I am very
fascinated by the reading and analysis of a medical scan and I hope to do so by learning how an
MRI and a CT scan operate. Personally, I've never been in an MRI/CT scan before and am really
curious to find out how it is like to be projected with those radio waves. I assume that any
unordinary
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Quantum Physics : Quantum Computing
Quantum Computing
Less than 100 years ago, beginnings of the "new quantum theory" began. Only about 55 years after
the new quantum theory began to emerge the idea that quantum phenomena can be used to perform
computations. The idea being for a quantum computer was that classical computers would take an
extremely long time to perform huge calculations, when a simple quantum system perform these
same calculations all the time.
One property that quantum computers have been observed to have was the ability to solve
exponential growth problems without using the exponential growth in the time taken to complete the
computation. This observation represents a characteristic named quantum parallelism. When an
input is submitted in a classical computer the same outcome will always be computed. For a
quantum computer there will be many different outputs from just one single input submission. This
is because the quantum computer will compute all possible outcomes for that input simultaneously.
A quantum computer is similar to a computer, but uses the principles of quantum physics to increase
the power of the system beyond what a traditional computer can compute. A traditional computer
functions by storing data in a binary format, using "bits" that encode with either a 0 or a 1. On the
other hand, a quantum computer will use quantum bits that will encode both the 0 and the 1. The
main difference is the 0 and 1 will encode into two distinguishable quantum states. The quantum
computer

Brief Description Of A Study Design
3.1 Brief description of study design The specimens were cut in slices every 4 mm and are directly
marked by a pathologist. MRI images were manually independently delineated by 2 radiologists and
CHOL–PET images were both manually delineated by 2 nuclear physicians and by automatic
contours using SUV of 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%. All delineated images are stacked using
landmarks from SPACE MRI as a reference. One with the best match with pathological slices will
be the most accurate. There are no other specific requirements or information to be collected from
patients. No unethical or unrealistic demands are noted. All patients might receive extra radiation
due to this research. No extra benefits is yet determined from these CHOL–PET imaging in the
study, however considering their age it would not affect their quality of life as much as younger
generations. Data obtained could be used for further research and benefit future patients. 3.2 Design
Bias: Apart from sample bias, Article addressed possible influences of contour correlation apart
from imaging modalities. All possible factors were compared and assessed independently. Positive
correlations with the result DSC were found in prostatectomy Gleason score and relative
pathological tumor volume. Tumor configuration type IV and transition zone type IV were found to
have significantly less DSC than any other 3 types, which all had relatively similar DSC values. Use
of linear models showed the most influential factors are

Symptoms And Diagnosis Of Ms
MS is traditionally described as clinical symptoms or signs of two CNS lesions separated in time
and space that are not caused by other CNS disease. Due to the absence of a specific immune–based
assay, the diagnosis of MS continues to be predicated on the clinical history and neurological
examination; that is, finding multiple lesions in time and space in the CNS. Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) remains the most important diagnostic tool for allowing the early and more precise
diagnosis of the disease. Revised diagnostic criteria classify individuals in the categories of MS into
either not multiple sclerosis or possible MS based on evidence from MRI (McDonald, 2001).
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination allows the identification of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G
(IgG) bands which are present in 98% of patients but can be absent in early disease. Also,
approximately 80–90% of patients with MS have delayed visual evoked potentials (mainly optic
neuritis). Finally, although there is no specific blood test for MS, the absence of other autoimmune
markers (anti–nuclear antibodies, extractable nuclear antigen, anti–neutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies, anti–double–stranded DNA antibodies and anti–phospholipid antibodies) can be helpful.
Criteria that determine "MS" have been revised several times in the last few years (2001, 2005, and
2010) (Polman, 2011). Criteria now enable diagnosis of MS when new MRI lesions define
separation in time and space i.e., a new MRI lesion more than 30

Medicine has Flourished Since the Introduction of the...
Since the introduction of the magnetic resonance imaging unit, diagnostic medicine has flourished.
The ability to see different pathologies in a detailed soft tissue image has helped guide doctors in
providing patients with better treatment and therefore a better prognosis. In many cases, magnetic
resonance imaging is the golden standard in diagnostic studies. This is especially true when
studying blood vessels. The majority of doctors turn to a magnetic resonance angiography(MRA)
method called bright blood imaging when they are concerned with any blood flowing vessels. A few
main areas of concern include vessels in the brain, neck, thoracic, abdominal aorta, renals, and
vessels in the legs called a "run off". When doctors order an MRA using bright blood imaging they
want to rule out serious pathologies such as aneurysms, aorta dissection, or stenosis. Bright blood
imaging uses a strong magnetic field and specific pulse sequences. Below we will discuss three
different techniques and their own unique advantages and disadvantages. Time–of–flight(TOF) also
called inflow angiography, is a non–invasive procedure that produces flow contrast. The more RF
excitation pulses used in an image plane the more saturated the spins become so we want to limit the
amount of RF pulses to the flowing spins by setting up thin slabs perpendicular to the vessels or
blood flow. New blood is always flowing in and out of the slice, and because the spins only receive
a few RF pulses, signal is

Radiology Essay
Introduction
In Radiology, they use different imaging modalities to see within the human body. These modalities
are used to diagnose abnormalities and diseases. Some of these techniques include Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ultrasound, X–Ray, Mammography, Nuclear Medicine, Interventional,
and Radiation Therapy. Each of these uses a different purpose and technology to achieve its goals.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI is a medical imaging technology that uses radio
waves and a magnetic field to create detailed images of organs and tissues. MRI is often used to
evaluate blood vessels, abnormal tissue, and organs in the pelvis, chest, and abdomen. It also sees
use for bones, joints, and spinal injuries.
Ultrasound
Ultrasound, also called sonography or ultrasonography. Ultrasound machines send high frequency
sound waves into the body and measures the returning sound echoes. It then converts the received
pattern into an image, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information is sent to the display console, which is the processing and display program that
controls the digital image production processes. This includes the series of mathematical formulas
that compile the image and the display parameters, such as window level and width, reconstruction
and enhancement. Richard R. Carlton. Arlene M. Adler. Principles radiograph imaging. Fifth edition
Advantages
CT scans are not only accurate, they are very quick. The imaging provided by the exams may
eliminate the need for surgery, saving money and resources. The flexibility of the CT exam allows it
to evaluate symptoms and diagnose issues in both adults and children. ''Decreased amount of
contrast medium, improved image quality, improves spatial resolution. It also makes possible
procedures that require shorter exposure times.'' Quinn B. Carroll, M. ED., R.T. Radiography in the
Digital Age. Second

