Different Ways To Spend $200 Billion In Energy

Different Ways Of Spend Energy With $ 200 Billion Dollars
Diana Moreno
Per.6
November 29th, 2014
Mr. Schneck
Regular Chemistry 1–2 Different ways to spend Energy with $200 billion dollars In the United States of America, a total of four thousand and
fifty–eight billion kilowatt hours of energy is produced. A Kilowatt hour is a measure of electrical energy that is equal to the utilization of power of
one thousand watts for one hour. Before we get into the energy being consumed in the United States, we must understand what energy is because of
how often it is used. Energy is power and work that comes from chemical or physical resources which are essential to what power light and heat, or to
work machinery. Not only does machinery use energy, but everyone uses it in everything they do.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This all changed once the immigrants, or the white people, began emigrating to North America bringing along their advanced technology. Within the
past centuries, humans have discovered more efficient forms of energy as well as convenient uses of energy in order to make work and
advancements of technology. The United States has suffered a great deal of economic impoverishment. However, we have been able to overcome this
by removing the task of human workers and instead replacing them with machines and factories all powered by more advanced and quicker forms of
energy. In 2012, The United States measured the state production of energy utilization, resulting in Texas producing 18% of the United States energy.
Texas's largest resource of energy isNatural Gas, LPG, and Coal. By producing the most energy, it is a fairly wealthy but has higher pricing of gas
state. In 2009, America produced a total of ninety–four point nine quadrillion BTUs of energy. At this point, you may be wondering, how many
different ways of producing energy are there? Coal, Steam, Oil, Electricity, Wind, Solar, Hydroelectric, Biomass, Natural Gas, and Nuclear are the
some of the most frequently used up ways of producing energy.
Coal is a fossil fuel that has been the longest known fuel to exist, dating back to
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The Problem With Modern Combustion Engines
Hydrocarbons are molecules made from only carbon and hydrogen. Carbon atoms are able to form long chains (concatenate) because they form very
strong bonds with each other. With this in mind, we can utilise fossil–fuel derived hydrocarbons 4–12 carbon atoms long (commonly known as
petroleum, or petrol) in combustion engines because when we combust (burn) these, all this energy is given out in a very rapid and highly exothermic
reaction.
Modern combustion engines work in 4 very simple stages. Firstly, the downward motion of the piston draws air into the cylinder through the open
intake valve due to atmospheric pressure, and a fine aerosol of fuel is distributed into this. Then, the piston rises back up and compresses this mixture,
before the spark plug ignites it. The sudden increase in pressure drives the piston back down again, before these exhaust fumes are ejected through the
outlet valve.
The problem with modern combustion engines is that they are very inefficient. Efficiency is defined as the ratio between the amount of input energy
against the amount of useful output energy: in this instance, chemical potential energy in the fuel is converted to kinetic energy (initially, driving the
pistons upward) which will ultimately go towards giving the car motion. However, only about 25–30% of the energy released from the petrol will go
towards actual movement of the vehicle.
Efficiency=(Useful output energy)/(Total input energy)Г—100
A measure commonly used to illustrate the

Different Types Of Naturally Occurring Fracture Networks
2.1 INTRODUCTION
It has been long recognized that the presence of naturally occurring fracture network can lead to unpredictable heterogeneity and anisotropy within
many reservoirs. In past geophysicists acquired and processed P–wave reflection data at short offset, which automatically implied relatively small
angular ray coverage. So seismic anisotropy, which is defined as directional dependence of elastic properties of earth remains unnoticed. But with the
advance of methodologies, acquiring long offset and multi–component data become feasible and cost effective, anisotropy showed up. On a smaller
scale, stresses in the Earth can cause rock to fracture in a consistent manner. If these fractures are aligned, the rock will be anisotropic with the fast
direction parallel to the fractures and the slow direction perpendicular to them. In ideal cases, these observations can provide information on the state of
stress in the Earth. Different types of anisotropy have resulted depending on the direction of fracture orientation. A set of parallel vertical cracks
embedded in an isotropic background gives rise a transverse isotropic medium with horizontal symmetry axis. Similarly in sedimentary basins
orthorhombic symmetry is commonly caused by parallel vertical fractures embedded within a VTI background medium. It may also arise due to two or
three mutually orthogonal fracture sets, or due to two identical fracture systems criss–crossing with an arbitrary angle. Such sets of fractures

Renewable Energy On The Uav
What the renewable energy is?
Renewable energy is energy or power that is created from natural resources such as wind power, oceanic waves, and the sun. These resources can be
used to replace other energy generators such as electricity and gasoline.
The aim:
On this project aiming is to use renewable energy on the UAV , therefore, it will be able to fly for longer distance without needs of landing for
recharging or filled with fuel.
In addition to that, solar panels are the reasonable solution for that which we can categorize these panels into:
Polycrystalline
Monocrystalline
Hybrid
All–Black
These types of panels have different standard and verity of reducing energy, also they are hard panels and heavy which could produce a great amount
of energy and mostly are used for house usages .However,'' Ececom Flexible panels'' give us this option to have a very lighter weight and great energy
to be used on the UAV. Table 1 shows the details of these panels:
Peak Power Pmax 130(Wp)
Open–circuit voltage. Voc 20,32(V)
Short–circuit current lsc 8,61(A)
Voltage at Pmax. Vmp 16,89(V)
Current at Pmax. Lmp 8,1
Number of cells 32
Size (b x h) 1355 x 660(mm)
Thickness ( 1,7 (mm)
Weight 2,2(kg)
Efficiency Mono 18%
Terminal ends Cable with universal MC4 plugs
Max system voltage 600 V Moreover, our aim is to have longer time using renewable energy and storage the energy into the UAV so it does not need
to landing after a period of time and only in emergency requires to

Catapulting though Time & Physics Essay
Catapulting though Time & Physics
Hurling an object towards one's enemy may seem as old as time itself. People have hurled fists at each other, thrown spears, and launched giant rocks
into enemy territory. The use of catapults, and other objects that hurl projectiles, also seem as old as human civilization itself. The effectiveness of the
catapult in flinging objects over a great distance and causing destruction is due to a few basic physics principals that govern force, energy, motion,
speed and mass to name a few. The design of the catapult denotes a change in modern warfare to the engineer behind weapons being just as important
as the actual soldiers and people who use them.
Projectile–throwing machines are found in three main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can look at the catapult as a lever which is meant to change direction and/or multiply the force that is applied to the projectile. A lever has three
locations: the fulcrum, on which the lever arm rotates; the load, where the mass is located on the lever arm; and the effort, where the force, a push
or pull, is applied (Vogel 178). It is meant to throw an object a certain horizontal distance in a certain, short time frame so that its impact would be
greater than just a human hurling a giant rock at a building. We might intrinsically know this. "Probably no mechanical device is older than the lever;
simple and versatile, it's no doubt older than we humans," mentions Steve Vogel in Cat's Paws and Catapults (Vogel 178). If a larger kid jumps from a
tree onto a seesaw with a smaller child will be launched into the air. The physics principals that govern the catapult also govern force, mass, speed and
acceleration, rotational motion, and projectile motion. From these principals we find out what the optimum projectile mass, lever arm length, time, and
launch angle which would produce optimum speed, impact, and horizontal distance traveled by the projectile.
"Speeding up or slowing down anything that has mass takes force," according to Vogel and this means force must be applied to the projectile (Vogel
198). Force, merely a push or pull, is applied to the effort of the lever and is mass times acceleration, which we can

