Essay On Major Depressive Disorder

Essay On Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder in Adolescents
UIN: 651262563
Psychology 270, Spring 2015 – Professor K. Reyes
University of Illinois at Chicago
Abstract In this paper, readers will explore the psychological disorder of major depression.
Depression is a very mental illness that affects many adolescents. Readers will also explore the
symptoms of depression, like loss of interest, loss of sleep, etc. As many causes of this mental
illness are categories in factors like neurological and social for depressed adolescents. Readers will
read about the treatments of depression ranging from anti–depressants to electroconvulsive therapy
in case studies mentioned. Finally, readers will understand what major depressive disorder is and
how it could affect an adolescent in their times of trouble.
Introduction In the realms of psychological disorders exist a system of classification such as, mood
disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders. Depression is one of the most serious and the most
common in the classification of mood disorders. Depression is a mood disorder that causes emotions
of sadness and loss of interest. Major depressive disorder affects how one feels, thinks and behaves
which leads to a variety of emotional and physical problems. One can have trouble doing their day–
to–day activities due to one's depression. Having depression may lead someone to believe that their
life isn't worth living. Depression itself affects about
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Depressive Disorders Research Paper
Introduction The focus of this investigation is to determine if there is a correlation between
emotional well–being and the rising cases of adolescent depressive disorders. This investigation will
be limited to adolescents, as defined as the period of transition to adulthood, (reference) according
to the World Health Organisation. The conversion from childhood to adulthood is known as the
'tough years' and appears to have become increasingly complex due to the social, economic,
environmental and technological changes faced by today's generation of young people. The three
key categories of depressive disorders are: depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder. Each
disorder consists of subtypes, and as the burden of illness in general ... Show more content on
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Data also implies that more than half of all lifetime cases of mental health disorders will surface by
the age of fourteen. Only three fourths will appear by the age of twenty–four. Current psychological
studies are now signifying that adolescents of today see mental health as a more significant issue
than matters such as the environment, bullying, education and employment. The subject of mental
health is evidently a concern amongst adolescents as their lives revolve around managing the
stresses of school or study difficulties, self–assurance and relationship conflicts on a daily basis. The
apprehension around mental health is mounting amongst adolescents. Figures reveal that one in
sixteen young Australians are currently suffering from depression in addition to a further 6.3% of
Australians aged sixteen to twenty–four who have endured a depressive disorder within the past
year. This is the equivalent to more than 180, 000 adolescents suffering from a depressive disorder
today. Furthermore, one in six young Australians are currently subjected to an anxiety condition,
with 15.4% of Australians aged 16 to 24 having experienced an anxiety disorder in the last year,
which is equal to an excess of, 440,000 adolescents today. Evidence stipulates that one in four
young Australians have been diagnosed with a mental health condition. Respectively, current
statistics further propose that 26.4% of Australians aged sixteen to twenty–four have experienced a
mental health disorder within the last year. This figure also comprises of young people with a
substance use disorder, which is equivalent to more than 750,000 young people with a mental health
disorder today. A lack of emotional well–being, which is basically elevated by happiness ties in with
the fact that over a quarter of Australian

Is Burnout A Depressive Disorder?
PURPOSE
The research that I have chosen correlates burnout and depression. It asks the question, "Is Burnout
a Depressive Disorder?" It further reexamines burnout with special focus on atypical depression. Its
main purpose is to study the prevalence of depression disorder in workers with burnout while
surveying the overlap of burnout with atypical depression. (Bianchi, Schonfeld , & Laurent, 2014)
The researchers have derived this problem from researching through previous literature and
researches that discuss about burnout, depression and furthermore into atypical depression; in which
they have noted that burnout shares key features with atypical depression. (APA, 1994; Quitkin,
2002). In their research, the researchers referenced a study that used more conservative cutoff scores
for defining cases of burnout, have found no diagnostically significant difference between burned–
out workers and depressed outpatients in terms of reported depressive symptoms. (Bianchi et al.
(2013). The author of the study suggested that burnout and depression may, in fact, reflect the same
psychopathology. There are other study that the researcher have referenced that further support the
finding that burnout share the same similarities as depression. Although they have also deduced that
the overlap of burnout and atypical depression has never been investigated in a systematic manner.
Thus the need for the study as burnout should be considered a form of depression still remains a
controversy

Diagnosis Of Major Depressive Disorder
Depression affects many individuals worldwide, indiscriminant of race, gender or age. Depression is
found across cultures, genders, with slight differing of symptomatology found worldwide (Burnett–
Zeigler et al., 2012, p. 123; Cuijpers & Schoevers, 2004 p. 430; Watters, 2010). In 2012, the World
Health Organization (WHO), estimated that over 350 million people suffer from depressive
symptoms worldwide. Accurate diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in other countries
can be challenging, as individuals are not assessed regularly in primary care clinics. Across many
cultures, somatic symptoms tend to be reported more frequently than emotional and behavioral
symptoms, with treatment primarily prescribed for the physical symptom, which doesn't address the
individuals' faulty beliefs, impacting feelings and behaviors. Not only are people suffering from the
tremendous symptomology of depression, but increased deaths, due to suicide, frequent this
population (Cuijpers & Schoevers, 2004, p. 420).
The demand for evidenced base screening tools and qualified clinicians who have the skills to
accurately diagnose and provide evidenced treatment modalities are an increasing need and continue
to gain significant attention of agencies such as Medicaid and Medicare. Both Medicaid and
Medicare provide financial support for medical services needed by clients living in poverty, clients
whom are elder and/or are disabled. These populations includes many people who are unable to
work,

The Results Of Depressive Symptoms
The results showed depressive symptoms did not differ between the non–complicated bereavement
group and the unbereaved control group, both groups displayed little to no depressive symptoms.
Although the CG showed slightly higher ratings of depressive symptoms, the results showed only
mild to moderate depressive symptoms were present on average in the CG group (O'Connor &
Arizmendi, 2014). These results demonstrate the participants who were suffering from CG were not
suffering from MDD. Results from the Digit Span Backwards subtest and Wisconsin Card Sorting
Task did not show any significant differences between the control group or the two bereaved groups
(O'Connor & Arizmendi, 2014). This indicates working memory and set shifting were not ... Show
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Despite there results O'Connor and Arizmendi (2014) acknowledged their study must be replicated
using a larger sample size to increase the study's reliability. The authors also suggested an fMRI
would be useful to measure what neurological processes are distinctly different in those suffering
from CG. Nonetheless, their study and two previous studies have shown attentional biases are
present and affect the cognitive functioning in individuals experiencing CG. Attachment–based
Model Shear et al. (2007) focused their studies on an attachment–based model of complicated grief
with an emphasis on the contribution of avoidance. The attachment–based model assumes the loss of
an attachment figure causes an interruption in an individual's attachment working model. Shear et al.
(2007) references Bowlby's theory of attachment, which stated at a young age a baby develops an
attachment bond to their caregiver or loved one. Shear et al. (2007) reported Bowlby theorized, as a
child ages the attachment relationship is translated into an internalized working model. This working
model provides a secure base, which allows an individual to utilize his/her exploratory system to
discover new experiences and attain certain goals (Shear et al., 2007). Shear et al. (2007) postulated
the loss of a loved one disrupts this attachment working model which can lead to

