Horrifying Weather And Natural Disasters Essay Examples

Horrifying Weather and Natural Disasters Essay examples
Floods, earthquakes, tsunami, heat waves, landslides and wildfires. These words bring
back memories of horrifying natural disasters, which could strike at any given moment.
Especially dangerous for people who barely survive while they have to struggle every day.
"Over 31,849,838 had been killed by natural disasters in the past century" [1]. These are just
a few of the natural disasters that can strike any country one of several in the world. Natural
Disasters can cause many different catastrophic effects to many developing countries.
Reason for this because of a strained economy which has to use to provide most relief and
other aid cripples their economics, as these countries are ravished by debt, poverty in ... Show more
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Of course this will severely affect the inhabitants of the communities .
Poverty can have a huge impact on the economy and people lives. The poverty will go
high drastically and people who are already below the poverty line have a huge challenge in
front of them. They will have troubling, and frustratation life in front of them. No clean
water can also be affected if the natural disaster is a flood; earthquake, hurricane or
tsunami the water can be destroyed and be incorporated to the chemicals all around the
area which most likely going to contaminated water. So if drinks the dirty water you will
most likely get sick lightly or sometimes very deadly. Since they don't have any money
they will be forced to drink the contaminated water because they are dying from thirst. It
will also affect the women and children they will have to walk long distance just to get

something to drink so there education will be cut off.
The collapsing social systems is incorporated with the debt since the country has to
somehow pay back the debt from who they borrowed it from. Some countries such as Haiti
have close down projects for the cities so building more schools, hospitals ,etc. The children
might not get education so in the area lack of education will be wiped of the city. The lack of
health care will be gone so they will have walk to the nearest hospital which
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Four Categories of Human Environmental Hazards Essay
Addressing: The Four Categories of Human Environmental Hazards
Everest Online University
EVS1001–26
Environmental Science
Professor Deborah Builder September 6th, 2012
The Four Categories of Human Environmental Hazards
There are many exposures to hazards in our environment today that brings along the risk of an
injury, different types of diseases, and even in some cases death. These hazards are called human
environmental hazards. There are four categories to human environmental hazards which we will
discover and discuss further in detail and they consist of cultural hazards, biological hazards,
physical hazards, and chemical hazards (Wright & Boorse, 2011).
We first begin with Cultural Hazards. Cultural hazards can result ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second environmental hazard we will look at is Biological Hazards. Up until around the 19th
and 20th centuries, the world became overwhelmed with serious issues such as pathogenic bacteria
and viruses that took millions of people lives. We now have available medicines and shots that have
disposed of many of these childhood sicknesses such as polio and smallpox (Wright & Boorse,
2011). But the battle is not over, every person in every society are hosts to pathogenic bacteria,
fungi, viruses, protozoans, and worms. There are approximately one–fourth of these deaths that are
due to serious issues such as infectious and parasitic diseases. The leading causes of death are from
acute respiratory infections and pneumonia has been by far the most deadliest and serious of them
all (Wright & Boorse, 2011).
The third environmental hazard is Physical Hazards. These types of hazards occur naturally, and are
the outcome of hydrological, meteorological, or geological forces. Physical hazards are natural
disasters such as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, twisters, tsunamis, earthquakes, and floods (Wright
& Boorse, 2011). These hazards can come from nowhere and have little to no warnings before
they hit. Natural hazards are usually experienced by the least fortunate also known as the poor who
are not able of dealing with their effects of these disasters. Climate change can and probably will
have an effect on the

Emergency Management Research Paper
The Planning Process
The Plan is a "multi–jurisdictional" plan that was prepared pursuant to the Hazard Mitigation and
Pre–Disaster Mitigation Programs, and the process outlined in materials prepared by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency for the Community Rating System of the National Flood
Insurance Program. The Augusta's Flood Hazard Mitigation Plan was prepared pursuant to the Flood
Mitigation Assistance Program and was supported by a planning grant provided by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and administered by the Georgia Emergency
Management Agency (GEMA).
Natural Hazards, Risks and Vulnerabilities
Floods have been and continue to be the most frequent, destructive, and costly natural hazard facing
the State of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the mitigation actions identified in this
Plan are administrative or programmatic in nature, including addressing how hazards are
incorporated into local processes, public awareness and warning, flood map revisions, sediment
control on construction sites, staffing, water conservation, debris management, and refining what is
known about flood risks at locations where hazardous materials are handled. The priorities
designated are recommended by the Committee and are largely based on whether actions are
ongoing or can be incorporated into current workloads, budgets and staffing. In effect, this
assessment is similar to balancing the benefits of an action with its costs of implementation
(although a formal analysis of that comparison was not performed). Each lead agency is responsible
for determining priorities within the framework of their overall responsibilities.
Methodologies for Prioritization (for grant

Natural Hazards Assessment By Christopher Iannuzzi
Natural Hazards Assessment by Christopher Iannuzzi
Introduction
Nabro volcano
Nabro is located in Eritrea, North Eastern Africa, next to the boarder of Ethiopia. The Nabro
volcano is a stratovolcano and has a height of 2218m (7277 feet), and is the highest point in the
Nabro Volcanic Range. The Nabro volcano erupted on the 13th of June 2011 and the volcano had
become dormant on the 3rd of June 2012, this was the first ever historically recorded eruption of
Nabro volcano. Its eruption was a 4 on the VEI (Volcanic Eruption Index).
Eyjafjallajökull volcano
Eyjafjallajökull is located in Sudurland, Iceland and is apart of the East Volcanic Zone of Iceland.
The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a stratovolcano and has a height of 1666m (5466 ... Show more
In the case of the Nabro volcano, it was formed by the Arabian Plate and African Plate diverging;
whereas the Eyjafjallajökull volcano was formed by the Eurasian Plate and North American Plate
diverging (Mid Atlantic Ridge).
The causes of the eruption for the Nabro volcano was the multiple series of earthquake with
Magnitudes between 4.3 – 5.7 which struck the Nabro Volcanic Range the day before. The cause of
the Eyjafjallajökull eruption was the magma being forced up through existing strata which then
made a magma intrusion which led to a vent leading the magma to a 2.5km caldera at the summit of
the volcano, but this was not the first place of the eruption because a dike was formed before and it
had erupted in an arear near the caldera where there was no icecap.
The main difference in the two volcanoes is that one of them was located beneath an icecap while
the other one was under old basaltic lava flow that had already hardened. Both eruptions had an
explosive start which sent a column of plume into the atmosphere. The Nabro explosions might of
been caused by high levels of water which had dissolved in the magma or could of been because of
mush under the volcano. Whilst the Eyjafjallajökull explosions were caused by the mixture of ice
and magma. The Nabor volcano's plume went in two different directions, South West and North
West. The South west plume was rich in Sulfur Dioxide, whilst the North West plume travelled
1000km and covered some parts of