Volumetric Mri, A Future Tool For Diagnosing Alzheimer 's...
Volumetric MRI, A Future Tool for Diagnosing Alzheimer's Disease?
April 13, 2015
In medicine, an early diagnosis can mean the difference between life and death. With today's
advancements in technology, early diagnosis is becoming a real possibility for many diseases,
including Alzheimer's disease. Worldwide it is estimated that 24 million people have dementia, the
majority of these people are thought to have Alzheimer's disease. (Mayo Clinic, 2014) According to
Alzheimer's Foundation of America (AFA) (2015) Alzheimer's disease is among the top ten leading
causes of death in the United States. Affecting 5.1 million Americans. Alzheimer's disease is not a
normal part of aging, but the risk of developing this disease increases with age. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (Mayo Clinic, 2014) Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia among
people over the age of 65. ¬ In Alzheimer's disease, the brain cells actually degenerate and die,
causing a steady decline in memory and mental function.
When a person has Alzheimer's disease the cortex will shrivel up, this causes problems with
thinking, planning, and remembering.
The hippocampus of the brain will also shrink, which is the part of the brain that helps form new
memories; an Alzheimer's patient's brain will also have enlarged ventricles.
Individuals with Alzheimer's disease show two types of abnormal lesions that clog their brain: Beta–
amyloid plaques–sticky clumps of protein fragments and cellular material that form outside and
around neurons; and neurofibrillary tangles–insoluble twisted fibers composed largely of the protein
tau that build up inside nerve cells. However scientists are unclear whether these lesions actually
cause the disease or if they are just a byproduct of the disease. (Mayo Clinic, 2014) Some early
signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease include memory loss that interrupts daily life, confusion
with time or place, trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships, new problems
with speaking or writing, withdrawal from work or social activities, and changes in mood and
personality.
Alzheimer's disease dates back to 1906; a German physician named

Magnetic Resonance Imaging For The Diagnosis Of Chordoma
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis of Chordoma Chordoma is a type of malignant
tumor that can form at the base of the skull, within the spine and sacral area. This kind of cancer is
rare, accounting for 1–4% of bone cancers overall. According to studies by the Surveillanc,
Epidemiology, and End Results database, the incidence rate of this disease is "0.08 per 100,000" and
is more prevalent in men between the ages of 50–60 (Walcott et al, 69). The characteristics of
chordoma were first described by Virchow in 1857. He termed them as physaliferous, or having
"intracellular, bubble–like vacuoles" (Walcott et al, 69), which became this disease's most
distinguishing trait. Chordoma is thought to develop from the residue of the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) one of the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate and
diagnose chordoma. While MRI is done in conjunction with other modalities like computed
tomography (CT) to obtain data, studies have shown that there are advantages to MRI not seen in
CT. One of them is using diffusion–weighted MRI to assess and differentiate chordoma from other
cranial tumors that have "overlapping presentations and anatomic imaging features" such as
chondrosarcoma (Yeom et al, 1056). Diffusion–weighted MRI uses the motion of particles in fluid
within voxels to measure cellular density and the nuclear–to–cytoplasmic ratio. In a study, Dr.
Kristen Yeom and colleagues examined patients with the following parameters: "TR/TE, 8300/70
ms at 1.5T and 10,000/80 ms at 3T, b=1000 s/mm2, three directions, 4 to 5 mm thickness, 0 skip"
(Yeom et al, 1059). They looked at the data for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), which
differed for the types of tumors; low ADC signifies abnormal diffusion restriction. The results
yielded that classic chordoma had lower ADC values averaging 1460x10–6 mm2/s than
chondrosarcoma's 1977x10–6 mm2/s. Although researchers would be unlikely to distinguish
chordoma and chondrosarcoma "on the basis of signal intensity characteristics" of T1 and T2
images, there are still uses for them (Oot el al, 568). In MRI scanning, T1 and T2 weighted images
provide different

The Importance Of Technology Benefiting Society
How Technology is Benefiting Society Today
On average, one household has at least five internet–connected devices, with 6% having fifteen or
more. Technology is everywhere in the world today and society relies on it for many reasons that
better life. The fast growth of technology now has been advancing life more efficiently. While
technology may provide some concerns, the pros outweigh the cons. Two important ways
technology helps society are by improving education and creating more tools to help advance
medical personnel and procedures to save lives.
Firstly, technology improves a student's learning environment, helps them perform better, and gives
them access to a variety of education. In Houston, Texas, KIPP Academy conducted a study which
showed that students using iPads in a classroom had a 49% higher rate of proficiency than students
in traditional classrooms with no iPads (Secure Edge Networks). This study shows how students
learn and perform better when using technology in the learning environment. Another survey by the
Pearson Foundation found that 66% of college students and 64% of high school senior agree that
tablets help students study better. It also found that 64% of college students and 63% of high school
senior say they perform better in classes with technology (Secure Edge Networks). These studies
show how tablets have an significant impact on most students' study habits, performance, and
knowledge. Most students agree technology helps them in the

How To Write A Radiology Essay
Radiology
Radiology is a procedure that images to treat and diagnose diseases and problems seen with the
body. Radiologists usually work behind the scenes and analyzing studies, they help make diagnoses
and consul with physicians Radiologists are doctors who performs x–rays, CT scans, nuclear
medicine, MRI, and ultrasounds. In some cases, they help in the procedure in order to help prepare
the patient or outline further instructions for what the technicians need to do.
Radiology is a procedure that images to help treat and diagnose diseases and problems seen with the
body. The most common forms of imaging are Computed Tomography or a CAT scan (computerized
axial tomography), Fluoroscopy which is like an X–ray "movie." An X–ray beam is passed through
the part of the body being examined. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, some go weeks without a face–to–face consultation. Instead, they spend their time analyzing
results and forming diagnoses.
Radiologists who work in the hospital work long, irregular shifts that include nights, weekends and
holidays. Those employed by outpatient centers usually work regular business hours. Although,
depending on the requirements of a given radiologist's contract, hours worked and lengths of
vacations are often balanced against the amount of work.
Radiologists are very educated people. A career as a radiologist usually begins with getting a
bachelor's degree. Medical courses that are required include biology, chemistry and physics. A
number of undergraduate students work and or volunteer in medical places to get experience. They
continue with four years of medical school to become a physician. Medical school is two years of
education in the science, such as anatomy, pathology, pharmacology and biochemistry, followed by
two years of clinicals in different areas of medicine, such as pediatrics, surgery and internal

The Synthesis Of 13 Butadienes
CHAPTER TWO RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 Synthesis of 1,3–butadienes
Dienes can be synthesised from aldehydes and ketones using the Wittig reaction. The Wittig reaction
facilitates the synthesis of new carbon–carbon double bonds at specific locations in aldehydes and
ketones (Bernard & Ford, 1983). The overall reaction mechanism is shown in Figure 1.
Protocols for synthesising 1,3–butadienes from aldehydes and ketones have been established in the
literature. The synthesis protocol proposed by Greatrex et al. (2014) was used and reactions using
several aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde, piperonaldehyde, and 2–chloro–benzaldehyde) were
successfully performed to synthesise the required butadienes 1, 2, and 3, Scheme 2.
The general approach involved transforming the aldehydes at the site of the carbonyl group. Use of
an appropriate triphenylphosphonium halide (methyl for cinnamaldehyde, and allyl for piperonal
and 2–chloro–benzaldehyde) afforded the correct 1,3–butadiene. Deprotonation of the
triphenylphosphonium halide was achieved using potassium tert–butoxide reacted under an
atmosphere of nitrogen. An observable colour change was observed on addition of the
triphenylphosphonium halide to the solvent, and subsequently on the addition of an aldehyde.
Reactions were followed by thin liquid chromatography (TLC), and the butadienes were purified via
chromatography (1 and 2 via column chromatography, and 3 via dry flash chromatography). Both
the e– and z– isomers of the butadienes