Major Depressive Disorders Paper
Depression is defined as "an alteration in mood that is expressed by feelings of sadness, despair, or
pessimism" (Neeb's, 397). There are seven types of depressive disorders which are major depressive
disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, major depressive disorder with seasonal
pattern, substance–induced depressive disorder, depressive disorder associated with another medical
condition, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Each type of depression has it's own criteria for a
patient to be diagnosed under. Depression often goes hand in hand with anxiety disorders, psychotic
disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and personality disorders (ATI, 97). "Depressive
disorders are complex and may have multiple etiologies." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Postpartum blues are common and natural for women to experience. Postpartum depression,
however, "is a serious disorder that occurs in about ten percent of births" (Neeb's, 324). Signs and
symptoms of postpartum depression include anxiety, irritability, loss of interest in new baby,
withdrawn, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, poor concentration, and irrational guilt (Neeb's,
325). Factors that contribute to postpartum depression are hormone fluctuations, family history of
depression, stressful relationship with partner, pregnancy under age 20, or lack of social support
(Neeb's, 325). It is important to encourage the new mother to ask for help if she is experiencing any
symptoms of postpartum

Essay on Depressive Disorders
Everybody, at a certain point in life, feels blue or sad. The feeling of being sad is usually short–
termed and it passes away in the matter of hours or days. Depression is a common, but a very
serious illness, so it is really important for the person who has it to seek for treatment. In majority of
cases, depression is curable, and that is why people should ask for help when they are in need. There
are many ways to effectively treat depression like medications, psychotherapies, and other methods.
Furthermore, there are several forms of depressive disorders: major depressive disorder (major
depression), dysthymic disorder (dysthymia), minor depression, psychotic depression, postpartum
depression, seasonal affective disorder, and bipolar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be characterized by a fusion of various symptoms, which interfere with people in a way where
they are not able to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy their everyday activities. (Moussavi, 2007)
("Depression") All in all, major depressive disorder prevents people from functioning normally. It
can occur only once in a lifetime as a single episode, but most of the time people have multiple
episodes. Furthermore, another form of depressive disorders is dysthymic disorder, or dysthymia.
The thing that particularly characterizes dysthymia are long–term symptoms, which have to be at
least two years long. Those symptoms are usually not severe like the ones in major depression, but
they can prevent people from living a normal life. Minor depression is the third big form of
depressive disorders. It is characterized by having symptoms for at least two weeks, which do not
fully meet the criteria to be considered as major depression. It is very recommendable for people
with minor depression to treat it as soon as possible because it can develop into major depression.
(Moussavi, 2007) Nevertheless, there are a few forms of depression that are unique, so people
cannot really agree on how to characterize and define those particular forms. One of them is
psychotic depression, which is a combination of severe depression and a form of psychosis such as
delusions and hallucinations. Secondly, postpartum depression

The Effects Of Major Depressive Disorder
Nearly 1 in 5 people will experience a major depressive episode at some point in their lives (Zhang,
Li, Sha, & Bu, 2015). Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a widespread problem that can affect
anyone regardless of gender or age. MDD is one of the most common mental illnesses (with an
estimated lifetime prevalence of 16.6%) and is associated with significant impairments in social,
occupational, and educational functioning (Synder, 2013). Depression causes problems in a person's
everyday life. There are various treatment models that been found to help in the treatment and cure
of depression. The two most commonly used are psychotherapy and medicinal therapy.
Psychotherapy comprises of cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, ... Show more
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There are also patients that will present somatic symptoms. Somatic symptoms refer to symptoms
that are experienced in the body such as: pain, nausea, dizziness, and fainting. In a random sample
of adult patients, 23% met criteria for a depressive order and 14.8% met criteria for an anxiety
disorder, however, none of those patients offered up any emotional complaints or suggested a
psychological reason for their somatic symptom (Gates, Petterson, Wingrove, Miller, & Klink,
2016). Physicians need to be aware of these symptoms to properly diagnose patients who are not
willingly to admit they might have any mental distress in their life. Major Depression Disorder
affects all areas of life for the person living with major depression disorder. When depressed, people
struggle to perform normal everyday activities. They have trouble concentrating on their work, they
tend to isolate themselves from social activities, become lethargic, and lose the ability to enjoy
things that used to bring them pleasure such as eating and sex. Cognitive impairments are now
recognized as a significant facet of major depressive disorder (MDD) (Snyder, 2013). The brain
plays a vital role in fostering survival in life and reproduction among species. When are brains are
malfunctioning in ways such as in depression if affects all aspects of a person's life. Psychologists
have

Different Depressive Disorders
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
Introduction:
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a myriad of symptoms that interferes with a person's
daily activities including ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once–pleasurable activities.
Major depression is a debilitating disease and prevents a person from being functional socially and
professionally.
Major depressive disorder is known to have significant potential morbidity and mortality, and
contributes to suicide, incidences and adverse outcomes of medical illness, disruption in
interpersonal relationships, substance abuse, and loss of work time. With appropriate treatment,
most of the patients with major depressive disorder can achieve a significant improvement in
symptoms.
Epidemiology
30–44 years are mostly likely age for depression. While major depressive disorder can develop at
any age, the median age at onset is 32.
Major depressive disorder is more prevalent in women than in men. Women are 70 % more likely to
develop MDD than men
Major Depressive Disorder is one of the leading causes of disability in the U.S. for ages 15–44.
According to data provided by National institute of mental health, Major depressive disorder affects
approximately 14.8 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and
older in a given year (12–month prevalence) of which 30.4 % (i.e. 2% of Adult population in U.S. )
is classified severe.
The lifetime incidence of major depressive disorder in

Major Depressive Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder: Depression is a clinical condition associated with the normal emotions
of bereavement and sadness. However, this condition does not pass on when the external causes of
these emotions dissolve and is usually inconsistent to their cause. In essence, the classic severe
conditions of depression have not been attributed to external precipitating cause. One of the most
common conditions of depression is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), which is a psychiatric
condition that impairs moods, behavioral patterns, and thoughts for a protracted duration. This
psychiatric illness tends to impair the patient's social functioning and quality of life due to its
impacts on cognitive functioning. Some of the most common symptoms of the condition include
difficulty in concentration, weight change, minimal interest in pleasure, high rate of suicide, and
physical impairment. The severity of this disease was evident in the year 2000 when the World
Health Organization ranked it as the fourth cause of disability and premature death across the globe.
Review of Articles: As a result of its occurrence, severity, and likelihood to cause premature death
throughout the world, major depressive disorder has received much attention in the recent past to an
extent that it has been the subject of numerous studies and analyses. One of the recent studies to be
conducted on the topic examines the link between depression severity and neurocognitive function
in major depressive