Natural Hazards: A Report on Avalanche Activities
The question that was addressed in the research was whether it was possible to predict the activities
of the avalanches in terms of the frequency or recurrence and the magnitude or the strength. This is
a research that attempted to come up with a predication method that would help sustain the
livelihood of the people living in Ophir as well as keeps them safe or informed of an impending
avalanche. The prompting facts towards this research was a background of interdisciplinary field
studies and the prior use of remote sensing techniques that were employed in delineation of
mountainous areas like in Colorado and areas that were prone to such natural disasters like the
avalanches, rock falls, mudslides as well as land slides. The upsurge of population in these regions
to do sporting activities, and even the construction of second homes made it necessary to carry out
this research as people with little or no experience of mountainous life took to the high areas and
constructed camps there. Techniques in remote sensing and geoecology have been applied to the
solution of practical land management problems at the county and township levels of local
government and hence the employment of such a background to carry out this research. The
hypothesis that was being investigated in this research was that avalanches can be effectively
predicted and safety measures taken to avoid their collateral damage. The hypothesis is directly
related to the research question since it is through

Example Of Natural Disasters
Natural disasters throughout the world are very frightening although there might be reasons to look
at them in a different perspective? How you may ask, seeing homes and hundreds of people panic
for their lives is all a natural reaction because we don't know what to do for the most part. However
there are other ways into viewing these disasters not only as that nature stops by a decides to struck
a certain place on earth but, that we have a partial responsibility in these disasters. We all influence
how earth's environments work and how we treat it eventually builds up and causes natural
disasters. For the most part literature can give you a whole different perspective on natural disasters.
In the book Black Nature Four Centuries of African American Nature Poetry by Camille T. Dungy
she gives many examples of natural disasters in cycle six. Take one of the poems named
"Earthquake Blues" by Ishmael Reed talks about an one of the most devastating disasters an
earthquake. It's a short poem as well as a story. How an earthquake was felt by animals before it
struck, then it gets into details how the earthquakes took the life of a little child in a nursery.
However the most significant line in the story was " Mr. Earthquake Mr. Earthquake you don't know
good from bad" which made so much sense to me. A natural disaster hits when it hits it doesn't
know if it's causing something good or bad. Some disaster happen where a few people can be hurt
and others occur where many lives are at

Homeland Security Review Essay
Every year the United States faces new and different threats and hazards, which can be difficult to
identify. The 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, which was released by the Department
of Homeland Security (DHS), laid out what they believe will drive risks to the nation over the next
several years. The report pinpointed six calculated challenges– terrorist threats; cyber threats;
biological concerns; nuclear terrorism; transnational criminal organizations, and natural hazards–
which DHS feels are the most likely to occur (DHS, 2014, pg. 28). In this paper I will discuss each
threat in more detail and which of these threats pose the ultimate risks to local communities, and
how the communities can utilize their resources to prevent or mitigate these risks. The terrorist
threat is quickly becoming one of the most significant threats to the United States, but more
importantly to local communities. Terrorist threats can come from large scale attacks like the 9/11
attacks or from smaller loan wolf threats like the San Bernardino, CA shootings. In either case, local
communities, families, and law enforcement (LE) agencies feel the initial impact as well as the
immediate and long term fallout. State, local, and tribal governments use the Threat and Hazard
Identification and Risk Assessment process to detect risks and decide how to tackle the challenges
(DHS, 2014, pg. 36). To try to prevent terrorist threats from occurring many local LE agencies have
become

Natural Hazards and the Interaction of Physical and Human...
Natural Hazards and the Interaction of Physical and Human Processes
The earth has been producing hazards for millennia these include earthquakes and volcanoes caused
by the movement of tectonic plates, and also wind and water elated disasters such as tornadoes and
tsunamis, these can be varied by a countries location such as suffering drought due to be land locked
or an island, also the relief on the land can contribute greatly to the hazards it faces.. All of these
cause great destruction and can involves lots of energy, these events do not become disasters unless
there are human factors involved, when people live on a fault line they are risking suffering from an
earthquake, this combination of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some natural hazards can be effected by the actions of humans, the deforestation of forests in
Indonesia is suspected to have contributed to the mudslides their, the resulting loss of life could be
blamed on illegal logging which had occurred. The flood risk of countries is also increased by the
urbanisation of land, the concrete and other impermeable surfaces used mean that water reaches
rivers faster which can cause the river to burst it's banks, this occurred in Berkshire and other urban
areas by the M4 which closely follows the route of the river Thames and its tributaries, this had
flooded many time in recent years and the problem in acerbated by the increased urbanisation of the
land. The Mississippi was straitened to be better for human usage the problem being that the river
returns to its original route when it is flooded or moving excess water, causing widespread damage
and erosion. Also those building on unstable or perilous land can have future problems, many homes
are

The Department Of Homeland Securities 2014 Essay
The Department of Homeland Securities 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (QHSR)
identifies six prevailing strategic challenges for the United States for the next several years. Those
challenges are; the threat of terrorism, cyber threats, transnational criminal organizations, natural
hazards, nuclear terrorism, and biological concerns. These threats represent challenges not only for
the local communities, but the nation as a whole. There are a number of ways for states, local
communities, and tribal organizations to prioritize and assess the greatest risks applicable to them,
and the means in which to implement mitigating measures to reduce the risk from identified threats
and hazards. The National Preparedness Goal under the direction of Presidential Policy Directive 8
outlines the means to which all facets of the nation can prepare. The stated objective of the National
Preparedness Goal is to create "a secure and resilient Nation with the capabilities required across the
whole community to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the threats and
hazards that pose the greatest risk." (NPG, 2015, p.5) That process starts with the completion of a
risk assessment. "A risk assessment collects information regarding the threats and hazards, including
the projected consequences or impacts." (National Preparedness System, 2011, p.2) The method
used to complete the assessment is the Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment
(THIRA) process.