Psychology : Is It Effective?
On Psychiatry: Is it Effective?
It is common to not completely understand the difference between psychiatry and psychology. To
clear up the confusion, psychology is the study of the functions of the human brain, while psychiatry
is the study and diagnosis of mental disorders. Mental disorders are "a clinically significant
behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated
with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain,
disability, or an important loss of freedom" (The New Definition of a Mental Disorder). With this
knowledge given and the stereotypes that is often prevailed, (Some examples of said stereotypes are
that a psychiatrist would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not in the slightest.
Psychiatry, at its early stage, was considered a "soft–science", since the diagnosing of patients was
based on inferring, observation, and the doctors' assumptions. Now, due to the development and
improvement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning to the brain, statistics, and strict and
rigorous criteria of diagnosing patients, the study of psychiatry has been dubbed a "hard–science"
(Psychiatry).
An example of an MRI (magnetic resonance image) to a patient's brain.
There are many tests and procedures a psychiatrist has to follow to diagnose someone with a mental
illness, such as when a doctor wants to test someone for schizophrenia. To be diagnosed with this
mental disorder, the symptoms must match the ones stated in the DSM, or the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. These symptoms include extremely disorganized speech or
conduct, the lack of ability to act or function normally, having hallucinations, demonstrating
delusional demeanor, and/or dazed/coma–like or extreme hyperactive behavior, which is also called
catatonic behavior (Schizophrenia). To test someone for this illness, the patient will have to go
through lab tests, such as complete blood count (CBC), other blood tests, alcohol and drug
screenings, and sometimes the psychiatrist calls for an MRI or CT (also known as a CAT) scan. All
this taken into account, it is

How the Mri Procedure Has Impacted Society
How the MRI Procedure has an Impact on Society Robin T. Maynard Bethel University Abstract
The introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging several years ago has a tremendous effect on our
society today. This procedure enables physicians to diagnose and possibly cure several diseases
which could otherwise prove to be fatal. As for anything in our society, there are some people who
will criticize and find the negative points to it, however the positive impact that MRI scanning has
on our society definitely outweigh any negatives. How the MRI Procedure has an Impact on Society
Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, better known as the MRI scan, medical
technology has taken a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During a brain MRI, a special mechanism called a head coil is placed around the patient's head to
assist in producing very detailed images of the brain. The head coil does not touch the person, and
the person can see through large gaps in the coil. A spine MRI is normally used to look for a
herniated disk or narrowing of the spinal canal in patients with neck, arm, back, and leg pain. It is
also the best examination to use to search for a recurrent disk herniation in a patient who has had
prior back surgery. A bone and joint MRI can be used to check virtually all of the bones, joints, and
soft tissues; it can be used to identify injured tendons, ligaments, muscles, cartilage, and bones. A
MRI of the abdomen is most commonly used to look more specifically at an abnormality seen on
another test, such as an ultrasound or a CT scan. The exam is usually customized to look at such
organs as the liver, pancreas, or adrenal glands. For female patients, a pelvic MRI provides a more
detailed look at the ovaries and uterus and is often used to follow up an abnormality seen on
ultrasound. For male patients, a pelvic MRI is sometimes used to check those diagnosed with
prostate cancer. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) depicts the blood vessels. The blood
vessels in the neck and brain are often studied by MRA to look for areas of narrowing or widening.
In the abdomen, the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys are also

Hybrid Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles As Contrast Agents...
Hybrid Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles as Contrast Agents for CT Imaging
Name: Xinyi Li
Number: 250825492 Supervisor: Prof Elizabeth Gillies
1. Introduction
X–ray computed tomography (x–ray CT) is a technology that uses computer–processed x–rays to
produce tomographic images of specific areas of the scanned object, allowing the user to see inside
without cutting. Medical imaging is the most common application of x–ray CT. Its cross–sectional
images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines. Medical
contrast medium (or contrast agent) is a substance used to enhance the contrast of structures or
fluids within the body in medical imaging. Iodine and barium are the most common ... Show more
Sodium hydroxide solution then added to apply a protocol and the solution was heated at 140 °C for
1 h and at 180 °C for 4 h. The alkaline hydrolysis of Gdcl3 should be carried out in
substoichiometric conditions, too.
3.1.2 Enlargement of Core
Gadolinium chloride salt will be placed in 150 mL of DEG at 60 °C under vigorous stirring
overnight. A solution containing nanoparticles then added to play the role of nucleation sites.
Sodium hydroxide solution is added and the solution is heated at 140 °C for 1 h and at 180 °C for 4
h. The increase of the core size will be obtained by iterative steps.
3.1.3 Encapsulation
In this step , gadolinium oxide nanoparticles will be embedded in a silane shell.
First we will apply a modified "polyol" protocol by coupling reaction between PEG and one unit of
carboxy.4
Afterward, a solution containing silane dissolved in 291 μL of DMSO will be prepared as a shell
precursor and stirred overnight. Silane shell growth was induced by hydrolysis–condensation of
convenient precursors in presence of nanoparticles5 and controlled by a sequential addition of shell
precursors and aqueous triethylamine solution to a sol of Gd2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in DEG.
3.1.4 Purification
Dialysis against ethanol will be applied to purify naked and silane–coated nanoparticles.
3.2 Analytical Section

Segmentation Of Brain Mr Images For Tumor Area And Size...
SEGMENTATION OF BRAIN MR IMAGES FOR TUMOR AREAAND SIZE DETECTION BY
USING OF CLUSTERING ALGORITHM
Shinu Sadeyone1 Assistant professor (Sathyabama University, Chennai)
S.Freeda2 Assistant professor (A.C.T engineering college, Chngalpattu)
1shinusedayone@gmail.com. 2freeda27@gmail.com.
Abstract– There are different types of tumors are available. Astrocytoma is the most common type
of tumor (30% of all brain tumor) and is usually a malignant one. Astrocytoma can be subdivided
into four grades. Each grade has its own characteristics and unique treatment. In the event that any
wrong treatment is given to these evaluations that prompts passing. So finding the position and
shape of tumor is very important for the further treatment. The proposed system of this paper is to
find the exact position and shape of the tumor cells. That helps the physician for further treatment.
In the proposed system, it consists of four modules (i) Pre–processing, (ii) Segmentation of brain in
MR Images,(iii) Quality extraction and (iv) Inexact reasoning. Preprocessing is carried out by
sifting. Segmentation is carried out by cutting edge both K–means and Fuzzy C–means calculations.
Quality extraction is by thresholding. Finally, Approximate reasoning method to recognize the
tumor shape and position in MRI image. If the tumor is a mass in shape then k–means algorithm is
enough to extract it from brain cells. Suppose if it is a malignant (spread over the brain) one then the
Fuzzy C–means algorithm

