Autism And Heredity

Autism And Heredity
The topic that I choose to discuss for my final project is Autism and the genetic influence in developing this disease. I will be examining the genetic
makeup of the disorder and principles of heredity, genetic variation, bioethics, and molecular genetics of autism. Autism is part of a neurological
disorder called Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD. It is a developmental disorder which involves abnormal functioning of the brain. Autism results in
limited social communication skills, intellectual disability, repetitive behavior, and difficulty with motor coordination. Autism is the fastest–growing
developmental disability in the USA and statistics shows that more children will be diagnosed with autism in the future than with AIDS, diabetes and
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Academic Abilities of Children with Selective Mutism
Development Research
Academic Abilities of Children with Selective Mutism
Children with selective mutism suffer from anxiety and the inability to speak in certain social situations. One very common social situation that all
children face is in the classroom, with teachers and classmates. This situation is often the very first social situation that children are without their
parents. This may have a correspondence to the act the selective mutism often emerges in preschool years (Cunningham, McHolm, Boyle, & Patel,
2004). A common situation where selective mutism appears is when in communication with a teacher. However, the socialanxiety appears to have little
to no influence on children with selective mutism and their math and reading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instructional Decision
Many in class activities involving group interaction could be intimidating to children with social anxiety. My job as a speech pathologist is to
communicate with the student and obtain a good sense of what the student finds to be the most beneficial social interaction. I would also be working
with the student on how to cope and adjust to more uncomfortable circumstances, gradually introducing them to more difficult social situations. For
example, after the child is able to be comfortable talking to me, I may introduce them to a knew adult and have them work on speaking to and in
front of them. I might also gradually increase the size and diversity of the group that the child talks to. However, I would take the information on
what I know promotes or diminishes the student's capabilities to learn and relay that to the teacher (AG 3.16). For example, if I learn that the child
works best in groups of the same gender, I may suggest that learning environment to the teacher. Possibly, the child must have a reminder picture or
word on his/her desk to remember to stay calm and how to speak. I may make the teacher aware of this icon on his/her desk, and if the child has an
episode of mutism, I will suggest that the teacher just subtly touch the student's desk to remind them of their "helper card". Therefore, the

Theory of Mind and Executive Function
Theory of Mind and the Executive Function Theory of mind (ToM) is "the specific ability to attribute mental states to oneself and to others" (Pellicano,
2007, p. 974). Attributing mental states essentially allows one to read another's body language and therefore predicts their behavior. This is important
in the socialization of a child, something that an autistic child struggles with. Baron–Cohen et al. (2000) believe the term ToM is synonymous with
social intelligence. The executive function (EF) is "a set of functions thought to be necessary for flexible, future–oriented behavior, especially in novel
circumstances" (Pellicano, 2007, p. 974). The executive function is involved in many aspects of development, including working memory, the ability to
plan effectively, and flexibility in focusing one's attention to different people and objects. In a young child's development, EF and ToM play a
significant role. There are contradicting theories about which aspect affects the other, but it appears that the general belief is that together, they have an
affect and that the two functions feed off of each (Pellicano, 2007). Pellicano (2007) found that in autistic children, when the EF is impaired, ToM is
not intact. In other words, autistic children cannot read other's body language if they have an impairment in their EF. Additionally, because of this
impairment, they show an inability to be flexible, use their working memory, or plan for the future (Pellicano, 2007). One of the

The Impact Of Handedness On Health Related Outcomes For...
What genes (or classes of genes) and what environmental factors have been implicated and how might they mediate this biological effect? Discuss how
handedness may be related to health related outcomes for individuals and discuss how genetic and environmental influences might mediate these effects.
Introduction
Handedness is a complex phenotype of humans in which individuals have a preference or advantage for use of a hand. Handedness is a not a discrete
trait, but continuous. Right handedness is accepted as normal over left handedness. There are four types of handedness (left–handedness,
right–handedness, mixed–handedness, where one hand is favoured for some tasks and the other hand for different tasks, and, ambidexterity where
each hand is equally strong) however, handedness is a continuum so individuals can fall within a range of different degrees of handedness. Left
handedness is less common than right handedness, with only approximately 10% of people being left handed (Hardyck & Petrinovich 1977). Left
handedness can be further divided in to natural left handedness, where a person whose handedness is a result of genetic and cultural factors, and
pathological left handedness caused by early damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
Handedness is first demonstrated between 9–10 weeks gestation, where the developing embryo begins to exhibit single arm movements (Hepper,
McCartney, & Shannon 1998). Although some elements of handedness develop in the embryo, there are both

Autism And Children Essay
Childhood Disorders
Autism and Children
Abnormal Psychology
Professor Bruce Cameron
July 22, 2007
Abstract: Autism is a brain development disorder that is found in children usually before the age of three. Autism affects children and their "social
interactions, impaired communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior." (www.wikipedia.org) The number of children that have been diagnosed
with autism is dramatically increasing. Boys are four times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with autism. Signs of autism include visual
impairments such as lack of eye contact, speech impairments and limited speech, and restrictive interests and repetitive behavior. Treatment for
children with autism includes therapy including ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are also less likely to ask for something such as a drink or snack, or share experiences such as telling their parent what they did that day or what
they found digging in the mud. They have difficulty being creative when playing. They are commonly engaged in repetitive behavior which is divided
into five categories: stereotype: hand flapping, head rolling, or body rocking; compulsive behavior: arranging objects in a certain order; sameness:
resistance to change; ritualistic behavior: performs same activity in the same way everyday; restricted behavior: limited focus, interests and activities;
and self–injury: movements that can injure themselves such as biting. The causes of autism are somewhat a mystery. Many blame genetics and
environmental causes. Researchers of autism reason that it is so hard to define the cause because it is not a single disorder, but a spectrum of
disorders. "Genetic factors are the most significant cause for autism spectrum disorders. Early studies of twins found the average concordance for
identical twins to be 70% and estimated heritability to be over 90%, in other words, that genetics explains over 90% of whether a child will develop
autism. Many of the non–autistic co–twins had learning or social disabilities. For adult siblings the risk for having one or more features of the broader
autism phenotype might be as high as 30%."