The Effects Of Climate Change On Bangladesh
1. Abstract
This report will consider the effects and likely impact of climate change on Bangladesh, the disaster
risk management measures that are already in place and those being considered.
It will show how these have been influenced by frameworks such as Hyogo and Sendai and where
necessary improvements have been identified.
Bangladesh has shown a commitment to the development of Disaster Risk Reduction but this needs
to be supported by continued development and investment.
2. Figures
Figure Title Page
1. The cycle between cold (ice–age) and warm periods over the last 800000 years. 6
2. Global temperature history for the last 2000 years 7
3. Constituent gases of 'Greenhouse Gas' 8
4. The location of Bangladesh. 11
5. Climate Change Vulnerability Index 13
3. Climate Change
The study of climate change encompasses all the main scientific disciplines of physics, chemistry
and biology but also include many other areas such as geology, oceanography, hydrology,
atmospheric monitoring and glaciology.
With one subject covering so many aspects of science, it is difficult to reach agreement on many of
the elements of the issues arising from climate change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations (UN) and
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) in 1988. It defines climate change as "any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity".
During the 4.5 billion years that the

Natural Hazards In Cuba Hurricanes
Cuba's susceptible natural hazard consists of hurricanes. Although, hurricanes are the main natural
hazard Cuba suffers with, it later consist with droughts and fires. Hurricanes, cause numerous
problems for Cuba. Strong rains and winds are problematic, as they cause numerous issues. After
severe storms, landslides occur as well as coastal floods. While these natural disasters can't be
contained, the community of Cuba really suffers. After, these natural disasters occur, communities
are damaged.
Hurricane season in Cuba is between August and November. The average hurricanes to actually hit
Cuba average around one every other year. Although, this might not seem as consistent as other
places, hurricanes do have a huge impact. Cuba may suffer

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Human Vulnerability
Vulnerability Analysis According to the propagation done in De Satge et al.(2002) vulnerability
analysis serves the purpose for providing a base for the government functioning on a greater scale,
local authorities and people of the society to devise strategies and propose feasible and organized
plans that are cost effective which can be executed in order to sustain reduction in vulnerability and
risk, while developing the precautionary vigilance for effectively reducing disaster risks. Therefore
this analysis should
Determine which risks and vulnerabilities are influencing various regions and populace and how
they might be changing.
Analyse which risk and vulnerability might be crucial and reducible, while determining and
calculating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the triumph of vulnerability based approach lies in improving the perception of
poverty and vulnerability to help protect the most deprived factions within society.
Therefore the mechanism applied should include human vulnerability analysis and mapping,
combined with more quantitative risk surveys and geo physical assessment, On the contrary, the
hazard based approach has its implicit weaknesses. For example, it has neglected environmental
quality in the past and was hesitant in recognizing the role of global attributes such as climate
change and poverty in raising the human vulnerability. In the present time the priority is to integrate
these differences across the hazard related disciplines in order to form a safer and more secure
environment for all.
Infact environmental hazard and vulnerability are the two sides of the same coin. Basically they are
inevitably related to ongoing global environmental changes (Smith, 2004). Thus the risk assessment
model expediting the risk assessment process bears reference to and incorporates these important
elements as part of the strategy. Therefore, having clarified the ideological frame work for disaster
risk assessment and its implicit components, the coherent evolution is to hone in on the fundamental
issues of Disaster Risk Assessment (ORA) and the ORA

Lane County Natural Hazard Mitigation Proposal
A. Identification of community
Lane County is the 4th largest county in Oregon by population, and was established in 1851.
(Oregon Historical County Records Guide, n.d.). Historically, timber and agriculture had had been
the primary economical force in Lane County. Productive farming in the area is due to the very
fertile soil and moderate climate. Federal regulations associated with timber harvesting and
increased population has decreased the agricultural market.
Lane County stretches between the Cascade mountain range and the coast line incorporating the
University of Oregon in the middle that attracts students and tourists, boosting the economic vitality
of the area. Lane County greeted approximately 7,500 tourists recorded in 2013 in local hotels alone
("Eugene Cascades Coast," n.d.). The recreational options available to residents or visitors of Lane
County includes the outdoors and hiking through 1,500–year–old lava beds at the Dee Wright
Observatory, 500–year–old trees on the Delta Old Growth, Nature Trail, as well as numerous
beautiful rivers and lakes, including Crater Lake, sports with the Oregon Ducks, U.S Olympic track
and field trials held at Hayward field annually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This incorporates the combined efforts of Lane County Emergency Management, Lane County Land
Management, Lane County Fire Defense, Oregon Department of Transportation, United States
Forest Service and Eugene Water and Electric Board. Emergency Management of Lane County
works with the Community Emergency Notification System, which is a phone system set up to alert
and inform the public in the event of an emergency. In addition, the Emergency Alert System is in
place to notify of imminent danger. The Lane County Sheriff department operates the EAS for Lane
County. Oregon Emergency Response System alerts local agencies that would respond to an
incident through 9–1–1 services (OREGON.GOV,

Importance Of Retrofitting And Its Effects On The Forces...
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Definition
Retrofitting is the process of modifying something after it has been manufactured.
Preparing a structure in scientific manner to withstand the forces of natural hazards.
Up gradation of existing building for increasing the resistance against natural hazards.
1.2 Repair, Restoration, Retrofitting
A. Repairs
Actions taken for patching up superficial defects
Include cosmetic works only
B. Retrofit
To outfit building, with newly developed or previously unavailable parts or equipment
C. Rehabilitation
It is the act of restoring something to its original state
1.3 Necessity of Retrofitting
The retrofitting becomes necessary to increase the performance of structures including those
encountered loss of strength due to deterioration or which have crossed their expected life. The
success of retrofitting depends on the actual cause and the measures adopted to prevent its further
deterioration. The process involves repair, retrofit, renovation and even part reconstruction
.
Steel elements in the form of plates, angles, I–sections along with anchor bolts / could be used with
proficiency for retrofitting of a damaged RCC building. This paper has elaborated in detail different
aspects of cracks developed in concrete structures with remedial retrofitting measures along with
sketches and calculation methods. Some generic examples of retrofitting methodologies applicable
to Global and / or Local failures in concrete have been cited in this