Doppler Ultrasound Lab Report
appear similar to conventional stents."8 Middleton, Teefey and Darcy8 note that the use of PFTE
endografts will likely become standard as their performance outweighs the early stent materials
used. Color Doppler as well as pulsed Doppler should be used to interrogate the stent and
supporting vessels. Velocity measurements are taken using angle correct and spectral waveforms are
recorded. Careful examination of the liver vasculature is imperative to verify proper stent function.
Specifically, thrombosis or occlusion can be assessed with color and Doppler ultrasound. Velocity
parameters may vary from patient to patient and also will change from immediate post procedure
velocities to those obtained during long term follow up. Universal Doppler ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Middleton, Teefey and Darcy,8 TIPS placement is successful in about 90% of patients,
but does hold a complication rate of 10–16%. Research has shown that placement of TIPS as a
secondary treatment for variceal bleeding has produced encouraging results. In 13 random clinical
trials, including over 900 patients, recurrent variceal bleeding rates were 9–40%, which is superior
to endoscopic treatments that have recurrent bleeding rates from 20–60%. This success rate has
made TIPS procedures more utilized in the setting of variceal bleeding. Additionally, the same
clinical trials indicate that ascites reduction after shunting ranges from 38–84%, which is favorable
to large volume paracentesis that reported rates of 0–43%. "Compared with large–volume
paracentesis, TIPS improved transplant–free survival and the incidence of recurrent ascites in
cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites."26 There is evidence of an increase in the development of
HE in patients who undergo TIPS, whereas endoscopic treatment does not show an increase.
Furthermore, HE is twice as likely to occur when paracentesis is performed. An important
consideration is that the complication rate for hepatic encephalopathy does increase with TIPS usage
whereas it doesn't with endoscopic treatment and it is twice as likely to occur as when paracentesis
is performed.28 Presently, TIPS is often used as a temporary solution for patients who are

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a tomographic method of investigation of internal organs and
tissues using the physical phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance.
The method of nuclear magnetic resonance allows us to study the human body through the body's
tissue saturation with hydrogen and the features of their magnetic properties associated with being
in a different environment of atoms and molecules. hydrogen nucleus composed of one proton,
which has a magnetic moment (spin) and changing its spatial orientation in a powerful magnetic
field and under the influence of additional fields, called gradient, and external radio frequency
pulses, applied to a specific proton in a given magnetic field at the resonant frequency . On the basis
of the parameters of the proton (spin) and their vector directions, which can be only in two opposite
phases, as well as their attachment to the magnetic moment of the proton can establish what specific
tissues that is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since its inception to the present day magnetic resonance imaging significantly complicated, which
led to the emergence of her many subspecies. Here are some types of MRI.
BY TYPE TOMOGRAPH
In modern hospitals use two main types of scanners – indoor and outdoor. Locked phones are a
"tunnel", which pushed the couch with the patient lying on it. The design of such a scanner is easier,
but creates more discomfort for the patient. Even a healthy person in this tunnel may see the fear of
being in a closed space and worsening noise operating unit.
Quite different is the open MRI scanner, which not only provides greater comfort to the patient, but
also allows you to examine the tall and obese patients, as well as those who can not change the
position of the body by virtue of any special features. Open scanners also allow young children to
explore without anesthesia (the child behaves much quieter).
AS AVAILABLE

Flavanones From The Wood Of Morus Nigra With Cytotoxic...
FLAVANONES FROM THE WOOD OF Morus Nigra WITH CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY
FERLINAHAYATI A,*, YANA MAOLANA SYAH B , LIA DEWI JULIAWATY B, EUIS
HOLISOTAN HAKIM B a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
University of Sriwijaya Jalan Raya Palembang Prabumulih Km 32, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera,
Indonesia 30622 b Natural Product Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi
Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132 * Corresponding author, tel/fax : 0711–
580269 email: etihayati74@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Two flavanone derivatives, norartocarpanone
(1) and euchrenone a7 (2) had been isolated for the first time from the methanol extract of the wood
of Morus nigra.The structure of these compounds were determined base on spectral evidence,
including UV, IR, and NMR. The first compound also confirmed by comparison with the reported
data. Cytotoxic properties of these compounds were evaluated against murine leukemia P–388 cells.
Euchrenone a7 (2) was found more cytotoxic than norartocarpanone (1) with their IC50 7.8 and 12.7
g/mL respectively. Keywords: norartocarpanone, euchrenone a7, Morus nigra, cytotoxic
ABSTRAK Dua senyawa flavanon yaitu norartokarpanon (1) dan eukrenon a7 (2) telah berhasil
diisolasi untuk pertama kali dari ekstrak metanol kayu batang Morus nigra. Struktur senyawa
tersebut ditetapkan dengan cara–cara spektroskopi yang meliputi spektrum UV, IR dan NMR.
Senyawa norartokarpanon (1) juga dikonfirmasi dengan

How Sugars Affect Our Brain
How sugars affect our brain?
After reading the book which is about neuroscience: The Brain what wrote by David Eagleman, I
learned that our brain can help us adapt to any environment; build our interests and personality and
works as the core of our body. In contrast, the book, however tells that external factors can also
affect our brain's operation: people, events or substance can change our personality and character
through our brain. For instance, person who suffered sexual harassment will easy to get a mental
disorder. For another example, consuming caffeine will change our brain structure. I strongly agree
with the idea that the human brain can be affected by outside factors. Connecting with my own
experience, I am a super fun for sugar, I cannot live without sugar for one day. If I do not consume
sugar for a certain period, I will be changed a lot. Therefore, I want to discuss about the connection
between sugar and human brain through my own experience.
Overall, sugar usually has two different meanings; on the one hand, "sugar" can be used as a general
term to describe carbohydrates. Carbohydrates can be found in a large number of food and drink and
it not only exists in the sweet food, but also in other normal food. For example, there is a huge
amount of carbohydrate in our staple food such as pasta, pizza, French fries, bread, oatmeal. Even
they are not taste sweet, but they can be still count having sugar. On the other hand, "sugar" can be
used to describe the