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder ( Adhd ) And The...
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and the Frontal Lobes Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
(ADHD) throughout history has been seen as a behavioral issue. The prevalence and attention given to ADD/ADHD as a disorder has not become
apparent until more modern times. With the coming of Drugs, treatment seemed to become common and successful. There are many risk factors
believed to contribute to developing ADD/ADHD. However, no correlates are indeed causal factors to people who develop ADD/ADHD. There
has been genetic and hereditary evidence and a definite difference neurologically that proves to be the basis of the ADD/ADHD. Both dopamine
and serotonin have a play in the ADD/ADHD. History of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a debatable topic when it comes to the discovery or history
of the disorder. A Doctor Alexander Crichton in 1798 described children as having "mental restlessness"; when the child was without the ability to
constantly attend to any one object. Another description was accounted in a children's book by Doctor Heinrich Hoffman who was also a physician
during 1845. In one of his books of poetry, Doctor Heinrich Hoffman writes about a Fidgety Philip, in which there is a description of a boy
recognizable with, what is now ADD/ADHD. (History of ADD/ADHD, n.d.). A British Doctor

Underlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Underlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ariel Robinson
Biology 4800–Fall 2016
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and
communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM–5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms
with varying severity, hence the term "spectrum".2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub–types of disorders that are characterized
as ASD. The disorder is generally not diagnosable until around 18 months–2 years of age, when children would usually start to display signs of social
communication. ASD has a high prevalence of 1 in every 68 children, with boys 4.5X more likely to have the disorder. Currently, scientists do not
know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be influenced by genetic heritability.3,4,16
ASD research is important for several reasons. The most apparent reason is the dramatic increase in the occurrence in the last 20 years. Other reasons
are economic costs of children with ASD, burdensome responsibilities, and emotional hardships on parents, family members, and communities. Factors
contributing to the increase could very likely be caused by our better understanding of the disorder and diagnosis due to human genome sequencing
technology and other scientific research. Another factor that could explain the rise of

The Main Features Of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Describe the main features of autism spectrum disorder. Evaluate the evidence supporting a biological basis for autism. Autism is a
developmental disorder which usually occurs during infancy (Hyman, 2002:217). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used to
refer to many disorders which display symptoms of an autistic style. The spectrum covers all types of symptoms ranging from mild to severe
(Hollander, 2003:102). Individuals in the spectrum can range from having severe learning disabilities to being mildly impaired (Nimh.nih.gov,
2014). The linguistic skills can also vary from being mute to having the ability to communicate complex sentences (ibid). The different profiles of
the sufferers are diverse (Hyman, 2002:217). However, there are three main areas of which they may have difficulties. These are social reciprocity,
an inability to communicate effectively and unusual repetitive or restricted behaviour (Davey, 2014:586) this is known as the 'triad of impairments'
(Dodd, 2005:2). This essay will explain the triad of impairments related to ASD to describe the main features of the disorder. In addition, it will
evaluate the biological evidence by investigating the research for genetic factors and brain abnormalities, both of which support a biological basis for
ASD (Davey, 2014:588). The first main area that describes the features of ASD is impairments of reciprocal social interaction (Davey, 2014:585). This
is one of the most dominant features of ASD.

##s Of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure And Cortisol Reactivity...
On September 13th, we discussed various topics within the field of the brain, biology, and development. Topics ranged from prenatal cocaine exposure
and cortisol reactivity in infants to adolescent risk–taking. I particularly enjoyed Eiden and colleagues' article the most out of the assigned articles.
Eiden and colleagues conducted a study examining the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on infant hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and
reactivity at seven months old (Eiden et al., pg 528). They hypothesized that infants exposed to cocaine would have higher cortisol reactivity and would
have a slower recovery in response compared to those in the control group. They also hypothesized that caregiving instability may moderate... Show
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For example, teenagers would drive their cars fast because it gives them a rush, a feeling of walking on dangerousness even though it is a stupid
attempt at possibly gaining popularity in their friendship circles. Dopamine plays an important role in the brain's area focused on reward, increasing,
decreasing, and the redistribution of dopamine. We discussed the fact that adolescents feel invincible and may share more emotions with their peers
which can lead to choosing to take certain risks. For example, if they see (or hear) that their peers are partaking in the consumption of alcohol or drugs,
they may do it themselves to feel a part of the gang or to feel just as invincible as their friends are. The claim of the day was that genetic factors play a
strong role in human development that genes alone can determine certain human behavioral characteristics. Plomin focused on behavioral genetics in
the 21st century. He discusses quantitative genetics and molecular genetics along with three different directions for genetic research such as
developmental genetics, environmental genetics, and multivariate genetics. The greatest need for quantitative genetic research going beyond
heritability is asking how much genetic factors are important in behavioral development. The three different directions of

Effects Of Teaching Play Strategies On Social Interaction...
1. Francke, J., & Geist, E. A. (2004). The Effects of Teaching Play Strategies on Social Interaction for a Child with Autism: A Case Study. Journal of
Research in Childhood Education, 18(2), 125–140. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/203884415?accountid=11920. Researchers used
twelve children with different disabilities and children that are your "typical" developing child. They used a preschool classroom to conduct their
research and looked at one child in particular named, Jay. Jay has been diagnosed with autism. For the study, they used participant observation. They
modeled their teaching method after TEACCH 's methods. The participants were taught different play skills. This research was conducted for
nine–weeks. Notes on each observation were noted in their research. The results looked at Jay 's development in his ability to interact and engage
with other children and play materials. The observations showed that he was not at the same level of exploration as other children. At the end of the
study, Jay was able to use skills that were taught to him in the structured teaching setting and was able to apply them to play situations that were less
structured. There was a significant increase in Jay 's social interactions with peers and complex play. –160
2. Frazier, T. N. (2014). A Twin Study of Heritable and Shared Environmental Contributions to Autism. Journal Of Autism & Developmental Disorders,
44(8), 2013–2025. This article

Depth Look At Autism Spectrum Disorder
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Leydi A. Zapata
Columbia Basin College
In Depth look at Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD, is a complex developmental disorder which is usually diagnosed during the first 3 years of life. The disorder is
characterized by severe difficulty or inability in communicating, socializing, forming relationships with others, and responding appropriately to the
environment. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM–IV, ASD was one of the diagnosis covered under the
Persuasive Developmental Disorders category. The other diagnoses that were part of this category included Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative
Disorder, Asperger's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Autism has become one of the fastest growing developmental disorder in the recent years. In the year 2000, the prevalence of ASD was 1 out of 150
school–age children (Schaefer, 2016, pg***). According to the latest data by the Center of Disease Control, or CDC, it is estimated that the incidence
is now 1 in every 68 children that is diagnosed with autism in the United States. It is also estimated that autism is approximately 4.5 times more
common among boys (1 in 42) than among girls (1 in 189) (CDC, 2014).
Risks and Predisposing Factors
From the time autism was identified in the 1940s, several theories have tried to explain its etiology. The earliest theories proposed as origin of autism
was framed in the context of the early psychiatric models in the 1940's, and believed that autism was "an acquired condition associated with children
raised by cold, emotionally–distant mothers" (Schaefer, ***). Another early hypothesis proposed as being a risk for developing autistic disorder was
the use of the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine or the preservative thimerosal, but this hypothesis has been disproved (Anagnostou, Zwaigenbaum...., pg
510). It is now known that autism is a condition with a strong genetic basis, with more than 80% heritability (Meng–chang pg 903), but just like almost
every medical condition known to man, it has several genetic and environmental risk factors. As mentioned earlier, autistic disorder is 4.5 times more
common in males than females, which

