How Corn Affects Grassland Biomes And Global Warming

How Does Corn Affect The Biome
Many alterations have been applied to the area that corn is grown in. The main biome that corn is
grown would be grasslands. Grasslands are an extremely important biome for producing food, it was
shown that approximately 90% of the food produced today contains at least one of the fifteen
species that are grown in grasslands. Unfortunately, for there to be enough space for corn to be
grown and harvested, native grasses must be cleared, therefore having a devastating impact on the
biome. Corn is known to be the most thirsty crop to be grown, taking up almost 7,000 to 8,000
gallons of water, draining countries, that don't receive as much rain, of their groundwater. Another
impact on the environment of corn production would be the excessive use of fertilizers, this is due to
the little nutrients returned back to the soil. As corn is mainly used for consumption, very little plant
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These include: the absorption of carbon dioxide and the production of ethanol. Carbon dioxide
increases the dangers of the greenhouse effect. This traps in more heat, slowly heating the earth up.
Greenhouse gases are a large contribution to global warming in today's age, destroying the world
slowly. Luckily, plants, like corn, absorb the carbon dioxide, lessening the amount of carbon dioxide
in the air. Another benefit of growing corn would be the output of ethanol. It takes tens of thousands
of years to form petroleum (has a limit to how much there is which is slowly running out), which we
use a lot for transport in today's society, while ethanol, another type of fuel, can be easily made with
the production of corn. Firstly the corn creates its own glucose for food, which is then made into
starch. During this process, the substance, ethanol, is produced. If corn continues to be produced, an
endless amount of ethanol will be made as well, therefore supplying the world with endless amounts
of fuel for our
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Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii Cells Research Paper
The effects environmental nitrogen concentration on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells.
Introduction
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a highly adaptive, eukaryotic single celled green algae able to
assimilate nitrogen in any forms (Harris, 2001). This nitrogen is used for a variety of purposes,
including the synthesis of chlorophyll, nucleic acids and proteins, and as such, is thought to play an
important role in growth (Grossman, 2000).
These algae are particularly important in the development of biofuels, as they produce lipids and
alcohols which can be burnt as fuels. The amount of carbon dioxide released by this process is equal
to the amount of carbon dioxide the algae takes in during photosynthesis, making it a sustainable
carbon neutral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reinhardtii grown cells at high nitrogen appeared smaller in area, darker in colour, less granular in
appearance and more numerous, than those grown at low nitrogen. Although, many of those grown
at low nitrogen concentrations appeared to have damage to the flagella; this was not the case with
the high nitrogen strain.
Cell Biovolume
It was found that the cells in the low nitrogen treatment had a higher mean cell biovolume (737.81
µm3) than the mean cell biovolume for cells in the high nitrogen treatment (546.72µm3) as shown
in figure 1. These values were based on the mean measurements of 25 replicate experiments from
each treatment, with each replicate based on the measurements of 4 cells.
However, the unpaired t–test performed on these results gave a t value of 1.026, indicating that the
difference in cell biovolume was not significant, where p<0.0001 showing that the difference
between lipid content of the two treatments is significant.
Discussion
These experiments showed that limiting nitrogen availability had a significant impact on C.
reinhardtii cell morphology, cell count, photosynthetic pigment content and lipid content. However,
it was also demonstrated that cell biovolume was not

The Properties Of Microalgae As Sources For Biodiesel...
Abstract
To improve the properties of microalgae as sources for biodiesel production, Nannochloropsis
oceanica CCAP 849/10 was cultured in f/2 media supplemented with five different forms of nitrogen
(NH4HCO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, NH4NO3 and Urea, 0.88 mmol N l−1). The growth, total lipid
content, fatty acid profiles of the microalga were assayed after 15 days of cultivation. The results
indicated that the growth based on cell number of N. oceanicawas lowest in medium with
ammonium nitrate and increased significantly in medium with ammonium carbonate. The
microalgae treated with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate had the highest total lipid
contents, which were 90 and 87 %, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the microalgawas
significantly different.The major fatty acids incultures supplemented with ammonium bicarbonate,
ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:5
and C22:6 were detected. However in culture supplemented with sodium nitrate, C16:1 had very
small peak.
Keywords
Fatty acids profile, Growth, Nitrogen source, Nannochloropsis oceanica, Total lipid
Introduction
It has become increasingly obvious that continued relianceon fossil fuel energy resources is
unsustainable, owing toboth diminishing world reserves and the greenhouse gasemissions associated
with their use. As a result, there arevigorous research initiatives aimed at developing
alternativerenewable resources, including potential biofuels, as

Nitrogen Oxides Research Paper
What are nitrogen oxides?
Nitrogen oxides are a group of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Two of the most
common nitrogen oxides are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The chemical formula for nitric oxide
is NO; for nitrogen dioxide, it is NO2. Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a greenhouse gas that contributes to
climate change.
Nitric oxide is a gas with a sharp, sweet smell; it is colorless to brown at room temperature.
Nitrogen dioxide is a colorless to brown liquid at room temperature, with a strong, harsh odor. It
becomes a reddish–brown gas at temperatures above 70 degrees F.
Nitrogen oxides are released into the air from motor vehicle exhaust or the burning of coal, oil,
diesel fuel, and natural gas, especially from electric power plants. They are also released during
industrial processes such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with precipitation, oxygen, and other substances in the
atmosphere to form acid rain.
Nitric oxide is used to bleach rayon and produce nitric acid. Nitrogen dioxide is used to produce
rocket fuels, explosives, and other chemicals. Nitrogen dioxide is sometimes used to bleach flour.
How might I be exposed to nitrogen oxides?
Nitrogen oxides are common pollutants found in most of the air in the United States. You can be
exposed to nitrogen oxides outdoors by breathing air that contains it, especially if you live near a
coal–burning electric power plant or areas with heavy motor vehicle traffic. You can be exposed to
higher levels if air pollution and smog levels are high.
You can be exposed at home if you burn wood or use a kerosene heater or gas stove.
You can be exposed at home or at work, indoors or outdoors, through smoking cigarettes or
breathing second–hand cigarette smoke.
You can be exposed at work if you work in a facility that produces nitric acid, explosives such as
dynamite and TNT, or welded

Essay about William Ramsay
William Ramsay
William Ramsay was born on the second of October, in the year 1852. William, and his parents,
William and Catherine, lived in Glasgow, Scotland. William Ramsay performed his work in his
native town, until 1870 when he went to Tübingen and earned his doctorate in 1872. When returned
to Scotland later that year, he became an assistant chemist at the Anderson College in Glasgow.
Eight years later, he was appointed principal and professor of chemistry at London University,
which held until his retirement in 1913.
Ramsay's earliest works were in the field of organic chemistry. In his early experiments he showed
that the alkaloids are related to pyridine, which he synthesized in 1876 from ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
William Ramsay searched for sources of Argon in the mineral kingdom. He discovered Helium
instead of Argon in a uranium–bearing mineral. Until this point, Helium was only known to exist on
the sun. Ramsay determined that this element was in fact Helium by viewing the mineral's bright
yellow stripe under a spectroscope which corresponded with the Helium that is on the sun. Helium
was originally named by Lockyer. This led Ramsay to believe that there is a new group of elements.
Ramsay was guided by Mendeleev's periodic table and began work with the British chemist, Morris
W. Travers. Argon was now available in much larger quantities, through experiments by Claude in
Paris, by the fractional distillation of air. Ramsay prepared a large quantity of Argon and
fractionated it. He isolated three new elements. The first was called Neon, meaning "The New One."
The second was named Krypton, meaning " The Hidden One," and the third one was called Xenon,
meaning " The Alien One", or "The Stranger." Each of the new elements were unique by examining
their spectrum. Then in 1910, Ramsay discovered Niton, or Radon in the radioactive emissions of
radium, which was the last of the noble gases.
Since the gases that Ramsay discovered, had remarkable inertness, or completely unreactive, led to
their use for special purposes. Helium