The, The Greatest Invention Of The Human Body
How each modality works to create an image of internal body structure? How surprising the
imaging of the human body? Specifically, the radiology has the power to capture images without
cutting skin. In daily lives, people are facing many challenges about mental and physical. Many
scientists invention many machines to help the people to live well. Medical science is the best
accomplishment in the world to assist people and live well. As well, Professor Wilhelm Conrad
Roentgen first discovered X–rays in 1895. After his invention day by day radiology has become
improved. Then, in every decade it spreads it's various kinds machines such as ultrasound machines,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines (MRI), CT–Scan, mammogram machines. All kinds of
machines have their specific functions to find out the internal problems and help to get rid of from
them. Therefore, radiology is the greatest invention of the scientist to help people a healthy life.
If you are sick and happened to step into an emergency Radiology center, at the beginning you
might be surprised because of the equipment what catches people 's attention. The technology and
how it works is fascinating because the complex machines do so much to take images and send
information about a patient's body. A radiologist is a physician who specializes in diagnostic
imaging such as X–ray, MRI, and CT– scanning. Most people know about x–ray machines, but
there are many different and special kinds of x–ray equipment used to diagnose

Physics : Magnetic Resonance Angiography ( Mra )
Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) is a technique in which magnetic pulses are used to
image pictures of blood vessels inside the body. A MRA can be achieved using two techniques
phase contrast and time of flight. A phase contrast can be done using complex subtraction and phase
subtraction. A time of flight (TOF) can be done using dark blood and bright blood. A dark blood
imaging is visualized using inversion recovery, saturation and dephasing. A bright blood imaging is
analyzed using rephased /dephased, in–flow, use of contrast agents. Once a required MRA is
processed, it is envisioned using a maximum intensity projection (MIP). A phase contrast works on
idea of introducing two bipolar gradient pulses for flow compensation. Phase can ... Show more
A phase unwrapping can be done using manual segmentation or automatic segmentation. A simple
image processing region growing algorithm can be used to achieve that. A manual boundary
drawing can be used to unwrap phase. In such a manual segmentation a phase or a magnitude image
is preferred to be worked with. Flow uncertainty can be pictured in flow quantification and sources
of error needs to be figured out and those should be resolved. The main sources are partial volume
effect, poor segmentation and noise. Parameters like vessel size (actual vessel size, resolution),
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR) (Scan parameters, blood velocity, velocity threshold), vessel
segmentation accuracy (Segmentation method, SNR ) would rule the impact of these errors. Certain
pixels that comprise of both still and moving spins would affect the phase value which does not
reflect the correct/true velocity. Consider the flow is laminar and the assuming the magnitude signal
behavior, this error can be demonstrated as a function of a vessel size. This would be the partial
volume effect. A poor segmentation would be to miss some of the pixel that contains blood flow.
Considering partial volume pixels were missed, this error can also be defined as function of the
vessel. Noise can be denoted by considering the pug flow and ignoring the phase wrapping as σF/Fv
∝ (ve/vp)(1/SNR)(1/λ) where ve and vp are venc and peak velocity respectively, while σF/Fv is the
standard deviation of flow relative

Brain Is Highly Metabolic And Important Organ Of The Body
Brain is highly metabolic and important organ of the body. Even though it weighs only 2% body
weight, however, requires disproportionate amount (~20 %) of the total blood flow. Unprecedented
fall in cerebral blood flow (CBF) would quickly lead to unconsciousness and, if sustained for longer
period of time would result in brain damage and death. Therefore, CBF is tightly regulated in the
brain, as it facilitates the delivery of essential substrates required for metabolism and removal of
metabolic by products.
1.1.1 Mechanism regulating CBF
The cerbrovasculature is always under the combined influence of a number of physical and
chemical stimuli that adjust vascular caliber/resistance so as to alter the blood supply to different
parts of the brain (Bayliss, 1902; Lassen, 1959). Autoregulation and metabolic coupling are 2
important mechanism which regulates the CBF to the brain. Autoregulation ensures that constant
blood flow is supplied in the face of changes in perfusion pressure. The mechanism through which
autoregulation controls the blood flow during pressure changes is thought to be myogenic in nature
but other factors such as metabolic (CO2, O2, and so on) factors also assert some influence (Osol et
al., 2002; Paulson et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 2011). Furthermore, metabolic coupling mechanisms
ensure that blood flow is increased in active regions. CBF is highly variable across the brain and
largely dependent on neuronal activity, thus, an increase in neuronal

Essay On Dementia
1.2 DEMENTIA Dementia is a disorder it is conditioned by impairment of at least two brain
functions such as memory loss and judgments so dementia is an illness, it is the loss of powers of
the mind and not able to remember the things and understand the things this is due to brain cells dies
faster. Globally, dementia affects about 48 million and more people, about 10% of the people
develop this disorder at some point in their lives. Dementia is more common with respect to the age,
it occurs more common in aged people and mostly for females rather than males, thus about 3% of
people between the ages 65–74, 19% between 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of
age. Dementia can occur at the age of 20 also. 1.2.1 Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms
of dementia, where psychological and behavior problems includes as follows:  Balance problems.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, this technique provides the information related to both amount of blood flow and the time
involved. These techniques are very useful for the brain related problems. The following are the
Benefits of MRI: It can help to evaluate the function as well as the structure of many organs. Soft
tissue structures such as heart, lungs, liver and other organs are clearer and more detailed with MRI
when comparing with the other methods. MRI provides a fast, non–invasive alternative to x–ray
angiography. MRI use no ionizing radiation. The following are the Risks of MRI: There are no
known harmful effects from exposure to the magnetic field or radio waves used in MRI. An
undetected metal implant could be affected by the strong magnetic field. There is a rare risk of a
major allergic reaction to the contrast agent. There is a rare risk of complications from the use of
gadolinium in those who have kidney disease. Those with kidney disease may be asked to have a
blood test before their MRI in order to check their kidney

Uses And Purpose Of The Technology
1 NAME AND PURPOSE OF THE TECHNOLOGY The MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging – is
a non–invasive medical procedure that uses a powerful magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to
produce detailed images of soft–tissue, organs, blood vessels, bone and nearly all other internal
body structures. These detailed images allow physicians to evaluate various parts of the body and
diagnose and treat various medical conditions. Unlike X–rays and CT scans, MRI machines produce
3D images of the body without the use of ionizing radiation. The traditional MRI machine is a large
cylindrical tube surrounded by a powerful magnet, with the patient situated on an examination table
that slides into the centre of the tube. Doctors often use the MRI to view ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Rather than using ionising radiation like the X–ray or CT scan, the MRI uses a strong magnetic field
and radio waves to image both soft tissue and bone structures. The strong magnetic field is created
by passing an electric current through wire coils located in the machine and around the body part
being imaged. The body is made up of around 60% water, and water molecules contain hydrogen
protons which become aligned in a magnetic field. Hydrogen protons are also abundant in fat,
making them ideal for imaging purposes. The strong magnetic field from the MRI aligns the proton
'spins' – "The hydrogen proton can be likened to the planet earth, spinning on its axis, with a north–
south pole. In this respect it behaves like a small bar magnet. Under normal circumstances, these
hydrogen proton "bar magnets" spin in the body with their axes randomly aligned." (Berger, 2002)
Under the MRI's strong magnetic field, the protons' axes align, creating a magnetic vector oriented
along the axis of the MRI machine. The machine also produces additional energy in the form of
radio waves that redirect the uniformed alignment of the hydrogen protons. The protons absorb the
energy from the radio frequency and flip their spins. When the radio frequency source is turned off,
the protons gradually return to alignment, and the magnetic vector returns to its resting state. This
causes a radio signal to be emitted that is measured by receivers in the machine and used to create
an