Dear John
Your Dad Loves You, I Can Tell, Even If You Can't Jael Zimmerman Westmoreland County Community College Abstract Dear John by Nicholas
Sparks uses two main characters, John's father and Tim's brother Alan, to express the symptoms and complications of the psychological disorder
Asperger Syndrome. This disorder is considered a form of autism. People with this disorder will be passionate about one or more topics, but will
struggle with daily tasks. The novel provides an extended metaphor through John's father through his obsessive interest in his coin collection, and is
difficulty in forming a relationship and communicating with his son as he attempts to raise him on his own. Evidence from his routine schedule and
his trouble in controlling... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has started a program for children with autism, and owns a farm where she encourages them to ride horses, and help them have fun and to aid
with their illness. John sells his dad's entire coin collection to help find a cure for Tim's illness (Sparks, 2006). The story ends with the saying that
when you really love someone, you think about their happiness, more than your own. The novel presents characters that represent the symptoms and
complications of Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Behavior is dysfunctional, when it interferes with a person's ability to function on a daily basis
(Davis&Palladino, 2007). Some of the more common characteristics of Asperger Syndrome include difficulty in communication, problems
expressing feelings, devotion to routine, and obsessive interests in one or more topics (Jaffe, 2010). John's father, Mr. Tyree conveys indication of the
psychological disorder in his behavior throughout the entire novel. Even though Mr. Tyree has raised John on his own, during the novel, there is not
much communication between the two. As a teenager and even as a adolescence, when John was home his father would greet him the same way every
morning simply saying good morning. They would eat breakfast and dinner in silence. When he tried to discuss Savannah in a conversation, he didn't
know what to say. The fact that John could never talk to his

The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders...
Numerous studies have been conducted on the diagnostic features and potential definitions of autism, and the accompanying developmental, social and
behavioral deficits found in individuals diagnosed with autism. The various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th
ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) have changed in their definitions and diagnostic criteria ofautism over time. In past editions,
Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder were listed as separate disorders. However, in the DSM–5, which is the
current edition of the DSM, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the name of the disorder that encompasses the diagnostic features and definitions of
those three neurodevelopmental disorders. Individuals previously diagnosed with any of those three disorders are now to be given the diagnosis of
ASD. The definition and diagnostic criteria of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders have changed so much over time because screening and
diagnosing autism is very difficult for a number of reasons, which will be more thoroughly discussed in this paper. This paper will examine the
diagnostic criteria, prevalence and risk factors, most effective forms of treatment and intervention, and life impacts on individuals and families of
Autism Spectrum Disorder through the review of the DSM–5 and several peer–reviewed journal articles.
Diagnostic Criteria According to the DSM–5, there are several

The Risk Factors And Assessment Of Asd Essay
Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopment disorder in early childhood that causes difficulties for children and their families. ASD's are
a group of disorders characterized by core deficits in a person's social interaction and communication, as well as repetitive or stereotypic behavior.
The degree of impairment on a person with ASD can vary, but the impact on affected individuals and their families is universally life altering
(Newschaffer et al, 2007). This paper will discuss the risk factors and assessment of ASD, the focus and target of treatment, and evidenced–based
treatment interventions. In addition, the paper will look at social justice and ethical issues relating to ASD, a social workers role in the assessment and
treatment of ASD, and how social work values intersect any ethical issues relating to ASD.
Risk Factors and Assessment ASD is a group of neurodevelopment disorders that include what used to be called early infantileautism, childhood
autism, Kanner's autism, high–functioning autism, atypical autism, pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified, and Asperger's disorder
(American Psychological Association (APA), 2013). ASD is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across
multiple settings, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests and activities that can significantly impairs a young child's ability to
communicate and interact with others (APA, 2013). ASD

Genetic Disorders in Twins Essay
Twin studies have been used to distinguish between genetic and environmental factors for many disorders in the general population including
ectodermal dysplasia, Ellis–van Creveld, and anencephaly. This review focuses on genetic disorders affecting monozygotic, dizygotic, and conjoined
twins to gain a better understanding of them. Many studies focus on twins because they have a nearly identical genome, which eliminates environmental
factors. In case studies, the concordance rates in monozygotic twins have supported that certain disorders were caused by genetics and not the
environment. The discordant values in twins will also be evaluated briefly. Twinning studies have also shown linkages between specific disorders and
the genes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers have found that with certain genetic disorders that were known beforehand could be prevented in some cases. Knowing the specific
disorder allows scientists to take immediate action in preventing future cases of individuals having the same disorder.
Currently, research as attempted to find the possible cause of twinning, which may allow individuals the ability to have twins at will. If the cause of
twinning was discovered than women may have the ability to decide if they want to have twins One of the earliest accounts of conjoined twins include
the Thai brothers, Chang and Eng Bunker. These two individuals are famous for traveling with the P.T. Barnum circus and were known by many as the
Siamese twins. From these two individuals came the coining of the term Siamese. In this present paper, various genetic disorders in monozygotic,
dizygotic, and conjoined twins will be carefully evaluated and reviewed in order to gain a better insight on the complexity of twinning. In order to
clearly understand the formation of twins, the foundational knowledge of twinning must be analyzed. Beginning with the three common types of
twins, including monozygotic (identical), dizygotic (fraternal), and conjoined (Siamese). Monozygotic twins occur from the division of one fertilized
zygote (source*). Dizygotic twins occur from the fertilization of two different zygotes by two separate sperm (source*). Conjoined twins occur from
the incomplete

Coping Strategies of Parents of Children with Autism
This is part of my research, though it is still in the process of editing and completing the entire chapter 1.
COPING MECHANISMS OF PARENTS OF CHILD A DIAGNOSED WITH AUTISM: BASIS FOR COUNSELING PROGRAM
Researcher: Aracelli C Legarda
INTRODUCTION
Parenting is a highly stressful job. Everyday is a challenge. Some days are easy and others are hard. However still, this is one of the most
challenging and rewarding jobs parents will ever face. It is therefore critical to know how parents cope when having a child with autism.
Autism is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.
Autism affects information processing in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The many demands of the children with autism force the parents to adapt in order to survive. Parents are therefore compelled to utilize coping
strategies to deal with these stressors.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A child with autism is characterized with problems like impairment of communication, low social functioning and having aggressive and
self–destructive behaviors.
Impairment of communication in a child with autism is manifested with self initiated isolation, non usage of communication mediums such as reading,
writing and simple conversation. They are generally limited to gestures. Though children with autism have ability to focus at their own liking in
relation to their own time and activity, they cannot be diverted from one activity to the other unless they want to.
The child adapts to the regular accepted norms of the society by low social functioning. The child may be found to be unreceptive to social interaction
and would demonstrate his own ways of thought and actions. This becomes a problem when the receiver of the child's behavior cannot translate it into
what the child truly means. He cannot contribute to his social responsibilities.