Write An Essay On Costa Rica
Natural hazards strike several parts of the world, some areas tend to get more hit than others because
of their location. For this project, I have chosen to focus in the Republic of Costa Rica. The republic
of Costa Rica is mostly known as Costa Rica. Costa Rica means "rich coast". Such country is
slightly smaller than Lake Michigan and even though It only takes up .03% of planet's surface it
holds 5% of its biodiversity. Costa Rica is located in Central America, bordered by Panama to the
southeast, Nicaragua to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
I personally have had the opportunity to visit Costa Rica several times. Costa Rica is a paradise and
because of its positions on the ring of fire, it has many volcanos, a lot of mountains and beautiful
beaches. The CIA website, that gathers information of all countries, describes Costa Rica's climate
as "tropical and subtropical a dry season from December to April and a rainy season from May to
November. (CIA) to begign with let me clarify what is a natural hazard. According to the
information given by my geology professor, "A natural hazard is an extreme event that occurs
naturally and causes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most deadly eathquates that stike costarica happened in January 8, 2009. It happen in the
village of cinchona in the province of Alajuela. The disaster took 32 lives and It took over four years
to repair the roads from Alajuela into the area and north to San Miguel. (costarica guide)
Another earthquat that happens in 2004 of a magnitude 6.2 quake centered on the Pacific Coast near
to the national park Manuel Antonio 8 locals were killed, damaged was present in several buildings
and roads. The largest quake in modern history struck the Caribbean coast in April of 1991with a
magnitude of 7.6, killing 27 locals and damaging the Limón rail line so severely that repairs have
never been attempted.
0 earthquakes in the past 24

The Concept Of Risk Assessment
The concept of risk assessment is to provide emergency managers with the capabilities to mitigate
hazards that could affect a community or critical infrastructures, but the ability to create a strategy
has to focus on key concepts. These concepts are: identifying a hazard, identify the context of the
hazard, establish capability targets, and apply the results to manage the hazard or threat. It should be
understood however, that no two plans would be the same especially based on the region where a
specific hazard occurs. For example, in California or other western states, they would be plagued
with more earthquakes or wildfires (The Hartford, n.d.) whereas in the eastern part of the United
States, they would be affected by hurricanes or winter storms (The Hartford, n.d.). An emergency
management strategy has to take into consideration many variables to determine the best course of
action and this is accomplished by using available resources to make such a determination.
Based upon the research of two different emergency management strategies, we will compare and
contrast these two plans in order to understand the developmental process and how these play out
during different scenarios. The first plan we look at will be the DMA 2000 Multi–Jurisdiction,
Multi–Hazard Mitigation Plan for Nevada County. This particular plan incorporates the jurisdiction
of Grass Valley, Nevada City, Truckee, California Department of Forestry, U.S. Forest Service, and
various special districts

Missouri Geological Hazards
Geological Hazards of Missouri
Daniel LaBounty
Geology 111C, Section 04MH
Mr. David VanDeVelde
July 3, 2015
Geological Hazards of Missouri Although many may not consider Missouri to be a hot spot of
geological related natural disasters, there are multiple geological hazards which occur throughout
the state. According to the Missouri Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey Program,
the hazards most often occurring in Missouri are earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes and abandoned
mines (Geologic Hazards). Although most of the current earthquakes in Missouri measure between
1.0 and 2.0 on the Richter scale, the New Madrid Seismic Zone extends through the southeastern
part of the state. In 1811–1812, Missouri was struck ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similar to a cave, a sinkhole begins by acidic water dissolving carbonate bedrock creating an
underground void. If the void grows close enough to the surface, the structural integrity of the
surface material will eventually give way and a sinkhole is formed. These depressions can range in
size from a few square yards to over hundreds of acres. The depth of sinkholes can vary from
shallow to hundreds of feet. Although there are nearly 16,000 verified sinkholes in the state, the
MGS caution there are a great number which have not been reported or documented. Some
sinkholes in Missouri are known to be a depth greater than 100 feet though no exact records
concerning depths are maintained. Located in western Boone County, the largest known sinkhole in
Missouri covers approximately 700 acres. If a sinkhole does occur, it is recommended that a
registered geologist or professional engineer be consulted to assist in the stabilization of the
sinkhole. Filling a sinkhole, referred to as remediation, generally consists of removing all soil
materials down to the bedrock surface and filling it with size–graded material. Larger rocks should
be used first with each successive layer consisting of gradually smaller grained material. Geotextile
fabric covered by top soil will allow water

Drought Is A Natural Hazard
Abstract:
Drought is a natural hazard due to adverse climatic changes which affects various sectors like
environment, society and economy. It occurs not only because of the scarcity of rainfall but also due
to the inefficient water resource management. Studies indicate that over 30% of the entire land
surface of earth is affected by drought. As a developing country, majority of Indian population
depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. So the abnormal monsoon precipitation, causing loss
of agricultural production, can highly influence the human life. In this paper, Karur district in Tamil
Nadu which often has a very low annual rainfall is taken as the study area for drought monitoring.
The technological evolution in remote sensing over the past few decades has opened a new era in
the field of drought monitoring. Thus, use of remote sensing and GIS helps in developing early
warnings about drought conditions which will be useful for planning the strategies for relief work.
Drought analysis can be performed by calculating different drought indices like Standard
Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) and Normalized Differences
Vegetation Index (NDVI).Rainfall data from 2000–2009 is used to compute the Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI) in different time scales which is used in meteorological drought
monitoring. Standardized Water Level Index (SWI) obtained from ground water level data is used
for the hydrological drought analysis.

Geography : Hazards And Natural Hazards
QE GEOGRAPHY ASSESSMENTNT: NATURALAL HAZARDS
Natural Hazards
Puddles
Jack R Eggen
1/1/2015
'A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, which is formed on a surface. It can be formed by
dips or imperfections on the surface.' J R EGGEN
Chapter 1
A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, which is formed on a surface. It can be formed by
dips or imperfections on the surface. Puddles are usually formed from rain water although
technically it can be any liquid (e.g. oil puddles). They can be made naturally or by humans;
purposely / accidently. They affect everything in its path even if it just a little bit although they can
have larger effects like droning people and animals or sinking cars and vans. This can cause lots of
problems as they might need their car or van for something important.
A puddle is generally small enough for a person to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and
too small to cross by a boat or raft although there is no exact proportion specifications to define
wherever it is a puddle or not, although is it gets big enough some would say it was a lake or flood.
Puddles are very common everywhere where it rains and are unlikely in dry places where there is
little rainfall. In the UK it rains a lot of the time and our weather is often very cold and wet. This can
be an inconvenience as it stop or delays our normal lives and on a much larger scale can cause major
damage and lead to flooding; especially if it's in a dent on the