Great Smog Of London And The Scientific Implications In...
The Great Smog of London and the Scientific Implications in Today's World
Turn of the century London, the emergence of the middle class has forced the cultural bias to shift in
favor of more homes, more people, and a lot of energy consumption. Science's solution to the energy
crisis is a seemingly perfect one: distribute and utilize a more available fuel. Coal burned slower
than wood and therefore kept people and homes warm more resourcefully. For a while it seemed
like a miracle solution. The industrialization of the previous age had been using coal as well, and
when the air became polluted with the factory and energy refuse, the smog was swept away in a
matter of hours (Kilen, C.) That went on until early winter of 1952. That fall had been an unusually
cold one, and the coal had been burning day and night. The factories had been chugging on, and the
black smoke kept rolling. The process by which factories burn coal is as follows: the coal is blown
into the furnace where it burns while still airborne. The heat is used to warm water, which then
produces steam, which spines a turbine. The factories that burn coal now use methods to slightly
lessen the pollution, such as wet limestone to absorb the sulfur (How Coal Works, Union of
Concerned Scientists, p.4). This particular winter, though, the pollutants would not be swept away as
they had been in the past. This is due to the fact that on this particularly cold December, an inversion
occurred over the city of London. An

Azoll Fastest Growing Plants
1. Azolla "occurs naturally in freshwater ditches, ponds, lakes and sluggish river of warm
temperature and tropical regions", therefore it can be found in most of the U.S., all throughout
Mexico and Central America, most of South America, parts of Europe such as France, Spain,
Holland, Italy and Denmark, all of Australia and Asia and predominately parts of south Africa.
2. Azolla is unique because it is one of the fastest growing plants on the planet, does not need any
soil to grow, and gets its nitrogen fertilizer from the atmosphere. It is called 'Azolla Superorganism'
because it had a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena and these two organisms
combine their talents to work together. Their talents are; Azolla's leaves

Inventions Of Gunpowder And Its Inventions Essay
Invention of Gunpowder and its inventions
The innovation of Explosive was a mix–up. The objective that was attempting to be accomplished
was to make a blend/ mixture for eternity life. It wound up being the direct opposite of that , rather
they made a blend for death that is as yet utilized today in numerous things and ways. Gun powder
became to be known as black powder. The makers of black powder were Old Chinese chemists. The
chemists get a kick out of the chance to test things so they started exploring different avenues
regarding blends and different substances for interminability and they wound up making black
powder. The Chinese wound up discovering that the item that they had made detonated so they
utilized it for flame works ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Fireworks are used as visual entertainment across the world for celebrations and culture,
the Chinese used it to scare away enemies and diminish evil spirits. In the early years a common
thing that happened was trading, when one country had a good that another country didn 't they
would offer it for something in return. Along the silk road to Europe popular items to trade were
Chinese firearms, fireworks and gunpowder. The trading of gunpowder made it really popular which
caused it to spread around the world. Gun powder is made up of simply three ingredients. The
ingredients to make gunpowder are potassium nitrate, common charcoal and sulfur. Ingredients to
make gunpowder can be easily found at markets where chemicals are sold and no such identification
is needed to purchase them. Potassium nitrate was first made up from decayed animal and then later
on it came from mines in India. The common charcoal is made up from wood that has been cooked
so no such gas is in it, all the gases are to be completely removed. Sulfur is the thirteenth most
existing Element in the earth crust and it can be mined. Mixing the potassium nitrate, common
charcoal and sulfur creates gunpowder, it 's not difficult to make it so in reality anyone can make it
to cause damage to property or use it to their intentions. The outcome of the three chemicals being
mixed together causes everything to turn black, once you 've reached the stage you know gunpowder
is in your hands. The

Multistep Lab
Title: Oxidation of Benzoin and Rearrangement of Benzil to Produce Benzilic Acid Abstract The
objective of the lab was to produce benzilic acid from benzoin. Benzoin was successfully oxidized
with nitric acid to form benzil. The percent yield of benzil was 59.26% and the melting point range
was 94.1–95.5°C. The literature melting point of pure benzil is 95°C, which indicates the correct
product was obtained. Benzil was then rearranged using potassium hydroxide to form benzilic acid.
The percent yield of benzilic acid was 57.94% and the melting point range was 147.9–149.8°C. The
literature melting point of pure benzilic acid is 150°C; this also indicates that the correct product
was isolated. Crude products were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, 0.100 grams of pure benzil, 0.30 mL of 95% ethanol, and a spin vane was placed into a 3–mL
conical vial with an attached air condenser. The mixture was heated with an aluminum block at
100°C, while being stirred, until all the benzil had dissolved. Using a pipet, 0.25 mL of an aqueous
potassium hydroxide solution was added drop wise into the conical vial through the air condenser.
The mixture was boiled at 110°C while being stirred for approximately 15 minutes and the reaction
mixture changed from deep blue–black to brown in color. The vial was removed from heat and
allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was crystallized in an ice bath and the crystals
were collected over a Hirsch funnel using vacuum filtration and rinsed with ice–cold 95% ethanol.
The solid crystals were transferred to a 10–mL Erlenmeyer flask that contained 3 mL of 70°C water.
The flask was swirled while 0.50 mL of 1 M hydrochloric acid was added to the flask. With each
drop added a white precipitate formed immediately. The solution was checked to have a pH of 2, if
it was not, more acid was added to the flask. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and then
cooled in an ice bath. The crystals were collected by vacuum filtration using a Hirsch funnel and
rinsed with ice–cold water. The pure benzilic acid crystals were weighed and a melting point was
obtained. Results and Calculations mass of crude

The Treatment of Wastewater with Microalgae Essay
2.1 Wastewater Treatment with Microalgae
Microalgae have a great potential to solve energy and environmental challenges around the world.
Wastewater treatment with microalgae is a more environmental sound approach to reduce nitrogen
and phosphorus and to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Microalgae can absorb significant
amount of nutrients because they need large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus for proteins (45–
60% microalgae dry weight) and metals as micronutrients for their growth. William Oswald first
developed the idea of treating wastewater using microalgae and performed photosynthesis in sewage
treatment [29]. Figure 2.1 briefly depicts the process involved in high rate algal pond in which algae
plays a dual role by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.2.1 Nitrogen
Organic nitrogen is the key element in biological substances like enzymes, peptides, proteins,
chlorophylls and energy transfer molecules such as ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and ATP
(Adenosine–5'–triphosphate) [33]. Organic nitrogen is derived from inorganic sources including
nitrite (NO2–), nitrate (NO3–), nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH4+), and
nitrogen gas (N2). Microalgae has an ability to convert inorganic nitrogen be only in the forms of
nitrite, nitrate and ammonium to organic nitrogen through a process called assimilation. Only
eukaryotic algae can perform assimilation [32]. Figure 2.2 describes the assimilation process of
inorganic nitrogen. As shown in the figure 2.2, translocation of inorganic nitrogen takes place across
the plasma membrane where reduction of nitrate takes place followed by the incorporation of
ammonium into amino acids and glutamine. Initially nitrate is reduced to nitrite by a "NADH–
dependent" nitrate reductase and the nitrite reduced to ammonium by "NADPH–linked" nitrite
reductase present within the algae. The resulting ammonium is assimilated to form amino acids by
glutamine and glutamate synthase within the intracellular fluid using adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
glutamate (Glu) and glutamine synthase. Thus, all inorganic forms of nitrogen are finally reduced to
organic form (amino acids) [32]. Figure 2.2 Conversion of inorganic