Dehydration Of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Lab Report
The dehydration of 2–Methylcyclohexanol was completed using an acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction between 2–Methylcyclohexanol and sulfuric
acid. In this acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction, the oxygen atom is first protonated, the oxonium ion is then endothermically decomposed into a
carbocation and water, and finally the loss of a proton from an adjacent carbon atom forms an alkene. Due to the presence of carbocation
rearrangement, three products are formed as shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Acid–Catalyzed Dehydration of 2–Methylcyclohexanol into 1–Methylcyclohexene, 3–Methylcyclohecene, and Methylenecyclohexane
Through an initial hydro–distillation, a liquid–liquid extraction, and a final hydro–distillation, the full acid–catalyzed dehydration of
2–Methylcyclohexanol was completed. Using 25 mL of 2–Methylcyclohexanol, 52.021% of 1–Methylcyclohexene was recovered and 12.652% of
3–Methylcyclohexene and Methylenecyclohexane were recovered. The percent yield of these compounds was found using Equation 1.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) identified the final product to be 80.437% 1–Methylcyclohexene. The dehydration of 2–Methylcyclohexanol was completed
in order to further expand knowledge of lab techniques along with exploring the mechanism behind acid–catalyzed dehydration reactions.
In order to further knowledge of lab techniques along with the basic principles behind the acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction, a few questions must
first be answered. There are three

Micro Hydro System For The De Pulper Essay
Micro–Hydro System for the De–Pulper Micro–Hydro power systems can be applied to a wide range of energy needs throughout the world wherever
an ideal site is available. On a small organic farm in Nicaragua, Finca Esperanza Verde (FEV), a direct drive micro–hydro system is being used to
power a coffee de–pulper (Raichle, Sinclair & Ferrell, 2012). This paper will build upon existing data on the system and will explore options for
directing the water after it has gone through the system to effectively suit the needs of the farm. The applications of the system could be prevalent
throughout the coffee growing regions of Latin America where there are water resources and small–scale coffee farms. Coffee is 8.1% or $438 Million
of Nicaragua's exports, which makes it the second most exported commodity in the county (Nicaragua, n.d.). The energy force that is driving the
harvesting and processing is predominantly manual labor (Raichle et al., 2012).
Coffee Harvesting and System Design
First a coffee cherry is picked from the plant, once a basket is full of the cherries it is brought to the de–pulper that is traditionally hand–cranked.
Meanwhile, water comes from the top of the farm in a pond and flows down to the beneficio, where the de–pulper is located, through the penstock that
is a 2" pipe to the pipe that splits off between the micro–hydro system into a 1ВЅ" pipe and the bean washing tanks (Sinclair, 2016). For the
micro–hydro system the water can flow through one or two

Push Up Lab Report
The Power of Push–ups
Intro
This experiment does not require actual trials as it uses data to solve the research question.
Personal Engagement
I have recently started to work out and I had wondered if I could use some of my workout exercises and relate them to physics. One exercise I do to
build my chest muscle is a pushup. While doing pushups I have realized that the more height I have the harder pushups are. This interested and sparked
my mind to create this lab.
Background Information The lab performed is a lab measuring for power, but to find power we must solve for the potential energy then the kinetic then
the work then the power. All of these aspects are connected. We understand that Potential Energy is equal to Kinetic Energy and... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The graph proves that the tallest height (in this case 1.171 m) the most power is exerted as it is 3523.89 Watts.
Evaluation
My initial hypothesis was that the tallest height would have the most power and with the data found this was proven true. Although the height was
changed 10 cm each trial the amount of power found was never increasing at a set amount.
Works Cited
"Definition and Mathematics of Work." Definition and Mathematics of Work. The Physics Classroom, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.
"Kinetic Energy." Kinetic Energy. The Physics Classroom, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.
"Potential Energy." Potential Energy. The Physics Classroom, n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.
"Power." The Physics Classroom. The Physics Classroom, n.d. Web. 12 Dec.

The Use Of Indigos And Its Effects On The Environment
Plagiarism approximately 14% in 1 Sources Sources found: all sources 14%www.naturalspublishing.comв†’ Introduction Recently, Natural organic dyes
like indigo and indigo carmine are widely imported extensively in many industrial issues like textiles, printing, dying, and food [1]. Indigos Family are
characterized by their high stability that arises from inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The electronic and vibronic spectra of indigos are strongly
influenced by ПЂ–domains intermo–lecular interactions [2]. Also, Indigos are well known of their high photochromicty which enrich their potential
applications in photonic, storage, and spintronic devices [3]. Indigo carmine (IC), or 5,5вЂІ–indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt
derived from indigo by sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the U.S and E.U. It has
the E number E132. Indigo carmine is primarily employed as a pH indicator. It is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Also, it is a redox indicator [4–6].
Indigo Carmine (IC) has a chemical formula of C16H8N2Na2O8S2, Molar mass (466.36 g/mol), and melting point (>300 В°C). Moreover, Its other
uses include indicating dissolved ozone through the conversion to isatin–5–sulfonic acid [7] and detecting superoxide, an important distinction in cell
physiology [8] and being used as a dye in the manufacturing of capsules, and in obstetrics. Besides, the indigo carmine–based dye is used to detect

Effect Of Potential Energy On Roller Coasters
I.Science Fair Question
How does height (rise) and the loop radius influence the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy using a model roller coaster track?
II.Background Research
Did you ever wonder how a roller coaster works? Why does one roller coaster go faster than another at certain points on the ride? This paper will
discuss how potential energy turns into kinetic energy at different points along the track of a roller coaster. The important terms that will be discussed
are potential energy (stored energy), kinetic energy (energy of motion), gravitational potential energy (GPE), and conservation of energy (basic law of
physics).
Potential energy (PE) is the energy possessed by a body as a result of its position or condition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the absence of change in the amount a physical quantity, such as mass, during a physical or chemical transformation (The American Heritage
Student Science Dictionary 80). In physics, conservation of energy cannot be made and it cannot be ruined (Roller Coaster Marbles: Converting
Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy). Conservation of energy stays the same, the value doesn't change. Some types of energy include kinetic, potential,
gravitational potential, and heat. They can change into different systems, but the value won't change as long as it has conservation of energy.
Conservation of energy itself and conservation of mechanical energy are two types of energy. Conservation of mechanical energy is easier to
understand and calculate, but it only happens when everything is conserved (What is Conservation of

The Effect Of Energy On The Body
The ability or capacity to do work, according to Feyman, Leighton and Sands (2013), may be thought of as energy. Energy is a ubiquitous substance
that is not necessarily tangible but can be easily detected. For example, electrical energy, chemical energy, light, heat, nuclear energy and mechanical
energy are all forms of energy; yet, the ability to define each as a physical material can be relatively difficult. To continue, energy can neither be created
nor destroyed but exists in two forms – potential and kinetic. Feyman et al. (2013) reported that potential energy is the capacity for doing work based
upon the body's position in space. In this situation, an object will have a certain amount of potential energy based upon its location in reference to a
gravitational field. This notion is true in and outside of Earth, given that the movement of objects are influenced by Newton's laws of motion
(Feyman et al. 2013). In comparison, kinetic energy is the amount of energy a body possesses due to its motion. As such, the concepts of potential
and kinetic energy are relatively different; however, they are closely intertwined and each influences the other (Rowlands 2015). With that being said,
the purpose of this paper is to perform a critical analysis of potential and kinetic energy. A comparison will be drawn between each type of energy, in
conjunction with their unique differences. This paper will be concluded by discussing one real–world application that is directly related to