Perception Of No Free Will On Cheating And Lying
The influence of perception of no free will on cheating and lying in collectivist and individualist
cultures
Kelly Muldoon
Tutorial: Wednesday (1) 9am
Trends in Personality and Social Psychology PSYC30022
Due date: Friday 26th September, 2014 8am
Word count: 1725 (not including references)
The notion of people having a free will, or the ability to consciously determine ones own actions, to
regulate oneself, have control of ones mind, make choices and live ones life through unrestricted
personal prerogative, is generally accepted by people as a given (Gray, Gray & Wegner, 2007;
Pronin, Kugler, 2010). People may feel as if they are in control, but many different studies have
questioned one's ability to muster ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) studies have
shown that people's brains exhibit activity up to seven seconds prior to a conscious decision being
made to act, implying that the forces causing the action are entirely unconscious (Soon, Brass,
Heinz & Haynes, 2008; Lisbet, B. 1985). It is asserted that, at the most, people act as interpreters,
who provide post factum rationale for whatever it was the brain had them think, feel or do
(Gazzanigna, 2011).
When people comprehend their own lack of free will, they are more likely to be violent, lie, cheat
and steal (Baumeister, Masicampo & DeWall, 2009; Vohs & Schooler, 2008) as well as exhibit
greater prejudice (Zhao, Liu, Zhang, Shi, & Huang, 2014). Further, preconscious motor processes
exhibit changes, with readiness potentials reduced in people induced with a disbelief in free will
(Rigoni, Kühn, Sartori, & Brass, 2011). Conversely, when people are told 'but you are free'
(Gueguen & Pascual, 2000), they are significantly more likely to give donations and comply with
other requests of them, submitting even more, when the term is said twice (Gueguen, et. al., 2013).
However, when this same technique is used amongst different cultures, it was found that the
collectivist cultures of Russia and China did not respond in the same way as the individualist
cultures of France and Romania (Pascual, et al., 2012). It

The First Invention Of Radiology
The first invention of radiology began with the creation of X–rays in 1895 when Wilhelm Roentgen,
a 50–year–old professor of physics at Germany's University of Wurzburg, made a discovery that
would in a very short time change medical and human history. Though, discovered by accident,
Roentgen's discovery would help detect tumors, broken bones and bullets buried within bodies,
never before seen with the naked eye. Since the invention of X–rays, there had been numerous
discoveries of similar inventions, from image intensifier to ultrasound to magnetic resonance
imaging. Without these inventions, humans would not have been able to see the inner workings of
the body or detect key information in modern times that allow us to prevent serious illnesses where
other inventions proved useless since imaging plays a huge role in diagnosis. In current society,
radiology's first creation has been exposed to most citizens, whether it is to detect a broken bone at
the doctor's or to determine a person's risk of getting cavities at the dentist's. Although, inventions
from radiology does hold risks of radiation exposure amongst its patients, the benefits of them
greatly outweighs its risks.
Before the development and research of radiology, life was simplistic with little knowledge of
observing the internal organs of a person. If a patient was shot, doctors had to, literally, poke around
their patient's organs with their fingers or use electrical induction machine to send sound waves

Evaluation Of The Diagnostic Imaging Department Essay
When it comes to project orchestrating in the diagnostic imaging department, certain dominant
procedures are vital to establish the prosperity of any construction project. Determining the
desideratum for the project, analyzing requisites for equipment, space and personnel, and budgeting
for the project are obligatory steps (DA, 2016). They are followed by scheduling and designing the
miscellaneous aspects of the project. With rapid change in diagnostic imaging technology, there are
continuous changing demand in the field of radiological diagnosis and imaging service. Resulting in
an advanced, and detailed systematic planning and organized department. Having a foresight into
future developments and requirements will lead facilities into the 21st century. Some people not
being too familiar with the medical imaging department with professional experience would base
recommendations off of these guidelines.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
When overseeing such a large project, many things come to mind in just the planning consideration
stage. It is this stage that consists of so many areas take up the bulk of the imaging updating process
which can also be used to show integration from a novice perspective. Physical planning will consist
of development planning of the health care facility taking into account the staffing needs, integration
with the health care services, also accounting for separate inpatient and outpatient services.
Visionary planning takes into account the planned

Brain Tumors Research Paper
Brain tumors are an extreme problem that people all around the world experience everyday. Luckily
there is treatments to improve and sometimes completely cure brain tumors. To completely
understand these treatments, its ideal to completely understand brain tumors first. Brian tumors are a
collection of abnormal cells in the brain. They can be either cancerous(malignant) or non
cancerous(benign). Either way they still have to be treated because brain tumors are painful. The
pressure in the brain increases which causes brain damage or death. So its pretty important to treat
them as soon as possible. There are a bunch of symptoms that go along with brain tumors. Like
headaches, seizures, sensory to touch and movement loss, deep venomous thrombosis(DVT, blood
clots), hearing and vision loss, fatigue, depression, behavioral and cognitive (thinking) changes,
endocrine dysfunction(hormone/gland changes). All of these can be prevented with the right
treatment. To get treatment you need a diagnosis first. MRIs of the head are used to detect brain
tumors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its basically where and imaging test uses powerful magnets and radio waves to take pictures of the
brain and the surrounding brain tissues. An angiography is a X–Ray that shows the movement of a
dye through the artery and the blood vessels in the brain. It indicates where blockages are in the
brain. Brain scans are just like how they sound, the brain is scanned for abnormalities. Dye is
generally used because the tumors soak up more dye then brain tissue and can be seen clearer. A
skull X–Ray is a X–Ray used to find wearing of bones of the skull (bony erosion) where the tumor
wears away the bone. Brain biopsy's are when a piece of the tumor or brain tissue is removed then
studied under closer examination with a microscope. These are all the possible tests that can be
taken to help diagnose a brain

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Amnesia
This essay will consider evidence from studies to show the strengths and weaknesses of research
methods used by cognitive neuroscientists in their understanding of the biological bases of
behaviour and mental processing specifically in the case of amnesia. This will be done through the
use of journals, textbooks, articles and other relevant sources to outline where the research methods
are used in studies and how they aim to provide an understanding in behaviour. Research methods to
be discussed include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalogram (EEG) and positron
emission tomography (PET). Amnesia is the loss or partial loss of a large area of memories often
caused by a sudden brain injury or shock. (Eysenck, 2004). Amnesia caused by trauma is often
temporary but can be permanent loss of an area of memory.
An MRI is a way in which brain functions can be studied. This method creates images of the brain
using a strong magnetic field and is often used by psychologists to observe brain structure and
function as discussed by McRobbie (2017). Psychologists may ask patients to perform different
tasks to analyse their function. The technique has a variety of benefits. Firstly, one research study
used the spatial resolution of MRI as an advantage. (Yang, Kim & Kim, 2008). This study was
conducted on patients with amnesia to investigate location of lesion within the hippocampus. This
suggests that a strength of MRI is spatial resolution in being able to acknowledge