Major Depressive Disorder ( Mdd )
Major Depressive Disorder is defined as a "moderate–to–severe mood disorder in which a person
experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixed episodes" (Butcher,
Hooley, & Mineka, 2014, p. 618). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is also referred to Major
Depression. MDD is also "characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person's
ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once–pleasurable activities. Major depression is
disabling and prevents a person from functioning normally. Some people may experience only a
single episode within their lifetime, but more often a person may have multiple episodes" (National
Instittute of Mental Health, 2014, p. 2)
Forms of Major Depressive Disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postpartum depression is described as "more serious than the 'baby blues' that many women
experience after giving birth, when hormonal and physical changes and the new responsibility of
caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. It is estimated that 10 to 15 percent of women
experience postpartum depression after giving birth (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2014).
Finally yet importantly, is Seasonal affective disorder, otherwise known as SAD. SAD is
"characterized by the onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural
sunlight. The depression generally lifts during spring and summer. SAD may be effectively treated
with light therapy, but nearly half of those with SAD do not get better with light therapy alone.
Antidepressant medication and psychotherapy can reduce SAD symptoms, either alone or in
combination with light therapy" (National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2014). There are more forms
of depression but the one that will be focused on is Major Depressive Disorder.
Causes of MDD Major Depressive Disorder is typically "caused by a combination of genetic,
biological, environmental, and psychological factors" (National Instittute of Mental Health, 2014, p.
6). The genetic factor of MDD has "shown that the prevalence of mood disorders is approximately
two to three times higher among blood

Depressive Disorders: A Case Study
Depressive disorders are among the most common psychological conditions affecting individuals in
the Westernized world, some 4% of men and 8% of women suffer from a clinically significant
depressive disorder (Kessler, 2003) and larger numbers experience some symptoms of depression
(WHO, 2012). The term depression is used to refer to a broad spectrum of mental health issues
characterised by the lack of positive feelings (an absence of concern and satisfaction in every day
activities and experiences), a bad mood and a variety of related emotional, cognitive, physical and
behavioural symptoms (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health UK, 2010). Mood
variations range from between clinically significant degrees of depression (for example, major
depression) and to those of a more spasmodic and lesser nature importance consider the symptoms
of depression according to (Lewinsoh, Solomon & Seeley, 2000) as happening on a continuum of
severity. The identification of major depression is based not only on its severity but also on
perseverance, and the level of functional and social deficiency (National Collaborating Centre for
Mental Health, UK, 2010). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other scales such as Profile of Mood States (POMS) (Mc Nair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1971) the
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) (Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995) include depression as one
of their

Major Depressive Research Essay
We all experience gloomy and hopeless chapters in our life however, the feeling is brief and pass
within a couple days. Unfortunately, for some individuals the gloominess do not seem to pass.
Depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders and countless people suffer from
depression at one point in their life (Beattie, 2005). The feelings of hopelessness, sorrow, or being
alone are the topmost feelings linked to depression and is sometimes unavoidable, for some
individuals these feelings can be difficult to overcome, thus is where depression becomes a disorder
that requires active treatment (Beattie, 2005). I will discuss an overview, the biological,
psychological, sociocultural factors and the treatment for Major Depressive ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Beattie, G. (2005) dictates, "out of all the interpersonal cases that can contribute on the onset of a
depressive disorder, the ambiance of a family has the most weight impact on a depressed individual"
(para.3). However, I believe one's cultural group behaviors and characteristics also may contribute
to MDD. Okazaki, (1997) case study found that Asian Americans are more depressed in a social and
academic setting because they have to face more pressure than their White American peers due to
the fact they are part of a visible minority that has different culture values than

Major Depressive Disorder Analysis
Many people throughout their lives go through periods of sadness due to various different things
such as grief at the loss of a loved one or a stressful event occurring, and this process is natural, even
a part of human nature, in order to experience all aspects of life and get support from those around
us (Horwitz & Wakefield, 2007). However, this "organic sadness," as it were, is quite different from
what we call depression as a mental illness; as to say that one has a mood disorder, a number of
symptoms must occur at once and impair functioning of the individual (Ingrim, n.d). To put into
perspective the prevalence of this disorder, over 98 million people are affected globally, with middle
and low income countries more highly afflicted, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the DSM–5, the main feature of mood disorders is a disturbance of mood. One of the
most highly prevalent mood disorders is Major Depressive Disorder, an often chronic and severe
disorder. It is considered a recurrent disorder when not chronic, where clients remit from depressive
episodes and symptoms go away for a period of time but may return at a later time as part of the
same depressive episode, or otherwise recovering from a treated episode but a new episode recurs
later in the future (Hollon, Stewart & Strunk, 2006). The current criteria used to diagnose Major
Depressive Disorder (MDD) are as follows; five or more of these symptoms must be present over a
consecutive 2 week period, characterised as a major depressive episode (MDE) and must be a
change from previous functioning, including insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue, feelings of
worthlessness or guilt, recurrent thoughts of death and/or suicide, significant unusual weight or
appetite loss, reduced ability to think and concentrate. Furthermore, either one of these following
two or both symptoms are a must; depressed mood or diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost
all activities. Children may have irritable moods rather than depressed. Furthermore, depressed
people report less enjoyment in social interactions and lesser social contact than non–depressed
people, supported by research showing that depressed people have social cognition deficits whereby
they have difficulty navigating their social environment and impaired interpersonal functioning
(Bora & Berk,

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder in which you feel sad, discouraged, pessimistic, and at
the extreme end of it suicidal. It has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders
because it is the number one reason that people seek mental health services. A study done by the
CDC estimated that one out of every ten adults has been depressed at one point or another in their
life. Depression can be caused by many things such as illness, abuse, a lack of serotonin in your
brain, or countless other things. An article written in the New York Times entitled "Major
Depression", stated that depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain due to stress,
problems with your genes, or sadness. But it's more likely a nice cocktail of all of those things give
or take a few instead of just one of those factors. And no matter what your age you can develop
depression whether you're a ten year old kid or a fully grown adult. The symptoms of depression
according to the essay are, fatigue, generally being irritated by everything, loss of interest, and a
slew of other fun things. And in the very deepest and severe forms of the depression you can
hallucinate and have delusions which is called depression with psychotic features. But the article
sums up the symptoms by basically saying that when you have depression "you often see everything
in a negative way". According to the essay depression is very treatable though, with the treatments
including medicine, talk