Investigating the Extent to Which States of Economic...
Investigating the Extent to Which States of Economic Development Influence the Way People
Respond to Natural Hazards
For my essay I will look at many different case studies. I will be comparing different countries and
looking at how economic resources resulted in the consequences of the natural hazards. I will look
at different types of natural hazard such as earthquakes and tornados, as well as gathering my
information from a mixture of MEDC and LEDC countries.
The definition for economic according to answers.com is "Of or relating to the production,
development, and management of material wealth, as of a country, household, or business
enterprise."
The definition of Hazard: "A potentially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As we well know Iran is a LEDC (less economically developed country) and therefore does not
have huge amounts of money to invest in stronger more earthquake proof buildings. As we can see
from the huge death toll, there does not appear to have been any warning or major evacuation of the
area. This is most certainly due to lack of funding and technology in the area. Due to the lack of
technology or funding no plans of action ad been formulated in order to rescue and help the injured
or buried. This inevitably lead to more death, as emergency aid was unable to reach those worse
affected by the natural hazard.
"The historic quarter of Bam has been completely destroyed and many of our countrymen are
underneath the ruins," said Mohammad Ali Karimi, the governor of Kerman province. Given the
level of destruction it is probably safe to assume that the earthquake occurred close to the surface.
Buildings collapsed. Roofs and ceilings tend to be made of many layers of bricks to keep the house
cool in summer. These collapsed immediately burying tens of thousands of people under tons of
rubble.
These poorly built structures crumbled easily with the force of the earthquake, many buildings or
houses were poorly constructed due to lack of finance and so fell to the ground with little

Forbidden Cities Research Paper
Usman Aliyu
Mr. McDonald
G10 Integrated Humanities: Geography
14 May 2018
Essay on Hazards
"Scientific and technical innovation has mitigated more than worsened the impacts of hazards on
human societies. Discuss."
Scientific and technical innovation has moderately mitigated the impacts of hazards on human
societies. In geographical terms, the word hazard can be defined as catastrophic and natural
disasters. The scientific and technological innovation has greatly advanced and this could lead to a
safer human society. Examples of scientific innovations that have mitigated the impacts of hazards
are: Forecast (Scientific and calculated predictions), Architectural Innovations and Air Force
Hurricane Hunters. All these scientific and technical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
McMahon, Bucky. "Into the Eye: What It's Like to Fly a Plane Into a Hurricane." Popular
Mechanics, Popular Mechanics, 14 Nov. 2017,
www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/a28118/flying–into–hurricane/.
Pawlyk, Oriana. "Air Force's 'Hurricane Hunters' Now Stalking Irma." Military.com,
CodyUnderwood,

The Natural Hazards Of Watertown, Ny Is Vulnerable Essay
Watertown, NY is vulnerable to various natural hazards. Hazard mitigation is very important to
emergency management. Hazard mitigation are actions that are taken to minimize the efforts of a
natural disaster.
Identify and Characterize the Hazards
Hazards affecting Watertown
Category of Hazards Type of Hazards Ranking
Atmospheric Extreme Temperatures, winter storms, tornadoes 1
Hydrologic Flooding, droughts 2
Geologic Earthquake, landslides 3
Extreme Temperatures
Extreme cold will result in freezing rivers and ice jams. When these thaw out it will result in
flooding. No matter where the freezing takes place, the after effect will always cause flooding which
will have adverse effects on crops and vegetation. Extreme cold can cause frostbite and
hypothermia. Strong winds along with extreme cold makes the conditions feel a lot worst. The high
winds take away bod heat, making the body feel cold a lot faster. According to the New York State
Climate Office, extreme cold events in New York State occur regularly and are most common
between October and March. The northern states are the areas that are most susceptible to extreme
temperatures. This is an acceptable risk. Despite the cold temperatures, you still have many people
that venture into the cold to fight the freezing conditions.
Winter Storm / Ice Storm
Severe winter storms are characterized by the hazards of high winds, extreme cold, heavy snow.
Winter storms consist of cold temperatures and heavy snow or ice.

The Natural Hazards That Have Impacted The United States
While we do not have historical record of all of the natural hazards that have impacted the United
States, we do know that for multitudes of years, the United States has been hit by many natural
hazards – hurricane, tornado, drought, wildfire, flood and earthquake, to name a few. As each of
these natural hazards occur, multiple issues arise – relative to the core components of emergency
management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Yet, even with prior knowledge from
years past and the destructive events that have occurred, we as a nation continue to struggle with
natural hazards that more often than not become natural disasters. For too long it seems as if we
have settled in to a rhythm of responding, attempting to recover, rebuilding and then repeating the
cycle as another natural hazard strikes. In attempt to provide background on the impacts of past
natural disasters, condensed case studies of two major natural disasters are summarized, outlining
the damage – both financial and physical. The aftermath of any natural disaster highlights the
weaker areas of emergency management and as a result, the federal government has made
significant efforts to strengthen those areas through preparedness and mitigation measures.
Additionally, emphasis on mitigation and preparedness has increased following the vast number of
natural disasters that the United States has endured, not only in the federal sector but also in the
education and research sector. Today,

The Impact Of Natural Disasters In Oman
Rapid modernization in 1970 from 11% to 79% by 2005 and expected to be 86% in 2030 (Preston,
2004). Omanis are moving from rural areas to the coastal areas as coastal cities are modern and
posseses job opportunities. Therefore, more people will be exposed to hazards with the fast–growing
development of the cities, these hazards includes;
Living alongside industrial areas
Road traffic accidents in Oman are approximately 10000 annually and in an average of 700 deaths
and 8000 physical injuries (Al–Lamki, 2010).
Oman is facing security issues from neighbouring unstable countries such as Islamic Republic of
Iran and Yemen (Luethold, 2004)
Natural hazards
Due to the geographical location of Oman, in the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula the country
is exposed to many natural hazards such as;
Earthquakes
Oman is located on the south–eastern part of the Arabian plate and is constructed with the youngest
plate of the surface of the earth (Warren and Miller 2007). Significant damages to high–rising
buildings and loss of life, or even a tsunami are consequences of possible earthquakes in Oman.
Tropical Cyclones
Oman has a frequent event of cyclones during monsoon season between May and August each year.
Although these tropical cyclones are considered low risks, these events are able to produce flash
floods (Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources 2009).
VULNERABLE FEATURES & EXPOSURE
Living around industrial areas
For example, the