Literature Review Paper On Concussions
One of the principal problems for defining and diagnosing concussion, is that there is not a
universally acceptable definition for concussion. In the article, the author refers to concussion as a
"mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) that results in a temporary loss of neurologic function without
apparent structural damage, and may or may not involve loss of consciousness (LOC)" (Mennella,
2016). Concussions are considered a great concern in healthcare because according to the Center for
Diseases Control (CDC) it is estimated that there are 1.6 to 3.8 million sports–related concussions in
the United States every year (CDC, 2017). And according to the article there is also around of
52,000 deaths every year (Mennella, 2016). Although it is estimated that the number of cases could
be higher because researchers found that the lack of well–defined and accepted definition of
concussion, can cause that many times concussion could be misdiagnosed. For this reason, it is
extremely important that organizations work in finding a broadly accepted definition of concussion,
in order to have a better and accurate estimate of the number of cases.
The purpose of the article by Hillary Mennella (2016) is to find the best practices regarding
evaluation and monitoring of concussion, in order to reduce the number of death and reduce the
number of post–traumatic concussion symptoms. The review of the literature is designate to identify
common symptoms, people at risk for suffering from a

How has Technology Changed the field of Radiology? Essay
What would Wilhelm Roentgen, the father of X–ray, say about the technological discoveries in
radiology today? Since the start of X–rays in 1895 significant advancements have revolutionized the
field of radiology. One illustrates how different scanners have improved, in addition how picture
archiving communication system can assist doctors, and finally the outlook on the future of
radiology.
To begin with, how has technology changed the field of radiology? Since the discovery of X–
radiation there has been a need and desire for studying the human body and the diseases without
actually any intervention. Over the past fifty years there has been a revolution in the field of
radiology affecting medicine profoundly. "The ability to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This permitted continuous rotation of the X–ray tube around the patient as the couch slides the
patient through the gantry. This advancement enables the radiographer to acquire entire anatomic
regions in twenty to thirty seconds. The reason for the speed of image acquisition is because the
computers can acquire sixteen, thirty–two, or 126 slices at a time. Spiral computed tomography is
now the primary choice of testing for chest, lungs, and abdomen because of its quick acquisition
reducing respiratory motion. The advancements of spiral computed tomography has led to a broader
range of non–invasive imaging where acquisition is less with greater patient comfort. Such
technique as virtual reality and advanced 3D computed tomography has brought non–invasive
medicine into the twenty–first century. The 3D technology has helped develop a technique known as
virtual endoscopy to assist the physician in diagnosing colon abnormalities. Conventionally,
endoscopy uses a thin tube with a camera at the end to visualize the inside of certain organs, such as
the colon. Virtual endoscopy using spiral computed tomography allows the visualization of the
colon without placing a tube into the body. Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the physics of
radio frequency, atoms and magnetic fields. Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell discovered (NMR)
nuclear magnetic resonance. Their scientific investigation

Synthesis, Thermolysis, Novel Semicarbazones And...
Synthesis, Thermolysis, Photolysis and Animicrobial Evaluation of some Novel Semicarbazones
and Thiosemicarbazones Derived from 3–Methyl–2–benzothiazolinone Hydrazone. Hisham
Abdallah A. Yosef * and Nabila M. Ibrahim Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid
Chemistry, National Research Centre, El–Behouth Street, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Abstract:
Reaction of 3–Methyl–2–benzithiazolinone hydrazone (1) with some seleceted isocyanate and
isothiocyanate reagents 2a−j gave the respective semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones 3a−j.
Thermolysis of compound 3a under reduced pressure gave N,N`−dietylurea (4) in addition to 1,2–
bis(3–methylbenzo[d]thiazol–2(3H)–ylidene)hydrazine (5). Compound 3a was almost quantitatively
recovered upon its exposure to sunlight in methanol for 60 days. Elementary and spectroscopic
measurements (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS) are in good accord with the structures postulated for
the new compounds. The single crystal X–ray crystallographic analysis of 3f was given and its data
were discussed. The synthesized compounds 3a–j as well as the hydrazone 1 were screened for their
antibacterial properties against Bacillus subtilis (G+), Escherichia coli (G–), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (G–) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+) and for their antifungal properties against
Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans. Some of the tested compounds showed an activity against
the four bacterial strains where their order of activity was found to be 1 > 3g > 3j > 3i > 3e

A Short Note On Disesae Neuroimaging Initiative ( Adni ) :...
ALZHEIMERS DISESAE NEUROIMAGING INITIATIVE (ADNI) – A REVIEW OF PAPERS
SINCE ITS INCEPTION ASHWANI KUMAR MISHRA 13510025 MSc COGNITIVE SCIENCE
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. ABOUT ALZHEIMERS
DISEASE 2 ADNI 2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 2.2 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF ADNI 2.3
QUALITY CONTROL 2.4 LONI DATAARCHIVE 2.5 ADNI– MRI CORE 3. PURPOSE OF MRI
3.1MRI 3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS IN MRI OF ADNI 4. MULTI ATLAS SELECTION 4.1
REGISTRATION AND SEGMENTATION 4.2 AUTOMATED TEMPORAL LOBE AND
HIPPOCAMPAL SEGEMNTATION 4.3 CORTICAL THICKNESS 5. CONCLUSION 6.
REFERANCES Abstract The Alzheimer disease neuroimaging initiative is a globally acclaimed
work of collaboration among scientists. This provides any researcher either in developed or in the
developing part of the world to participate in better understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since
its inception a number of papers have been published with various types of data's. In this paper I
tried to highlight the ADNI work more so dealing with history of ADNI and its data acquisition plus
sharing of MRI related images and its methodology. Keywords Alzheimer 's disease, ADNI, Image
Processing, Brain Atlas, Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1. Introduction Alzheimer 's disease (AD) the
commonest form of dementia (70 %). It is a complex disease which is characterized by an
accumulation of β–amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau amyloid
fibrils associated with synapse loss and

Advancements And Advancements Of Technology
Matthew Kivlahan
Ms. Maynard
ENG 3U1
Friday, October 3, 2014
Positive Developments in Technology Advancements and innovations in all fields are necessary if
humanity wishes to create a brighter and better future. Technology that has been created and
improved throughout the recent decades is proof of this philosophy. Medical innovations, such as
the MRI machine and advanced disease treatments, have helped to reduce deaths over the last half–
century. With new diseases and complications arising frequently, keeping up with the times becomes
a vital matter – and recent inventions have made sure that lives are preserved rather than destroyed.
Another area of interest is the internet, which allows people to access a wealth of information and
communicate with others from around the world. Computers, satellites, and other tech are related to
this subject, and all components combine to form a network that offers our world a collective
database – an notion that would have seemed outrageous more than 50 years ago. Technology is
even allowing humankind to extend our reach beyond our Earth – our solar system can be explored
thanks to inventions made since the Cold War 's "space race". Rockets, probes, and other
developments have made the vast unknown less daunting – and also furthered our knowledge of
chemical composition, elements, and other related scientific principles. By saving and improving
lives, technology has had a profound positive impact on the world over the last 50 years.