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depressive Disorders
Abstract
Depressive disorders include a group of depressive behaviors characterized by loss of interests in
activities and often coupled with unhappiness. Criteria for diagnosing depressive disorders are based
on DSM–5 that gives symptoms and periods for different conditions. The clinical criteria cannot
function alone it is accompanied psychological and physical evaluation to eliminate diseases that
mimic depression. Depressive disorders are caused by a combination of factors including
environmental, genetic, biochemical and psychological factors. The interaction cause depressive
episodes in individuals. The exhibited symptoms vary from individual to individual they include
lack of interest in activities, fatigue, altered sleep patterns, change in appetite, feelings of
worthlessness and also suicidal thoughts. Types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive
Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder among others.
Treatment includes forms of therapy like psychotherapy and drugs depending on the severity of
depression. Family and friends are important in recovery of depressed individuals by offering
support needed to follow prescriptions and support during recovery. Depressive disorders are
diverse, but they all affect the wellbeing of individuals in relation to their work, social relations, and
education needs (NIH, 2015).
Depressive Disorder
Concept
Every once in a while an individual experiences sadness and blue moods however

Introduction This paper examines Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). As MDD is one of the most
commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in the world, it represents one of the most important
topics for research and clinical treatment strategies. The severity and duration of MDD is what
distinguishes it from other forms of depressive mood disorders. It represents the most serious
manifestation of the depressive mood disorders. The paper will provide a detailed description of the
disease, its etiology, treatment strategies and options and social consequences associated with MDD.
MDD: Description and Symptom Profile The DSM–IV TR lists nine characteristic symptoms of
MDD, they include the following: a persistent depressed mood ... Show more content on
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In distinguishing MDD from other mood disorders it is critical that a clinician bear in mind the
diagnostic criteria. MDD patients do not exhibit histories of hypomanic, manic or mixed episodes in
the same way bipolar patients do. Also, the persistence of the condition is critical to diagnosis. The
patient must experience the constellation of five of nine of the above symptoms every day for two
consecutive weeks. The symptoms are also persistent, in that they last for the greater part of the
duration of the day over the relevant two week period. If a patient experiences one such Major
Depressive Episode, and there is no intervening manic/hypomanic/mixed episode, a diagnosis of
MDD is possible (APA, 2013,). Understanding the progression of MDD can be complicated as it
often subsides and flows in ways similar to other mood disorders. One metric for determining the
severity of MDD in a patient is the level to which the disease has come to interfere in the patient's
daily life. Individuals can be appear more or less functional, but the disease is often considered to be
disabling. In its most severe manifestations, patients obsess over death or retreat into reclusive
behavior. In its chronic form, MDD can last for several years at a time. The disease is frequently
recurrent (Felicano and Arean, 2007,). MDD may also be characterized by other

Major Depressive Disorder And Its Variants
Major Depressive Disorder and its variants
Introduction
The nervous system can be considered one of the most complex organ systems in the human body
which is accountable for managing numerous functions that entail the overall well–being of the
body. It consists of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System of which participate
in voluntary and involuntary controlled functions. Detrimental effects can occur if there are issues
that interfere with normal functioning of this system that can lead to one of many mental and
physiological illnesses. Notably, Depression is one of the most common mental ailments that occur
in about 6% of adults in America (Mental Health America). It can be characterized when one
displays a lack of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The list of depression sub–types can continue but the aforementioned categories are ones that are
diagnosed from most to least frequently among cases.
Causes
There are several factors that may contribute to depression and depending on the individual can be
rooted from a single or multiple reasons. If one has a family history of the illness it increases the
likelihood to develop it along with environmental influences that also aid in its progress (CITE–2).
Also biological issues such as neurotransmitter imbalances in the brain can contribute to depression,
for example at the pre and post–synapse of a neuronal cell (CITE–2). A pattern of pessimistic
thoughts and low self–esteem can proliferate the illness, as a study conducted exhibited that affected
individuals did not improve perceptions of their depression even after a neurotransmitter imbalance
explanation (CITE–4).
Gender also plays a role as depression and its symptoms have been observed in women more than in
men particularly beginning from adolescence until their mid–fifties (CITE 5). It can also occur in
conjunction with other illnesses such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer's
disease and heart disease (CITE–2). Lastly the mental disorder can also be triggered by tough life
events endured by an individual for instance passing of a loved one, relationship or financial
hardships can contribute

Major Depressive Disorder ( Depression )
Major Depressive Disorder (Depression) is a mood disorder where a person has a constant feeling of
sadness and complete loss of interest in everyday life. It is considered more serious than a case of
the "blues" and might require long–term treatment. During major depressive disorder, the person
thinks and behaves differently and may experience emotional and physical problems.
Causes
The exact cause has yet to be pinpointed. It is believed that specific neurotransmitters in the brain
may stop acting the way they should and therefore affect the state of the individual's mood. The
impact of hormones is also called into question because hormone imbalances, for example
pregnancy and thyroid dysfunction, are believed to cause depression. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Overwhelming feeling of sadness or hopelessness.
Trouble concentrating and making decisions.
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness and shame. Worrying over past indiscretions or failures.
Slower thinking.
Treatment
Many people with depression find that medications along with regular visits to a psychologist or
psychiatrist are a very effective form of treatment.
Cognitive Therapy – this form of cognitive therapy starts out by educating the client on what may
cause the depression and that negative thoughts should be redirected. The therapist teaches the client
how to identify the bad thoughts as they occur throughout the day and the emotions that are
associated with them. It is helpful because once the person can identify the negative thoughts, they
can begin the steps to try to change them.
Family Therapy – this therapy should be considered if the affected individual's depression begins to
affect his/her family. This treatment creates a therapeutic environment for each person to discuss
their feelings openly and encourage open communication between family members.
Hospitalization – in severe cases where a person with depression has expressed suicidal thoughts or
even attempted suicide, an inpatient treatment program with constant monitoring can be very
helpful.
Electroconvulsive Therapy/ Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – this type of therapy is viewed as a
last resort option. In ECT, a current is passed through the skull into the

Symptoms And Treatment Of Depressive Disorders
Depressive disorders are amongst the most common and debilitating illnesses that have a direct
effect on the body and the mind. Symptomatology, complexity, and risk factors vary greatly
depending on the individual's socioeconomic status (Rush et al. 2006) as it influences access to
mental health professionals, and often delays proper diagnosis. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
is one of the most common depressive disorders, affecting 11.4% of the U.S. population aged 12 to
17, and 6.7% of all U.S adults (NIMH, 2016). Regardless of type, depression is a topic of grave
concern considering the alarming rates in the country, the shortage of qualified therapists, and
resistance to many of the existing medications. Treatment options have varied ... Show more content
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G., et al. 2016).
Key terms: Depression, rTMS, ECT, Depressive Disorders, DSM–V, ADMs, Psychedelics.
Depression: Beyond SSRIs, Evidence Based Alternative Therapies The National Institute of Mental
Health reported that in 2014, an estimated 2.8 million U.S adolescents aged 12 to 17, and an
estimated 15.7 million U.S adults aged 18 or older had at least one major depressive episode in the
past year, thus representing 11.4% of the U.S. population aged 12 to 17, and 6.7% of all U.S adults
(NIMH, 2016). More inclusively the lifetime prevalence of people experiencing major depressive
disorder, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder is 20.8% of the U.S adult population.
The 12–month prevalence is 9.5%, of which 45% are classified as severe. Non–hispanic whites and
women are the most likely populations to experience a mood disorder over their lifetime (NIMH,
2016). It is imperative for the general population to be educated on the general concepts of
depression, and aware of the multiple options available for the treatment of depression given that
there is a strong reliance on conventional methods by primary care providers. Alternative therapies
are providing outstanding results, and the following literature review will provide evidence based
arguments supporting their use in clinical practice.
Depression is a general term that can be classified as a syndrome commonly presenting as lack of
happiness, loss of