FEMAAnd Incident Command System
Emergency management is a hard term to defined because it encompasses a broad list of
components and duties. Lucien Canton defines emergency management as fallows "Emergency
management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which
communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters"(2003). This definition is
accepted and used for globally. Emergency management agencies exist on multiple countries and at
multiple levels.
United States created a federal emergency management agency FEMA as well as state and local
agencies. In order to supply the need for an agency that could work on prevents, protect and support
communities on emergency situations, FEMA is the biggest emergency management agency and ...
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Refers to the action to react to another action. On emergency management they way the agency
responds to emergencies is vital. "Emergency response is the implementation of planning and
preparedness during an emergency. Implementation includes the decisions, actions, and application
of resources used to mitigate the impact of the emergency. Emergency response also includes
recovery from the emergency"(Roanoke. (n.d.)). Response in another aspect that forms the chain of
functions of emergency management, the way and the time frame in which emergency agencies
respond is vital and it depends on how well they are prepare. During late 80's and early 90's FEMA
face a lot of challenges because they were not able to efficiently respond to hurricanes and floods
that happen around the country. This failures cause delays on the recovery process, lost of resources
and

Cause And Effect Of Natural Disasters
The unexpected is something that can not be prevented. Natural disasters destroy everything in their
way. With the help of technology and how fast it is growing, communities know a natural disaster is
happening within hours or days of its starting. The people that live in that area often know what
there is to come before it actually arrives. They often are encouraged to evacuate as soon as
possible. But how could someone leave behind all their belongings, memories and cherishable items
to be swept away in a storm just like trash? People are too stubborn to listen to the news or weather
reports because they are skeptical. They sometimes may be right however, most of the time they are
in the wrong. These are the types of people who normally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Yearly costs make countries go into deep financial debt due to their inability to recover what they
lost. They never recover financially because once they are done recovering from one disaster
another one hits and it becomes a never ending cycle of trying to help one another recover. In the
same article, Tudor points out that, "One of the major negative effects is that there is a reduction of
tourism" (Tudor). People are too frightened to visit because they are constantly in fear that another
natural disaster may hit. Many countries rely on tourism to help their economy because of the
money they spend in hotels and food and etc. Tourism also helps to bring in other people into the
country to thus help the national government and the population as a whole. Without tourism the
future generations are afflicted down to a personal level with which the people already living there
are going to most likely stay there, keeping the gross domestic product at a progressively decreasing
rate. "After the Thai floods, there was a significant shortage of computer hard drives that sent
consumer prices skyrocketing until factories were able to come back online" ("The Impact of
Natural Disasters on the Global Economy"). The damage from the disaster is not only local
countries from a far feel the effects of the disaster as well. Plenty of supplies and stuff is foreign and
imported to different countries, they as well feel the effects of the disaster. They

The Threat Of Emergency Response Operations
The quote; "Threats and Vulnerabilities emanating from man–made and natural disaster are the crux
of the U.S. all–hazard approach to homeland security (HS), but this approach appears to be
inherently flawed." is not true. This essay will argue that emergency response operations are at the
crux of the U.S. all–hazard approach to homeland security and that this approach is not inherently
flawed just not all encompassing. This is because the emergency response operations such as crisis
and consequence management directly correlate with the length and overall effect of vulnerabilities
and threats emanating from a disaster, presenting post disaster risks that need to be accounted for
but are not. Also, the all–hazard approach is correct, threats to homeland security do not just come
from militarized attacks but also chemical spills, tornadoes and other disasters showing that it is not
inherently flawed. The approach simply fails to recognize the effect that interagency and
intergovernmental coordination during the emergency response operations, or lack thereof, has on
the magnitude of threats and vulnerabilities that emanate from man–made and natural disasters.
Preparedness should account for both pre and post disaster conditions. Section one of this paper will
define the concept of an all hazard approach to homeland security. Section two of this paper will
argue that emergency responses act as the crux of the all–hazard approach. The third section will
argue that all hazard

Nevada Hazards Research Paper
Nevada Hazards
Wendy Gurganus
Coastal Carolina Community College One of the geologic hazards in Nevada is the Mountain
ranges. The reason these are hazards is because most of the ranges in Nevada have a major fault line
on either side of them. Some of these faults have been active within the last 1.6 million years, and
have had large earthquakes. This causes the ranges to tilt and shift and raised the ranges to higher
levels. As far as seismic activity goes, Nevada is the third most active state in the nation. There is an
earthquake in Nevada of a 7 or greater approximately once every thirty years. There are strike slip
faults in the northwest region of the state. The border of California had what is called Walker Lane.
This area ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Especially in the area around the Great Basin, since that covers most of the state. This area is
surrounded by the mountain ranges and gets all the run off . This water helps with the water
shortage throughout the year but at the time it is too much for the area to handle as there is no
drainage to the ocean from this area. Groundwater is used throughout the state. Sometimes, the
water is pumped out faster than it can be replenished. When this happens, the land surface can be
affected. There are many cracks in the ground near Las Vegas, and in some places the land has
sunken in over six feet within the last sixty years. An increase in the population of the state is to
blame for the increased demand on the groundwater and therefore, the increased damage being done
to the landscape as a whole. More people, more water, more land being developed, means less of the
natural preservers being available. Also, with these floods the state sees landslides. The rocks of the
area show the different ways the terrain was built

Disasters And Democracy By Rutherford H. Platt Essay
As stated above, The book I chose to do for the book report is called "Disasters and Democracy". It
was written by Rutherford H. Platt in 1999. Rutherford Platt is an urban writer and lecturer from
Massachusetts. He is also professor emeritus of geography at the University of Massachusetts, a
faculty associate with the lincoln Institute of Land policy, and he is also a scholar with the Penn
Institute of Urban Research. He also holds degrees from Yale, and University of Chicago. This book
addresses the response to natural disasters, focusing on how the governments role changes, It traces
the evolution of federal disaster assistance role and major programs, reviews constitutional law on
the "taking issue" as it applies to hazardous areas and gives a summary of ideas for policy
recommendations, Also the book goes along with the class because it has to do with hazards and the
federal planning that goes along with the disasters. Rutherford is trying to prove whether Public
policy helps or causes more problems with natural disasters by federalizing the disasters. "Disasters
and Democracy" traces back throughout different case studies from different decades to analyze the
effect of federalizing disasters. An example of a case study used is the Bay area and the disasters it
went through in the 1900s. This book is intended to reach people who are interested in policy, and
this is because first off this is what the book is mainly about, but Platt goes in through detail ways to
move