Children with autism can often engage in forms of aggression such as hitting, biting, pinching, kicking, throwing objects, head banging,

Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
I.Introduction:
Neurological disorders are complex in nature and often the least understood. Given the recent boom in imaging technology and other diagnostic
methods, it is now possible to see more clearly into the scope of neurological development and accurately determine the etiology of these diseases. One
of such disorders is Autism; a multifactorial condition impairing normal brain development. It affects many aspects of development, including social
behavior, cognitive ability and communication skills1 and is commonly diagnosed in children before the age of three1. The symptoms of this condition
can vary greatly between individuals; hence its classification as a spectrum disorder. Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome and pervasive... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mutations that occur during transcription are also linked to the expression of genes associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD candidate genes
are genes normally related to synapse function, but when the enzyme topoisomerase is inhibited, the genes are not fully expressed4, factoring into the
phenotypic expression of Autism. The individuals studied who were affected by ASD had a numerous amount of mutated genes relating to
transcription function4. This result illustrates the relationship between transcription and the phenotypic expression of autism.
Twin Studies also show that there is a strong genetic influence in autistics.
In a study of 44 sets of twins, there was a high concordance rate of autism and other disorders on the ASD spectrum for monozygotic twins (92%)5.
This suggests that the genetic similarity between MZ twins influences their risk of expressing Autism. Dizygotic twins however, had a much lower
concordance5, supporting the hypothesis that there is a correlation between genetic similarity and Autism risk. According to the study, complications
during pregnancy are not likely to be the cause of autism, but simply happen more often in twin pregnancies5. The association of severe brain damage
in pregnancy and Autism has not been found in singletons5. In 29 cases of twins discordant for Autism, biological hazards associated with brain
damage usually affected the autistic twin. This

Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis
Introduction Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprises of a group of conditions including autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive
developmental disorder not otherwise specified (DSM–5, 2014). ASD are a type of neurodevelopmental conditions diagnosed on the basis of three core
behavioural domains: 1) Persistent deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication; 2) Impairments in social interaction; 3) Restricted, repetitive, and
stereotyped patterns of activities, interests, and behaviours (DSM–5, 2014). The variation in the severity of behavioural traits between, and within
these three disorders is extensive. It should be emphasised that due to this high phenotypic heterogeneity, and clinical variability, caution in the... Show
Earlier diagnosis of ASD may allow for more effective intervention strategies that maximise developmental progress and reduce further
maldevelopment. Importantly, it should be emphasised that the scope of this essay is limited to an overview of the pertinent neurobiological
aspects of ASD, however as ASD is extremely heterogeneous these encompass a diverse group of abnormalities. Epidemiology and Aetiology The
prevalence of ASD in the population is high, with recent estimates reporting around 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with the condition (Simonoff,
2008). Alarmingly, this indicates a dramatic increase of diagnoses over the last few decades, with prevalence rates of ASD only around 1 in 1000 in
1970 (Newschaffer et al., 2007). However, rather than an increase in prevalence of ASD it has been suggested that changes in the awareness,
concepts, and definitions of ASD in both the lay and professional public are a more probable explanation (Bauman and Kemper, 2009). In regards to
variation in the prevalence based on race and ethnicity, little consistent information is available with multiple conflicting reports (Newschaffer et al.,
2007). In contrast, studies on variation in ASD prevalence based on sex ratios have been consistent with a skewed average ratio of

AspergerвЂ™s Disorder Essay examples
Amazingly, one percent of new births will have some type of autism (Autism Society of America, 2010). Asperger's disorder is one type of Autism,
and is at the high end of these disorders. This "disorder, which is also called Asperger's syndrome (AS) or autistic psychopathy, belongs to a group
of childhood disorders known as pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autistic spectrum disorders"(Exkorn, 2006). A characteristic of this
disorder is harsh and strict disruption of a certain type of brain development. The most affected areas of Asperger's disorder is difficulty in social
understanding and in behavior or activities that are limited or recurring (Frey, 2003). Students with Asperser's have different levels of seriousness,...
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He gave an example of how John improved with help. When a teacher would notify John that it is time to change classes, he would get aggravated
and would want to finish the model he had begun. The teacher talked to him, explaining that in five minutes they will have to leave, and they can
come back at lunch if all the other work is completed. John agrees. This technique settled him down. The rest of the day he did his best so he could
get back to building his model (Glover, 2010).
Asperger's disorder (AD) is a disruption in the formation of the child's physical and or psychological development and recognizing these, the disorder
was separated from Autism in 1944, to provide a basis for each child to get the proper care. All children with Asperger Disorder will show some
traits in these three categories; impaired social skills, trouble communicating with others and a pattern of behavior, interest, and activities' will be
limited and recurring; they become obsessed with a single theme. Usually the child will have the normal communication skills in the beginning years.
They will be using single words by age one. They just will not be using them in the normal way. When doctors are testing for this disorder, they are
looking for specific behaviors or skills that are either present or absent. If the right services are available, Asperser's children will show significant
improvement in language