How Wind Turbines Work. I Can Still Remember That Iв
Ђ™Ve
How Wind Turbines Work
I can still remember that I've made a windmill by a paper in my childhood. I hold my windmill running on the lawn. Currently, wind power has
become the world 's fastest growing renewable power source. The earliest use of wind to produce energy is when the Egyptians are said to have
used it to propel their sailboats through the water. At 1300's, the windmill appeared in Europe and was used in the to drain fields. After hundreds of
years, people have utilized the wind to do works and used across North America pumping water by the end of 1800's. It was called steel blades at that
time, also had been introduced to improve efficiency. In 1888, windmill was used in Cleveland, Ohio to generate electricity. Now in the 21st... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The generator turns rotational energy into electricity. At its essence, generating electricity from the wind is all about transferring energy from one
medium to another.
The main components of a windmill consist of blades, rotor and generator etc. The blades are the most important feature of the wind turbine. It looks
like sails, normally have two or three blades, they are aerodynamically shapes to make the most of the energy in the wind, turning a shaft which is
connected to a generator and turn into wind power. When the wind forces the blades to move, it has transferred some of its energy to the rotor which
is the technical term for the entire hub. It is also known as a propeller. The rotor usually consists of two or more wooden, fiberglass or metal which
rotates about an axis at a rate determined by the wind speed and the shape of the blades. In addition, rotor can turn a generator which transforms the
mechanical energy into electricity. There is an electric motor orientates the nacelle so that, rotor is positioned facing into the wind. In terms of
generator, that is converts the motion of wind turbine in to electricity. A simple generator consists of magnets and a conductor. The conductor is
typically a coiled wire, they are rotated in a magnetic field to produce electrical voltage. The shaft connects to permanent magnets which surround by
coils of wire. In the electrical process, when the conductor that has magnets rotating to the other, there is an electric

The Power Of Power Plant Essay
Power plant (also known as power plants or plant) is a manufacturer of power generation plants. Use it to indicate the engine plant in large vehicles,
ships, aircraft, etc.. Some people like to use the word energy center because it more accurately describes what to do with the plant, it is converted into
other forms of energy, such as chemical energy, gravitational potential energy, thermal energy into electricity. However, this plant is the most
commonly used term in the United States, and in the power station plant and elsewhere, and has been widely used, the plant is popular in many
countries, federal and especially in the UK.
Figure 3 hot steam coal
Almost all the plants in the center of the generator unit, and the rotating magnetic fields by the relative motion between a conductor built into
mechanical energy into electrical energy. Drainage power for operating the generator varies widely. It depends on what type of fuel readily available
technology, the power company has been acquired.
In power plants, and convert the mechanical energy from the thermal energy (the normal combustion of the fuel) into rotational energy of the heat
produced by the engine. Most of the heat generated by the steam power plant, and these are sometimes referred to as a steam power plant. It is through
the use of a steam turbine to generate about 80% of the total power. You can not be all of the heat energy into mechanical energy, according to the
second law of thermodynamics. Therefore,

Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy
Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
Renewable resources are not immune to conflicts. Mansson (2015) sees that some potential conflicts could be local due to non centralized energy, i.e.
a cloudy week for a city reliant on solar could be difficult if there isn't any diversification. Diversification would solve this problem by having many
sources of energy, hydropower from a dam, wind turbines, solar panels, and possibly a coal plant for backup. A possible issue is that being self reliant
decreases our global presence (Mansson 2015). A solution to this would be producing and selling the technology.
Disadvantages for renewable resources generally are centered around the price, but there are other issues as well. There are high start–up costs
associated with hydropower, solar, wind when it is in a remote area, and geothermal due to trying to find a good location is very time consuming and
difficult. Hydropower is only reliable in areas of high or steady precipitation, and steep landscapes, it also heavily affects the aquatic ecosystems that
the water is coming from. Public opposition is high surrounding wind farms and turbines, claims they are not pleasant to look at, claims they generate
noise, and they have a tendency to interfere with migratory patterns of birds causing their death. Geothermal has a tendency to be dangerous, once a
rare site is found for geothermal, they are usually on plate boundaries (Mohtasham 2015). Plate boundaries often have earthquakes and volcanoes.

The Advancement And Evolution Of Braking Technology
ABSTARCT
This report consists of the literature review on the advancement and evolution of braking technology. The report focuses on the need on advancement
and the solution found as Eddy current braking. It also explains the working of the eddy current brakes and the advantages and disadvantages of its
uses. The scope and the future aspects of eddy current brake systems is discussed in the report.
Contents
ABSTARCT1
1. Introduction3
2. Literature Review4
2.1 General Principle of Braking4
2.2 Eddy Current5
2.2.1 Magnetic Field5
2.2.2 Magnetic Flux6
2.2.3 Magnetic Flux Density6
2.2.4 Magnetic Permeability6
2.2.5 Applications of Eddy Currents6
1. Introduction
The world today is developing rapidly is every aspect of human life whether be it the technology, money or population. This change in the surroundings
has made humankind to worry about the future. The advancement in technology nowadays is more focused towards the optimum utilisation of the
exhaustible natural resources. The increase in population has resulted in the increase of the sale of automobiles as well.
The advancement in technology has made the automobiles very safe, fast moving and efficient. Yet, the development in this field has not stopped, more
and better ways for using the full potential of the automobiles are being discovered or invented. Nowadays, the latest development in this field is the
use of Electromagnetic energy. Scientists and researchers

What Is An Indicator For System Generation And Consumption...
Grid frequency $f$ can be considered as an indicator for system generation and consumption power balance, when an imbalance occurs the power
system frequency will change accordingly.
One of the responsibility's of a transmission system operators is to operate the electric grid at a certain system frequency which is the nominal grid
frequency $f_{0}$, 50 Hz in Europe, where the torque is continually adjusted to keep the system frequency at the nominal grid frequency. in equation
(1)
Where $Tgen$ is the generated torque, $Tload$ is the consumed torque including grid losses torque and $JSys$ is the total moments of inertia in the
system representing the coupled synchronous machines response in case of any power imbalance.
$delta omega ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the recent situation of the connected power grid for the ECSA, the amount of residual inertia $J_{res}$ needed to prevent a blackout is decided by
ROCOF limits regulations which is in our case $delta f /delta t$=2 $Hz/s$, using related equations(1)(2) and by using an inertia constant similar to
that of already available biomass and hydro units which is between /1.5s–4s/ cite{hh}, we get a maximum rated power in the magnitude of 20$GW$
which is to put in context Significantly lower than the total installed hydro power capacity of 136 $GW$ in the EU–27, with an additional 62 $GW$ in
Norway, Switzerland,
Turkey, Croatia and Iceland combined cite{hydro}, so it is clear that hydro along with other RES such as biomass can generate the needed $J_{res}$
for the scenario discussed without calculating existing synchronous generators inertia nor calculating the inertia generated from synchronous loads, in
other words even by the continuous decrease in synchronous generation inertia it won`t be expected to not have enough inertia in the EU–27 power
system to cover a blackout scenario in case of a single fault with a load generation of 3 $GW$ in