Disaster Essay
"DISASTERS CREATES OPPURTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT"
DISASTER:
Disaster can be defined as "The occurrence of a sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the
basic fabric and normal functioning of a society, or community."
"An event or series of events which gives rise to casualties and/or damage or loss of property,
infrastructure, essential services or means of livelihood on a scale which is beyond the normal
capacity of the affected community's ability to cope with out aid."
According to UNISDR Disaster is defined as "A serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses
which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own ... Show more
Why and how disasters vary and have different impacts in different areas and situations? The
answer lies in the degree of development of that particular area and situation. In developing
countries development only works best when there is a strong need of development and there are
volunteer leaders to work for their betterment. For example when an area is hit by a disaster and
suffered great economic and social loss then the local people residents and governmental and
nongovernmental organizations will start focusing their attention towards such area and situation
and will start more and more developmental activities for the betterment and improvement of such
area. The magnitude of the disaster cannot be helped but the after effects can be. The disaster
disrupts the living and almost everything but it also gives them a chance to reconstruct better and in
ways that they always wanted or desired. The current disaster just showed them where and what
went wrong. The new ways and plans are to be more resistant than the last one. The developmental
activities include activities such as awareness raising among the people by educating the people in
order to have knowledge for future disasters. Preparedness, prevention and mitigation measures
should be and are introduced in context of reconstruction, relocation, new investment in order to
increase the coping capacity of a country

Cochise County In Arizon SWOT Analysis
Final Examination
Keith Summerall
FES 3833
Professor Carlino
July 9th, 2015
Abstract
Throughout this course we completed 5 web projects that all correlate into a hazard mitigation plan.
I researched and found a mitigation plan for Cochise county in Arizona. The area at hand is
vulnerable to droughts so the plan is aimed for towards being prepared for a potential drought rather
than other uncommon disasters. The plan incorporates 3 of the 5 subjects we covered in web
projects. They are SWOT analysis, emergency operations center, and types of disasters and
prioritizing them.
Final Examination
All of our weekly web projects taken as a whole impact the field of hazard mitigation but our week
1 project which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The City of Douglas which is located within Cochise county uses a SWOT analysis to examine the
organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats("Cochise County", 2012). An
emergency operations center is a central location from which local governments can provide
interagency coordination and executive decision making in support of incident response and
recovery operations. In the event of a disaster an emergency operations center acts as a base for
operations fro local government

Cedar Sauna Research Paper
Growing up along the shores of Lake Superior meant that a traditional Finnish sauna was part your
life. In fact some homes did not have a shower or a tub in the home. Instead a Finnish sauna with its
cold water spicket or shower took their place. Most all saunas were built by the home owner using
local designs. A cedar sauna was the most common type that was constructed. However some were
also built using Eastern Hemlock. A Northern white cedar sauna was the most preferred
construction. For more than 300 years white cedar was used to line the cedar chests that people store
their clothes in. When the clothes were taken from the chest they had the great fresh cedar smell that
we all enjoyed. A cedar sauna also provides same great aroma as it was heated. Frequently the sauna
stove was fueled with white cedar kindling. A cedar fire will snap loudly and quickly give a hot fire
heating the cedar sauna in a matter of minutes even in the dead of winter. Once the cedar sauna was
heated, water was ladled on the stove rocks releasing moisture that further increased the cedar
aroma. A white cedar sauna had more benefits that just a great aroma. White cedar is softwood that
is very easy to work with but probably one of its best features is that it resists rot even in the wettest
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Floors were also frequently constructed with cedar boards that were spaced to allow the water to
naturally drain through them. A cedar floor is a lot warmer during the winter months as well. In
some locations that have poorly drained soils a drainage system must be built beneath the sauna to
carry excess water away. A good sauna must also have a good door that insulates and seals the heat
inside. Because cedar is a good insulator and is a very light weight wood it is ideal for constructing
a sauna

Natural Hazards In California
Natural hazards – are different natural phenomena that disrupt the usual live of a population, destroy
and demolish objects of material value. They often have a negative effect on nature, and can happen
anywhere in the world. Many different types of natural hazards exist; for example, earth quakes,
landslides, floods, snow drifts, hurricanes, droughts, volcano eruptions, storms, etc. Natural hazards
can happen independently or can be related to each other. If there is an earthquake, it can lead to a
tsunami or massive fires. Some of them happen as a result of mankind's doings; construction work,
depending on the location, can cause snow drifts, or massive fires.
A simple anthropological fact, such as the instinct of survival is the main ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After using maps and facts to compare the risks of a natural disaster happening in different states:
California is the state with the most natural hazards. As an example, the San Andreas fault created
the deadliest earthquake, provoking over 3,000 deaths and destroying over 80% of the city of San
Francisco in 1906. The state of California is sitting between two tectonic plates, the north american
and pacific ones, the San Andreas fault runs the entire length of the state. California is subject to
season disasters; the fires that happen when the weather gets unbearably hot. That natural hazard is
not deadly, yet it brings a lot of material and ecological damage. The south–western state is know to
have many hills, it is a known fact that an abundance of rain and any elevated area of 20% or more
can provoke mud slides, that swipe anything they have on their way: people or material
property.People living in California are adapting to the way nature treats them. Construction is
getting sturdier, people are more prepared. Due to the afore mentioned facts, the population of
California has been learning to adapt to the situation of their

Latin American Natural Disasters
Natural disasters can have a significant impact on the health of a countries population. A disaster is
defined as "any occurrence that causes damage, ecological destruction, loss of human lives, or
deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary
response." 1 Several factors play into how severly a country will be impacted following a natural
disaster such as their economic status, access to healthcare services, infrastructure, political
economies, etc. As the world is currently dealing with climate change affecting weather patterns
countries in the Caribbean and Latin America are more at risk now than ever to face natural
disasters. Latin America and the Caribbean faced a year of disaster in ... Show more content on
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The more developed socially and economically a country is the greater their chance of surviving a
natural disaster due to greater infrastructure, more access to healthcare and medical supplies, and
resources as well as more support for their citizens post disaster. Countries whose Gross National
Product relies on agriculture are left at a disadvantage and can be considered at risk. When flooding
interrupts the production and sale of agriculture a country will not be able to produce funds for
recovery following a natural disaster. Infrastructure in a country also directly relates to morbidity
following a disaster. Weaker infrastructure contributes to a greater rate of morbidity due to the fact
that more people can fall victim to flooding, drowning, and can be killed if trapped under
infrastructure. Following Hurricane Maria and Irma "The country that was most affected by
hurricane Maria was Dominica, with over 90% of the island infrastructure destroyed and critically
damaged water, electricity and communication services. Its death rate at 37 deaths per 100,000" Due
to their infrastructure power in Puerto Rico was knocked out entirely and has still not recovered to
this day.With a lack of power less patients who were injured could be treated, several were left with
no means of contact to send for help resulting in many deaths. According to the Pan American
Health Organization (PAHO) "The highest total mortality count was in Puerto Rico with 51 deaths,
followed by Dominica with 27 and Saint Martin and Cuba, both with a total of 10 deaths."