Autism Spectrum Disorder Term Paper
DSM–IV–(TR) : Autism Spectrum Disorders
Type 299.0 Autistic Disorder
Type 298.0 Asperger's Syndrome
Type 298.0 Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified
Abstract Autism is a complex developmental disability that causes problems with social interaction and communication. Symptoms usually start before
age three and can cause delays or problems in many different skills that develop from infancy to adulthood. Disorders included in the Autism Spectrum
are Autistic Disorder, Asperger's Syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Rett's syndrome and Childhood
Disintegrative Disorder are among the list of related disorders, but are not included in this spectrum. There are no treatments bio–medically, ... Show
Often, certain behaviors become more noticeable when comparing children of the same age.
In some cases, babies with ASD may seem different very early in their development. Even before their first birthday, some babies become overly
focused on certain objects, rarely make eye contact, and fail to engage in typical back–and–forth play and babbling with their parents. Other children
may develop normally until the second or even third year of life, but then start to lose interest in others and become silent, withdrawn, or indifferent to
social signals. Loss or reversal of normal development is called regression and occurs in some children with ASD. (National Institute of Mental Health,
2012). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical manual, symptoms include making little eye contact, tendency to look and listen less to people in
their environment or failure to respond to other people, do not readily seek to share their enjoyment of toys or activities by pointing or showing things
to others, responding unusually when others show anger, distress, or affection. Children with autism spectrum disorders often have difficulty with
communication. These symptoms include, failure or slow to respond to their name or other verbal attempts to gain their attention, failure or slow to
develop gestures, such as pointing and showing things to others, coo and babble in the first year of life, but then stop doing so, develop language at a
delayed pace, learn to communicate

The Link Between The Cerebellum And Autism
Exploring the Link between the Cerebellum and Autism With the rate of autism being diagnosed on the rise, the amount of research and interest in the
disorder has risen as well. Some research suggests that over the past two decades the occurrence of autism has increased from approximately 2–5 per
10,000 births to about 1–5 per 1,000 births (Acosta & Pearl, 2004; Fatemi et al., 2012). Still others report that the occurrence is as high as 1 in 150
kids (Amaral, Schumann, & Nordhal, 2008). Even though the spectrum of autistic disorders has been studied since 1943, there have still not been any
consistent nor persuasive causes or markers, either biological or clinical, identified with autism and its range of disorders (Santangelo & Tsatsanis,
2005). In fact, even with all of the advancements in genetic research technology and the increasing interest in autism, researchers can still only account
for approximately 5–15% of autistic cases (Rogers et al., 2013). One of the reasons why autism is so difficult to study is that it is a very heterogeneous
disorder (Acosta & Pearl, 2004; Fatemi et al., 2012; Kates et al., 1998; Mitchell et al., 2009; Rogers et al., 2013; Santangelo & Tsatsanis, 2005). This
means that the disorder has a wide variety in both symptoms and severity. There is such a wide range because the disorder can be caused by as few as
2–10 genes or by over 15 (Santangelo & Tsatsanis, 2005). Making the pathology even more difficult to discover is the fact that in

A Research Topic On Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Research Topic: NEW 9–28–16 Ariel Robinson
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive
interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM–5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term
"spectrum".2 Currently, scientists do not know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be
influenced by genetic heritability.3,4,16
Recently more and more research is being done on Autism Spectrum Disorders in response to the rise in prevalence in the last few decades with
unknown cause. This recent research suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorder could be a result of abnormal brain growth very early in development
caused by defects in genes that impact brain development. 18Abnormalities in brain development may also be a result of environmental risk factors,
alone or via gene–environment interactions.1,8 In previous years, it was thought vaccine was linked to the occurrence of autism6, but scientists have
recently concluded that there is no correlation between the two.7,20,21,22
The current focus in Autism Spectrum Disorder research is to identify a molecular genetic variation that contributes Autism Spectrum Disorder
susceptibility. Several genetic Autism Spectrum Disorder studies have confirmed that the chromosomal abnormalities related to autism often are
present in other

An Evaluation Of Children Of The Doctor Request Milton And...
Based on the information provided by the parents, the doctor requested Milton and Margaret complete a Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers
(M–CHAT), which is a list of informative questions about their child. The test resulted in the doctor requesting support from a developmental
pediatrician, a neurologist, and a psychologist. After receiving reports from all of the supporting professionals, Milton and Margaret were officially
informed that their daughter has a form of autism called Asperger's. Even though they knew from birth that something was wrong, they were shocked
and relieved, simultaneously, when they received the diagnosis. Milton stated that he felt as if he was stuck in a bad dream. They began to blame
each other. Once the blaming stopped, they were able to work together, focusing on what was best for Marginee`. Both parents divulged that it felt
like an emotional roller coaster, vacillating between shock, relief and a host of other emotions such as, denial, anger, and depression. At this time,
"Acceptance was far off". According to research, their reaction is typical, which reveals that learning about any difficulty or problem with your child's
development can be devastating and confusing (Partington, 2015). One mother attests that the diagnosis came as a tremendous blow. Another recalls
that "the day my child was diagnosed as having a disability, I was overwhelmed and so confused that I recall little else

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and
communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive
functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual's ability to understand and engage in the
give–and–take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well–known disability in the world today. Autism statistics from the U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention identify 1 in 68 American children on the Autism spectrum. There has been a prevalent increase in the cases of autism
in the past 40 years. Over 3 million people in the United States alone are affected by autism. Government autism statistics suggest that the prevalence
of autism has increased 10 to 17 percent annually in recent years. There is no established explanation for why there is such an increase in autism in the
recent years, but more people being aware of it and environmental factors could be a factor to the increase. (Jenson, Steinhausen, Lauritsen. 2014)
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), ASD is
diagnosed on the basis of two symptom clusters: (a) deficits in social communication and (b) the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests.

Effects On Heritability And Environment : Twin And Family...
Whitney Davis Nova South Eastern University The Effects on Heritability and Environment: Twin and Family Studies Abstract Many internal and
external components collide in order to create individual personalities, behaviors unique to every individual person. The argument of genetic makeup
versus environmental influences, however, has researchers working to determine what really defines us. Some say genotypes control the way people
think,how they feel, and the ways in which they behave. Others choose to believe that the environment alone in itself is ultimately the determinant for
making each individual human into who they are.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The focus of this paper will be to define the contributing factors that determine personality utilizing the research on twins and family studies.
Hereditability is defined as a statistical definition, and it defines heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variance attributable to genetic variance.
The second definition is more common "sensical". It defines heritability as the extent to which genetic individual differences contribute to individual
differences in observed behavior (or phenotypic individual differences) ("Heritability: Introduction," n.d.) . The genetic sequences that an individual
receives from their parents..and their parent's parents can have a dominant impact on that individual's personality. The general conclusion emerging
from heritability studies is the inconsistencies in almost every human characteristic–including inclination and social behaviors–is shaped
signiп¬Ѓcantly by genetic inп¬‚uences (Plomin et al., 2012; Turkheimer, 2000). For example, studies have shown substantial heritability usually
around 50 percent or more of everything from the fact of how much time a person spends watching tv (Plomin et al., 1990), breastfeeding
(Colodro–Conde,Sanchez–Romera, and Ordonana, 2013), and breakfast eating patterns (Keski–Rahkonenet al., 2004) to political ideology and party
afп¬Ѓliation (Alford, Funk, and Hibbing, 2005) The genetic coding for the inheritable traits is found within the DNA of very person. The initial