Spectroscopy Lab
Introduction
Spectroscopy is the is the study of the interaction between matter and radiated energy. 1 Frequently, spectroscopic data is shown as a spectrum, which
is a plot of the response (usually absorbance or transmittance), as a function of wavelength or frequency. Devices that measure this radiation are called
spectrometers, spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analyzers
Observing color can be related to spectroscopy. Neon lighting is an example. This type of lighting consists of brightly glowing, electrified glass tubes
or bulbs that contain rarefied neon or other gases. Neon and other noble gases have certain emission frequencies, and therefore specific observable
colors. 2
What exactly happens to the molecules when they interact with light? They undergo changes in energy. When light is absorbed, they undergo an
increase in energy, and similarly when... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The attenuation coefficient is written as either a product of the absorptivity of the attenuator, Оµ, and the concentration, c, of attenuating species in the
material, as it is written above, or a total (absorption and scattering) cross section, Пѓ, and the density, N', of attenuators. 5
The particle in a box phenomenon is explained as follows. In the one dimensional system, the particle can only move back and forth along a straight
line. On each end of the line are barriers. The system is defined by the boundary conditions in which the potential energy is infinite at the ends of the
line (creating impenetrable walls), and zero (free movement) at any point along the line. This can be written

Advantages and Disadvantages of Currently Available...
Introduction
One can also easily see that no other component follows this growth rate.
Memory, RAM and storage are getting cheaper. However, what is not happening is that the performance of the access time and decrease resp.
increasing at an exponential pace. Considering the technology of magnetic disk specifically we see that disk density has been improving by about
50% per year, almost quadrupling in three years. Access time has only improved by one–third in 10 years.
Super fast processors and huge memories have to be 'fed' and a system is only as fast as it's slowest component, currently the disk.
In our analysis we shall consider the advantages and disadvantages of currently available technologies and their impact on system ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
ThreadMark). Each have their strength and weaknesses, and it often works well to run both types.
Real–world benchmarks may be as simple as timing how long it takes to copy a file, or they may involve executing complex scripts that perform
functions in many different applications. The main advantage of these benchmarks is they measure performance using real applications. this same
advantage can also be a limitation, since the performance of one component may be artificially limited by another. For example, we may be interested
in disk performance, but a slow video accelerator will slow down a benchmark that has a high proportion of video content. This in turn could affect the
workload presented to the disk drives.
Why Benchmark results may not be what we expect
пЂ Mechanical Latencies
The single largest contributor to low performance is the disk drive mechanical overhead. The mechanical overhead consists of drive head seeks and
rotational latencies. Rotational latency is the time it takes for a sector on the disk media to rotate to the point under the read/write head. It is inversely
proportional to the rotational speed of the disk : the faster the disk spins, the shorter the rotational latency.
пЂ Software and Firmware Overheads
Software overhead is the time it takes for commands to be passed through the operating system and software drivers. Firmware overhead relates to the
time it takes for the host adapter and disk drive to process

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gas Turbine
A gas turbine by definition is an engine in the centre of a power plant producing electric current [1]. It is also a rotary engine extracting energy from
flow of combustion gas. Gas turbine is responsible for the conversion of natural gas or any other liquid fuels into mechanical energy. This energy can
therefore be used to drive the generator to produce electrical energy [1–3]. Gas turbine is made up of components as shown in Figure 1 below. Figure 1:
Gas turbine showing arrangements of all components
From labelled Figure 1 above, it is seen that gas turbine is made up of the shaft, compressor, combustion chamber and the turbine section. All these
components of the turbine engine work closely together. Each section serve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corrosion is the chemical reaction between the material and the surrounding environment causing it to deteriorate. In this case, corrosion occurs as a
result of the reaction of the blade material and substances in the fuel from the combustor. Agents of this reaction are contents of the fuels and
contamination present in the fuel and also pollution from the air entering the compressor [4]. There is a reaction between sodium and sulphur, and
oxygen forming sodium sulphate. The reaction occurs as

Trebuchet Essay
Have you ever wondered how a Trebuchet works, well if you read this you will know. To test a Trebuchet you have to know if the length of an arm
on a Trebuchet affects the distance the projectile travels. This is an important question if you like building, figuring out how things work, or physics.
Also, understanding how a Trebuchet works can help people learn how to make more advanced machines or weapons. Yes the length of an arm on a
trebuchet affects the distance it travels. A longer arm will launch the farthest. To build a Trebuchet you will need to know about thephysics, kinetic and
potential energy, and force and momentum. The physics of a Trebuchet is very important. To build or analyze a Trebuchet, you have to know how it
works. A Trebuchet has five different main parts. The frame, weight, sling, arm, and runway. The weight is the force that gives the arm momentum.
When the weight moves the arm, the arm moves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Without the force of the weight coming down, their would not be a lot of momentum. If that happened the Trebuchet would not work. Force is a push
or pull on an object. Force will also change an object's momentum. As an example, a football player has momentum and another player applies force to
slow it down. On a trebuchet it is the opposite, the weight adds momentum to the arm. This information show that a longer arm on a Trebuchet will go
longer because their will be more momentum from the heavier arm. Without enough force the Trebuchet will not have enough momentum.
In this you learned about the Physics of a trebuchet and how it works. Also, the kinetic and potential energy made when launching a Trebuchet. Lastly
force and momentum, how it plays an important part. To learn, this question was asked, does the length of the arm on a Trebuchet affect the distance
the projectile travels. The length of an arm does affect the distance it travels. This information can help teach others about these

Mass and Kinetic Energy Essay
Disk With Weight:
A 15 kg uniform disk of radius R = 0.25 m has a string wrapped around it, and a m = 3 kg weight is hanging on the string. The system of the weight
and disk is released from rest.
a) When the 3 kg weight is moving with a speed of 2.2 m/s, what is the kinetic energy of the entire system? KETOT= KEwheel+KEweight = (1
/2)(I)(w2)+(1/2)(m*v2) =(0.5* v2)(m+1/2M) =0.5*(2.2^2)*(3+(.5*15)) J
b) If the system started from rest, how far has the weight fallen? H = KETOT/MG = 0.5*(2.2^2)*(3+(.5*15))/(3*9.8) m
c) What is the angular acceleration at this point? Remember that a = О±R, or О± = a/R
Solve for acceleration by using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, what is the translational kinetic energy of the sphere at the bottom of the incline? =mgh (because there's no KErot, this is what ends up
happening) 4.2*3.7sin(33)*9.8
Bar and Weights
A beam of mass mb = 10.0 kg, is suspended from the ceiling by a single rope. It has a mass of m2 = 40.0 kg attached at one end and an unknown
mass m1 attached at the other. The beam has a length of L = 3 m, it is in static equilibrium, and it is horizontal, as shown in the figure above. The
tension in the rope is T = 637 N.
a) Determine the unknown mass m1, at the left end of the beam. Sum of the forces = 0 because the system is in equilibrium, so we can do F= ma,
ma= 0, so F=0 m1g+m2g+m3g–Ft= 0 g(m1+m2+m3)=Ft m1= (Ft/g)–(m2+m3) 15
b) Determine the distance, x, from the left end of the beam to the point where the rope is attached. Note: take the torque about the left end of the beam.
=2.07

Hanging Sign
A sign has a mass of 1050 kg, a height h = 1 m, and a width W = 4 m. It is held by a light rod of length 5 m that is perpendicular to a rough wall. A guy
wire at 23В° to the horizontal holds the sign to the wall. Note that the distance from the left edge of the sign to the wall is 1 m.