Australian Waterways Facilitation
Today, this briefing note is put to you the 'National Taskforce on Environmental Science and
Sustainable Development' in response to Urbanisation and its effects on Australias' waterways. This
is fast becoming a critical environmental issue affecting Australia.
It has long been known that plants act as a natural filter of water, removing all the properties that
would harm the creatures that ingest it. A key issue facing developers today is an expanding
population. With expanding urban sprawl vastly affecting the green space urban development,
strategies continue to focus on removing the encroachment of land as a development strategy and
going 'up'. This essay will focus on the eutrophication of waterways within Australia and in ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ammonium is the form of nitrogen taken up most readily by phytoplankton because nitrate must
first be reduced to ammonia before it is assimilated as amino acids in organisms (Geoscience
Australia, 2013). The excessive level of certain nutrients in waterways is often linked to human
activities.
A comprehensive investigation on how nutrients in waterways were increasing, was undertaken by a
body of individual scientists and their findings were as follows;
– Run–off from agricultural areas;
– Storm water and wastewater;
– Turbidity and nutrient levels occur within Australia's river systems, generally coincide in
Australia's river systems. A large proportion of the suspended sediment in Australian rivers results
from vegetation removal, leading to gully and stream bank erosion and sheetwash. Phosphorus is
overwhelmingly associated with such particulate loads (The National Land and Water Resources
Audit, 2002).
– Dentrification is a major sink for inorganic nitrogen in estuaries. Nitrogen loss due to
denitrification can exceed 50% of the total nitrogen input, and is probably the main reason why
nitrogen can sometimes be the limiting nutrient in estuaries (Berelson, W.M., Heggie, D.,
Longmore, A., Kilgore, T., Nickolson, G., Skyring, G. 1998).
– Water column phosphorus concentrations have also been shown to increase under anoxic
conditions (Webb, K.L. and D'Elia, C.F. 1980). This is because some of the iron oxyhydroxides that

Smoke Bomb In The Culling
Smoke bomb is a projectile in The Culling. It breaks on effect, making a large cloud of smoke and
applying a temporary blindness to opponents. It is particularly powerful for fleeing and baiting
enemies into traps. It can also be very effective when paired with blades and Brutus by blinding an
opponent and backstabbing him. It is make with only a rock at a gas tank, and can be used to create
the gas grenade. Smoke bomb will be auto dropped if player have Angry Octopus perk, even if he
does not have smoke bomb in inventory. (Smoke Bomb, n.d.)
The first bomb were invented in China in the 13th century. The Chinese initially started using
gunpowder in hand–held grenades and created smoke bombs. One of these bombs, the thunderbolt–
ball, had black powder on the outside that detonated a bamboo center loaded with iron pieces.
During the Northern Song Dynasty (960–1126), Zeng Gongliang, a designing master, recorded three
formulas of gunpowder in his Wujing Zongyao (Compendium of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
His rudimentary smoke bomb is still used by the military today. The purpose of smoke bombs are
used in Military and Law enforcement and Training Disaster, War and Fire Imitations Airsoft and
Paintball Tournaments Personal entertainment. There are several different ways to make a smoke
bomb, but the most common method used is potassium nitrate (oxidizer), sugar (fuel) and baking
soda (reducing reagent). The potassium nitrate and sugar react in an explosive reaction when lit.
This reaction is moderated by the baking soda so that the smoke bomb creates smoke for a longer
period of time rather than just burning out. During the combustion of the smoke bomb, the sugar
will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. The nitrogen in the potassium nitrate will be reduced
to nitrogen gas. The potassium will end up as potassium carbonate (the carbon coming from the
CO2 from the sugar). (Smoke Bombs,

Effects Of Air Pollution
Many of us don't realize that the air we are breathing could slowly be prematurely ending our life.
Air pollution in the city can affect the human health in many ways. Air pollution is when the air is
contaminated by harmful substances. This is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial
processes and smoke. Air pollution is often found in poor inner city neighborhoods. With greater
amounts of air pollution comes a greater possibility of multiple health risks. Cardiovascular and
respiratory diseases, cancer and asthma are frequent health impacts that are caused from smog and
air pollution. Some of these health impacts can lead to death. According to the World Health
Organization, there are three million deaths worldwide due to air pollution. Air pollutants can be
transferred from one country to another via the wind. Due to the wind being out of our control, this
must be taken seriously in every city, state or country because it can slowly affect everyone around
it. I am going to define smog and its impacts on New Dehli, how automobiles contribute to the air
pollution and describe possible solutions to air pollution in the city.
When the sunlight and heat react with industrial emissions from power plants, factories and cars,
smog is created. In other words it is a foggy brown substance that drapes over a city's skyline like a
blanket. Smog is common in larger cities such as Los Angeles, New York, New Delhi, Beijing, and
London. Due to smog being so common in densely

Causes And Disadvantages Of Eutrophication
Eutrophication is the process by which an aquatic environment acquires a higher concentration of
two important nutrients: phosphates and nitrates in a certain environment. This promotes excessive
growth of algae on the surface of the water. Living things need some specific nutrients to survive.
Usually nature provides just the specific amount of nutrients, but too many nutrients can cause
dangerous problems to the environment. This is presented in aquatic systems.
However the problems can also increase when aquatic environments such as lakes or rivers have an
overabundance of nutrients, when this happens eutrophication appears. A Eutrophic lake occurs
when there is a presence of too many nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus that is usually as a
result of drainage from surrounding land. When a lake or other aquatic system becomes eutrophic,
then we can have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones across the world. Hypoxia occur when there is low oxygen in
a specific area, so this is a natural phenomenon in coastal areas around the world. Aquatic dead
zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates known as
eutrophication.Major nutrients comes from human activity such as fertilisers in agriculture and
burning fossil fuels , these nutrients lead to rapid increase on phytoplankton resulting in algae bloom
. These organic matter produced sinks to the bottom of the ocean were bacteria break it down, when
bacteria break down this organic matter they consumed oxygen liberating carbon dioxide. So this
process makes the water hypoxic( low quantities of oxygen) making fish and other species to
migrate to other places but there are some plants and animals that cannot move so fast that they die
because they need oxygen to being alive and bacteria has taken away this essential oxygen for