Symptoms And Treatment Plan Using Digital Subtraction...
MRA Brain – AVM Studies
Celeste A. Santos
Midwestern State University
Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Sciences Program
RADS 4773
04/04/2017
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are currently diagnosed and treatment plan is formulated by
using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) (Machet, Portefaix, Kadziolka, Robin, Lanoix &
Pierot, 2012). There are some drawbacks to DSA, amongst them is the cost, patient discomfort,
contrast injection and radiation exposure (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, Rabrait, Wu, Johnson, Wieben,
Trystram, Rodriguez–Regent, Alshareef, Turski, Meder, Naggara & Oppenheim, 2015). While DSA
is considered to be the "Gold Standard" of care for AVMs there are studies underway to determine if
brain MRA studies can obtain images ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the average nidus size was 5.3cm in their research (2013). The researches also make note that of the
29 combined studies on their 6 patients 13 out of the 14 image sequences showed early filling into
the nidus (Nogueira, Bayrlee, Hirsch, et al., 2013). In the TRICKS research the authors make no
reference to the size of the nidus detected by TRICKS only that there were 22 cAVMS and that 2 of
those were infratentorial (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, et al., 2015). It is noted however, that DSA showed
22cAVMS whose size ranged from 5mm to 45mm (Dautry, Edjlali, Roca, et al., 2015).
Feeding/Draining Vessels
When it came to the delineation of feeding vessels both 7T studies and DSA had an excellent score
of 4.81 while once again 1.5T had the lowest score coming in at 4.17 (Wrede, Dammann, Johst, et
al., 2016). When it came to scoring the sequences for venous drainage 7T TOF and DSA scored the
highest; 7T TOF came in at 4.62 and DSA came in a bit higher at 4.72; while 7T MPRAGE came in
a bit lower at 3.92 and 1.5 T once again came in with the lowest score at 3.52 (Wrede, Dammann,
Johst, et al., 2016). Machet, Portefaix, Kadziolka, et al. noted that when it came to detecting the
origin of arterial feeders this could not be accomplished since injecting the four supra–aortic vessels
one by one was not feasible, however according to the researchers TR–CE–MRA was able to detect
a few flow–related aneurysm or distant aneurysms as shown on DSA (2016). Dautry, Edjlali, Roca,
et al.

Emergency Radiology Research Paper
Do you ever wonder how radiation was discovered? Or when it was discovered? It all started in
1895, when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x–rays. Six years later, he was honored with the first
Nobel Prize in Physics; by then, doctors were already using primitive x–rays to diagnose
illnesses(Men's Health watch 1). The collaboration between physicians and physicists has continued
ever since, resulting in amazing advances far beyond Roentgen's wildest dreams. Physicists tell us
that ionizing radiation delivers energy in the form of photons that pack enough oomph to strip
electrons away from the nuclei of atoms(1). We are continuously exposed to tiny amounts of
ionizing radiation from cosmic rays and naturally occurring radioactive elements here on earth. We
accept this so–called background radiation without blinking an eye, but we ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Results often determine if an admission occurs, to which service the patient is admitted, and if there
is any immediate emergency or surgical intervention. Real–time diagnostic imaging of the patient in
the ED can expedite patient care and ultimately reduce costs.The emergency radiology facility has
become the hospital's acute diagnostic imaging centre. The emergency radiology division of today is
unique in its physical design, equipment, staffing, information systems, and operations.Designing
the emergency radiology facility today requires proper planning to optimize workflow, as
summarized in Table 2. For example, radiology should be centrally located for maximal
accessibility to physicians and patients from multiple clinical services. The selection of imaging
equipment is important to best accommodate the expected volume unique to one's ED. At our
institution, we have optimized our imaging equipment to meet volume demands of acute care.
Multidetector CT scanners in the ED enable total body trauma scans, including CT angiograms of
the head, neck, and extremities. The latest technologies for dose

The Disease Of Alzheimer 's Disease Essay
Alzheimer's disease, first described in 1907, is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States
(Ramachandran, 2016). This disease gets worse gradually over time. People, predominantly women,
are expected to live approximately eight to ten years after diagnosed (Bird, 2015). According to the
Alzheimer's Disease Association, there are approximately three million cases in the United States
each and every year alone (Association®, 2016). People with Alzheimer's disease suffer from a
wide range of difficult incurable problems. Alzheimer's disease is believed to prevent correct
workflow of the 100 billion nerve cells in the human brain. Oxygen sluggishly being supplied to the
brain causes several Alzheimer indicators to occur; memory loss, behavior changes, slurred speech,
poor judgment, and hallucinations. According to Bird, 95% of patients with Alzheimer's are over the
age of sixty–five (Bird, 2015). At the age of sixty–five individuals brain activity starts to slow
causing build–ups.
This complex, life threatening, disease not only affects the patient, but his or her family as well. In
majority of cases, family members are forced to construct special arrangements to accommodate
family members with this horrific disease. One particular arrangement that has to be made is
twenty–four hour supervised care to the individual person. If a family member is not able to do this
and unless a patient qualifies for financial assistance this can become quite a strain monetarily.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay
Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs)
&
Its Effects on Human Society:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
EENG 3303
College of Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Texas at Tyler
Houston, TX
29/11/2016
Adrian Acuna
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical test that physicians use to diagnose
and treat medical conditions. MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a
computer to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal
body structures.
I. Introduction
The MRI technique stems from Nikola Tesla's discovery of rotating magnetic fields, in 1882.
However, Tesla's discovery isn't the sole building block of MRI technology, in 1937 Isidor Rabi, of
Columbia University, discovered nuclear magnetic resonance. This discover showed that an atom's
nucleus will absorb and emit radio waves if they are exposed to strong enough magnetic fields. The
first MRI image was developed on July 3rd, 1977 by Dr. Raymond Damadian in New York.
Nowadays the world's most powerful MRI scanner is located at the Magnet Academy and produces
a magnetic field of 21.1 Tesla, at a frequency of 900 megahertz.
At the present time, the human population is chronically exposed to natural and man–made sources
of ionizing and non ionizing radiations, the latter being, for instance, electric and magnetic fields
(EMF). Important sources of man–made

Medicine Is Not Only A Science

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