Mousetrap Car Research
Final Conclusion Entry The purpose of my mousetrap car design was to explore how far my car would travel with the laws of motion, friction,
potential energy, and kinetic energy acting upon the car. I designed the car to be light and long, with the car being 45 centimeters in length, having
a lever arm of 24 centimeters, and a mass of 82.3 grams, because the car would use more string to rotate the axle when the car is longer and less
force would be needed to propel the car with less mass. I used 4 wheels congruent to each other with a diameter of 7.5 centimeters. I used rubber
bands fasteners to align the car. I used thin wooden wheels and sanded them to overcome friction from the ground. I used graphite lubricant on the axle
and axle holder to minimize the friction between the axle and the axle holder, because friction would stop my car and prevent it from continuing in
motion.
I hypothesized that if I built my car for maximum distance, then the mousetrap car would surpass 5 meters. The final ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Static friction is friction when the car is not moving and force is pushing on the car, this happens when the mousetrap is released and car doesn't start
immediately to move, but after more force is applied to the axle the car begins to move. Static friction affects the start of the car, when the axle is
being pulled and causing friction to the axle holder and the wheel to the ground, this affects if the car will start to move or not. Kinetic friction is
friction when an object is moving and the rubbing force against that object is slowing the object down. Kinetic friction affects when the vehicle will stop
from the friction slowing the car down with every second passing by. Friction can be seen when the axle rotates and goes against the axle holder and
when the wheel is rubbing against the

Diesel Engine Research Paper
The diesel (internal combustion) engine has been a major source of power for transportation vehicles and industrial uses. The Australian railways have
utilised diesel engines for regional and freight purposes since the early 1950 's. Despite the extensive history of the diesel engine, the efficiency of the
modern internal combustion process ranges between 35% – 42%.[1] The losses in energy arise from heat losses and mechanical losses as illustrated in
Fig 1.
Figure 1. Schematic of conventional vehicle system model. Only a small percentage of energy is converted into useful work to power the wheels and
other accessory loads.[2]
Figure 1 indicates that a significant amount of energy is lost from the exhaust and coolant systems. Exhaust temperatures generally range between
400–900В°C depending on the application. This presents a significant opportunity to recover the heat losses from the exhaust to reduce the fuel
consumption. In addition to the advantage gained from the improved fuel consumption, there are other benefits such as reducing exhaust emissions and
increased engine power.
To effectively capture the energy lost from adiesel engine exhaust pressures, the turbocharger was implemented to boost the power of engine and
thereby increasing the fuel efficiency. The majority of the heat energy from the exhaust and coolant has yet to be captured and utilised. There has been
many challenges to recovering the heat as the low grade heat from the diesel engine cannot be

Mousetrap Car Lab
The objective of the lab was to build a vehicle powered by a mousetrap which served as a source of mechanical power to move the vehicle in a
forward direction. The second objective was to win the mousetrap car competition against the other teams in the EG1003 class. The car came in second
place in the competition. During the competition, the mousetrap acted as the propulsion source, which created force in order to move the vehicle.
Similarly, in real–world applications, the internal combustion engines in automobiles release the fuel combustion into energy for movement once the
combustion gases push the piston, allowing the rotation of the crankshaft. The system of gears in the powertrain result in the movement of the wheels.
Introduction
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mousetrap car came in 2nd place. The light–weight and small vehicle served as an advantage in the competition, since rotational inertia was
limited. The four wheels were supported by the axles in order to ensure stability and consistency when moving in a forward direction. The chassis
was firm, so the mousetrap was positioned appropriately at an angle. However, the long string that connected the drive axle and the lever arm of the
mousetrap proved to be a disadvantage in the laboratory investigation. The long string was tangled on the drive axle resulting in the vehicle travelling
in a shorter distance from the starting point. Once the length of the string was cut, the vehicle travelled at a farther distance as seen in Trial 2 and Trial

States of matter Essay
Name: Vasile T. Garbulet States of Matter Lab 1
Procedure:
Go to: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states–of–matter and click on Run Now
States of Matter
Review:
1) Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion.
2) Potential energy (PE) is the energy of position.
3) What property of a substance corresponds to the average KE of its particles?
Temperature
4) What property of a substance corresponds to the average PE of its particles?
Phase
5) List the three common states of matter in order of highest potential to lowest.
Gas, liquid, solid
e–Lab:
1) Open PhET simulation States of Matter.
2) The beginning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) Are the atoms still in their crystalline pattern even though they're moving? Yes

4) Heat the solid Neon to 20 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? –253В°C
a) What happens to the motion of the atoms? Getting faster
b) Are the atoms still in the crystalline pattern? Yes
5) Heat the Neon to 30 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? –243В°C
a) The atoms are sliding past each other
a.A) not moving.
a.B) vibrating about a fixed position.
a.C) sliding past each other.
a.D) moving independently around the container.
b) What state does this represent? Liquid
Every now and then one atom gains enough energy to break free from the group. This is called a vapor.
6) Heat the Neon to 60 K. What is this temperature in Celsius? –213В°C
a) The atoms are moving independently around the container.
a.A) not moving.
a.B) vibrating about a fixed position.
a.C) sliding past each other.
a.D) moving independently around the container.
b) What state is this? Gas
c) Are all of the atoms moving at the same speed? No
d) Does one individual atom always go the same speed? No
e) Temperature corresponds to the average KE (or speed) of the atoms.
7) Heat the Neon to 120 K.
a) On average, the speed of the atoms is twice the speed of the atoms at 60 K.
a.A) half

a.B) twice
a.C) sixty times
a.D) the same as
8) Look at water as a gas. The molecules now have two types of motion. Linear and rotational.
9) Look at water as a solid. Notice the

Experimental and Computation Vibration-Rotation...
Experimental and Computation Vibration–Rotation Spectroscopy for Carbon Monoxide Through the Use of High–Resolution Infrared (IR) Spectra
Introduction: The goal of this experiment is to study the most precise way of measuring molecular bond lengths and introduction to computational
software used for studying molecular properties. This is of interest in that the instrument to being used, a Fourier–transform infrared (FT–IR)
spectrometer, can measure the vibrational and rotational transitions of the fundamental and first overtone of CO. Through this experiment the objective
is to collect data from the aforementioned instrument in order to determine vibrational and rotational spectroscopic constants and CO's bond length,
then to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–The wavenumber was changed to that for the second overtone and the previous two steps were completed for that wave range.
–All devices and equipment were cleaned and returned to their rightful places and the lab area used was also tidied up.
–For computation a computer in the CP computer lab was utilized.
–The GaussView program was selected and a new molecule was built.
–Once in the program Element and C was selected under the Builder Window, then center of the View1: New window was clicked to make a CH4
molecule appear.
–Again under the Element section O was selected and the same window as previously was clicked to create a water molecule.
–A triple bond is made selecting Bond under Builder, highlighting C and O, and clicking Triple Bond.
–Delete was clicked to get rid of excess atoms and the bond length was optimized by selecting Clean.
–Next, by highlighting Calculate and going to Gaussian under the GaussView 2.1 window another screen appeared.
–On the new screen job type was selected as opt+freq, charge as 0, spin as 1, method as HF, basis set as 6–311G(d,p), and the input was saved to the
computer for further reference.
Results: Data from the machines was collected to make the needed calculations in