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Inorganic Fertilizer
Inorganic fertilizer may look as if to propose that the fertilizer is not natural it is chemical made by
the industries or a factory. Industrial fertilizer is fertilizer supply from mineral deposit or artificial
from man–made compound. This type of fertilizer also contains natural compounds. The mixture of
a formula is put together in a factory, rather than collecting by environment as it occurs with organic
fertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer also contains beneficial chemical and mineral deposits and materials
the nutrients essential to produce plants. This type of fertilizer can be offered mostly in different
agriculture different stores. Some of the farmers prepared to use inorganic fertilizer for them to
salvage the malnourishment of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also affordability, convenience, and effectiveness in nourishing plants; however it can also have
disadvantages when using chemical based fertilizers. Plants will show signs of lacking nutrient the
inorganic fertilizer was separate help over organic choices, it depends on soil organisms to first,
break down the organic substance before the nutrients can be out. Inorganic fertilizer's fast delivery
elements and minerals eliminate this potential problem. Inorganic fertilizer, which is often
reasonably priced, consists of mineral–based nutrients manufactured for instant application on
crops. Unlike the organic variety, inorganic fertilizer does not need to decompose over time to
supply nutrients to plants. Inorganic fertilizer contained balanced amounts of nitrogen, potassium
and phosphorus to supply plants and to grow it faster. These are the substance of chemical gain from
the processes in cultivating the first one is urea. Nitrogen as urea can be lost to the atmosphere if
fertilizer urea remains on the soil surface for total periods of time throughout warm

Segmented Polyurethanes Can Be Represented By Three Basic...
Segmented polyurethanes can be represented by three basic components in the following general
form: P–(D(CD)n–P)n
Where P is the polyol, D is the diisocyanate and C is the chain extender. Polyol, or the so–called soft
segment, is an oligomeric macromonomer comprising a "soft" flexible chain terminated by hydroxyl
(–OH) groups. The chain extender is usually a small molecule with either hydroxyl, or amine end
groups. The diisocyanate is a low molecular weight compound that can react with either the polyol
or chain extender, leading to the interesting segmented structure. In linear polyurethanes, the three
components have a functionality of two. If a branched or crosslinked material is desired,
multifunctional polyols, isocyanates, and sometimes chain extenders can be incorporated into the
formulation. Due to the statistical nature of the copolymerization, polyurethanes have both a
distribution in total molecular weight and adistribution in the hard segment sequence length, those
copolymer sequences denoted as D(CD)n, that follow essentially a most probable distribution.
The principle chemical reaction involved in the synthesis of polyurethanes is the urethane–forming
reaction, i.e., the reaction between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups.
Because this is a nucleophilic addition reaction, it is catalyzed by basic compounds such as tertiary
amines and by metal compounds such as organotin. Urethane formation is actually an equilibrium
reaction; the presence of catalyst therefore

A Brief Note On The Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions...
ABSTRACT
Diesel engine exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters have been a serious environmental
problem for a long time. Many research have been made in order to reduce these emissions since the
usage of diesel engines came into large. Major emissions from the diesel exhaust are NOx, SOx, CO
and Particulate Matters. Amongst these SOx, CO and Particulate matters can be reduced by using
after treatment methods like Catalytic Reduction, etc. Unlike these NOx reduction is a challenging
issue. In this project various types of technologies which are used till now to reduce NOx ¬has been
discussed and the advantages and dis–advantages of each technology is mentioned. Critical analysis
is made of emerging and new technologies is made and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also extend my thanks to my friends and family for their support and co–operation without which
this task could have been very difficult to achieve.
PRASANNA SEETHARAMAN (M.Sc Automotive Engineering)
OBJECTIVES
Study about combustion in diesel engine.
Investigate production of NOx in CI engines.
Analyse current technologies used in reduction of NOx with respect to combustion process.
Critical analysis of emergent technologies for NOx reduction.
Write a report which explains all the above process.
GANTT CHART
INTRODUCTION
Usage of diesel engine in automobiles is increasing worldwide because of its high fuel efficiency. As
the usage increases, the emissions from the exhaust gases also increases which affects the
atmosphere, thereby causing environmental issues such as global warming, smog and even acid rain.
These emissions are mainly due to non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of Nitrogen and
impurities in the fuel and air mixture. Major emissions include Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of
Sulphur, unburnt Hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon and other carbon particles or soot. Significant
measures are taken by the automotive industries for several years to reduces the intensity of these
exhaust gases. There are two ways of reducing these exhaust gases are
i) Primary methods in which the exhaust gases are reducing within the combustion chamber. ii)
Secondary methods or after

Organic and Inorganic Constituent in Essential in Plants...
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC CONSTITUENT IN ESSENTIAL IN PLANTS AND NUTRIENTS
REQUIRED TO PLANTS
Organic constituent
DEFINITION
An organ, system, or other discrete element of an organism the part of the plant that carries out
photosynthesis.
EXPLANATION: The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds
because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds
associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous
types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates,
lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates ...
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Such nutrients are termed macronutrients, where the prefix macro– (large) refers to the quantity
needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves. Other nutrients, called micronutrients, are
required only in trace amounts for plants to remain healthy. Such micronutrients are usually
absorbed as ions dissolved in water taken from the soil, though carnivorous plants acquire some of
their micronutrients from captured prey. The following tables list element nutrients essential to
plants. Uses within plants are generalized.
Macronutrients. (Necessary in large quantities)
Element Form of uptake Notes
Nitrogen NO3–, NH4+ Nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, etc.
Oxygen O2 H2O Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds
Carbon CO2 Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds
Hydrogen H2O Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds
Potassium K+ Cofactor in protein synthesis, water balance, etc.
Calcium Ca2+ Membrane synthesis and stabilization
Magnesium Mg2+ Element essential for chlorophyll
Phosphorus H2PO4– Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP
Sulfur SO42– Constituent of proteins and coenzymes
Micronutrients. (Necessary in small quantities)
Element Form of uptake Notes
Chlorine Cl– Photosystem II and stomata function
Iron Fe2+, Fe3+ Chorophyll formation

Boron HBO3 Crosslinking pectin
Manganese Mn2+ Activity of some enzymes
Zinc Zn2+ Involved in the synthesis of enzymes and chlorophyll
Copper Cu+ Enzymes for lignin synthesis
Molybdenum MoO42– Nitrogen

Course Taking And Apparatus Set Up
Course taking and apparatus set up will be the first steps in this project. For safety measures, the
apparatus needs to be reinstalled under the fume hood. Basic pretreatment processes will be carried
out in order to prepare the biosorbents for adsorption. Aiming to check the reliability of the system
and find possible pitfalls, some preliminary tests will be run, and the results will be analyzed. Once
the reliability of the apparatus, repeatability of the process, and standard operating procedure are
determined, the next phase of the project will be commenced.
5.2 Phase 2
In this phase, the experiments will be focused on single component and binary systems. Firstly, pure
methane will be fed into the column and the adsorption process will be investigated. Afterwards, the
same experiments at similar conditions will be carried out using pure water vapor. Based on the
result of these experiments, a new set of experiments will be designed and carried out for binary
systems (Methane and water vapor). Equilibrium and kinetics will be studied. Dynamic studies will
be accomplished. Generally, the performance of Flax Shive and Oat Hulls in PSA process will be
determined.
5.3 Phase 3
To further investigate the adsorption process, various isotherms will be fitted on the experimental
data. Equilibrium capacity, uptake of species, diffusion constants, and selectivity will be calculated.
Based on these results, the nature of the adsorption process will be determined. Afterwards, a set