Mental Health Illnesses Have A Genetic Contribution
Studies revolving around twin and family history have been proving to show that mental health illnesses have a genetic contribution. Mental health
professionals have long known that certain mental illnesses can run in families, due to the fact that most, the chance of obtaining schizophrenia or
bipolar disorder with no genetic factor is around one perfect, as to where if someone has a close relative with a certain disorder, such as a parent or
sibling, the risk factor jumps to around ten percent. The genetic force behind the abundance of mental illnesses is especially strong in identical twins
who have a risk factor of a little less than fifty percent.
Mental disorders are actually not about an individual gene, but about a multitude of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As of 2002, genes have appeared to influence the development of mental illnesses in three major ways: they may ultimately lead to causes that cause
disorders such as Alzheimer's or schizophrenia; they could possibly be responsible for the abnormalities in an individual's development before or after
birth; and lastly it can enhance a person's susceptibility to depression, multiple anxiety disorders, substance abuse problems, or personality disorders.
One technology achievement that has been contributed to the vast advances in the study of biological psychiatry in the last twenty years is high–speed
computing. The faster computers have enabled researchers to advance rough estimates of heritability of multiple disorders to being able to accurately
compute the quantifications of genetic effects. In multiple cases the data achieved by these supercomputers have led to significant studies of the
causes of specific disorders. For instance, in the 1960s and 1970s, schizophrenia was believed to be caused by the lack of affection toward a child by
their mother, however, it has been said that the heritability of the disorder may be as much as eighty percent and not actually from the cold hardness of
a mother. Another illness proved wrong is autism. Autism was blamed by faulty parenting, but is now known to be more than ninety percent heritable.
("As

Conceptualization Of Autism
Kanner (1943) first reported autism with a clinical description of 11 children showing "extreme aloneness from the very beginning of life, not
responding to anything that comes to them from the outside world." He proposed the behavioral combination of autism, obsessiveness, stereotype, and
equally as childhood schizophrenia. (Won et al., 2013)
However, until the 1980s, ASD was not well known as an individual developmental disorder with a biological origin. within the early 1980s, research
set up the high heritability of ASD and its association with other genetic syndromes, providing compelling evidence for a genetic etiology of ASD and
fueling the conceptualization of autism as a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder. From the definition of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite this fact, its exact cause is still unknown. (Johnson and Myers,2007)
1. Genetic association: An indisputable body of evidence indicates that genetics play a primary role in etiology of autism( Kidd, 2002) However, the
number of genes that might be involved remains unclear41' The most usually described are the structural and numerical abnormalities of sex
chromosomes, anomalies of chromosome 15 and chromosome 17ql l–ql2.( Kidd, 2002) (El–Baz, et al , 2011) Currently, as many as 15% of cases of
ASD seem to be associated with a known genetic mutation(A PA. ,2013)
The male predominance also suggests a genetic role in the inheritance of autism, several genetic processes can lead to male predominance, including
causative genes on the X chromosome (X–linked disorders), but the reason for male predominance in autism is not completely understood. (Johnson,
Myers, 2007) genetic links have been found between schizoid personality traits and autism. Children of schizophrenic mothers are at increased genetic
risk of schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental impairment (Larsson, et al.,

Asperger Syndrome: Implications and Intervention
Asperger Syndrome: Implications and Interventions Asperger Syndrome (AS) is a condition characterized by developmental delays most notable in
social contexts. AS is most commonly identified by obsessive and repetitive behaviors and unawareness of nonverbal communication. Both Asperger
syndrome and autism are forms of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). It is important to note the distinctions between the two PDD's. We do
not see impairment of adaptive skills, cognitive development, or language delay in those affected by Aspergers as we do in individuals withautism
(Carpenter, Spratt, & Macias, 2013). Autism effects around 13 per 10,000 people, and Asperger disorder is seen in only 3 out of 10,000 (Fombonne,
2004). The regions of the brain that are affected with autism include left hemispheric impairment whereas the right hemispherical portion is correlated
with Asperger's. Equally important is the differentiation of Aspergers syndrome and High Functioning Autism. Unlike HFA, there is little language
delay. The researcher will delve into regions of the brain associated with characteristic behaviors of the disorder and address additional neural
contributors. While Asperger syndrome is multifactorial, genes are most influential and have a heritability of 80% (Lichtenstein et al 2010). A specific
gene has not yet been identified for the disorder, and is thought to be a result of many genetic mutations combined (El–Fishawy 2010). Inherited genes
make us vulnerable to the

Essay On ADHD
Many may ask what the causes of attention–deficit/hyperactive disorders are but the cause of ADHD is not completely understood yet. People suggest
that there may be biological abnormalities, hereditary factors, and environmental factors for those who suffer from ADHD. Individuals with
attention–deficit/hyperactive disorders may have biological abnormalities such as brain structure abnormalities or abnormal biochemical levels (Comer,
2016). Brain structural abnormalities tend to occur in the frontostriatal network of the brain. The frontostriatal network "involves the lateral prefrontal
cortex, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and the caudate nucleus and putamen" (Curatolo, 2010). It has been shown that patients with ADHD have ...
In order to come up with this cause, researchers had to use family, twin, and adoption studies to observe whether heredity can be a cause of ADHD.
Family and twin studies estimated about 70–80% of high heritability. According to Franke B (2012), "ADHD may be greater among first–degree
probands with ADHD that persist into adolescence and adulthood." This means that if your mother or father has ADHD it is much likely for the
offspring to inherit ADHD as well. Also, adoption studies have found that ADHD is transmitted through only biological relatives which indicates that
genetics can play a role in developing this disorder (Franke, 2012). Finally, there are environmental factors that cause children to develop
attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder. "Pre–, peri– and postnatal environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of ADHD"
(Curatolo, 2010). In the prenatal stage, environmental factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking by the mother play a part in the development
of ADHD. In order to avoid these environmental factors, it is important to live a healthy maternity lifestyle while pregnant. According to Curatolo
(2010) alcohol can influence the brain's structure negatively and that children who were exposed to alcohol in the prenatal stage are most likely to
become hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive. Smoking can have similar effects to alcohol because there has been a "relationship between maternal
smoking during pregnancy and