Einstein Synthesis Essay
Archery is an excellent example of physics and Newton's laws. Archers can shoot with remarkable accuracy, especially using modern bows. The bow
stabilizer is a long, thing rod that extends from the front of the bow and has a relatively massive cylinder at the tip. The stabilizer helps steady the
archer's aim because the addition of the stabilizer increases the bow's moment of inertia, making it easier for the archer to hold the bow steady. This
can be explained with Newton's second law for rotational motion. Newton's second law for rotational motion states that the angular acceleration of the
bow is given by the equation : open parentheses sum tau subscript blank superscript blank close parentheses divided by I subscript blank sum subscript
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Actually, that is excellent example. I've recently been studying Einstein's theories again and I was calculating the energy released when three alpha
particles combine to form a carbon–12 nucleus. In this case, we can use Einstein's famous E = mc2 to calculate the energy. Now, you mention heat.
Nuclear reactions actually power the Sun. The sun produces its energy by converting some of its mass into energy through the process of nuclear
fusion. The sun, which is mostly hydrogen, fuses to form helium. Specifically, you have the proton–proton chain reaction. This is the set fusion
reactions by which a star such as our Sun converts hydrogen to helium. The proton–proton fusion can occur only if the kinetic energy of the protons is
high enough to overcome the Coulomb barrier. Remember Coulomb's law: like electric charges repel. Thus, two protons will repel each other due to
being like charges. The temperature has to be high enough so that the protons can overcome this mutual electrostatic repulsion to fuse. It was initially
thought that the temperature of the Sun was to too low to overcome the Coulomb barrier; in fact, the protons fuse and allow nuclear fusion to occur by
a process known as quantum tunneling. In any case, nuclear reactions is actually an excellent example of forces and energy; specifically, it is an
excellent example of Einstein's mass–energy

Design Of Experiment : Qualitative Effect Of Prep Shape...
Design of Experiment
Qualitative Effects of Prep Shape and Viscosity on Compression Molding Processing
1.Background
Compression molding is the first successful technique to develop a variety of composite products from rubber, plastic and other materials. It is ideal
for low to medium production volumes and is a particularly useful molding process for molding gaskets, seals, and large, bulky parts. It is a widely
used, efficient and economical production method for many products, particularly low production volumes of medium to large parts and higher cost
materials. However, compression molding often provides poor product consistency and difficulty in controlling flash, which is excess material attached
to a molded, forged, or cast ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The process managers reported that they had a recurring quality issue and they had reason to believe the issue to be due to supplier material
performance. The current supplier did not seem to be able to make improvements, so HEXPOL Compounding offered to provide a small technical
team to investigate the problem with their own product. This is was an opportunity to gain sales from this customer by performing a study to improve
their process and by providing optimized product to fit their needs. HEXPOL began by reverse engineering the competitor's product and analyzed the
provided samples for root–causes to the quality issues. After examination performed by HEXPOL Analytical lab, there were small white particulates
found within the provided compound. This dispersion issue, after being identified as a styrene resin, was quickly solved by tweaking the provided
recipe; there were a few parts of SBR (Styrene–Butadiene Rubber), the most probable source of the undispersed styrene, which was removed and
replaced with more carbon black. This did not affect physical properties of the compound.
GASKET–O wished to minimize scrap material and therefore improve quality in the process, but the trend for this production line was cyclic in
nature; for days, very few reports of defective or scrap tools came in the process, then large sums of defects arose across the line. According to the
process engineers at the

Animal Vaporization
According to Dickerson et al., many animals, including dogs, have loose skin that is beneficial to shaking off water. Through video evidence, it was
determined that the maximum deflection of dog fur while shaking is 90В°. The average dog's dermal tissue, all substance between the fur and muscles,
has a maximum deflection of 60В°, measured by rotating the skin around the dog's bodies while standing stationary. Through subtraction, it can be
deduced that the maximum vertebral deflection is 30В°. This extra skin is advantageous, as it triples the amplitude at which the fur oscillates. An
animal will shake at the maximum speed possible, in attempts to shed the most water. A greater amplitude will increase the distance over which the fur
travels, О”d,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vaporization is a process that requires an input inenergy to allow the liquid molecules to overcome intermolecular attractions and separate, which
would be partially taken from the animal. George S. Bakken calculated an estimate coefficient for this issue, providing the efficiency of evaporation,
(heat of vaporization supplied by the animal)/(heat of vaporization supplied by the animal + heat of vaporization supplied by the environment), to be
approximately .37 for a large–sized dog of torso diameter 20 centimeters (Bakken, 1976). Further, through observation, it was seen, on average, an
animal would be able to remove up to 70 percent of its accumulated water via shaking (Dickerson, et al., 2012). Given the heat of vaporization
formula, q=mHv, where q=heat, m=mass of the water, and Hv=heat of vaporization, the heat loss in an animal through water evaporation can be
calculated. A. K. Dickerson et al. distinguished a trend for the relation between the mass of an animal and the mass of the water held by its fur:
MWater=0.047MAnimal0.97. Lastly, the heat of vaporization of water is 2.257x106 J/kg. Thus, the simulated calculation of energy loss due to
evaporation in a large dog is found

Physics of Karate Essay
The basic ideas behind any style of karate can in general be reduced to the goal of achieving the most effective movements with the least effort.
Specifically, with a strike such as a punch, kick, knife–hand or similar, the karateka attempts to move smoothly through the strikes, conserving energy
towards the impact point. When thought about in terms of energy, the most common equation is that of rotational kinetic energy, or KE=(1/2)mv^2 + (1
/2)IП‰^2.
Another way to think about a strike is to attempt to focus as much force as possible at the point of impact. In many strikes, this is facilitated by
drawing an almost straight line with the striking tool from the original point of rest to the point of impact. This is based on the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The feet are placed about shoulder–width apart, the front leg is bent so that the toes cannot be seen, the back leg is straight, and there is constant
pressure down through the heel of the back leg. The upper body should be leaned very slightly forward in preperation of movement, and the torso and
hips dropped downwards to ground the stance.
Because this is a stable stance, the various forces acting on the body must be equalized somehow. The main force is the one caused by extension of
the back leg into the ground (a). This is held in check by dropping the torso into the stance and allowing the friction on the front foot from the ground,
Ојb + ~(1/3)Ојmg where Ој is the coefficient of static friction, and b is the force of the body attempting to move forward due to a, and the tensing of
the front leg quads to keep the stance in place. If the stance is correct, this force is easily released to throw into techniques, either by using it as a
spring to pull the reverse leg forward for a kick, or by rotating the body or otherwise neutralizing the check imposed by the front leg to throw some
other technique, such as a punch.
Reverse Punch
Equations:
F=ma
О¤=IО± О±=a/r v=П‰r centripetal acc: a=(v^2)/r=П‰^2r
A reverse punch is a punch thrown over the back leg. For example, from a front stance with the right leg back, a reverse punch would be executed with
the right arm. Punches, as with many