Photochemical Smog
Photochemical Smog
Gifted Chemistry IB
Alternative Assessment
1997 March 19
Historically, the term smog referred to a mixture of smoke and fog, hence the name smog. The
industrial revolution has been the central cause for the increase in pollutants in the atmosphere over
the last three centuries. Before 1950, the majority of this pollution was created from the burning of
coal for energy generation, space heating, cooking, and transportation. Under the right conditions,
the smoke and sulfur dioxide produced from the burning of coal can combine with fog to create
industrial smog. In high concentrations, industrial smog can be extremely toxic to humans and other
living organisms. London is world famous for its episodes of industrial smog. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These conditions include :
• Precipitation can alleviate photochemical smog as the pollutants are washed out of the
atmosphere with the rainfall. • Winds can blow photochemical smog away replacing it with fresh
air. However, problems may arise in distant areas that receive the pollution. • Temperature
inversions can enhance the severity of a photochemical smog episode. Normally, during the day the
air near the surface is heated and as it warms it rises, carrying the pollutants with it to higher
elevations. However, if a temperature inversion develops pollutants can be trapped near the Earth's
surface. Temperature inversions cause the reduction of atmospheric mixing and therefore reduce the
vertical dispersion of pollutants. Inversions can last from a few days to several weeks.
4. Topography is another important factor influencing how severe a smog event can become.
Communities situated in valleys are more susceptible to photochemical smog because hills and
mountains surrounding them tend to reduce the air flow, allowing for pollutant concentrations to
rise. In addition, valleys are sensitive to photochemical smog because relatively strong temperature
inversions can frequently develop in these areas. Possible Solutions
A possible solution to the problem of photochemical smog is to enforce stricter emission laws all
over the globe. Many countries have varying laws on the legal limits of NOx, Carbon Dioxide, and
Sulfur Dioxide.

Gas Equilibriums: Examples of Reversible Reactions Essay...
Gas Equilibriums: examples of Reversible Reactions
Q1. Identify the general chemical and physical characteristics of gas equilibriums as a group.
Explain the forward and reverse reaction mechanisms. Use nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen iodide as
examples and explain how equilibrium is reached.
The general chemical characteristic of gas equilibriums is when the concentrations of reactants and
products do not change with time. This is known as the state of reversible reaction. At this state,
pressure, density, colour and concentration can be recognised. At equilibrium, both the forward and
backward reactions are still continuing because the rates of the forward and backward reactions are
equal. This leads to the general physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explain the effect of the value of k on the production of products. Use nitrogen dioxide and
hydrogen iodide as examples.
aA + bB cC + dD
Kc is called the equilibrium concentration constant. The square brackets refer to concentrations in
mol.L–1. The products always appear on the top line of the expression (the numerator), and the
reactants always appear on the bottom (the denominator). Each reactant and product is raised to the
power of the appropriate stoichiometric coefficient (a, b, c or d) from the balanced chemical
equation (i.e. the coefficients become the exponents).
The equilibrium concentration constant can be used to find the equilibrium pressure constant.
Example 1:
It follows then that K1, the equilibrium constant for:
at equilibrium,
is the reciprocal of K2, because by the rule just given:
at equilibrium,
Example 2:
It follows then that K1, the equilibrium constant for:
N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g)
at equilibrium,

is the reciprocal of K2, because by the rule just given:
at equilibrium,
The effects of the value of k on the production of products can be explained by:
Q > K The products must decrease and the reactants will increase.
Q = K There is equilibrium.
Q < K The reactants must decrease and the products will increase.
Q refers to systems that are not necessarily at equilibrium.
K is the equilibrium constant
Note:
o If the value of k falls

Agricultural Solid Waste For Energy Potential And...
Livestock Manure Waste–to–Energy Potential and Most Sustainable Use in North–American
Midwest Cattle Farms
Alina Hong
Gregoire Mazars
Matthew Garamella
Oliver Schwartz
1
Table of Contents
Abstract....................................................................................................3
Introduction / Background......................................................................3
Use of manure as fertilizer.......................................................................4
Use of manure as waste–to–energy...........................................................7
Anaerobic digestion..................................................................................8
Combustion.............................................................................................16
Gasification.............................................................................................17
Methods...................................................................................................21
Results.....................................................................................................22
All states..................................................................................................22
Nebraska..................................................................................................24
Texas.......................................................................................................29
Oklahoma................................................................................................37
Kansas.....................................................................................................39
Discussion...............................................................................................44
Bibliography............................................................................................45
2

Abstract
This paper looked into the potential for agricultural solid waste–to–energy projects in cattle and
dairy farms of the US Midwest. The use of animal dung, or manure, as fertilizer is historically well–
developed in the Midwest. Waste–to–energy projects, on the other hand, have taken off only recently
and may be able to address a portion of energy demand in these states while reducing landfill input.
Some agricultural waste is simply burned without any further purpose

The Effects Of Natural Resources On The Environment
Since the Industrial Revolution, natural resources have been under increasing pressure. The
significant changes in the amount of natural resources we have left have led to many issues, such as
global public health and global development. Other areas affected include the loss of forest, water
and air pollution, decrease in fresh water supply and degradation of soil. Today we are currently
seeing dramatic increases in global population. As the world's population continues to rise, natural
resources will continue to dwindle as long as we remain the same. The one thing that I would say is
the most challenging for humans is being able to advance in life, but still not destroy the
environment. If you look at most developed countries, it is evident that they consume resources way
more rapidly than developing countries. The problem with this is that all of these countries are
consuming faster than they can produce. Places like Africa and Asia are experiencing population
momentum. These areas have a tendency for population growth that continues to grow because of
the high concentration of people having kids. Better living conditions are definitely needed in these
countries because of the limited amount of resources being consumed by these regions. The over
exploitation of these resources will eventually lead to problems for future uses. As population
increases, the need to expand becomes more evident. The huge consumption and need for more
food, land, water, and energy have

Trophic Categories Etc..
Trophic Categories: 1. Producers 2. Consumers 3. Detritus feeders and decomposers Producers =
organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to
organic matter Organic Matter vs. Inorganic Matter –Matter that makes up the bodies of living
things generally characterized by the presence of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Most producers are
green plants. 1. Autotroph i. Chemosynthetic bacteria ii. Green plants iii. Algae 2. Heterotroph i.
Animals ii. Fungi iii. Protists (some) Consumers Primary consumers = {herbivores} {omnivores}
secondary consumers, tertiary consumers etc. = {carnivores} Predator Prey Relationships: Predator:
organism which does the feeding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
• nearly colorless, tasteless, and an odorless liquid. • the universal solvent; (rarely clean) • Water
is the only common, pure substance found naturally in all three states of matter • Highest density at
4˚C due to hexagonal crystal structure & hydrogen bond. • Polar nature The importance of
this property cannot be overemphasized for its role on the ecosystem of Earth. If water were more
dense when frozen, lakes and oceans in a polar environment would eventually freeze solid (from top
to bottom). This would happen because frozen ice would settle on the lake and riverbeds. an
important advantage for freshwater life in winter. • Surface water chills increases in density and
sinks • convection currents form that cool the whole water body, • when the temperature of the
lake water reaches 4 °C, water on the surface gains density and eventually forms ice. • downward
convection of colder water is blocked by the density change, • coldest water forms near the surface,
away from the riverbed or lakebed. Lithosphere: All other elements and minerals found in
lithosphere Mineral: hard crystalline inorganic material of a given chemical composition Organic
compounds: carbon–carbon, carbon–hydrogen bonds Inorganic compounds: have no C–C, or C–H
bonds Natural organic/ synthetic organic Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon

Reduction Of Carbon Diesel Engines And Catalytic Converter
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINES AND CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN
GASOLINE ENGINES Uppu.Nagaraju1, M.V. Sirisha2
1M.Tech Student, 2 Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DR.SAMUEL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARKAPURAM–523316, PRAKASAM DIST, ANDHRA PRADESH
ABSTRACT
The main concern of today's automobile industry is to reduce the amount of emissions (HC, CO,
NOx) to meet stringent emission norms. These emission norms can be obtained by modification in
in–cylinder combustion process or after treatment process. It's not possible to achieve the emission
norms by in–cylinder process alone. So, in this project, we make an attempt to reduce the emissions
by the after treatment process. The scope of our project is to reduce emissions in both gasoline and
diesel engines. In the after treatment process, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology
dominates the heavy duty diesel engines and catalytic convertor plays an important role in the
current era of gasoline engines. In this an attempt made to reduce NOx emissions by SCR
technology. In this work, we used Zeolite ZSM–5 as catalyst which was assisted by urea injection in
the exhaust tail pipe. It has been observed that 10 to 12% of NOx was reduced compared to existing
engine set–up.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rise in civilization is closely related to improvements in transportation. In the development of
transport the internal combustion engines, both petrol and diesel engines, occupy a very

The Acidic Environment Around Us
The environment around us is certainly acidic. Even though people often think the air around us is
neutral, the atmosphere naturally contains acidic oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur that can harm
our environment greatly. These oxides can be produced naturally and industrially. Sulfur dioxide is
produced when organic matter decomposes and forms hydrogen sulphide which then oxidises to the
oxide: 2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O. The natural sources of sulfur dioxide are in volcanic
gases, bushfires, sulfur rich geothermal hot springs releasing gases and the decomposition of organic
matter. The industrial sources of sulfur dioxide such as in processing and burning of fossil fuels and
extracting metals from sulfur rich ores such as smelting of galena for lead: 2PbS (s) + 3O2 (g) 2PbO
(s) + 2SO2
Nitric oxide is another oxide in the atmosphere that is formed when nitrogen and oxygen react due
to high temperatures of lightning: N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g). Other sources of nitric oxide from
industrial sources include the combustion of fossil fuels both in cars and in power stations. The
nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen in the hot engines. Another oxide that occurs in the
atmosphere is nitrogen dioxide which is produced after nitric oxide is produced by lightning and
reacts with the oxygen in the air: (2NO (g) + O2 (g) NO2 (g)), it is also released in large volumes in
the atmosphere by power stations. Nitrous oxide is an oxide that occurs on root nodules of legume

Vertebrate Adaptions for Terrestrial Life Essay
Vertebrate Adaptions For Terrestrial Life
AP–Biology Essay on vertebrate structural adaptations for terrestrial life.
The problems of survival of animals on land are very different from those of survival of animals in
aquatic environment. Describe four problems associated with animal survival in terrestrial
environments but not in aquatic environments. For each problem, explain a physiological of
structural solution.
Four problems faced by animals on land are breathing (respiration), water conservation in
excretions, successful reproduction, and the producing an egg which can survive outside of the
water.
All animals need to respire, but I have no idea why. Maybe you would like to answer that? Aquatic
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One way we do this is through our excretions.
Nitrogen forms a major waste product in animals. When amino acids and nucleic acids are broken
down, they release toxic ammonia (NH3). To rid the body of this toxin, several mechanisms have
evolved, each appropriate to the habitat or survival of the animal. Aquatic animals secrete NH3
directly into the surrounding water. Land animals cannot do this because of the toxicity of NH3.
Instead, NH3 is converted into urea in our livers. Urea is significantly less toxic than NH3, and thus
requires less water to excrete in the urine. The reason we need the water to excrete this is because
the water is needed to dilute the urea (or NH3 if we did excrete it in that form), in order to make it
less toxic.
Birds excrete ammonia in the form of uric acid, that's what they're always dropping on our heads.
Those mangy little rats with wings... have you ever wondered why we let those little pests run free
in the cities, but we wont let dogs and cats free, even though most people consider the birds more of
a nuisance? I didn't think so, anyways:
A third adaptation to terrestrial life is internal fertilization. In aquatic animals, many eggs are laid,
usually allowing the water, and chance to fertilize the eggs. We can't do this on land, because the
eggs and sperm would dry out, and would stay in the same place, unless they could walk (he he he).
To solve this problem, we have developed a system of internal fertilization.

Biochemical Action of Bacteria
OBJECTIVE: 1. To distinguish the bacteria abilities to metabolize various substrates and end
products formed. 2. To observe the growth of different bacteria species in term of structures and its
morphology based on different chemical substance applied. 3. To observe physiological and
immunological properties utilized by different species of bacteria.
INTRODUCTION:
Bacteria biochemical testing can determine the types and numbers in terms of colony forming units
of bacteria present in a sample of different chemical. The testing could be focused on a specific type
of bacteria, medical bacteria or a broad range of environmental bacteria. Since bacteria are present
in virtually any environment, it's important to be clear why the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2) The tubes were labelled and incubate at 37oC for 24 hours 3) All observations were recorded for
presence of acid or gas production.
2. Hydrolysis of starch
Materials: 1. Starch agar plates 2. Broth agar cultures of B.subtilis and E.coli
Procedure: 1) Starch plate was streaked with E.coli in for sections and repeated for B.subtilis
bacteria in other starch plate. 2) The plates were secured with parafilm, labelled and inoculated at
37oC for 24 hours.
The following day 1) The plates were tested for starch hydrolysis by flooding the pates with Gram's
iodine. 2) The plates were examined and the colonies that showed clear uncoloured zones in contrast
with the blue–black background of the starch–iodine complex were noted. 3) The extent of the zones
of hydrolysis indicated either the reddish colour zones were seen. 4) All results and observations
were recorded.
B. PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLIM
1. Indole test
Materials: 1. Broth cultures of B.subtilis, E.coli, and S. typhimurium 2. 3 tubes of tryptone broth 3.
Kovac's indole test reagent

Procedures: 1) The peptone water was inoculated with a loopfuls of the test organism. 2) The tube
was labelled and incubated for 24 hours.
The following day 1) The tubes were added with a few drops of Kovac's indole reagent
(dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) 2) The red or dark color indicates the presence of indole.
4. Hydrogen sulphide