Symptoms Of Major Depressive Disorder
Within the textbook required in this course, there are many disorders that can be chosen from to
write about. For this research paper, the disorder that was chosen was depression and then to make it
narrower, the disorder that was chosen is major depressive disorder. This essay goes through the
etiology, some symptoms of major depression, the treatment for when a diagnosis is made, and the
cultural impact of major depressive disorder. There are many causes for depression and most of the
causes work together to make an even bigger problem. In some places of work there are: "...high
psychological demands, low job control (only in one review), and low social support predicted onset
of MDE and depressive symptoms in prospective studies" (Rugulies et al., 2012). In a place of
work, there should be people that make you feel good about yourself. Even if there are high
psychological demands, then someone should get the social support that they need so that they can
make sure that they do not become depressed. Low job control can help contribute to depression,
because if a person were to feel as if they cannot take care of their duties in their job, then they have
a higher chance of getting depression. "Brown & Harris have argued that a major cause for MDE is
the 'inability to hold good thoughts about ourselves '" (Rugulies et al., 2012). There are people out in
the world that will tell you when they are not feeling good about themselves and they say that they
feel suicidal. This

Essay On Adolescent Depressive Disorder
Child & Adolescent depressive disorder treatment
Today review evidence–based treatment fashion in Children and adolescents. We will also review
new Suicide Prevention guidelines
Slide three old medication should be considered off–label I have the approval is mentioned
4
Prevalence of major depressive disorder in Children and adolescents 7.7% of 8.8% of children
having severe impairment prevalence in children is 2% ulta female Day short is about to Mom
adolescent is 4 – 8% would male to female ratio is 1 – 2sub syndromal depression is present in 5 to
10% of the children
5
Major depression the other psychiatric disorder the common is according to DSM–5 persistent
depressive disorder used to be call this Tanya anxiety disorder attention ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Child with depression has increased risk for suicide an author problems including substance abuse.
9
Number of factors is thought to be associated with onset pens course of major depression in
Children and adolescents deck and may include genetic biological environment all psychological
factors. Risk factors in string fluid presence or anxiety irritability aDHD problems distortions affect.
Dr. Olson clothes negative life events and exposure to abuse bullying pierce victimization
victimization
Parent–child relationship problems abused bereavement I lost a relationship protective factors
includes parental supervision and monitoring positive time child relationship participation in
activities such as physical activity sport religion higher IQ action to school prosocial peer group
10
Medications also may increase mood cycling such pseudoephedrine corticosteroids aminophylline
11
Assessment for depression include gathering information from Child parents School and assessing
functioning all areas of child life clinical manifestation in children in clothes off irritability somatic
complaints behavior problems separation anxiety ability and boredom adelaide simkin present with
irritability so some of the typical symptoms some of the

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Depressive Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Yunisleidis Puentes
Florida National University
Author Note
Yunisleidis Puentes, Blackboard Learn, Florida National University.
This research was supported by Florida National University Library and was prepared on August 6,
2015 for Advanced Writing and Research, taught by Professor Sabine Louissaint.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Yunisleidis Puentes, Department of
Advanced Writing and Research, Florida National University, 11865 SW 26 St, Miami FL 33175.
Contact: ypuentes0916@hotmail.com
Abstract
Depressive disorders include a group of depressive behaviors characterized by loss of interests in
activities and often coupled with unhappiness. Criteria for diagnosing depressive ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment includes forms of therapy like psychotherapy and drugs depending on the severity of
depression. Family and friends are important in recovery of depressed individuals by offering
support needed to follow prescriptions and support during recovery. Depressive disorders are
diverse, but they all affect the wellbeing of individuals in relation to their work, social relations, and
education needs (NIH, 2015).
Depressive Disorder
Concept
Every once in a while an individual experiences sadness and blue moods however they pass after
some time and the person resumes their life. Depressive disorders are characterized by sadness and
loss of interest in things that were once pleasurable (APA, 2013). In contrast to a mood that goes
away a person suffering from depressive disorders experience persistent episodes of sadness.
Depressive disorders in contrast to a bad mood affect the mental and physical functioning of a
person and cause deterioration in those functions. Depressive disorders change the thinking, feelings
and behavior of the affected person and they can become a threat to themselves and others (Olfson
et al. 2005). People snap out of bad moods, but individuals suffering from depressive disorders are
sick and need medical attention. Depressive disorders are common, and they vary from individual to
individual in symptoms and behavior. The symptoms will vary among males, females, young,
elderly and even children. Depressive disorders are

Is Burnout A Depressive Disorder?
PURPOSE The research that I have chosen correlates burnout and depression. It asks the question,
"Is Burnout a Depressive Disorder?" It further reexamines burnout with special focus on atypical
depression. Its main purpose is to study the occurrence of depression disorder in workers with
burnout while surveying the overlap of burnout with atypical depression. The researchers have
derived this problem from researching through previous literature and researches that discuss about
burnout, depression and furthermore into atypical depression. In their research, the researchers
referenced a study that showed no significant difference between workers that are burned–out from
patients that are depressed. There are other studies that the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Seventy eight percent of the population is females. (Bianchi, R et al., 2014) The research materials
consisted of questionnaires, while two are standardized test and the other questions are to collect the
sociodemographic and health data of the participants. The first standardized questionnaire that the
researchers used is MBI. It consists of 21 questions that measures burn–out and furthermore into its
components namely: emotional exhaustion, depolarization and accomplishments. It uses a scale
system from 0 to 6 wherein 0 is never and 6 is for every day experience. (Ahola et al., 2005;
Brenninkmeijer & van Yperen, 2003) Participants were assigned to a burnout group or non–burnout
group based on their mean score. To be assigned to the burnout group, subjects need to score at least
5. The non–burnout group subjects were those that scored, at most, 1. On the other hand, the second
standardized questionnaire that the researchers used is PHQ–9. The PHQ–9 sets the criteria for
diagnosis of depressive disorder and the severity. (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002). This questionnaire
uses a scale system of 0 to 3 wherein 0 is for never and 3 is every day. A diagnosis of major
depression is made if five or more of the criteria set are present at least more than half of the days in
two weeks and if symptoms such as anhedonia or depressed mood are present. Minor depression can
diagnosed if two to four criteria are present, including depressed mood and