The Volleyball Goal : Biomechanical Analysis Of The...
Description: For this biomechanical analysis project, the volleyball spike was chosen for analysis. The volleyball spike is an offensive attack that
aggressively sends the ball to the opposite side of the court. The goal is to hit the ball with enough force so that the opposing team cannot respond
to this forceful attack. If the opposing team cannot return the ball back to the opposite side of the net, the attacking team receives a point. Most of
the movements occur in the sagittal plane around the mediolateral axis, with a few trunk rotational movements occurring in the transverse plane
around the longitudinal axis. The initial position of the athlete is at the ten foot line, a few feet away from the net. The legs are shoulder width
apart, the knees are slightly bent, and the elbows are slightly flexed. The mindset is fixed on awaiting the set so that the ball can be spiked and a
point can be scored. In phase one, the approach, the athlete takes 2 to 3 large steps from the starting position, to build up momentum, and places
themselves a few feet from the net which helps the athlete to get in a squat position in preparation for phase 2. Phase 2 starts with the athletes' spine
slightly extended. This is followed by the spiker lowering themselves into a partial squatting position. The squat consists of hip and knee flexion,
and dorsiflexion of the feet. Once in an optimal position, the athlete explodes upwards from the squat position by switching from flexion to
extension of the knees and hips. Once the spiker is airborne, phase 2 is completed. Phase 3 commences with the athlete in the air. He or she then
slightly rotates the upper torso, with the dominant side extending backwards in preparation for the forward swing. The elbow must be kept flexed, the
wrist in a slightly supinated position, and the palm of the hand as flat as possible. Once the spiker reaches peak position, the shoulder and arm begin
forward motion in an attempt to make contact with the ball. Phase 3 is concluded after the ball has left the palm and the athlete returns to neutral body
position, in preparation for the landing. Upon reaching neutral position, phase 4 initiates. Phase 4 is the final phase of the volleyball spike, in which

A Study On Seismic Wave
CHAPTER –2
REVIEW OF LITRETURE
2.1 Introduction
Most of today's producing naturally fractured reservoirs were discovered accidentally, they were found by somebody who are looking for some other
type of reservoir. Significant volume of hydrocarbon resides in these reservoirs. But these are abandoned particularly in fields because improper testing
and evolution or because the wells did not intersect the natural fractures (Aguilera, 1998). Attempts have been made to quantify properties of such
reservoir (Chaki et al., 2014). It has been long recognized that the presence of naturally occurring fracture network can lead to unpredictable
heterogeneity and anisotropy within many reservoirs. In past geophysicists acquired and processed P–wave reflection data at short offset, which
automatically implied relatively small angular ray coverage. So seismic anisotropy, which is defined as directional dependence of elastic properties of
earth remains unnoticed. But with the advance of methodologies, acquiring long offset and multi–component data become feasible and cost effective,
anisotropy showed up. Seismic wave propagation in heterogeneous medium is discussed by Chabak et al., 2012. On a smaller scale, stresses in the
Earth can cause rock to fracture in a consistent manner. If these fractures are aligned, the rock will be anisotropic with the fast direction parallel to the
fractures and the slow direction perpendicular to them. In ideal cases, these observations can provide

Imidazoline Essay
Present there is an enormous deal of scientific attention in the field of Imidazoline derivatives. Imidazoline is a Nitrogen compound and it can be
utilized in organic dyes as nitrogenous electron donors since it introduces additional electron donors at position 2. Because of high molar extinction
coefficient Imidazoline and other molecular structures containing nitrogen developed as metal free organic dyes. Usually, metal–free organic dyes have
the apparent molecular structure of the electron donor element and the acceptor element connected by the conjugated chain (D– ПЂ–A). 2–imidazoline
is a one of the isomer derived from the imidazole. Imidazoline derivatives are pharmaceutically and biologically very significant. Imidazolines exhibit
major pharmacological and biological activities such as antidepressive [1], antihyperglycemic [2] , antihypercholesterolemic[3], anti–inflammatory[4]
and antihypertensive[5].The drug clonidine containing Imidazoline is used independently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imidazoline and its derivatives are important sort of inhibitors which could effectively inhibit corrosion of carbon steel against CO2 and H2S [6, 7].
Recently C.D Contreras [8] was reported the structural and vibrational analyses of 2–(2–benzofuranyl)–2–imidazoline. The purpose of this study is to
obtain the theoretical information about the molecular structure and electronic parameters of 2–phenyl–2–imidazoline.Density functional theory has
been adopted for the precise study of the molecular geometry and electronic distribution. Here we study the experimental and theoretical study of the
2–phenyl–2–imidazoline for the first

Algebraic and Graphical Method to Find Performance Extreme...
Y.J. Wang S.Y. Huang
J. Electrical Systems x–x (2010): x–xx
JES
Journal of Electrical Systems
Regular paper Determination of the Performance Extreme Values of a Three–phase Induction Machine Using Algebraic and Graphical Methods
This paper proposes an algebraic and a graphical method for finding all the performance extreme values of a three–phase induction machine when it
operates as a motor or a generator. The performance extreme include maximum efficiency, maximumpower factor, maximum electric power, maximum
torque and maximum mechanical power in both motoring and generating modes. In addition to the algebraic method, this paper shows how an old
graphical method can be used to accurately find the performance extreme values ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1) are derived first by algebraically solving the equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 2. These extreme values include maximum torque, maximum
mechanical power, maximum power factor, maximum efficiency, and maximum electric power. It will be shown that the torque and mechanical
power extrema can be expressed in analytical forms while the power factor, efficiency and electric power extrema need to be solved numerically. It
will then be shown that these extrema can also be determined graphically using the circle diagram method. The circle diagram method is an old
method but can still be found in some textbooks (e.g., [3]–[4]). The research into graphical methods for induction motor analysis is still active (e.g.,
[5][11]). One may consider that the circle diagram method is limited to qualitative evaluation because it cannot give accurate results. In fact, if the
circle diagram method is carried out by a modern computer drawing tool that allows the user to draw geometric diagrams with parameters (i.e.,
coordinates, lengths, angles, etc.) to the accuracy of four decimal places, then the circle diagram method is able to give all the aforementioned
performance extrema with required accuracy. Unlike the circle diagram method used in [10] and [11] that is based on the approximate equivalent
circuit of induction machine and is limited to motoring mode of operation, the circle diagram method used in this paper is based on

Physics of Salsa Dancing Essay
Salsa has become an ever more popular dance in the United States, especially with the emergence of Latin artists including Marc Anthony, Ricky
Martin, Jennifer Lopez, and Shakira. Go to any club or ballroom dance and you will hear a pulsating beat moving you out of your chair and onto the
floor. Even Broadway has been affected by Latin music. For instance, Cell Block Tango in the smash hit Chicago has a driving Latin beat. It doesn't
matter if you are partying in Miami or sipping martinis in Massachusetts, Salsa has invaded America and taken a grip on the culture. Some even
consider Salsa an addiction. "Perhaps it's because of the addictive quality inherent in this rhythm which fuels the desire to become part of it and express
it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fifth through eighth beat– repeat previous four mirroring the direction, leader does what the follower did and vice versa
Now let's find the center of mass in the x direction at the pause in this step.
The equation for the center of mass in the x direction is xcm=(Mx1+ mx2)/(M+m) where M is the mass of the leader, m is the mass of the follower,
x1 is the position of the leader,and x2 is the position of the follower.
Turn
The turn starts off with the follower and the leader side by side and hands crossed. The leader pulls the follower so that she is facing him.
Let us find the amount of work done by the system when defining the dancers as particles. The diameter will be defined as the length from the outer
edge of one dancer to the outer edge of the other dancer. M will stand for the leader's mass and m will be used for the follower's mass. w will be the
angular velocity, I will be the moment of inertia, and r is radius.
To find the work you must subtract the intial kinetic energy from the final kinetic energy. The equation for rotational kinetic energy is: Iw2. The
equation for the moment of inertia for particles is: (M+m)r2
So calculating this gives you:{[(M+m)final radius2]final w2}–