Changes in Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological...
Changes in Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties Caused by Artificial Drainage of
Wetlands
Wetland soils are extremely varied. They are found from the tropics to the subarctic. They can be
seasonal or year–round, freshwater or saltwater, organic or mineral. The one thing that all of them
have in common is that for at least part of the year they are saturated with water. This saturation has
a significant impact on the soil's physics, chemistry, and biota. However, over the past century more
than half of all the wetlands in the United States has been drained for agriculture and other uses such
as construction. When the soils are drained the physics, chemistry, and biota are drastically changed.
This paper is an attempt to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Air plays a much more minor role in saturated soils than in unsaturated soil.
The high water content of these soils causes the chemistry to be primarily reducing rather than
oxidizing as it is in most other soils. Most of the reactions are mediated by biological activities.
Such a chemical environment means that the rate of decomposition of organic matter is relatively
slow. The reduced carbon in the organic matter of saturated soils is the source of energy and
electrons to drive the redox reactions (Schipper et al, p. 923). Under slightly reducing conditions,
the process of denitrification breaks down nitrate (NO3–) into N2 "through intermediates including
nitrite (NO2) and N2O" (McBride, p. 265). Under strongly reducing conditions, some of the N2 is
transformed into NH4– through plant enzyme–catalization in a process called nitrogen fixing.
Reducing conditions also change sulfate (SO42– ) into H2S a noxious smelling gas. Much of the
hydrogen sulfide is dissolved and dissociated in the water where the sulfide interacts with Fe2+
form iron sulfides. In more moderately reducing conditions the iron can be contained in siderite (Fe
CO3). In both instances the solubility of iron is greatly reduced (McBride, p. 266). Saturated soils
tend to decompose organic matter slowly, transform nitrates, and reduce the solubility of metals
such as iron. The reduced iron results in gleying (greyish–green coloration) of the soil and in the
case of fluctuating water levels mottles

The Pros And Cons Of Natural Resources
A Corporation can be defined as a legal creation, however the corporation itself, would only exist on
a piece of paper. A corporation will never die a natural death like humans die naturally, and
corporations will always outlive the individual who created it. With that said, the corporation itself
is never really committed to any employee or committed to any neighbor. However, a corporation
can always demand employees, a corporation can always demand taxes that are extremely high, and
a corporation can also restrict environmental laws. Corporations hold a great deal of power in
today's society. History has explained the fact that at one point in time, the earth's natural resources
had no limit. Raw materials were plenty, because of the fact that there were plenty of natural
resources to go around. Natural resources can be identified as the raw materials that comes from the
earth and are useful. Natural resources can never be made by humans. Athough, these raw materials
can be modified, or altered to benefit corporations and businesses. For example, natural resources
are fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Minerals like diamonds, gold, and copper are
natural resources that come from the earth. Other resources are known as natural vegetation, like
forests and timber. Animals are our earth's natural resources as well, like salmon, deer, whales,
chickens, etc. The air we breathe, and the wind are all also natural resources. Water, like lakes, rivers
and

Roles Involved In Fireworks
The Role of Black powder in Fireworks
Fireworks are a device containing gunpowder and other combustible chemicals. Fireworks cause
spectacular effects and explosions when ignited. They are most commonly used for display on in
celebrations (William Collins Sons & Co, N/D). Fireworks are spectacular as they produce amazing
bursts of colour that form a variety of shapes. 2 main reactions occur in fireworks to produce their
magnificent display. Stars are used to create the colours in fireworks after their explosion (Dingley,
2015). Black powder is used for the propulsion of the aerial shell into the air. The Black powder also
causes the bursting of the aerial shell causing the stars to be released (Antonis, 2010).
Black powder is a substance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meaning the element gains electrons during the reaction. This occurs with the nitrogen in the
potassium nitrate (reactant) and the Nitrogen (product). The oxidation number of nitrogen in the
potassium nitrate is positive 5 and the oxidation number of the nitrogen is 0. Therefore during the
reaction the nitrogen has gained 5 electrons. Therefore this classifies as a reduction reaction.
The potassium nitrate in this reaction is a spectator ion as it does not react or change form. This is
due to the potassium always being in a compound meaning it never changes charge.
Fireworks utilize an array of chemical reactions and different chemical compounds to produce a
spectacular display of light and sound. These chemical reactions include redox reactions,
combination reactions and displacement reactions. All of these chemical reactions equally take part
in the production of the light and sound of the

Feeding The Third World Essay
Feeding The Third World
Millions of people today, despite technological advances enabling fish and meat production and crop
yields to soar, are still living in hunger. It is estimated that nearly 30% of the world's population
suffer from some form of malnutrition, and the majority of these people live in Developing
Countries. Intensive and Subsistence Farming both present possible solutions to dealing with world
hunger and ending the suffering of the Third World.
Intensive Agriculture, also known as Factory or Battery Farming, involves land being farmed in
order to achieve the greatest yield possible with the use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides
because it is used to supply large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Eradicating possible pest habitats.
The principal of monoculture is that as long as soil and climatic conditions are sustained throughout
a field, each plant will grow to the same height and ripen at the same time, simplifying mechanical
harvesting of the crops and making it straightforward to manage. The greatest strength of
monoculture is uniformity;
* Greater densities of planting can be accomplished, commonly delivering higher yields.
* Much of the "Green Revolution" that started in the 1950's and helped increase the agricultural
production in India during the 1960's and 70's was based on monocultural methods.
* Genetically engineered (and selectively bred) organisms, with desired features, can be reared in
large numbers.
Genetic Engineering, or Recombinant DNA Technology, allows the isolation of a portion of DNA
from an organism that can be inserted into the DNA of another organism, so as the first organism
can continually produce the substance the extracted genetic sequence codes for. It is possible to, for
example, transfer genes that produce toxins with insecticidal properties form bacteria to plants, so
the genetically altered plants have an intrinsic defence to certain insect pests. Use of this technology
would mean;
* Less time and money is spent by not having to spray crops regularly with insecticides.

* Harmless or

Earth is a planet is made up of a mixture of oxygen,...
Earth is a planet is made up of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and several other
gaseous elements that have created and sustained life as we know it. The universe is a vast space
made of matter that varies from the smallest cosmic particle to a massive galaxy. Within one of
billions of galaxies is home to planet earth, which is one of 7 planets in the Milky Way Galaxy, all
orbiting a star. Based on what human life is conscious of, Earth is the only residence of intelligent
life in the universe. Could planet Earth be the only planet able to sustain intelligent life or are there
other planets with similar chemical make–up to do so? Or could it be that there are other elements
unknown to humans that can create and sustain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A massive explosion occurred which lead to a growth and expansion. During this expansion gases
were released which then formed galaxies, stars, planets, rock bodies, etc. This occurrence is
referred to as the big bang theory. Based on Nature, the international weekly journal of science,
Aliens might have existed during the Universe's infancy years. Calculations infer that liquid water
could have formed on rocky planets just 15 million years after the Big Bang. An astrophysicist at
Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Abraham Loeb, recognized that during the times
of the early Universe, energy required to keep water liquid could have come from the afterglow of
the Big Bang, instead of from host stars. The temperature of this radiation is now 2.7 kelvin. Based
on Loeb's calculations on arXiv preprint server this month, during the time of the beginning of the
universe around 15 million years ago, the temperature would have been 300 kelvin.
Loeb infers that rocky planets could have existed in parts of the Universe where there is dense
matter which leads to the formation and development of large short–lived stars. Stars would then
have enriched these areas with denser elements needed to create planets. It is said there was a
habitable age of 2 million or 3 million years where all rocky planets were able to uphold liquid
water, regardless distance from a star. The Universe was at a