Genetic And Epigenetic Influences On Autism Spectrum...
Genetic and epigenetic influences in autism spectrum disorders: A role for the methyl
CpG–binding protein in Rett syndrome.
The genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) rarely display a Mendelian mode of inheritance, and can result from a single rare gene mutation,
more common variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms, or often a combination of these two factors in conjunction with environmental influences
[1]. In contrast, epigenetic mechanisms are heritable changes in gene expression which do not change the DNA sequence [1]. Epigenetic changes to the
genome may predispose the development of NDD when combined with the aforementioned genetic risk factors [1].
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a class of NDD affecting mostly males, which are largely idiopathic and display extensive variation in terms of
phenotype, severity and degree of heritability [2]. It is postulated that the pathology of ASD is the result of a complex interaction between genetic
predisposition and environmental risk factors, which disturb the developing brain [1]. ASD commonly involve deficits in social interaction and
cognition, language, emotional learning and the presence of repetitive, stereotyped behaviours [1, 3, 4]. The brains of autistic children display
reductions in long distance connectivity, abnormally regulated apoptosis and cell division, and increased inflammation [4].Additional studies have
demonstrated gliosis, abnormal neuronal migration and

Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autistic spectrum disorder is caused not only by environmental factors but also by genetic inheritability. This disorder can range from mild to severe
and is shown in many different forms. Symptoms include speech impairment, disorganized language; sensory processing disorder which causes absent
responses, sleep disorders, depression and anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and many more. Diagnosing autism does not include medical test but
instead a team of physiologists and physicians observe the child during an autism–specific behavior evaluations and in some cases genetic testing is
needed. The exact cause of autism is still unknown although there are many factors that play a role in it for example mother's weight, teratogens and...
Asperger's syndrome is one of the most common forms of autism and most children with this form are high functioning in specific areas as well as
lack social skills and Theory of Mind. Parenting a child with autistic spectrum disorder is very difficult and this disorder affects the entire family.
One example is sleep, children with this disorder don't sleep soundly they can wake up through the night and wake up unusually early which will
increase stress and fatigue in the parent. The parent will have to consistently cater to their child's needs which can affect their personal relationships
with friends and family. The more severe the child's disorder is the more stressful it is for the parent. To overcome the negative aspects of raising
such a child it is important that the parent focuses on the positive aspects, and appreciates the good qualities their child has to offer (Glazzard J. &
Overall K. 2012; Gray, 2006). Parental and family involvement is considered an essential element of intervention programs for children with autism
(Brentani, H., Silvestra de Paula, C., Bordini, D., Rolim, D., Sato, F., Portolese, J., & McCracken, J.T. 2013). AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER4 A
few cases of children with autism show symptoms in early infancy such as resisting to social contact and delayed emotional maturity. Their heads are
large and parts of the brain are unusually sensitive to noise, light, and other sensations (Kathleen S. B.,

Austim Spectrum Disorder
INTRODUCTION Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that have overlapping diagnostic criteria
related to deficits in communication, and restricted interests and repetitive behaviour, Duffy and Healy ( as cited in Worley & Matson, 2012).
Recent studies in the United States reported the diagnosis of an ASD in 1 out of 91 children of between age three to seventeen years (Kogan et al.,
2009) and 1 out of 110 children age eight years (Rice, Baio, Van, Doernberg, Meaney & Kirby, 2007). Idro, Newton, Kiguli and Mwesige, (2010)
found the prevalence of mental handicap, severe developmental/cognitive delay or regress in East Africa to be 17.0% while general behaviour
problems was 3.9%. Jarbrink and Knapp (2001) note that ASDs requires management throughout an individual's life, with no specific cure; this results
in high costs of interventions. This presents specific sets of challenges to caregivers especially in resource strained settings. Several studies have
shown that parents of children with developmental disabilities experience heightened stress (Blacher, 1984; Schieve, Blumberg, Rice, Visser and
Boyle, 2007), impaired mental health (Weiss, 1991), a sense of devaluation and self–blame (Holroyd, Brown, Wikler & Simmons, 1975), and impaired
physical functioning, tiredness and exhaustion (Hedov, Anneren & Wikblad, 2000; Emerson, 2003). While acknowledging the changing gender roles,
Gray and Holden ( as cited by Leonard, Seltzer, Shattuck,

The Effects Of Autism Spectrum Disorder On Children
Many children have to live their entire lives under the shadow of a disorder that entirely alters the typical life of a person. Autism Spectrum Disorder
is a common neurobehavioral disorder that is caused during prenatal development. This specific disorder affects 1 in 68 children in Canada and is
increasing every single year. "More children will be diagnosed with autism this year than with AIDS, diabetes, and cancer combined" (KenCrest).
Children who are affected often don't get diagnosed until the late years of elementary school; Parents, caregivers, and teachers need to know how to
recognise Autism so affected children can get the help they require as soon as possible.
There are many environmental factors that can contribute to Autism during the prenatal development. Although many can be avoided, some factors are
non–avoidable. Assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences at McMaster University, Stelios Georgiades (n.d.) states that "Because
autism runs in families, researchers saw autism as almost entirely genetic. The old thinking was that heritability accounted for up to 90 percent of all
cases. A comprehensive study of twins with autism showed that environmental factors also play an important role in driving autism recurrence in
families. By environment, researchers mean anything non–genetic. This study highlighted the reality that even though autism runs in families, we can't
assume that it's entirely inherited".
During the prenatal development,

High School 's Peer Mentorship Program
Weston High School's peer mentorship program provides a constructive relationship for students with intellectual challenges that helps them navigate
through the obstacles of high school. The main focus of a mentor is to help make the mentee comfortable in an environment that is exceptionally
stressful for them. In the school setting, people with Autism, specifically Asperger 's Syndrome, experience a multitude of issues because they might
have a sensory overload and struggle to socially interact with their peers. As a mentor, you need to stay with your mentee throughout the school day and
help guide them through any problems that arise, while also attempting to prevent any tantrums. The main goal of your relationship with your mentee
is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many ways to successfully aid them in making it through the class period, including providing the mentee with consistency by supplying
them with a schedule that outlines the structure of the class. People with Autism or Asperger Syndrome crave consistency, structure, and predictability
and if these elements are not present, they will mentally breakdown. Likewise, there is an underlying routine for every class period, even though a new
subject is constantly taught by the teachers. As a mentor, it would be beneficial to create a schedule for the mentee, so, therefore, the structure and
order that they crave is evident in the classroom environment. For this reason, the student might begin to feel comfortable, which would allow them to
have a greater capability to focus on the specific tasks. In addition, another way to help the mentee in the classroom setting is to break down the
information that was taught or attempt to present it to them in a different manner, if they do not understand it. Students with Autism or Asperger
Syndrome sometimes struggle to understand the lesson as they cannot process the way the teacher has expressed it to the class. It then might be harder
for them to complete an assigned task about that topic and by breaking it down, they will be able to complete more work. Also, there are many
advantages to presenting the information to them in a different manner, including