The Physics of Turbo Chargers Essay
Do you want your car to pick up speed faster? How about adding a turbo booster on that engine under your automobiles hood. A turbo charger is a
very efficient way to gain power. To fully understand the function of this component, lets look at the physics behind it. The Ideal Gas model has much
to do in turbo chargers. I will explain the theory and components like the compressor, turbine, intercooler, wastegate, and the BOV.
Matter is assumed to be composed of an enormous number of very tiny particles which are indestructible. Gas is a state of matter. These tiny particles
are separated by relatively large distances, which interact elastically. This large space between the particles make it easy to compress a gas. Which
gives low mass to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A turbine is placed in the path of the exhaust gases which are exiting the engine. These gases are caught in the turbine causing it to spin. This spins a
shaft along with another pinwheel called the compressor, which is placed in the intake air's path. This compresses the air on its way into the engine.
Normal aspirated engines work to draw in their intake air. As the intake valve opens, the piston's downward movement creates a vacuum which "sucks"
in some air through the intake system. After the work performed by the expansion of the gas in a small space, where the high pressure creates a push
against the piston, most of the heat or energy is dumped into the exhaust. This heated air is not in the cylinder long enough to convert all the heat into
mechanical energy.
We need to get some use out of this other wise wasted energy. What we really want is more power, and for this unfortunately the engine needs to burn
more fuel. The turbine fed by the exhaust gases connects to a compressor that compresses intake air into the engine, which builds up pressure in the
intake manifold. Now when the intake valve opens, the compressed air is forced into the combustion chamber. This allows more air to fill the
chamber. We will need more fuel to match the amount of air in the combustion chamber. On computerized cars, computers take care of this accordingly.
What you get is a more explosive force from combustion, and more compression, about 60 percent better

Science in a Lacrosse Shot Essay
"Biomechanics of a Lacrosse Shot" Lacrosse is defined as a ball game invented by American Indians, now played by two teams who try to propel a ball
into each other's goal by means of long–handled hooked sticks that are loosely strung with a kind of netted pouch (Farlex, Inc.). Behind every shot
taken in a lacrosse game, elements of biomechanics are implemented. Biomechanics is the "sport science" field that applies the laws of mechanics
(movements, body angles, joint positions, etc.), biomedical engineering, and physics (gravity, forces, velocities, etc.) to athletic performance (What is
3D Biomechanics).
Ben Shear "is a frequent presenter and writer on various topics related to athletic performance, including a presentation on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Without the movement of the lower body, a shot would end up anywhere but the back of the net. The lower body helps a player produce a straight
shot so the ball winds up leaving the stick in the direction that the shooter intended. Once accomplishing the motion of your hips, a player must
focus on the next link in the chain, pulling the stick away from his body, preparing to move forward (accelerate) with a shot. A goalie uses his or
her angle of perception to watch the ball and to make a save. The intent is to hide the head of the stick behind the player's body to decrease the
visibility of the ball to the goalie. The more a shooter hides the head of the stick the less likely the goalie with stop the ball from accelerating into
the back of the net. When the act of pulling the stick takes place, a shift in weight occurs. "This shift in balance enables the player to release the ball
while allowing his hips and back to recoil and urge the shoot motion in a forward direction. This forward acceleration causes an increase in the
player's velocity, zero to forward" (Russo, 1). Depending on the magnitude of your acceleration depends on how "hard or fast" the player pushes off the
ground with their foot allowing them to make the initial forward progress. Without the push off the ground, no forward movement would be possible.
In lacrosse, we want a quick sprint to goal to dodge the opponents and

Renewable Energy On The Uav Essay
What the renewable energy is?
Renewable energy is energy or power that is created from natural resources such as wind power, oceanic waves, and the sun. These resources can be
used to replace other energy generators such as electricity and gasoline.
The aim:
On this project aiming is to use renewable energy on the UAV , therefore, it will be able to fly for longer distance without needs of landing for
recharging or filled with fuel.
In addition to that, solar panels are the reasonable solution for that which we can categorize these panels into:
Polycrystalline
Monocrystalline
Hybrid
All–Black
These types of panels have different standard and verity of reducing energy, also they are hard panels and heavy which could produce a great amount
of energy and mostly are used for house usages .However,'' Ececom Flexible panels'' give us this option to have a very lighter weight and great energy
to be used on the UAV. Table 1 shows the details of these panels:
Peak Power Pmax 130(Wp)
Open–circuit voltage. Voc 20,32(V)
Short–circuit current lsc 8,61(A)
Voltage at Pmax. Vmp 16,89(V)
Current at Pmax. Lmp 8,1
Number of cells 32
Size (b x h) 1355 x 660(mm)
Thickness ( 1,7 (mm)
Weight 2,2(kg)
Efficiency Mono 18%
Terminal ends Cable with universal MC4 plugs
Max system voltage 600 V Moreover, our aim is to have longer time using renewable energy and storage the energy into the UAV so it does not need
to landing after a period of time and only in emergency requires to

Wind Turbines Essay
Introduction:
Wind turbines capture the energy of wind and transform it into kinetic energy that is then converted to electricity. Turbines are available in a range of
sizes and designs and can either be free–standing, mounted on a building or integrated into a building structure (Pennycook, 2008).
System types:
There are basically two sorts of wind turbines: horizontal–axis design and vertical–axis design. Horizontal–axis wind turbines are the most common
type used and can have various sizes. This type of turbine has a horizontal rotor shaft and generator usually located at the top of a tower. The
propeller–type blades are used to capture wind thus are oriented into the wind, for instance for small turbines a wind vane is used, or if ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact in a direct–connected system, the wind turbine output is connected directly to the load. A turbine direct–connected control unit is
used to provide the interface between the turbine and the load.
As for battery system this charges the wind turbine after capturing energy in the battery bank, via a control unit. A controller is needed to ensure that
the batteries are not over or under charged and can direct electrical power to another load for example space and/or water heating when the batteries
are fully charged.
The advantages and disadvantages of wind turbines
Wind turbines are recognized as one of the fasted growing renewable energy and very sustainable for the environment but it also has its own advantages
and disadvantages. They are as follow:
Advantages
Firstly, it has a clean energy which means that obtaining energy form the wind produces zero emissions into the atmosphere. Less space is needed,
wind turbines usually take up very less space than what is necessary for a single power station, the rest of the surrounding land can be used for other
purposes for instance agriculture. Wind turbine is a renewable energy, therefore unlike fossil fuels, the wind will not run out, and can provide the planet
with a limitless source of free power. In addition, wind turbines generate energy in remote locations such as mountainous or countryside

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