Smog : The Greatest Ecological Issue Facing The United States
'Smog' is the outcome of the combination of the words 'smoke' and 'fog'. Photochemical smog is the
most common throughout the United States in large cities and mainly consists of ozone located in
the troposphere. Photochemical smog occurs when sunlight reacts with pollutants in the air released
by factories and car exhaust emissions. Smog plays a major role in environmental and personal
health issues such as low birth rate, respiratory irritation, reduction of lung function, aggravated
asthma, chronic lung diseases, reduction of immune system effectiveness, photosynthesis reduction,
and the possibility of ecosystem deterioration. Therefore, because of very high amounts of smog in
major U.S. cities such as Los Angeles combined with its harmful effects, smog is the greatest
ecological issue facing the U.S. today.
The naturally created three oxygen atom layer that resides in the earth's stratosphere is called the
ozone layer. The ozone layer is what protects the biosphere, the zone consisting of all living things
on earth, from ultraviolet radiation produced by the sun by reflecting it off of its surface. However,
there is also a man–made layer of ozone created in the troposphere, the lowest level in the
atmosphere, when pollutants that are released into the atmosphere from cars, power plants, industrial
boilers, refineries, chemical plants, etc. react with sunlight and other compounds. This is also termed
as photochemical smog and is extremely harmful to both plants and

Write An Essay On The Dust Bowl
Imagine you lived during the time period where poor farming techniques were created, and dust was
being deposited or dropped into your lungs, forcing you to walk slowly down the steps of death. The
phenomenon, the Dust Bowl, took place in the United States during the years around the 1930's. It
was an event that occurred in the United States, where the area it was taken place did not have moist
soil, healthy crops, and a considerable amount of water. During this time, the soil was poor, meaning
there was a small amount of nutrients in it. From this, it caused the seeds being planted to wilt, and
die.. Compost helps the nutrients and moisture to stay within the soil, in order to allow the plants to
not wither from being over watered or the lack of this liquid.
Plants, also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, these nutrients come from water, a colorless, transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid that
forms the seas, lakes, rivers, and rain, and most importantly, good soil, which are sediments broken
down by weathering. Compost would be considered as one of the most nutritional value to the
plants, even though it may not be necessary to use for planting. Despite this, it helps increase the
nutritional value given to the plants. According to the resource,
https://bonnieplants.com/library/what–is–compost/, it states, "The organic matter in compost
sponges up the fertilizer nutrients until they are needed by plants. Compost also provides many
nutrients that plants need in small amounts, such as boron." Boron is a micronutrient for plants that
benefits and are the causes of their development and growth by strengthening and forming the stem
cells. The stem cells are cells of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to more cells
of the same type. In addition, there is

Environmental Pollution Essay
According to the definition, Environmental pollution may be defined as the contamination of the
physical as well as biological components of the atmosphere thus damaging the environment to a
large extent
Types of environmental pollution and their sources:
Air pollution is considered as the most prolific form of pollution. The main source is burning of fuel
which is important for our daily needs such as cooking, driving and industrial activities. Sulphur
dioxide, which is very toxic, is produced due to coal burning in chimneys, factories, vehicles or
burning of wood. This results in other harmful phenomenon such as global warming, acid rain and
hence results in have increased temperatures, erratic rains and droughts
Water Pollution – 60% of the living species is in water bodies. Water is polluted when the industrial
waste is dumped into the rivers or when insecticides, pesticides like DDT are sprayed on plants and
hence pollutes the ground water system. Eutrophication occurs due to daily household activities
such as washing clothes and utensils near water bodies. Due to this detergents are mixed with water
which blocks sunlight from penetrating, thus reduces oxygen. Water pollution contaminates the
entire food chain and causes water–borne diseases like cholera, diarrhoea. Soil pollution – It is
mainly due to mixing of hazardous chemicals in the soil due to human activities. Nitrogen
compounds are absorbed from the soil making it unfit for plants to derive nutrition when we

The Fuel Burning Of Coal Essay
Introduction:
"In 2015, the United States generated about 4 trillion kilowatthours of electricity.1 About 67% of the
electricity generated was from fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum)" (What). This shocked
me to hear that statistic. I was aware that the United States does a lot of fossil fuel burning; however,
I did not know that we are so reliant on it. The website later said that coal alone is responsible for
33% of the electricity generated in the United States. Coal has always intrigued me since I was
young and liked trains, in particular, coal powered trains. So I thought I would look into some
statistics and information about the burning of coal. Sourcewatch.org said that "Coal combustion
releases nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, mercury, and dozens of other substances known to be
hazardous to human health" (Air). There are plenty of chemicals out there that I have never heard of,
however, the three listed in the lines above, I have heard before. Although, I do not know much
about any of them; so I will look them up.
Nitrogen Oxides: "Nitrogen oxides are a group of gases that are composed of nitrogen and oxygen.
Two of the most common nitrogen oxides are nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. The chemical
formula for nitric oxide is NO; for nitrogen dioxide, it is NO2. Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a greenhouse
gas that contributes to climate change" (Tox). Nitrogen oxides do not appear to be the best chemical
for the environment as well as for people. Nitrogen

Effects of Agricultural Production on Water Quality
Introduction:
Agriculture should be seen as an industry in the business of producing food and not as a natural
system, and as in all industries it requires materials to be consumed in the production. If not all the
materials are consumed in production they may become dispersed into the environment. This
agricultural industry can be divided into two major areas, plant and animal production.
The production of plants requires large amounts of water, between 200 and 500 liters per kg of
product, and high mineral content in the form of fertilizers. Each hectare of land gets an input of
around 100 kg nitrogen, 16 kg phosphorus, and 100 kg potassium. The effects on the environment
are determent on the amount used and the farmer's skill in using the correct application timing and
rates. What is not used in the plant production can be dispersed into the environment.
The biggest product of plant production is feed for the production of animals. In this process most of
the plant products are processed on the field leaving no containment or control in the process.
This paper discusses the effects of agricultural production on water quality. This is caused as a result
of pesticides and fertilizers used to enhanced production ending up in the water. The main focus will
be on fertilizer, primarily nitrogen.
The Chemistry:
To reach the output needed to produce a product on the global level agriculture as many industries
has gone to chemistry to improve their product. The use of

Enzyme Biological Systems By Speeding Up The Chemical...
Enzymes catalyze biological systems by speeding up the chemical reactions included. Enzymes
developed from the peroxidase that is obtained from the different roots reacts with the hydrogen
peroxide, which releases H2 and water. The extra hydrogen is indicated by the color change of the
solution that is used to measure the rate of enzyme activity. When the rate of enzyme activity was
high, the activity always occurred in the roots in the beginning stages of their development.
However, when the rate of enzyme activity was low during the roots' development, sucrose was
present. Sucrose was not present in roots when the tissues consisted of high activities of acid
invertase. Radish roots proved to have the rate of enzyme of activity remained high until maturity
and showed to not have considerable amounts of sucrose. In addition, radish roots can be seen to
have similar rate of enzyme activity when compared to the turnip roots because these roots also
maintained a high enzyme activity until maturity and did not have considerable amounts of sucrose.
Both roots, as a result, reduced sugars being the main reserve. Through the experiment having to do
with sugar accumulation and invertase activity during the development of turnip and radish roots, it
was observed that these matured roots consumed higher amounts of reducing sugars than sucrose
(Ricardo, 1974). In addition, similar changes in sugar content to the turnip roots, invertase activity
and dry weight were also detected

How Corn Affects Grassland Biomes And Global Warming

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