Human Genetics
Human Genetics
Introduction
This paper reviews two interesting articles related to human genetics. Dr. Nestor Morales, Assistant Professor of Psychology at New York City
College of Technology at City University of New York, presents the idea that since human cloning is inevitable, an understanding of the psychological
aspects of this development need to be addressed. The second article to review is found in the European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry; it relates to
the genetic link from a parent that has ADHD or ASD (autism spectrum disorder), to the high percentage that the child from that parent may also be
diagnosed with one of those disorders.
Psychological Aspects of Human Cloning
Dr. Morales explains that because the public believes a human clone will not be a new individual that is "genetically unique," this has created serious
fears about the potential of human cloning (Morales, 2009, p. 43). In fact, Morales goes on, the public suffers from "clonophobia" due to the fear and
ignorance regarding the potential of human cloning. Critics of human cloning assert that there will be "serious psychological problems" for children
that are cloned due to issues including "identity formation, identification, gender identity, individuality and lack of originality" (Morales, 43). In
addition, those opposed to human cloning suggest that cloned humans ""В¦may not have the necessary traits" to become truly independent from their
"progenitors" (Morales, 43).
All these issues

Etiological Theories Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Etiological Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder:
A Review of the Literature
Nova Southeastern University
Abstract
Within the last twenty years, the amount of empirical research regarding the possible cause(s) and risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in
approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, compared to 1 in 10,000 children in 1980 (Baio, 2014). The rise in ASD prevalence
highlights the need to continue research into etiology, risk factors, and effective treatments. Purpose: This paper is a critical review of current scientific
studies that have focused on the ASD population about etiology of the disorder, susceptibility, and prevalence. Theories and factors that appear to
influence or predict ASD outcome are reviewed. Method: Twenty–two research articles published between January 1, 2009, and November 1, 2014, in
scientific, peer–reviewed journals were retrieved from the following electronic databases: ProQuest, CINAHL Complete, and Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. The articles were evaluated for risk of bias. Results: Recent findings suggest autism is a disorder caused by interplay of multiple
genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors.
Keywords: Autism, ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; in combination with: Etiology and/or Cause, Genetic Risk Factors,

Pervasive Developmental Disorder Paper
Abstract
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) is a collection of disorders characterized by gross deficits in many areas of cognitive, emotional, and
social development which results from severe and pervasive impairment of social interaction and communication skills. One out of every ten children
in the U.S. is affected by a PDDSs disorders. (Chad & Raymond, 2013). The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical background and the
neurological basis to the disorder, providing up–to–date information on the full range neuropsychological assessment, and Psychological Treatment and
finally as the efficacy of the Neuropsychological Assessment/Treatment and Psychological assessment and treatment available to help children... Show
Educational treatment of autistic children. In: Rutter ML, editor. Infantile Autism: Concepts, Characteristics and Treatment. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins; 1971. pp. 258–88.
Shuvabrata Poddar, Noufal T. Hameed, Jyoti Mishra Pandey,1 Sayantanava Mitra,2 and Urbi Mukherjee. Psychological interventions inpervasive
developmental disorder: An overview .Ind Psychiatry J. 2014 Jul–Dec; 23(2): 94–100.doi: 10.4103/0972–6748.151671 PMCID: PMC4361986 Albany,
NY: New York State Department of Health; 1999. New York State Department of Health Early Intervention Program. Clinical Practice Guideline,
Autism/Pervasive Developmental Disorders: Assessmentand Intervention for Young Children.
Stevens MC, Fein DA, Dunn M, Allen D, Waterhouse LH, Feinstein C, et al. Subgroups of children with autism by cluster analysis: A longitudinal
examination. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:346
–52.
Szatmari P, Bartolucci G, Bremner R, Bond S, Rich S. A follow
–up study of high–functioning autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1989;19:213–25
Hauser–Cram P, Warfield ME, Shonkoff JP, Krauss MW, Sayer A, Upshur CC. Children with disabilities: A longitudinal study of child development
and parent well–being. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2001;66:i–viii.

Essay on my interest in psychology
my interest in psychology
I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a
caregiver, I have always been interested in psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest in
psychology, but the development of myself as a person.
I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As a child, I would often wonder why people's
attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yetother people
believed the contrary just as vehemently. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I then went back to school with more determination and plunged myself into more psychology classes.
In these classes, I found myself naturally drawn to the topics of research methods and statistics. These two academic areas in particular provided an
environment in which I was able to develop and excercise my naturally analytical way of thinking. I then geared my undergraduate education towards
learning to perform research in psychology by taking more research and science based psychology classes. Additionally, I sought out and obtained
research assistantships with professors of cognition, physiological and clinical psychology. Specifically, I have been a primary research assistant for an
investigation of the effect of irony on recall and recognition, an investigation of the performance of children with and without Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a computer anticipation task, and an investigation of the effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on ADHD–like
behavior in laboratory rats. I have also assisted in literature reviews in the area of receptive language and Autism, as well as a review on sleep and
genetics. In addition, I have been a participant recruiter for a research project on familial inheritance of depression and REM sleep abnormalities. For
complete information, please see my attached curriculum vitae.

While taking research–based courses, I found that I had another natural inclination:

Clinical Features & Symptoms : The Autism Spectrum...
Clinical Features & Symptoms: The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) describes a wide range of symptoms, including difficulty with social interaction
and communication skills, as well as unusually repetitive behavior. According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition
(DSM–5), individuals with ASD have a tendency to respond inappropriately in conversation and lack the ability to build relationships (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013). They often engage in a series of abnormal routines and develop inappropriate obsessions with particular items.
Individuals with ASD also display a wide variety of cognitive functioning, ranging from severe intellectual disability to superior intelligence (Fakhoury,
2015). Individuals with ASD tend to have communication deficits, such as responding inappropriately in conversations, misreading nonverbal
interactions and having difficulty building friendships appropriate to their age. In addition, people with ASD tend to be overly dependent on routines,
highly sensitive to changes in their environment and intensely focused on inappropriate items (Fakhoury, 2015). The symptoms of ASD are classified
into two broad categories: core symptoms and secondary symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The core symptoms consist of reduced
language skills and social interaction, as well as the presence of repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. Secondary symptoms include complications such
as self–injury,

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