Depressive Disorder Essay
Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Depression Level among Patients with Major
Depressive Disorder in Mental Health Settings: A Research Proposal
Introduction
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has a high prevalence rate; it affects more than 16.1 million
American adults of the US population aged 18 years or older (Anxiety and Depression Association
of America [ADAA], 2017). MDD is more common in women than in men and can develop at any
age (Kessler, Berglund, & Demler, 2003). Major depressive disorder is defined as a mental disorder
that is characterized by a general low mood accompanied by low self–esteem and loss of pleasure in
normal daily activities (World Health Organization [WHO], 2010). The diagnosis of MDD needs a
distinct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Given the strength of evidence that supports cognitive behavioral therapy as an effective treatment
for depression; many clinical practice guidelines strongly recommend CBT as the first line treatment
along with antidepressant medication for MDD (Driessen & Hollon, 2010; Tucker & Oei, 2007).
Treating or at least reducing depression levels among patients with MDD is considered an important
issue in mental health because of the high risks of its consequences as the suicide attempts,
disabilities, and high financial spent on MDD treatment and prevention. However, there is a gap in
the literature that discuss the effect of CBT for depression among patients with MDD and little is
known about the effectiveness of CBT on MDD in mental health settings yet. This study will have
wide application in nursing practice, education, and research. The anticipated outcomes of this study
will be used to recommend the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating MDD to be
used by healthcare providers as a usual care for MDD. Furthermore, this study will offer a baseline
data about for knowledge and research about the effectiveness of depression treatment in routine
clinical practice in mental health settings.
Research purpose
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of CBT in reducing depression level among
patients with major depressive disorder as well as to

Summary: Unspecified Depressive Disorder
Question 1
Carlos, is a 32 year old Latino, who has numerous presenting symptoms that implicate he's suffering
from major depressive disorder. For the last six months the factors triggering his depression appear
to have elicited more. During his assessment, Carlos mentioned he lost his brother a year ago, felt
unhappy, and considers taking his life away. The last few weeks these feelings have increased in him
frequently. Many people like Carlos that share a traumatic loss of family members exhibit symptoms
of posttraumatic stress disorder, difficulty sleeping, concentrating, anxiety, aggression, and
depression (Lesser & Pope, 2011). There are several things that have led Carlos to feel this way like
living beneath his accustomed standards, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can actually begin to understand some of the phases Carlos goes through each of the theories.
Erik Erickson a unique ego psychologist who examined how the ego maintains coherence over the
course of an average expectable human life cycle (Berzoff, et al., 2008).He strongly felt that we
needed to master certain stages of our life to successfully enter the new stage. Erickson linked
biological zones with particular modes of ego functioning and demonstrated how self and identity
are biologically, psychologically, and socially determined (Berzoff, et al., 2008). Our surroundings
are what makes up our lives and through that we are shaped. Carlos came into the clinic during
middle adulthood. During this time Freud, described generativity versus stagnation the stage of
middle adulthood. Through this stage the ability to extend interests both within and outside the
home, and to establish and guide future generation, are particular challenges for men and women in
midlife (Berzoff, et al., 2008). This stage is very crucial in ones development as an adult. Having the
ability to provide success not only within your family, but also to the world is something many
middle adult's desire. It's a moment in which you want to feel like you accomplished a lot and will
see those accomplishments in your children. The decisions taken during this stage are made with the
certainty that it will fulfill

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12–month prevalence
of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH). There is no definite etiology of depression, but
several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also
been explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on
monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Decreases in these
transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of
depression (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of
selective–serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the brain.
Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology
of depression is much more complex. The "chemical imbalance" explanation of depression may not
reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by patients and doctors than is
supported by evidence based research. Depression is characterized by depressed mood, loss of
interest or pleasure, changes in weight or appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation,
loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, difficulty concentrating, or recurrent thoughts of
death. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires the presence of five or more symptoms
during the same two–week period and

Essay On Depressive Disorder
6. Adil Chinese 2017
The Aqueous Fraction of Areca catechu Nut Ameliorates Demyelination in Prefrontal Cortex–
Induced Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline through Brain–Derived Neurotrophic Factor–
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element–Binding Activation
1 Chin J Integr Med
Depressive symptoms do not represent a mood disorder, but rather an organic dysfunction.(1)
Depressive symptoms and cognitive decline are common in schizophrenia, major depressive
disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease (AD).(2) Moreover, depressive
symptoms have been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline.(1) The relationship
between depressive symptoms and cognitive decline is complex. Recently, cross–sectional ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
cognitive decline by facilitating myelination processes in prefrontal cortex. MethodsMethods: A
mouse model of cuprizone–: A mouse model of cuprizone– induced demyelination was used to
mimic demyelinating disease. Two concentrations of induced demyelination was used to mimic
demyelinating disease. Two concentrations of A. . catechucatechu nut extract nut extract
(ANE; 1% and 2%) were administered orally in the diet for 8 weeks. Depressive symptoms and
cognition–associated (ANE; 1% and 2%) were administered orally in the diet for 8 weeks.
Depressive symptoms and cognition–associated
behaviors were evaluated in tests of locomotor activity, tail suspension, and forced swimming;
spatial memory was behaviors were evaluated in tests of locomotor activity, tail suspension, and
forced swimming; spatial memory was
tested with the Y–maze. Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'–cyclic–nucleotide 3'–
phosphodiesterase tested with the Y–maze. Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'–cyclic–
nucleotide 3'–phosphodiesterase
(CNPase), glutathione S–transferases pi (GSTpi), brain–derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and
the transcription (CNPase), glutathione S–transferases pi (GSTpi), brain–derived neurotrophic factor
(BDNF), and the transcription

factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element–binding (CREB) were evaluated
by western blot. factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Depressive Disorder Essay
When to comes to diagnosing depressive and bipolar disorders, one might be confused since there
are symptoms that overlap between each disorder. Those that are diagnosed with Major depressive
disorder do not have a pattern of mania or hypomania, however, there must be at least a presence of
a major depressive episode. This episode must be a two–week period in which the client loses
interest in activities that they usually enjoy. The client usually has a hard time getting out of been
and questions if anything is worth it anymore. Throughout the day the person often feels depressed
and is tired. In addition to these criteria's, the client might experience weight change, feeling
worthless, insomnia, and focusing on suicide. The DSM criteria ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This type of therapy could also be used with virtual exposure in which the client puts on special
googles and is portrayed being in the war or whatever situation it is that triggers their stress. In
addition to this, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is when a therapist has the client
move his eye from one side to another while flooding their mind with images and memories that the
client would usually avoid. The reason for this is to help the client overcome and learn how to
handle being in certain situations that would trigger their PTSD. Exposure therapy is not limited to
only those with stress disorders, it is often used in helping those with eating disorders. Exposure
therapy is different for bulimia than PTSD. Someone that is diagnosed with bulimia would consist
of having the client eat certain food and avoid throwing up. The client would eat whatever food that
they consider bad and usually avoid. The reason for this is to help the client understand that nothing
bad happens after eating forbidden food and teaching them how to change their mindset. Exposure
therapy between PTSD and bulimia has similarities in terms of being exposure to a certain
something that is usually avoided and learn to overcome their reactions. However, the differences
between exposure therapy in PTSD and bulimia consist of the different techniques, how the therapy
is set up and ran, and how the therapist helps the person