Natural Hazards are Rarely Completely Natural Essay
Natural Hazards are Rarely Completely Natural
Throughout the world, natural hazards are a frequent occurrence. They come in the forms of
hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and floods, to name but a few. On a range of scales they
create disaster, destruction, loss of life and of livelihood. Natural processes have occurred in the
natural environment for millions of years. They are events that happen naturally, e.g. blizzards and
floods. A natural process only becomes a natural hazard when the risk of human loss is presented.
To put it in context, a flood in an unoccupied valley is a natural process, whereas a flood in a valley
where a village is situated is a natural hazard. Natural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, as the village of Boscastle is situated in the valley, it became a natural hazard. Extensive
damage was inflicted upon the properties in the village, and human life was put to risk, although
thankfully none was lost. A bakery owner spoke of his losses: "There's bits of trees and wood and
God knows what in here that doesn't belong. The walls are gone, the bread rack is smashed to
pieces, there are electric wires everywhereâ€¦". It could be said that the paved surfaces of the
village's streets added to the surface runoff into the stream and worsened the flooding situation. This
cannot alone be blamed for the events, but it may have added to the fact that it was not an entirely
natural occurrence. The flooding of Boscastle quickly escalated from a natural process to a natural
hazard.
It is not debatable that hurricanes cannot be generated, or fought, by humans. Hurricane Charley hit
the coast of Florida on Sunday, August the 13th 2004. It was the most devastating hurricane to hit
the area since 1921. It came from the Gulf of Mexico with a strength of 120mph, and it was warned
by officials that the hurricane could submerge parts of the city of Tampa, eastern Florida. This
caused mass panic as residents tried to flee, blocking bridges and infrastructure. Again, had the area
been unoccupied, the hurricane would have remained a natural process rather than

The Natural Hazards Of Earthquakes
The Natural Hazard
Earthquakes as a natural hazard have occurred way too often, so now we understand them perfectly.
The intensity or magnitude of earthquakes are measured by a seismograph. It is measured using the
Richter scale. Earthquakes with magnitudes lower than 03 are hardly noticeable but those that are 07
or above tend to cause major damages to the human settlements. Time and again through history,
there have been incidents of earthquakes destroying towns and cities. One such historic earthquake
was the infamous 1906 San–Francisco Earthquake. Earthquakes usually cause the shaking and
displacement of the land which causes buildings to fall down and cause casualties. If close to the
ocean, they might even cause tsunamis. The science of an earthquake is such that the tectonic plates
under the ground cause strain and they move, causing earthquakes. Earthquakes usually occur
naturally but in some rare cases they might even be a result of human activities (Daily, 2017). Some
earthquakes are also caused by volcanic activity, landslides or even events such as mine blasts and
nuclear experiments.
Earthquakes can be caused by volcanic activity, tectonic plates activity or even explosions. The one
that occurred in San Francisco was a result of tectonic plate activity and most of the destruction was
caused after the earthquake finished. This earthquake occurred in different forms, first there was the
foreshock which was actually a small earthquake that occurs at the beginning

Subjective Expected Utility Theory Developed By Savage Essay
Subjective expected utility theory developed by Savage, (1954) deemed a common reference in
characterizing the impact of subjective risk on individuals' behavior (Seifert, et al., 2013). The
underlying assumption of this theory is that agents' actions to mitigate risks are induced by their
subjective probability of the negative and uncertain outcomes. Subjective risk, on the other hand, is
defined as the intuitive judgement individuals make about the characteristics and consequences of a
specific type of hazard in the presence of uncertainty (Slovic, 1987; Slovic, 2000). Accordingly,
subjective risk is a variable that can be quantified and analyzed based on probability and
consequences, where, probability "is an expression for the state of knowledge that depends on both
information and the knowledge of the individual who assigns it (Raaijmakers and van der Veen,
2008, P. 308).
Within the literature dealing with risk perceptions of environmental hazards, there is a fair level of
consensus about the existence of a significant discrepancy between perceived or subjective risk and
the objective reality or experts' assessments (e.g. Visccusi, 1989; Kraus and Slovic, 1992; Breyer,
1993; Dickie and Gerking, 1996; May and Burger, 1996; Pollak,1998; Sjӧberg, 1999; Johansson–
Stenman, 2008). The divergence of public's perceptions of risk from that of experts is argued to be
exacerbated in cases of low–probability events, and is attributable to several factors such as
difficulties in

Research Paper On Haiti
Kevin Slaton
Dr. Custis
Rough Draft
April 19th, 2017
New Age Technology
Haiti is a small country on the island of Hispaniola, which is located in the Caribbean Sea. The
country is very prone to hurricanes, cyclones and other natural disasters. Haiti is very prone to
having natural disaster breakouts, and using advanced technology could aid in Haiti's disaster relief
efforts by providing long–term information about potential natural disasters, improve
communication capabilities and online tools to help aid Haiti during times of natural disaster. All
through its history, Haiti has endured tornados, typhoons, heavy rains, floods and earthquakes. The
storm season in Haiti keeps going from June to the finish of November. Thousands of people ...
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Innovation is the best defense for being prepared for unavoidable disasters. Intellistreets, which has
the design of a streetlight, provides a wide variety of assistance to Haiti during natural disasters. It is
wireless technology that provides emergency alerting and public safety alerting. Intellistreet is
composed of a dual radio mesh wireless system that microprocessors inside which allows for
information gathering. For example, the streetlight structure has the capability of analyzing what the
streetlight smells, hearing, seeing and smelling. When accessed on the web, emergency agencies are
notified when environmental factors prompt the system. During hurricanes and cyclones, it is
important the mass are notified in a timely manner, aid agencies are able to make victims aware
ahead of time. Government officials will be able to issue emergency alerts as well as information in
regards in to evacuation routes. The system will also give agencies the audio messages. During
natural disaster it imperative residents get the help, Intellistreets will allow victims of natural
disasters to press a button and talk to authorities and aid agencies. If aid agencies cannot
communicate with victims, they cannot help them. During Haiti's hurricane season Intellistreets
could be installed in various that are more prone to be destructed to keep a line of communication
with the

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