Outline Of Major Depressive Disorder
Paige Rew
Diagnostic Handbook
Salisbury University
The disorder I will be focusing on is Major Depressive Disorder. Major Depressive Disorder, also
known as major depression, has been a continuing health problem for human beings throughout the
course of history. According to documents written by philosophers, healers and other writers,
depression has had a deep–rooted existence dating as far back as the second millennium B.C. At this
time, Major Depressive Disorder was referred to as "melancholia." The earliest documentation of
melancholia appeared in the ancient texts of the Mesopotamian population. It was then believed that
all mental illness was a result of demonic possession and could only be healed by the power of a
priest. It was not until much later that the first historical understanding of depression as a spiritual or
mental illness was recorded. According to historical documentation, populations such as the ancient
Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Egyptian civilizations had controversial thinking about the causes of
melancholia, or depression. The Chinese and Egyptian cultures believed that their mentally ill were
possessed by demons and practiced exorcism techniques such as beatings, restraint and starvation.
Unlike the Chinese and Egyptians, the Romans and Greeks contributed mental illness and
depression to biological and psychological disease. Treatment techniques such as gymnastics,
massage, special diets, music, baths and herbal

Diagnosis Of A Major Depressive Disorder
Diagnosis of a Major Depressive Disorder
In agreeing with the previous clinicians' diagnosis of Vanessa exhibiting a major depressive disorder
support for this diagnosis follows on from her verbal and DASS score reports, which reported a
moderate level of depression. She has corresponded with numbers– 1) depressed mood most of the
day, 2) diminished interest or pleasure, 4) insomnia 6) fatigue or loss of energy 7) feelings of
worthlessness or inappropriate guilt, of criterion A of the DSM5 diagnosis of major depressive
disorder. Vanessa further corresponds with criterion B; where her symptoms have been causing
distress and social impairment in occupation, C; where her symptoms have not been as a result of
substances or another medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other studies conducted indicate that a high stressful life event has a high significant association
with consequent major depressive episodes at an astounding 75% proportion; evidently stating a
causal relationship (Kendler et al. 1999). Kendler et al. (1999) supported that a higher causal
relationship with stressor events was more evident in the first stage of depression over recurrent
episodes of major depression and furthermore, found that 85.4% of the sample indicated the
stressful event and the arrival of depressive symptoms occurred in the same month. Furthermore
supporting the findings previously stated by Kendall et al (2004), not all major depressive episodes
are as a result of stressor events, but may instead be attributed to the predisposition of neurotic
temperaments (Kendler et al 1999). Further support for Vanessa suffering a major depressive
episode is further ensued by the theory of 'ambiguous loss' termed by Boss (1999) who describes
this term as a situation that stalls the grieving process through the obstruction of coping and stress
management, as a result of physical absence and psychological presence, usually leading to feelings
of guilt, anxiety and uncertainty and ultimately leading to depression. Finally, in an attempt to
demonstrate that Vanessa's reactions to a romantic breakup Parker et al.'s (2015) study demonstrates
that depressive symptoms is a primary response to her stressor.

Depressive Disorders Research Paper
Depressive Disorders
Summer Holder
South University
Depressive disorders is a mood disorder that is widespread among all ages, genders, and ethnicities.
Depressive disorders is a worldwide and serious disabling health disorder. The age of onset occurs
throughout the life span and is its effect is a disabling as other chronic illnesses. Depressive
disorders are twice as likely in females between the ages of 15 and 40 as in males. Depression is
also very common over the age of 65 but is more difficult to diagnose and can go untreated due to
the presentation of sign and symptoms. Comorbidity with other chronic illnesses makes the
prognosis poorer and health care providers should not overlook a diagnosis of depression when
treating

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a very common mental illness; it can affect anyone. Many
people feel down, sad, or "blue" occasionally, but most the time is short–lived and passes quickly.
Depression is more than grief after a loss or just feeling down and/or sad. Major Depressive
Disorder consists of at least a two–week episode in which a person's mood is lowered and can be
accompanied with low self–esteem, diminished interest in most activities the individual once
enjoyed, low energy, sleep too much or not enough, feeling hopeless and/or empty. An individual
may also experience feelings of worthlessness or guilt, unable to concentrate or indecisiveness, and
recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation, or an actual ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive–behavioral perspective can be used alone or with medication to treat depression. At the
origin of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, it is assumed that an individual's mood is directly related to
their patterns of thought. Negative, irrational thinking and thought process affect an individual's
mood, sense of self, behavior, and an individual's physical state. The main goal of cognitive
behavioral therapy is to help an individual recognize negative thought patterns, evaluate their quality
of being valid, and interchange them with healthier ways of thinking.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is more of a short–term approach to depression than psychoanalysis
and psychodynamic therapies. CBT may only require 10 to 20 sessions, while other therapies may
require several years. With CBT, an individual may be asked to keep a journal by their therapist. The
therapist then can help break down reactions and thought processes to life events and reactions that
have been recorded in the journal. Several categories of self–defeating thought patters are as
follows:
All–or–nothing thinking: viewing the world in absolute black–and–white terms
Disqualifying the positive: rejecting positive experiences by insisting they "don't count" for some
reason
Automatic negative reactions: having habitual, scolding thoughts
Magnifying or minimizing the importance of an event: making a bigger deal about a specific event
or moment

Essay On Major Depressive Disorder
There are numbers of dangerous non communicable diseases and disabilities that affect the daily
lives of millions of people. Non communicable diseases and disabilities can be physical, but they
can also be mental. One of these diseases is the Major Depressive Disorder or MDD. I chose this
mental disability because mental disabilities affect many people, but they often go unnoticed. This
article will explain what Major Depressive Disorder is, its effects, and how it can be controlled.
Major Depressive Disorder is a serious mental disability that affects approximately 14.8 million
adults in America. Though, what exactly is Major Depressive Disorder? The MDD is very similar to
moderate depression, but the symptoms are more severe. "Episodes" of this type of severe
depression often occur more than once in a person's life. The symptoms of this mental disability can
cause difficulty with eating, sleeping, enjoying life, working, and studying. A person experiencing
MDD may also have thoughts of suicide. Daily tasks become much harder with this disorder, but
there are ways to help control Major Depressive Disorder. MDD has several ways in which it can be
solved or become less intense. One way people can treat it is by taking antidepressants. They are
often the first solution people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are, however, ways to lower the risk of getting one. A major factor in depression is stress.
Controlling your stress levels will encourage your self esteem and increase your ability to bounce
back from depression. Allowing yourself to be around family and friends can help to boost your
overall mood. Family and friends can also help you get over depression at a faster rate. Finally, if
you see the signs of MDD you should seek help or medication quickly. By doing this you will lower
the risk of it getting worse. Even though there is no way to prevent it you can take steps to stop it
from worsening and control

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) can occur during the life of the people like any other physical
diseases. About the symptoms of MDD, Most people feel sad or depressed in their lives. They lose
the interest in normal activities and relationships. Those symptoms might include fatigue, feelings of
worthlessness, insomnia and thinking about death or suicide. The causes of MDD might occur from
the genetic, stress and the environment, but MDD can be cured nowadays.
The first of resolutions is the treatment of depression with the drug. The main treatment currently is
a psychiatrist give an Antidepressant drug. It does not cause addiction and can stop taking them
when unneeded. This drug is a relatively slow–acting drug. The

The Serious of Major Depressive Disorder
Mental disorder is a common term to refer people's mental health conditions in Canada and
internationally. People who have studied Hamlet, a play that's written by William Shakespeare,
know that Ophelia is one of the characters who suffer from a mental disorder, which known as major
depressive disorder. At the beginning of the play, Ophelia's mental state is very healthy, she falls in
love with her boyfriend Hamlet, yet their relationship is controlled by her father. During the play,
Ophelia experiences a transformation of her mindset, which causes by Hamlet. As the play closer to
the end, the death of Polonius, father of Ophelia, makes Ophelia's mental becomes more unstable,
which leads her to suicide at the end. Thus, due to all the unhappy events that happen to Ophelia's
life all at once, the psychological harms slowly turn Ophelia becomes insane and eventually brings
her to death. In the beginning, the relationship between Ophelia and Hamlet is very real, they both
love each other so much. After the death of King Hamlet, father of Hamlet, Hamlet is attracted by
Ophelia's beauty, and starts falling in love with her. However, since Ophelia is living in the 16th
century, and is the daughter of Polonius, a respectful man who works for King Claudius as his chief
advisor, her freedom is pretty much controlled by her father, including her relationship with Hamlet.
So Polonius requires Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet, and tell her that "from this time forth have
you so

The Term Major Depressive Disorder
Introduction
The term major depressive disorder was created by a group of US clinicians in the mid–1970s as
part of proposals for diagnostic criteria based on patterns of symptoms (Spitzer et al, 1975). MDD
made its first appearance in the third edition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM III) (Phillip, Maier & Demo, 1991). MDD is a mental disorder characterized by an
impairment of functioning in one or more areas of life due to a depressed mood and loss of interest
in activities combined with other symptoms for a minimum of two weeks (APA, 2013, 161).
According to the DSM–IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), MDD is characterized by one
or more major depressive episodes minus a history of manic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Epidemiology
According to Klerman & Gershon et al (2013), there has been an increase in the prevalence of major
depressive disorder within the last 70 years in the US. Even though a community studies of mental
disorders have been situated in the United States of America previously in the completion of the
World War 2, it was just in the early 1980s that a complete organized professional consultations
were established to diagnose particular mental disorders (Comstock et al., 1976, Helgason T. 1964,
Lin TY. 1953). The initial tool was the DIS (Diagnostic Interview Schedule) (DIS), Robin LN et al
1981which was established for use in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study Robin LN et
al 1991 for the evaluation of the overall population incidence of mental disorders by Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
A study suggested that gender differences in the diagnosis occurred between the ages of 15 and 18.
The rise in the occurrences of new cases of depression is paramount throughout the pre–puberty
years (Hankin et al 1998). Similarly, MDD is less common among children than adolescents. 1.9%
of children have met the criteria for MDD in comparison to 4.7% of adolescents (Kashani &
Sherman, 1988). In yet another study, a one year prevalence of MDD was found in 3.3% of

Symptoms And Symptoms Of A Depressive Disorder
What is a depressive disorder? " A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood,
and thoughts. It interferes with daily life, normal functioning, and causes pain for both the person
with the disorder and those who care about him or her." (Psychology Today) The term depression in
psychology is more than just sadness. "People with depression may experience a lack of interest and
pleasure in daily activities, significant weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of
energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and recurrent thoughts
of death or suicide." (American Psychological Association) Depression affects 20–25% of
Americans ages 18+ in a given year. (CDC) Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide.
(WHO)
There are different types of Depressive disorders. Many of the different types of depressive
disorders are Major Depression, Unipolar Depression, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD), Psychotic Depression, Postpartum Depression, and Atypical Depression.
But, the two main categories of depression are Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymia, which
group together the less common types of disorders. Major depressive disorder is when you feel
depressed for most days of the week. Dysthymic disorder, must have less severe symptoms lasting
longer than two years that do not disable, but he/she may still function in daily life. Many people
with dysthymia also experience major

Major Depressive Disorder and Societies Youth Lisa Somerville Argosy University– Nashville
Campus December 13, 2007 Abstract In an attempt to better understand depression in today's youth,
I have chosen to explore the depths of Major Depressive Disorder and how it affects the young
people in our society. Depression amongst school age children and adolescents are the primary
focus. The prevalence, adversities, and treatment of the depression are discussed as well. After
exploring these few facets of the disorder, I will talk briefly about the Ecological Model developed
by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Morris in 1998 that is used by counselors to help evaluate and assess
the children who are referred by teachers or medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The adversities that I researched and that showed up most often are: Parental drinking, economic
hardship, parental mental illness, violence in the family, parent's marital problems, death of mother
or father, or the absence of a loved one. These earlier childhood adversities can be predictors for
what may arise in later years. These situations cause anxiety in children and for this reason children
should not be exposed to these adversities. Anxiety tends to be a precursor for depression. (Journal
of Abnormal Child Psychology 33.1. pg. 13)(Feb. 2005). Today schools are taking a much more
effective role in detection of depression in the younger generations. Because school is like work for
adults and is where children spend most of their days, I thought it would be appropriate to discuss a
model developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner and Morris in 1979, which addresses the totality of the
child's life up to the present moment. This model gave school counselors a tool to work from while
assessing the children. This model puts every aspect of the disorder on a continuum that
professionals can use as a guide during questioning and diagnosis. Due to the fact that depression is
hard to detect in young children, this process allows the counselor to see all symptoms present even
if they don't fit the DSM IV criteria to comprise a diagnosis. The Ecological Model takes a look at
the child as a whole. This includes, home,

Essay On Major Depressive Disorder

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